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Doses limites d'exposition des astronautes aux rayonnements spatiaux
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Space Radiation Exposure Limits for Astronauts
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En 1995, l'ASC a demandé à Thomson & Nielsen de mettre au point un prototype de dosimètre personnel pour astronautes (ARM) capable de mesurer les doses auxquelles sont exposés la peau, les yeux et les organes responsables de la formation du sang.
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The Canadian company Thomson and Nielsen Electronics Ltd. originally developed MOSFET dosimeters for radiation detection in the nuclear and medical fields. In 1991 the CSA commissioned Thomson & Nielsen to develop MOSFET detectors for space use, and in 1992 they were used for the first time in space aboard the Russian Bion-10 satellite. In 1995 the CSA requested Thomson & Nielsen to develop a prototype Astronaut Radiation Monitor (ARM) capable of measuring skin, eye and BFO radiation doses, as well as dose-rate. After initial tests aboard the Russian Bion-11 satellite in 1996, a monitor to measure astronauts' radiation exposures during a spacewalk, or extravehicular activity (EVA), was developed based on the ARM prototype. This monitor, called the ExtraVehicular Activity Radiation Monitor (EVARM), has been aboard the International Space Station (ISS) since 2001 and has produced valuable data on individual astronauts' skin, eye and BFO exposures during EVAs.
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Les détecteurs de rayonnement, ou dosimètres, sont utilisés pour mesurer les doses de rayonnement absorbées par les astronautes qui s'exposent au milieu spatial. On appelle « dosimétrie des rayonnements » la science qui vise à mesurer la quantité d'énergie absorbée par une surface donnée.
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Radiation detectors or dosimeters are used to measure the radiation levels that astronauts are exposed to in space. Radiation dosimetry is the science of measuring the amount of radiation energy absorbed in a given area. The CSA works with NASA's Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) to ensure that the astronauts' radiation exposures do not exceed the acceptable limits during a mission. The SRAG estimates how much radiation will be present during a mission based on solar activity forecasts provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). They also monitor the actual radiation exposures during a mission based on data from personal dosimeters (radiation detectors worn by the astronauts) and area dosimeters (radiation detectors placed in different locations inside and outside a spacecraft). Along with the SRAG measurements, each astronaut's blood is collected to measure changes or mutations in the DNA (genetic material found within our cells) to determine his or her level of exposure and the extent of the damaging effects caused by radiation.
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Les détecteurs de rayonnement, ou dosimètres, sont utilisés pour mesurer les doses de rayonnement absorbées par les astronautes qui s'exposent au milieu spatial. On appelle « dosimétrie des rayonnements » la science qui vise à mesurer la quantité d'énergie absorbée par une surface donnée.
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Radiation detectors or dosimeters are used to measure the radiation levels that astronauts are exposed to in space. Radiation dosimetry is the science of measuring the amount of radiation energy absorbed in a given area. The CSA works with NASA's Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG) to ensure that the astronauts' radiation exposures do not exceed the acceptable limits during a mission. The SRAG estimates how much radiation will be present during a mission based on solar activity forecasts provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). They also monitor the actual radiation exposures during a mission based on data from personal dosimeters (radiation detectors worn by the astronauts) and area dosimeters (radiation detectors placed in different locations inside and outside a spacecraft). Along with the SRAG measurements, each astronaut's blood is collected to measure changes or mutations in the DNA (genetic material found within our cells) to determine his or her level of exposure and the extent of the damaging effects caused by radiation.
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L'ASC a appuyé le développement de deux dosimètres canadiens qui ont servi de dosimètres personnels ou de zone (dosimètres à bulles et dosimètres MOSFET) dans le cadre de missions à bord de la station spatiale. Les dosimètres à bulles sont de la taille d'une éprouvette et permettent de mesurer les doses de rayonnement neutronique absorbées par les astronautes.
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The CSA has supported the development of two Canadian radiation dosimeters that have been used as personal or area dosimeters aboard the ISS: Bubble Detectors and MOSFET Dosimeters. Bubble detectors are test-tube sized dosimeters that measure the neutron radiation dose to which astronauts are exposed. MOSFET dosimeters are miniature electronic devices that measure protons and electrons in real-time and can provide radiation dose readings for selected parts of the human body. In 2005-2008, the CSA collaborated with the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences to use the bubble detectors and the MOSFET Dosimeters in an experiment called Matroshka-R, which took place on the Russian segment of the ISS. The CSA then collaborated with RSC-Energia in 2009, using the bubble detectors to monitor neutron radiation during an experiment called Radi-N on board the ISS. A follow up to this experiment is planned for 2012-2013, which will again feature a partnership between the CSA and RSC-Energia.
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Le Groupe de médecine spatiale opérationnelle de l'ASC travaille en collaboration avec BTI au développement d'un système complet de détection des neutrons qui pourrait être utilisé par les astronautes dans l'espace pour mesurer les doses de rayonnement absorbées par les organes humains ou des zones précises.
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The CSA's OSM Group is working with BTI to develop a complete neutron detector system that can be used in space as a personal dosimeter by astronauts, or as an area monitor. The system includes bubble detectors and a data-reading device called a Mini-Reader. The Mini-Reader is being developed in collaboration with the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Rocket Space Corporation Energia (RSC-Energia). This system will be used for the first time in space in an experiment called Matroshka-R scheduled for 2005-2008 on the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS).
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L'ASC a appuyé le développement de deux dosimètres canadiens qui ont servi de dosimètres personnels ou de zone (dosimètres à bulles et dosimètres MOSFET) dans le cadre de missions à bord de la station spatiale. Les dosimètres à bulles sont de la taille d'une éprouvette et permettent de mesurer les doses de rayonnement neutronique absorbées par les astronautes.
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The CSA has supported the development of two Canadian radiation dosimeters that have been used as personal or area dosimeters aboard the ISS: Bubble Detectors and MOSFET Dosimeters. Bubble detectors are test-tube sized dosimeters that measure the neutron radiation dose to which astronauts are exposed. MOSFET dosimeters are miniature electronic devices that measure protons and electrons in real-time and can provide radiation dose readings for selected parts of the human body. In 2005-2008, the CSA collaborated with the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences to use the bubble detectors and the MOSFET Dosimeters in an experiment called Matroshka-R, which took place on the Russian segment of the ISS. The CSA then collaborated with RSC-Energia in 2009, using the bubble detectors to monitor neutron radiation during an experiment called Radi-N on board the ISS. A follow up to this experiment is planned for 2012-2013, which will again feature a partnership between the CSA and RSC-Energia.
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L'expérience Matroshka-R permettra d'évaluer les doses de rayonnement qui sont absorbées par les organes humains internes lors des séjours spatiaux. Pour ce faire, l'expérience mise sur un fantôme, un dispositif sphérique imitant le corps humain et composé d'un matériau semblable aux tissus humains.
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Matroshka-R will estimate the amount of radiation received by internal human organs in space by using a "phantom" – a spherical imitation of a human body made of material that is equivalent to human tissue. Bubble Detectors will be inserted inside the phantom at various points. The detectors will be taken out of the phantom by cosmonauts at fixed intervals and the radiation exposure of the detectors will be read using the Mini-Reader. The Mini-Reader will provide a measure of the radiation dose for a given time interval and the total mission dose to date.
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Télescope Sweeping Energetic Particle Telescope (SWEPT) : Élaborée par l'Université de l'Alberta en collaboration avec des partenaires des milieux industriel et universitaire, cette étude proposera de la technologie permettant de modéliser les doses de rayonnement et de mesurer avec une plus grande précision l'exposition aux rayonnements à bord de la Station spatiale internationale (ISS).
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Canadian Sweeping Energetic Particle Telescope (SWEPT): Developed by the University of Alberta together with industrial and academic partners, this study will propose technology for modelling radiation dose and more accurate measurement of radiation exposure on the International Space Station (ISS), for future missions to the Moon or Mars.
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L'expérience EVARM a permis de mesurer les doses de rayonnement auxquelles sont exposés les organes les plus sensibles : la peau, les yeux, la moelle osseuse et les organes lymphatiques. Le blindage de la combinaison spatiale influe directement sur la quantité et la nature du rayonnement que les astronautes reçoivent.
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The EVARM experiment measured the radiation delivered to the most sensitive organs: the skin, eyes, bone marrow, and lymphatic organs. Spacesuit shielding influences the quantity and type of radiation absorbed by astronauts. Overexposure may burn the skin, cause cataracts in the lens of the eye and the immediate depletion of blood cells, as well as increase the risk of cancer.
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Les astronautes qui effectuent des sorties dans l'espace sont soumis à d'importantes doses d'irradiation parce que les combinaisons spatiales offrent moins de protection que les astronefs. Une expérience de l'Agence spatiale canadienne a permis aux chercheurs de mesurer le rayonnement auquel les astronautes sont exposés lorsqu'ils effectuent diverses tâches à l'extérieur de leur vaisseau avec pour seule protection leur combinaison spatiale.
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Astronauts on spacewalks are subjected to high doses of radiation; a spacesuit does not offer as much protection as a spacecraft. A Canadian Space Agency experiment enables researchers to measure the levels of radiation astronauts are exposed to during a spacewalk. This radiation monitoring experiment is called EVARM and it was conducted in 2002 and 2003. It was led by Dr. Ian Thomson of Thomson Nielsen in Ottawa, Ontario
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Un comité international traitant des questions médicales concernant les astronautes de la Station spatiale internationale (ISS), formé du Groupe multilatéral des activités médicales de la station (ISS MMOP) et de son Groupe de travail sur les rayonnements (RHWG), est chargé d'établir les doses limites auxquelles peuvent être exposés les astronautes du laboratoire orbital.
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An international panel dealing with medical issues concerning International Space Station (ISS) astronauts, the ISS Multilateral Medical Operations Panel (ISS MMOP) and its Radiation Health Working Group (RHWG), are responsible for setting exposure limits for ISS astronauts. The standards are based on the recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP). After exceeding the set career limit, there is a greater probability that astronauts will develop harmful health effects, and so they are no longer allowed to participate in space flight. The career limit for Canadian astronauts is the same as what is recommended for national workers in the radiation field, such as x-ray technicians. The exposure limits for 30 days and 1 year are to prevent acute effects of radiation exposure and career limits are to prevent long term effects.
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L'expérience Matroshka-R vise à déterminer les doses de rayonnements qu'absorbent les organes du corps humain lors de séjours dans l'espace au moyen d'un « fantôme », une imitation sphérique du corps humain fabriquée de couches de matériaux semblables aux tissus humains.
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Since Matroshka-R in 2002, the CSA began working with Thomson & Nielsen to develop a radiation monitoring device using MOSFET technology for a project called Matroshka-R. This project was led by the State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) of the Russian Academy of Sciences and was on the Russian segment of the ISS from 2005 to 2008. Matroshka-R estimated the amount of radiation received by the internal organs of humans in space by using a "phantom" - a spherical imitation of a human body made of material that imitates human tissues.
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Grâce à leur petite taille, ils peuvent être déposés sur n'importe quelle partie du corps pendant une séance de radiothérapie. Ils aident les praticiens à cibler les tumeurs cancéreuses en fournissant des données en temps réel sur les doses de rayonnement qui atteignent les organes.
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The space industry will not be the only one to benefit from the technology and results of the EVARM experiment. Similar devices are already being used in cancer treatment. They are small enough to be placed on any part of the body during a radiotherapy session, helping doctors to target malignant tumours by providing real-time data on the radiation doses reaching the organs.
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L'expérience Matroshka-R permettra d'évaluer les doses de rayonnement qui sont absorbées par les organes humains internes lors des séjours spatiaux. Pour ce faire, l'expérience mise sur un fantôme, un dispositif sphérique imitant le corps humain et composé d'un matériau semblable aux tissus humains.
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Matroshka-R will estimate the amount of radiation received by internal human organs in space by using a "phantom" – a spherical imitation of a human body made of material that is equivalent to human tissue. Bubble Detectors will be inserted inside the phantom at various points. The detectors will be taken out of the phantom by cosmonauts at fixed intervals and the radiation exposure of the detectors will be read using the Mini-Reader. The Mini-Reader will provide a measure of the radiation dose for a given time interval and the total mission dose to date.
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Les astronautes sont régulièrement exposés à de fortes doses de rayonnements, notamment des particules chargées piégées dans le champ magnétique de la Terre ainsi que des rayons cosmiques et des rayons solaires à bord de la Station spatiale internationale (ISS).
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On the International Space Station (ISS), astronauts are regularly exposed to high doses of radiation, including charged particles trapped in Earth's magnetic field, as well as cosmic rays and solar radiation.
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Les astronautes de la Station spatiale internationale (ISS) voyagent en orbite basse, et bénéficient d'une certaine protection assurée par l'atmosphère et la magnétosphère terrestres. Malheureusement, ils demeurent exposés à des doses de rayonnement beaucoup plus fortes que s'ils étaient sur Terre.
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The astronauts of the International Space Station (ISS) travel in low-Earth orbit, thus our planet's atmosphere and magnetosphere provides them some measure of protection. Unfortunately, they still receive much higher doses of radiation than we do on Earth.
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Les dosimètres MOSFET ont l'avantage d'être plus légers que les autres détecteurs et présentent des zones actives plus minces. On peut les utiliser pour évaluer les doses de rayonnements auxquelles sont exposés la peau, les yeux et les organes sanguinoformateurs en plaçant sur le capteur des écrans de différentes épaisseurs.
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MOSFET dosimeters have the advantage of being lighter and having thinner active areas than other radiation detectors. They can be used to estimate the amount of radiation received by the skin, eyes and Blood Forming Organs (BFO) by using shields of different thickness over the sensor.
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Les capteurs mesurent en continu la tension et enregistrent à intervalles réguliers les doses absorbées. Les données MOSFET recueillies par le Matroshka-R sont enregistrées dans le lecteur MOSFET et peuvent être transférées dans un ordinateur.
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The sensors continuously monitored voltage and recorded the radiation doses at regular intervals. MOSFET data from Matroshka-R was stored inside the MOSFET reader, and was downloaded to a computer.
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Le tableau montre que les astronautes reçoivent, comparativement aux travailleurs, des doses six fois plus élevées à la peau, treize fois plus élevées aux yeux et vingt-cinq fois plus élevées aux organes hématopoïétiques (là où se forment les globules).
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The table shows that radiation exposure for astronauts to the skin is six times higher, to their eyes, 13 times higher, and to their blood-forming organs, 25 times higher.
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Doses limites d'exposition au rayonnement pour les travailleurs et doses maximales autorisées pour les astronautes.
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We can compare the internationally recognized limits of radiation exposure for workers and the maximum allowed doses for astronauts.
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Doses limites d'exposition au rayonnement pour les travailleurs et doses maximales autorisées pour les astronautes.
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We can compare the internationally recognized limits of radiation exposure for workers and the maximum allowed doses for astronauts.
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L'ASC appuie présentement la mise au point de nouveaux dosimètres canadiens appelés détecteurs à bulles et dosimètres MOSFET pour mieux suivre et évaluer les doses de rayonnements auxquelles les astronautes sont exposés.
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The CSA is supporting the development of the new Canadian radiation detectors called Bubble Detectors and MOSFET Dosimeters to better monitor and assess astronauts' radiation exposures and doses.
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Toutefois, en orbite terrestre basse où gravite l'ISS, les astronautes sont régulièrement exposés à de fortes doses de rayonnements, notamment des particules chargées piégées dans le champ magnétique de la Terre ainsi que des rayons cosmiques et des rayons solaires.
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Like a protective bubble, Earth's atmosphere and magnetosphere shields life on our planet from this never-ending bombardment of high-energy particles. However, in low-Earth orbit where the ISS flies, astronauts are regularly exposed to high doses of radiation, including charged particles trapped in Earth's magnetic field, as well as cosmic rays and solar radiation.
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L'étude est en cours, mais les résultats préliminaires donnent à penser que les astronautes peuvent réduire leur risque de subir une perte osseuse et de présenter des calculs rénaux s'ils prennent les nutriments appropriés, comme du calcium et de la vitamine D, ont un programme d'exercice efficace et prennent des doses minimales de médicaments.
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Bisphosphonate is a therapeutic agent used for treating osteoporosis patients for more than a decade, with a proven efficacy to increase bone mass and decrease the occurrence of bone fracture. Through 90-day bed rest research on Earth, we confirmed that this agent has a preventive effect in the loss of bone mass. Based on these results, as well as studies conducted by others, JAXA and NASA decided to collaborate on a space biomedical experiment to prevent bone loss during space flight. Dr. Leblanc, USRA and Dr. Matsumoto, Tokushima University are the two principal investigators of this study. JAXA and NASA crew members are participating in this study by taking this agent once a week while in space. Our study is still ongoing, however, early results suggest that astronauts can reduce the risk of bone loss and renal stone risk by proper intake of appropriate nutrients, such as calcium and vitamin D, an effective exercise program, and taking minimal amounts of medication.