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  Facile preparation of s...  
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Les fibres de mélange n’exhibaient qu’une température de transition vitreuse sur les thermogrammes d’analyse calorimétrique différentielle (ACD) en raison de la forte compatibilité des deux composants.
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Using formic acid as a cosolvent and saturated sodium sulfate as a coagulation bath, soy protein/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend fibers were prepared using wet-spinning approaches. The structure and mechanical, thermal, and water-uptake properties of the spun fibers were investigated. Morphological analysis with polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that spun PVA or blend fibers were composed of nanoparticles and exhibited a porous morphology. Blend fibers exhibited only one glass transition temperature in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms due to high compatibility between the two components. The best mechanical strength and thermal stability were achieved when 70% PVA was composited with soy protein. This was thought to be due to the effects of cross-linking and hydrogen bonding between functional groups of soy protein and PVA hydroxyl groups.
  L'industrie canadienne...  
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Courriel : info@acd.ca
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Fax: 613-238-3411
  Phylogenetic investigat...  
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Nous avons utilisé le gène matK et la région trnL‑F des plastes pour étudier les relations entre les espèces et les génomes de 82 spécimens d’Avena représentant 13 espèces diploïdes (génomes A et C), 6 espèces tétraploïdes (génomes AB et AC) et 4 espèces hexaploïdes (génome ACD) en vue d’inférer les voies évolutionnaires ayant mené aux différentes espèces d’Avena.
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We investigated the species and genome relationships among 82 Avena accessions representing thirteen diploid species (A and C genomes), six tetraploids (AB and AC genomes) and four hexaploids (ACD genome) to infer the evolutionary pathways in Avena using the plastid matK gene and the trnL-F region. The matK and trnL-F sequences pointed to the A-genome diploid species as maternal parents of the polyploid species. Furthermore, different A-genome diploid species might have served as the A genome donor of several different polyploid species. The probable ancestor of most hexaploid species, of the AC-genome tetraploids, and of the AB-genome species A. agadiriana was A. wiestii (As genome). The likely donor of the other three ABgenome tetraploids was A. hirtula (also As genome) and A. damascena (Ad genome) appears to be the A genome donor of the hexaploid A. fatua. The A genome origin of A. fatua differs from that for the other hexaploid Avena species, which is different from the common assumption that the hexaploid species evolved from a single hexaploid ancestor followed by gain or loss of domestication genes. Thus, several separate maternal lineages might be involved in different polyploid species.
  Phylogenetic inferences...  
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Afin d’élucider les relations entre les espèces et les génomes chez 13 espèces diploïdes (génomes A et C) du genre Avena, nous avons examiné le second intron du gène nucléaire FLORICAULA/LEAFY (FL int2) de sept espèces tétraploïdes (génomes AB et AC) et de cinq espèces hexaploïdes (génome ACD).
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The development and application of molecular methods in oats has been relatively slow compared with other crops. Results from the previous analyses have left many questions concerning species evolutionary relationships unanswered, especially regarding the origins of the B and D genomes, which are only known to be present in polyploid oat species. To investigate the species and genome relationships in genus Avena, among 13 diploid (A and C genomes), we used the second intron of the nuclear gene FLORICAULA/LEAFY (FL int2) in seven tetraploid (AB and AC genomes), and five hexaploid (ACD genome) species. The Avena FL int2 is rather long, and high levels of variation in length and sequence composition were found. Evidence for more than one copy of the FL int2 sequence was obtained for both the A and C genome groups, and the degree of divergence of the A genome copies was greater than that observed within the C genome sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of the FL int2 sequences resulted in topologies that contained four major groups; these groups reemphasize the major genomic divergence between the A and C genomes, and the close relationship among the A, B, and D genomes. However, the D genome in hexaploids more likely originated from a C genome diploid rather than the generally believed A genome, and the C genome diploid A. clauda may have played an important role in the origination of both the C and D genome in polyploids
  The evolution pattern o...  
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Nous examinons, ici, le polymorphisme inter et intragénomique des ITS chez 13 génomes diploïdes (génomes A et C), 7 génomes tétraploïdes (génomes AB, AC et CC) et 4 génomes hexaploïdes (génome ACD) en vue d’inférer l’étendue et la direction de l’évolution concertée, de même que pour déterminer les relations phylogénétiques et génomiques entre les espèces d’Avena.
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Ribosomal ITS sequences are commonly used for phylogenetic reconstruction because they are included in rDNA repeats, and these repeats often undergo rapid concerted evolution within and between arrays. Therefore, the rDNA ITS copies appear to be virtually identical and can sometimes be treated as a single gene. In this paper we examined ITS polymorphism within and among 13 diploid (A and C genomes), seven tetraploid (AB, AC and CC genomes) and four hexaploid (ACD genome) to infer the extent and direction of concerted evolution, and to reveal the phylogenetic and genome relationship among species of Avena. A total of 170 clones of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment were sequenced to carry out haplotype and phylogenetic analysis. In addition, 111 Avena ITS sequences retrieved from GenBank were combined with 170 clones to construct a phylogeny and a netwok. We demonstrate the major divergence between the A and C genomes whereas the distinction among the A and B/D genomes was generally not possible. High affinity among the Ad genome species A. damascena and the ACD genome species A. fatua was found, whereas the rest of the ACD genome hexaploids and the AACC tetraploids were highly affiliated with the Al genome diploid A. longiglumis. One of the AACC species A. murphyi showed the closest relationship with most of the hexaploid species. Both Cv and Cp genome species have been proposed as paternal donors of the C-genome carrying polyploids. Incomplete concerted evolution is responsible for the observed differences among different clones of a single Avena individual. The elimination of C-genome rRNA sequences and the resulting evolutionary inference of hexaploid species are discussed.
  Physicochemical propert...  
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L’amidon de pois n’avait qu’une seule transition simple endothermique (12,1–14,2 J/g) sur le thermogramme obtenu par ACD, alors que la farine de pois exhibait deux transitions distinctes endothermiques correspondant à la gélatinisation de l’amidon (4,54–4,71 J/g) et à la perturbation du complexe amylose–lipide (0,36–0,78 J/g).
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Flours and isolated starches from three different cultivars (1544-8, 1658-11 and 1760-8) of pea grown under identical environmental conditions were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility. The protein content, total starch content and apparent amylose content of pea flour ranged from 24.4 to 26.3%, 48.8 to 50.2%, and 13.9 to 16.7%, respectively. In pea starches, the 1760-8 showed higher apparent amylose content and total starch content than the other cultivars. Pea starch granules were irregularly shaped, ranging from oval to round with a smooth surface. All pea starches showed C-type X-ray diffraction pattern with relative crystallinity ranging between 23.7 and 24.7%. Pea starch had only a single endothermic transition (12.1–14.2 J/g) in the DSC thermogram, whereas pea flour showed two separate endothermic transitions corresponding to starch gelatinization (4.54–4.71 J/g) and disruption of the amylose–lipid complex (0.36–0.78 J/g). In pea cultivars, the 1760-8 had significantly higher setback and final viscosity than the other cultivars in both pea flour (672 and 1170 cP, respectively) and isolated starch (2901 and 4811 cP). The average branch chain length of pea starches ranged from 20.1 to 20.3. The 1760-8 displayed a larger proportion of short branch chains, DP (degree of polymerization) 6–12 (21.1%), and a smaller proportion of long branch chains, DP ≥ 37 (8.4%). The RDS, SDS and RS contents of pea flour ranged from 23.7 to 24.1%, 11.3 to 12.8%, and 13.2 to 14.8%, respectively. In pea starches, the 1760-8 showed a lower RDS content but higher SDS and RS contents. The expected glycemic index (eGI), based on the hydrolysis index, ranged from 36.9 to 37.7 and 69.8 to 70.7 for pea flour and isolated pea starch, respectively.
  Relationships among Ave...  
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Ces analyses nous ont permis de séparer les groupes de manière univoque, mais leur capacité de prédire correctement le groupe auquel appartenait un sujet dont le ou les haplomes étaient inconnus était de jusqu’à 69 % s’il appartenait au groupe A, de 75 % s’il appartenait au groupe AC et de presque 80 % s’il appartenait au groupe ACD.
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Consensus chloroplast simple sequence repeat (ccSSR) makers were used to assess the genetic variation and genetic relationships of 80 accessions from 25 taxa of the genus Avena. Fifteen out of 16 ccSSR markers (93.75%) were polymorphic. A total of 51 alleles were detected at the 16 ccSSR loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 6, with an average of 3.2 alleles. Among these ccSSR loci, the highest polymorphism information content (PIC) value was 0.754, while the lowest PIC value was 0. The mean genetic similarity index among the 80 Avena accessions was 0.545, ranging from 0.188 to 1.000. To assess the usefulness of ccSSRs in separating and distinguishing between haplome (genome) groups, we used ordination by canonical discriminant analysis and classificatory discriminant analysis. Although discriminant analysis separated the haplome groups unequivocally, it was up to 69% predictive of correctly classifying an individual plant whose haplome(s) is unknown in the case where it belonged to the A haplome group, 75% where it belonged in the AC group, and almost 80% where it belonged in the ACD group. The analysis of genetic similarity showed that diploid species with the A haplome were more diverse than other species, and that the species with the As haplome were more divergent than other diploid species with the A haplome. Among the species with the C haplome, A. clauda was more diverse than A. eriantha and A. ventricosa. In the cluster analysis, we found that the Avena accessions with the same genomes and/or belonging to the same species had the tendency to cluster together. As for the maternal donors of polyploid species based on this maternally inherited marker, A. strigosa served as the maternal donor of some Avena polyploidy species such as A. sativa, A. sterilis and A. occidentalis from Morocco. A. fatua is genetically distinct from other hexaploid Avena species, and A. damascena might be the A genome donor of A. fatua. Avena lusitanica served as the maternal parents during the polyploid format ion of the AACC tetraploids and some AACCDD hexaploids. These results suggested that different diploid species were the putative A haplome donors of the tetraploid and hexaploid species. The C genome species A. eriantha and A. ventricosa are largely differentiated from the Avena species containing the A, or B, or D haplomes, whereas A. clauda from different accessions were found to be scattered within different groups.
  The evolution pattern o...  
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Nous examinons, ici, le polymorphisme inter et intragénomique des ITS chez 13 génomes diploïdes (génomes A et C), 7 génomes tétraploïdes (génomes AB, AC et CC) et 4 génomes hexaploïdes (génome ACD) en vue d’inférer l’étendue et la direction de l’évolution concertée, de même que pour déterminer les relations phylogénétiques et génomiques entre les espèces d’Avena.
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Ribosomal ITS sequences are commonly used for phylogenetic reconstruction because they are included in rDNA repeats, and these repeats often undergo rapid concerted evolution within and between arrays. Therefore, the rDNA ITS copies appear to be virtually identical and can sometimes be treated as a single gene. In this paper we examined ITS polymorphism within and among 13 diploid (A and C genomes), seven tetraploid (AB, AC and CC genomes) and four hexaploid (ACD genome) to infer the extent and direction of concerted evolution, and to reveal the phylogenetic and genome relationship among species of Avena. A total of 170 clones of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment were sequenced to carry out haplotype and phylogenetic analysis. In addition, 111 Avena ITS sequences retrieved from GenBank were combined with 170 clones to construct a phylogeny and a netwok. We demonstrate the major divergence between the A and C genomes whereas the distinction among the A and B/D genomes was generally not possible. High affinity among the Ad genome species A. damascena and the ACD genome species A. fatua was found, whereas the rest of the ACD genome hexaploids and the AACC tetraploids were highly affiliated with the Al genome diploid A. longiglumis. One of the AACC species A. murphyi showed the closest relationship with most of the hexaploid species. Both Cv and Cp genome species have been proposed as paternal donors of the C-genome carrying polyploids. Incomplete concerted evolution is responsible for the observed differences among different clones of a single Avena individual. The elimination of C-genome rRNA sequences and the resulting evolutionary inference of hexaploid species are discussed.
  The evolution pattern o...  
Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source
Nous examinons, ici, le polymorphisme inter et intragénomique des ITS chez 13 génomes diploïdes (génomes A et C), 7 génomes tétraploïdes (génomes AB, AC et CC) et 4 génomes hexaploïdes (génome ACD) en vue d’inférer l’étendue et la direction de l’évolution concertée, de même que pour déterminer les relations phylogénétiques et génomiques entre les espèces d’Avena.
Comparer pages textesComparer pages HTMMontrer URL avec texte sourceMontrer URL avec langue cibleDéfinir listeriosis-listeriose.investigation-enquete.gc.ca comme domaine prioritaire
Ribosomal ITS sequences are commonly used for phylogenetic reconstruction because they are included in rDNA repeats, and these repeats often undergo rapid concerted evolution within and between arrays. Therefore, the rDNA ITS copies appear to be virtually identical and can sometimes be treated as a single gene. In this paper we examined ITS polymorphism within and among 13 diploid (A and C genomes), seven tetraploid (AB, AC and CC genomes) and four hexaploid (ACD genome) to infer the extent and direction of concerted evolution, and to reveal the phylogenetic and genome relationship among species of Avena. A total of 170 clones of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment were sequenced to carry out haplotype and phylogenetic analysis. In addition, 111 Avena ITS sequences retrieved from GenBank were combined with 170 clones to construct a phylogeny and a netwok. We demonstrate the major divergence between the A and C genomes whereas the distinction among the A and B/D genomes was generally not possible. High affinity among the Ad genome species A. damascena and the ACD genome species A. fatua was found, whereas the rest of the ACD genome hexaploids and the AACC tetraploids were highly affiliated with the Al genome diploid A. longiglumis. One of the AACC species A. murphyi showed the closest relationship with most of the hexaploid species. Both Cv and Cp genome species have been proposed as paternal donors of the C-genome carrying polyploids. Incomplete concerted evolution is responsible for the observed differences among different clones of a single Avena individual. The elimination of C-genome rRNA sequences and the resulting evolutionary inference of hexaploid species are discussed.