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Keybot 66 Résultats  sede.sepe.gob.es  Page 6
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
IX a. II pusėje Vakarų Europoje garsėjo vikingas Hastingas. Manoma, kad Saksui Gramatikui jis žinomas Hadingo vardu38.
Hasting was a famous Viking in West Europe in the 2nd half of the 9th century. It is thought that Saxo Grammaticus knew him by the name of Hading.38
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Frodžio III kovos su hunais atspindi plačiai paplitusias legendas apie gotų ir jų sąjungininkų pergalę prieš hunus Panonijoje 455 m.53 Olimaras minimas ir kitose šio ciklo legendose (Hervararsagoje jis vadinamas Ormar, ,,Widsith” – Wyrmhere)54.
Saxo associates the name of Frothi with the Balts twice more. Frothi III, in preparing to battle with the Huns, sends Olimar against Sweden, who conquers Aistia (Estonia) and Curonia.52 The battles of Frothi III with the Huns reflect widespread legends about the Goths' and their collaborators' victory over the Huns in Panonia in 455.53 Olimar is also mentioned in other legends of this cycle (he is called Ormar in Hervararsaga and Wyrmhere in Widsith).54 Undoubtedly he could not have had anything in common with the conquest of the Curonians and Aistians. This connection appeared only through the legend about Hasting's raids, which was connected with Frothi.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Frodžio III kovos su hunais atspindi plačiai paplitusias legendas apie gotų ir jų sąjungininkų pergalę prieš hunus Panonijoje 455 m.53 Olimaras minimas ir kitose šio ciklo legendose (Hervararsagoje jis vadinamas Ormar, ,,Widsith” – Wyrmhere)54.
Saxo associates the name of Frothi with the Balts twice more. Frothi III, in preparing to battle with the Huns, sends Olimar against Sweden, who conquers Aistia (Estonia) and Curonia.52 The battles of Frothi III with the Huns reflect widespread legends about the Goths' and their collaborators' victory over the Huns in Panonia in 455.53 Olimar is also mentioned in other legends of this cycle (he is called Ormar in Hervararsaga and Wyrmhere in Widsith).54 Undoubtedly he could not have had anything in common with the conquest of the Curonians and Aistians. This connection appeared only through the legend about Hasting's raids, which was connected with Frothi.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Pirmasis jų bendras žygis prieš kuršių tironą Lokerą buvo nesėkmingas. Hadingą globojantis vienaakis senis atsivedė jį į savo namus, atgaivino jį maloniu gėrimu ir išpranašavo, kad jis įgis nepaprastos jėgos.
Saxo describes how in his youth, Hading, with the help of a one-eyed old man, made an alliance with the Viking Liser. Their first common raid against Loker, the tyrant of the Curonians, was unsuccessful. Hading was under the guardianship of the one-eyed old man, who took Hading into his house, refreshed him with a pleasant drink, and foretold him that he would gain extraordinary power. He confirmed this prophecy by a song, which said that it would happen when Hading was taken captive, but broke free after killing a lion and drinking its blood. After this, Hading was flown over in the air to the prior place and "was captured by Loker and lived out by actual experience that every event of the prophecy was fulfilled."
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Pirmasis jų bendras žygis prieš kuršių tironą Lokerą buvo nesėkmingas. Hadingą globojantis vienaakis senis atsivedė jį į savo namus, atgaivino jį maloniu gėrimu ir išpranašavo, kad jis įgis nepaprastos jėgos.
Saxo describes how in his youth, Hading, with the help of a one-eyed old man, made an alliance with the Viking Liser. Their first common raid against Loker, the tyrant of the Curonians, was unsuccessful. Hading was under the guardianship of the one-eyed old man, who took Hading into his house, refreshed him with a pleasant drink, and foretold him that he would gain extraordinary power. He confirmed this prophecy by a song, which said that it would happen when Hading was taken captive, but broke free after killing a lion and drinking its blood. After this, Hading was flown over in the air to the prior place and "was captured by Loker and lived out by actual experience that every event of the prophecy was fulfilled."
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
įsitvirtino Pietų Jutlandijoje. Tuo metu jo padėtis Frizijoje susvyravo. 863 m. jis su danais nesėkmingai puolė Doreštadą, 867 m. vėl minimi iš Frizijos išvyto Roriko ketinimai jėga įsitvirtinti buvusiame lene. Tik 870–873 m.
This Rorik can be identified with the Viking Rorik who was active in Friesland and Jutland in the middle of the 9th century. In about 837, Emperor Ludwig the Pious appointed him to defend the city Dorestad in Friesland, which was being attacked by the Vikings. Emperor Lothar expelled him from there in about 841, but in 850 Rorik regained Dorestad by force. With rising inner conflicts in Denmark, Rorik attacked Denmark in 855 and 857 and fortified his position in South Jutland. At that time, his situation in Friesland became unstable. In 863, he and the Danes attacked Dorestad unsuccessfully. In 867, the intentions of the then expelled from Friesland Rorik to regain his former fief, are mentioned again. Only in 870–873 did the Frankish kings approve him his fief. But by 882 Rorik was already dead.61
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Rytų Pabaltijo gyventojus Saksas priskyrė skirtingoms stovykloms: kuršiai ir estai (ar aisčiai) kovėsi švedų pusėje26, o lyviai – danų27. Islandų sagos, kuriomis rėmėsi Saksas, šio epizodo nepatvirtina, todėl jis laikytinas neistorišku28.
Saxo ascribed the inhabitants of the East Baltic countries to different camps: the Curonians and Estonians (or Aistians) were fighting on the side of the Swedes,26 while the Livians – on the side of the Danes.27 The Icelandic sagas, which were the source of information for Saxo Grammaticus, do not confirm this episode, and it should thus be treated as not historical.28 However, it is very likely that Saxo was using geographical knowledge of the Viking Age in his account, which is rather interesting. The ascription of the Livians and the Balts to different camps could reflect the reality of their actual confrontation in the Viking Age.29 It should also be noted that Saxo consistently ascribes the Curonians and Estonians (Aistians) to the Swedish sphere of influence,30 what is also confirmed by contemporary sources.31
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Iš hiperkritiškų pozicijų Sakso Gramatiko žinias apie Rytų Pabaltijį įvertino Paulius Johansenas7. Jo manymu, šios žinios legendinėje Sakso veikalo dalyje atspindi XIII a. įvykius Livonijoje, apie kuriuos jis sužinojo iš 1218–1219 m. Danijoje viešėjusio Estijos vyskupo Teodericho.
Paul Johansen evaluated Saxo Grammaticus' information about the East Baltic countries hypercritically.7 In Johansen's opinion, the information concerning the legendary part of Saxos's work reflects the events of the 13th century in Livonia about which Saxo found out from Teoderich, the bishop of Estonia, who visited Denmark in 1218–1219. In order to simply enrich his work by details of such doubtful worth, Saxo had to make approximately 10 insertions and rewrite almost all of the legendary history books, which were already finished or almost finished. This in itself is unbelievable, just as the concrete parallels between legendary history and the events of the 13th century are unbelievable.
  Viduramžių Lietuva - ...  
Baranauskas, laikydamasis paplitusios mados, analogijų su Lietuva ieško visame pasaulyje ir jų visados randa. Toks jo požiūris, deja, paskandina Vidurio Europos, kuriai priklauso ir Lietuva, specifiką, jos jis, beje, visiškai neišmano.
Baranauskas, following the wide spread fashion, is looking for analogies all over the world and always finds them. Unfortunately such his point of view sinks the specific features of the Central Europe, to which Lithuania belongs as well. Besides, he has no idea of these specific features. Most evidently ignorance of the regional specific features, and in the same time ignorance of the most important literature on the analysed theme, is testified, for example, by really dumb disputes with E. Gudavičius and I. Leonavičiūtė concerning the role of warrior retinues in the formation of the Lithuanian State. Contrary to the mentioned authors, Baranauskas denies the role of military retinues, but doesn’t finds functions of social utility characteristic to the retinues, overlooking, that their “harmful activity”, plunder and going on visits, was an embryo of constant tributes, which allowed to emerge the rulers of separate lands, who later became dukes. Why so persistent attempts to deny the role of military retinue are made, is obvious. Having accepted the military retinue theory of Gudavičius, one must recognise his conclusions on the formation of the Lithuanian State as well. Anyhow, this, what Baranauskas names as the date of the state, is just the beginning of the long process of the state. Here, instead of getting involved into dumb disputes, author could read at least L. Lecejewicz, or even slightly out-of-date works of K. Zernack, from which he would understand, that this, what he is trying to deny, is nothing else, but the specific features of Central Europe.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Saksas pateikia unikalios medžiagos seniausiai baltų istorijai. Jis papildo Jordano žinias apie IV a. gotų karaliaus Hermanariko aisčių žemių nukariavimą, nurodydamas konkrečias aisčių gentis – kuršius ir sembus.
Saxo supplies some unique information on the earliest history of the Balts. He supplements Jordan with more extensive information on the Gothic King Hermanaric's conquest of Aistian lands in the 4th century, by pointing out concrete Aistian tribes – the Curonians and Sembians. We also learn much information on the Balts of the Viking Age from Saxo. It is not possible to rely on this information unconditionally, since the historical truth is distorted and mixed both with fantasy and elements of mythology. Nevertheless, the legends supplied by Saxo have an historical base. In comparing them with other sources, we can identify the legendary characters' historical prototypes, define the time of their activities, and use these legends to reconstruct the history of these times. Most of the legends supplied by Saxo are associated with three Danish raids of the 9th century, which were led by Ragnar Lodbrok (c. 840), Hasting (853), and Rorik (c. 857–862). One hundred years later, we learn about the last Danish raid on Sembia, led by Norwegian Jarl Hakon (c. 970).
  Viduramžių Lietuva - ...  
Autorius nemažai dėmesio skiria Mindaugo valdymo laikams. Jis nagrinėja Mindaugo vietos politiką ir jos veiklos priemones. Aiškiai pabrėžia, kad Mindaugas valdė Lietuvą ne vienas, paprastai tardavosi su kitais kunigaikščiais, nors ir pasižymėjo valdingu elgesiu.
The author devotes not a little attention to the reign of Mindaugas. He investigates the local policy of Mindaugas and his means of political activities. He stresses clearly that Mindaugas was not ruling Lithuania alone, he was consulting the other dukes, though was distinguished by masterful behaviour. That could be the reason of his tragic death. The author of the book is discussing with Prof. E. Gudavičius very important phenomena, which, we can say, already became an axiom. He is trying to prove that Mindaugas was not the first Grand Duke of Lithuania, crowned as the King of Lithuania on July 6, 1253. The author especially stresses that the father of Mindaugas ruled Lithuania before him. To say in the words of the author, the father of Mindaugas was not one of the most powerful dukes, but enjoyed full rights of the Grand Duke, ruling Aukštaitija and Samogitia (p. 182). Besides that, the author rejects the date of crowning of Mindaugas, which was specified by Prof. E. Gudavičius (the 6th of July). According to the author of the book T. Baranauskas, Mindaugas was crowned on June 29, which was more suitable for the festivities of the crowning. It was Sunday, feast of SS Peter and Paul, very important ecclesiastical feast.
  Viduramžių Lietuva - ...  
Autorius nemažai dėmesio skiria Mindaugo valdymo laikams. Jis nagrinėja Mindaugo vietos politiką ir jos veiklos priemones. Aiškiai pabrėžia, kad Mindaugas valdė Lietuvą ne vienas, paprastai tardavosi su kitais kunigaikščiais, nors ir pasižymėjo valdingu elgesiu.
The author devotes not a little attention to the reign of Mindaugas. He investigates the local policy of Mindaugas and his means of political activities. He stresses clearly that Mindaugas was not ruling Lithuania alone, he was consulting the other dukes, though was distinguished by masterful behaviour. That could be the reason of his tragic death. The author of the book is discussing with Prof. E. Gudavičius very important phenomena, which, we can say, already became an axiom. He is trying to prove that Mindaugas was not the first Grand Duke of Lithuania, crowned as the King of Lithuania on July 6, 1253. The author especially stresses that the father of Mindaugas ruled Lithuania before him. To say in the words of the author, the father of Mindaugas was not one of the most powerful dukes, but enjoyed full rights of the Grand Duke, ruling Aukštaitija and Samogitia (p. 182). Besides that, the author rejects the date of crowning of Mindaugas, which was specified by Prof. E. Gudavičius (the 6th of July). According to the author of the book T. Baranauskas, Mindaugas was crowned on June 29, which was more suitable for the festivities of the crowning. It was Sunday, feast of SS Peter and Paul, very important ecclesiastical feast.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Pirataujantys kuršiai ir estai buvo aptikti prie Elando salos ir po ilgų bei permainingų kautynių sumušti73. Vargu, ar tai buvo kuo nors ypatingas kuršių antpuolis – greičiausiai jis paminėtas tik dėl to, kad kuršių piratams buvo ryžtingiau nei įprastai pasipriešinta.
Saxo mentioned the Balts for the last time in connection with the events of 1170. Valdemar the Great, aspiring to guarantee peace during the festivities of the coronation of his son, sends ships to clear up the Baltic Sea from pirates in a greater radius from Denmark than usual. Curonian and Estonian pirates were detected near the island of Oland and were crushed after a long and variable fight.73 It was hardly a more noteworthy Curonian raid than usual. It was most likely mentioned only because of the stronger than usual resistance against the Curonian pirates. Saxo did not even mention the Danish missions in Curonia and Estonia, however, where bishops were appointed in 1161 and in about 1165, respectively.74 Saxo also does not mention the crusade against Estonia, proclaimed in 1171 in all of the Scandinavian countries.75 This would suggest that it either had no significant consequences or that it did not take place at all.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Pirataujantys kuršiai ir estai buvo aptikti prie Elando salos ir po ilgų bei permainingų kautynių sumušti73. Vargu, ar tai buvo kuo nors ypatingas kuršių antpuolis – greičiausiai jis paminėtas tik dėl to, kad kuršių piratams buvo ryžtingiau nei įprastai pasipriešinta.
Saxo mentioned the Balts for the last time in connection with the events of 1170. Valdemar the Great, aspiring to guarantee peace during the festivities of the coronation of his son, sends ships to clear up the Baltic Sea from pirates in a greater radius from Denmark than usual. Curonian and Estonian pirates were detected near the island of Oland and were crushed after a long and variable fight.73 It was hardly a more noteworthy Curonian raid than usual. It was most likely mentioned only because of the stronger than usual resistance against the Curonian pirates. Saxo did not even mention the Danish missions in Curonia and Estonia, however, where bishops were appointed in 1161 and in about 1165, respectively.74 Saxo also does not mention the crusade against Estonia, proclaimed in 1171 in all of the Scandinavian countries.75 This would suggest that it either had no significant consequences or that it did not take place at all.
  Viduramžių Lietuva - ...  
1. “Priešingai minėtiems autoriams, Baranauskas neigia kariaunos vaidmenį, bet neranda naudingų visuomenei kariaunos funkcijų…” Iš tiesų knygoje niekur neneigiamas kariaunos vaidmuo, kuriantis Lietuvos valstybei, nors jis ir nėra plačiau analizuojamas.
1. “Contrary to the mentioned authors, Baranauskas denies the role of military retinues, but doesn’t finds functions of social utility characteristic to the retinues...” In fact the role of military retinues in the formation of the Lithuanian State is not denied anywhere in the book, though it is not analysed extensively. The functions of military retinues (as a part of state apparatus) are considered to have a social utility. Their defensive function for the society is stressed: “The European states belong to the group of secondary states. The role of external impulse was particularly important in their formation. Namely this impulse was forcing creation of effective regional government, which would be able to resist the pressure of already existing states. (...) Society, in the neighbourhood of which state organisation had appeared, was forced to strengthen its government in order to survive. The consolidation of political organisation in the Baltic lands was stimulated by the need to organise defence against Poland and Ruthenia – great Slavonic states that came into being in the 9th–10th centuries” (p. 120–121). “It should be noted that in the Middle Ages the sovereigns were never ruling alone, they always consulted their warrior retinues and vassals, constituting their councils” (p. 205). “Being able to receive more grain Mindaugas could maintain bigger warrior retinue and garrisons of castles” (p. 212).
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Paulas Johansonas pareiškė nuomonę, kad Helespontu galima išversti lyvišką Dauguvos pavadinimą Väina, kuris reiškia ,,jūros sąsiaurį“22. Jei taip būtų, tai Saksas visus jūros sąsiaurius turėtų vadinti ,,helespontais“, bet net ir pačią Dauguvą jis vadina Duna, o ne Helespontu.
In his account of Hading, Saxo mentions "Daugava town" of the Hellespontians, which corresponds with the Semigallian hillfort Daugmale. According to the popular explanation, the name "Hellespontians" was applied to the inhabitants of the shores of the River Daugava because the Daugava was an important trade route to Greece, which connected the Baltic Sea with the real Hellespont (the Dardanel straits).21 The end of the trade route, however, was not Hellespont, but Constantinople, furthermore, it remains unclear why only the inhabitants of the beginning of this route were called Hellespontians. In Paul Johansen's view, Hellespont is a translation of the Livian name of Daugava – Väina – which mean "straits of the sea".22 But if this were so, Saxo should have been calling all the straits of the sea "hellesponts." Instead, he even called Daugava "Duna," not Hellespont.
  Viduramžių Lietuva - ...  
Baranauskas, laikydamasis paplitusios mados, analogijų su Lietuva ieško visame pasaulyje ir jų visados randa. Toks jo požiūris, deja, paskandina Vidurio Europos, kuriai priklauso ir Lietuva, specifiką, jos jis, beje, visiškai neišmano.
Baranauskas, following the wide spread fashion, is looking for analogies all over the world and always finds them. Unfortunately such his point of view sinks the specific features of the Central Europe, to which Lithuania belongs as well. Besides, he has no idea of these specific features. Most evidently ignorance of the regional specific features, and in the same time ignorance of the most important literature on the analysed theme, is testified, for example, by really dumb disputes with E. Gudavičius and I. Leonavičiūtė concerning the role of warrior retinues in the formation of the Lithuanian State. Contrary to the mentioned authors, Baranauskas denies the role of military retinues, but doesn’t finds functions of social utility characteristic to the retinues, overlooking, that their “harmful activity”, plunder and going on visits, was an embryo of constant tributes, which allowed to emerge the rulers of separate lands, who later became dukes. Why so persistent attempts to deny the role of military retinue are made, is obvious. Having accepted the military retinue theory of Gudavičius, one must recognise his conclusions on the formation of the Lithuanian State as well. Anyhow, this, what Baranauskas names as the date of the state, is just the beginning of the long process of the state. Here, instead of getting involved into dumb disputes, author could read at least L. Lecejewicz, or even slightly out-of-date works of K. Zernack, from which he would understand, that this, what he is trying to deny, is nothing else, but the specific features of Central Europe.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
I pusėje. 812, 823 ir 826 m. jis prašė frankų imperatoriaus pagalbos kovoje prieš Godfredo sūnus, kurie, savo ruožtu, pagalbos ieškojo Švedijoje25. 827 m. Haraldas buvo galutinai išvytas iš Danijos, ir šis įvykis galėjo atsispindėti legendoje apie Brovalos mūšį.
Saxo Grammaticus mentions the Balts in his account of the battle of Bråvalla. This battle, in which the Swedish king Sigurd Hring overcame the Danish King Harald the War Tooth, is dated traditionally to c. 750.24 However, the historical Harald, who was fighting unsuccessfully for power in Denmark, lived in the 1st half of the 9th century. In 812, 823, and 826 he was asking for help from the Frankish emperor in his fight against the sons of Godfred; they, in their turn, were seeking help in Sweden.25 In 827, Harald was finally expelled from Denmark, and this event could be reflected in the legend about the battle of Bråvalla.
  Viduramžių Lietuva - ...  
rusų istorikas Nikolajus Karamzinas ėmė remtis tik autentiškais Lietuvos istorijos šaltiniais. Jis pirmasis įvertino 1183 m. datos reikšmę Lietuvos ir Rusios istorijoje: ,,Šiuo metu Vakarų Rusija pažino naujus priešus, pavojingus ir žiaurius.
Усобіцы полацкіх князёў, канешне, паўплывалі на ўзвышэнне Літвы, але гэты ўплыў праявіўся не непасрэдна, а ў першую чаргу ў тым, што яны прыцягнулі літоўцаў ва ўнутранае жыццё Полацка. Калі полацкія князі вялі міжусобную барацьбу, літоўцы ўжо не маглі быць проста залежнымі ад Полацка. Цяпер было важна, якой менавіта групоўцы князёў яны падпарадкоўваюцца. А гэта, безумоўна, залежала ад таго, што магла прапанаваць літоўцам тая ці іншая групоўка. Такім чынам, за сваю дапамогу літоўцы маглі спадзявацца на ўзнагароду. Тут і трэба шукаць таямніцы ўзвышення Літвы.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Apie 98 m. Publijus Kornelijus Tacitas pirmą kartą aprašė aisčius (baltus). Jis pastebėjo aukštą aisčių žemdirbystės lygį ir gintaro, kurį jie parduodavo romėnams, rinkimą. Žr. šaltinį.
98 e. Kr. Pubilus Cornelius Tacitus beskrev Aistianene (balterne) for første gang. Han viste til et Aistianene hadde et høyt nivå innenfor landbruk og innsamling av rav, som de solgte til romerne. Se kilde.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Apie 150 m. Klaudijus Ptolemėjus pirmą kartą pabandė sudaryti Baltijos regiono žemėlapį. Jis pirmą kartą paminėjo keletą baltų genčių - sūduvius, galindus ir turbūt kuršius bei sėlius.
150 e. Kr. Claudius Ptolemy gjorde for første gang et forsøk på å tegne kartet over Baltikum. Han nevnte også noen baltiske stammer – jotvingerne, galindiansere, kurlendere og selere – for første gang.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Saksas pratęsė pasakojimą, šalia Daksono iš naujo įvesdamas Dianą, kaip antrąjį žuvusio Diano sūnų, ir prijungdamas antrąją legendos versiją. Pagal ją Ragnaras sumuša Dianą, Daksoną bei jų uošvį Rusios karalių ir uždeda Daksonui duoklę, kurią jis privalo mokėti basas.
Saxo continues this account by reintroducing Dian as the second son of the perished Dian and by adding a second version of the legend. According to this latter version, Ragnar defeats Dian, Daxon, and their father-in-law, King of Ruthenia, and lays a tribute upon Daxon, which he must pay barefoot.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Pabėgęs iš nelaisvės, Hadingas, puolė helespontiečius. Jis sukėlė gaisrą helespontiečių karaliaus Handvano valdomoje Dauguvos pilyje, ją užėmė ir sučiupo Handvaną, kuris turėjo išpirkti savo kūną auksu.
Having fled from captivity, Hading attacked the Hellespontians. He set fire to the castle of Daugava which was ruled by King Handwan of the Hellespontians, seized it, and captured Handwan, who had to pay ransom for his body with gold. After this, Hading overcame many more eastern forces.39
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
anglosaksų keliautojas Vulfstanas aprašė aisčius, gyvenančius į rytus nuo Vyslos upės žiočių, ir jų prekybos centrą Trusą. Jis pastebėjo, kad jų šalis buvo didelė, jie turėjo daug pilių, o kiekvienoje pilyje buvo karalius.
890–893 e. Kr. Angelsakseren og handelsmannen Wulfstan beskrev at aistanerne levede østover fra munningen av Vistula elven og at handelssenteret deres lå i Truso. Han bemerket at landet deres var stort og at de hadde mange slott og en konge i hvert av de. Det var mange krangler mellom disse kongene. Han gav også en omfattende beskrivelse av begravelses ritualene til aistanerne og delingen av formuen til den avdøde gjennom en konkurranse mellom ryttere.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Vienaakis senis tapatinamas su dievu Odinu, kuršių tironas Lokeras primena dievo Lokio (Loki, Lokr) vardą, o Handvanas (Andvanas) – nykštuką Andvarį (Andvari, Andvanr), ežero dugne paslėpto lobio saugotoją46. Antrajame legendos variante jis net sukrauna savo turtus į laivus ir juos nuskandina.
There are many mythological elements in the legend about Hading. The one-eyed man is identified with the god Odin, the name of the Curonian tyrant Loker resembles that of the god Loki, Handwan's (Andwan) name resembles that of the dwarf Andvari, custodian of a treasure hidden at the bottom of a lake.46 In a second variant of the legend, he even put his wealth onboard ships and sinks the ships.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
Tik šį kartą žygis prieš kuršius vaizduojamas kaip sėkmingas žygis prieš kuršių karalių Dorną44, o tarp žygių į Kuršą ir Helespontą įsiterpia Frodžio kovos Rusioje, kurių metu jis paima Polocką – kaip minėta, tokiu pat būdu, kaip istorinis Hastingas užėmė Luną.
Saxo repeatedly ascribes to Frothi the raids of Hading on the Curonians and Andwan, the King of Hellespontians. Only this time the raid against the Curonians is represented as a successful raid against the Curonian King Dorno,44 while Frothi's fights in Ruthenia are inserted among the raids on Curonia and Hellespont. During these fights in Ruthenia, Frothi seizes Polotsk – as mentioned, he does this in the same way as the historical Hasting captured Luna. This episode shows that this is most likely the same legend whose hero is the historical Hasting.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
anglosaksų keliautojas Vulfstanas aprašė aisčius, gyvenančius į rytus nuo Vyslos upės žiočių, ir jų prekybos centrą Trusą. Jis pastebėjo, kad jų šalis buvo didelė, jie turėjo daug pilių, o kiekvienoje pilyje buvo karalius.
890–893 e. Kr. Angelsakseren og handelsmannen Wulfstan beskrev at aistanerne levede østover fra munningen av Vistula elven og at handelssenteret deres lå i Truso. Han bemerket at landet deres var stort og at de hadde mange slott og en konge i hvert av de. Det var mange krangler mellom disse kongene. Han gav også en omfattende beskrivelse av begravelses ritualene til aistanerne og delingen av formuen til den avdøde gjennom en konkurranse mellom ryttere.
  Viduramžių Lietuva - ...  
Autorius įvadiniame skyrelyje nurodo savo tyrinėjimų tikslus, iškeldamas Lietuvos valstybingumo klausimą, kuris turėjo ypač didelę reikšmę tolesnei Lietuvos valstybės politinei raidai. Todėl jis pačioje pradžioje bando išsiaiškinti valstybės sąvokos turinį ir jo interpretaciją tam tikslui pasitelkęs plačią literatūrą.
Author points out the goals of his research in the introduction, raising the question of the Lithuanian statehood, which has a particularly great importance for the subsequent political development of the Lithuanian State. Therefore he tries to clarify content of the concept of the state in the very beginning, referring to wide literature.
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
vikingų žygio į Viduržemio jūrą vadas. 860 m. atvykęs prie Lunos Šiaurės Italijoje, jis apsimetė sunkiai sergančiu ir priėmė krikštą. Paskui apsimetė mirusiu, o jo kariai paprašė surengti krikščioniškas savo vado laidotuves.
The historical Hasting appears in West Europe for the first time as a leader of the Viking raid of 859–862 on the Mediterranean Sea. In 860, having arrived in Luna in northern Italy, he feigned serious illness and accepted baptism. Then he pretended to be dead and his soldiers requested a Christian funeral for their chief. This is how the Vikings entered the city and devastated it.40
  Viduramžių Lietuva  
ėmėsi švedų archeologas Birgeris Nermanas. Siedamas legendas su archeologiniais duomenimis jis bandė pagrįsti jų istorinio branduolio realumą, bet Sakso žinioms skyrė nedaug dėmesio8. Daug dėmesio legendinėms žinioms apie vikingų epochą skyrė ir latvių istorikas Arvedas Švabė9.
Not all researchers appreciated such a hypercritical point of view. As far back as 1929, Swedish archaeologist Birger Nerman undertook an historical interpretation of Scandinavian sources' legendary information. Linking legends with archaeological data, he tried to substantiate the legends' kernel of the historical reality, but he did not pay much attention to Saxo's information.8 Latvian historian Arveds Švabe also devoted much attention to data on legends concerning the Viking Age.9
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