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Cour suprême du Canada ...

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La question dans cette affaire-là était de savoir si la Loi sur le dimanche, en prescrivant que «nu] ne peut légalement le dimanche ... exercer ou poursuivre une besogne de son état ordinaire ... » supprime, restreint ou enfreint le droit à la «liberté de religion».

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What was at issue in that case was whether the Lord's Day Act, in providing that "it shall be unlawful for any person on the Lord's Day ... to carry on or transact any business of his ordinary calling ... " abrogated, abridged or infringed the right to "freedom of religion", and it was con-tended on behalf of the appellant that the phrase "freedom of religion" as used in the Bill of Rights meant "freedom to enjoy the freedom which my own religion allows without being confined by restrictions imposed by Parliament for the purpose of enforcing the tenets of a faith to which I do not subscribe". In considering this contention, it became necessary to examine the decided cases in order to determine what was the accepted meaning of "freedom of religion" as it existed in Canada immediately before the Bill of Rights was enacted and the last-quoted excerpt from the reasons for justment must, in my view, be read in this sense. This appears to me to be confirmed by the succeeding paragraph of these reasons where it is said:

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€Les€agents€des€IndiensÐ ” Ð taient€les€yeux€et€les€oreilles€des€fonctionnaires€sup rieurs€dont€lð ðapprobation€finale€ taitÐ , ˜ Ðn cessaire.Ý ƒ % Ñý'] B] ÝŒÐ Ä 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýêd Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú22Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àDans€les€ann es€1870,€la€Commission€des€r serves€indiennes€ne€comptaitÐ ô ` Ðplus€quð ðun€seul€membre,€Gilbert€Sproat,€qui€a€arpent €un€certain€nombre€de€r serves€deÐ Œ ø Ðla€r gion€destin es€ €la€Premi re€nation€Laich-kwil-tach.

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Ðthe€Campbell€River€appellants€say€ò òtheiró ó€claim€is€about€$4€million€for€Reserve€No.€12.€Ð Ô-@&0 ÐIn€short,€if€the€appellant€bandsð ð€claims€are€allowed,€each€band€will€stay€where€it€is€butÐ l/Ø'2 Ðwill€receive€substantial€funds€by€way€of€ð ðequitable€compensationð ð€plus€costs€on€aÐ ” Ðsolicitor„client€scale.Ý ƒ % ÑýK f ÝŒÐ , ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý~¡ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àWe€are€therefore€required€to€consider€(i)€the€scope€of€the€fiduciary€duty€ofÐ \ È Ðthe€Crown€in€the€process€of€the€ò òcreationó ó€of€Indian€reserve€lands;€(ii)€whether€the€acts€ofÐ ô ` Ðgovernment€officials€in€this€case€breached€any€fiduciary€duty;€and€(iii)€what€equitableÐ Œ ø Ðremedies€(including€equitable€compensation)€are€available€to€remedy€such€breaches,€ifÐ $ Ðany.€€Ý ƒ % Ñý~¡ ™¡ ÝŒÐ ¼ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýù£ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIt€is€clear€that€neither€of€the€bands€is€guilty€of€any€wrongdoing€towards€theÐ ì X Ðother.€€These€are€paper€claims,€based€on€dissecting€the€performance€of€the€DepartmentÐ „ ð Ðof€Indian€Affairs€in€its€sometimes€awkward€attempts€to€establish€reserves€to€accord€withÐ ˆ Ðlate€19th€century€patterns€of€Indian€occupation€on€the€west€coast.€€The€appellant€bandsÐ ´ Ðrely€on€disputed€inferences€from€contradictory€records€respecting€which€band€wasÐ L ¸ Ðentitled€to€what,€and€when€its€entitlement€arose.€€It€is€apparent€that€there€were€occasionalÐ ä P Ðgaps€of€understanding€between€what€was€happening€on€Vancouver€Island€and€whatÐ | è Ðappeared€to€be€happening€in€the€government€records€in€Ottawa.€€That€said,€the€trial€judge,Ð !€ Ðafter€80€days€of€evidence€and€submissions,€concluded€that€the€Crown€had€acted€fairly€andÐ ¬" " Ðhonourably.€€The€wishes€of€the€Indians€themselves€had€been€sought€out€and€respected.€Ý ƒ % Ñýù£ ¤ ÝŒÐ D$° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÐ¨ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAs€will€be€seen,€by€the€time€the€reserves„creation€process€was€completed€byÐ t'à ( Ðprovincial€Order„in„Council€1036€dated€July€29,€1938,€each€of€the€appellant€bands€hadÐ )x!* Ðformally€abandoned€the€claim€it€now€asserts€to€the€otherð ðs€reserve.€€Over€the€interveningÐ ¤* #, Ð60€or€more€years,€band€members€have€relied€on€the€ò òstatus€quoó ó€to€make€improvements€toÐ

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4 ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àò ò[traductionó ó]Le€sondage€effectu €par€les€intim s,€qui€constitue€laÐ $ Ðmeilleure€preuve€de€la€demande€ ventuelle,€a€r v l €que€49enfants€desÏclasses€de€premi re€ €sixi meann e€se€pr vaudraient€de€lð ðenseignement€enÏfran ais€dans€la€r gion€de€Summerside€au€cours€de€lð ðann eÏscolaire1996-1997,€auxquels€sð ðajouteront€15autres€enfants€sur€une€p riodeÏde€deuxans.Ó Ñ5 ÓÐ « Ð « Ð ÐÌLe€juge€de€premi re€instance€avait€conclu,€se€fondant€sur€lð ðinscription€actuelle€dð ðenfantsÏ g s€de€6€ €11ans€vis s€par€lð ðart.

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ÐÔ # † X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃb # ÔÔ ‡ X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃ ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ ÝÔ # † X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃ # ÔÔ ‡ X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃ Ôà œ àAs€discussed€above,€the€object€of€s.€23€is€remedial.€€It€is€not€meant€toÐ Ô ˜ Ðreinforce€the€ò òstatus€quoó ó€by€adopting€a€formal€vision€of€equality€that€would€focus€onÐ l 0 Ðtreating€the€majority€and€minority€official€language€groups€alike;€see€ò òMaheó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.Ð È Ð378.€€The€use€of€objective€standards,€which€assess€the€needs€of€minority€languageÏchildren€primarily€by€reference€to€the€pedagogical€needs€of€majority€language€children,Ïdoes€not€take€into€account€the€special€requirements€of€the€s.€23€rights€holders.€€TheÏMinister€and€the€Appeal€Division€inappropriately€emphasized€the€impact€of€threeÏelements€on€equality€between€the€two€linguistic€communities:€€duration€of€the€bus€rides,Ïsize€of€schools€and€quality€of€education.€€Section€23€is€premised€on€the€fact€thatÏsubstantive€equality€requires€that€official€language€minorities€be€treated€differently,€ifÏnecessary,€according€to€their€particular€circumstances€and€needs,€in€order€to€provide€themÏwith€a€standard€of€education€equivalent€to€that€of€the€official€language€majority.€€BeforeÏexamining€this€issue€in€more€detail,€however,€it€is€important€to€deal€briefly€with€theÏð ðnumbers€warrantð ð€analysis€which€was€discussed€in€both€the€trial€and€appeal€divisions.Ý ƒ % Ñý ; ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌC.€€ò òThe€Determination€of€Numbers€Under€Section€23ó óÐ ¼ € ÐÔ # † X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃÇ # ÔÔ ‡ X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃ ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú32Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ ÝÔ # † X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃ # ÔÔ ‡ X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃ Ôà œ àÔ # † X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃT # ÔÔ ‡ X ÍÃ X X X ÍÃ ÔThe€province€has€a€duty€to€provide€official€minority€language€instructionÐ ì ° $ Ðwhere€the€numbers€warrant.€€As€Dickson€C.J.€pointed€out€in€ò òMaheó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€the€ð ðslidingÐ „"H & Ðscaleð ð€approach€to€s.€23€means€that€the€numbers€standard€will€have€to€be€worked€out€byÏexamining€the€particular€facts€of€each€case€that€comes€before€the€courts.€€The€relevantÏnumber€is€the€number€who€will€potentially€take€advantage€of€the€service,€which€can€beÏroughly€estimated€as€being€somewhere€between€the€known€demand€and€the€total€numberÏof€persons€who€could€potentially€take€advantage€of€the€service;€see€ò òMaheó ó,€ò òó óat€p.€384.€Ð |*@&0 ÐLamer€C.J.€defined€the€number€in€ò òReference€re€Public€Schools€Act€(Man.)ó ó€in€this€way,Ð ,Ø'2 Ðat€p.€850:€€ð ðthe€number€of€persons€who€can€eventually€be€expected€to€take€advantage€ofÏa€given€pr

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ÐÌò òÓ ÓDirecteur€de€lð ð tablissement€Ferndale,€Ð l ÐDirecteur€de€lð ð tablissement€de€Mission,Ð 8 \ ÐSous-commissaire,€r gion€du€Pacifique,€ServiceÐ ( Ðcorrectionnel€du€Canada€et€procureur€g n ral€du€Canadaó óà€ „ „ ?

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Ðlð ðavis€des€commissaires,€une€r serve€donn e,€telle€quð ðelle€est€aujourdð ðhui€d limit e,Ð Ô-@&0 ÐÔ_ Ôcouvr[aitÔ_ Ô]€une€superficie€sup rieure€ €ce€qui€[ tait]€raisonnablement€requis€pour€lð ðusageÐ l/Ø'2 Ðdes€Indiens€de€cette€tribu€ou€de€cet€endroitð ð,€soit€en€lð ðaugmentant€lorsquð ðð ðune€quantit Ð ” Ðinsuffisante€de€terres€a[vait]€ t €mise€de€cð= ðt €pour€lð ðusage€des€Indiens€de€cet€endroitð ðÐ , ˜ Ðainsi€que€le€pouvoir€de€ð ðmettre€de€cð= ðt €des€terres€pour€toute€bande€indienne€ €lð ðintentionÐ Ä 0 Ðde€laquelle€aucune€terre€nð ða[vait]€encore€ t €r serv eð ð.Ý ƒ % Ñýq È ÝŒÐ \ È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú47Ú ÚÛ € z / Ûà « àÝ ÝLa€Commission€a€visit €les€r serves€dont€on€projetait€lð ð tablissement€dansÐ Œ ø Ðla€r gion€de€Campbell€River.

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Ðthat€forms€the€root€of€the€Cape€Mudge€Bandð ðs€claim€in€this€litigation.Ý ƒ % ÑýŒù §ù ÝŒÐ Ô-@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ l/Ø'2 ÐÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓE.à ž àò òThe€Claim€of€the€Cape€Mudge€Band€(the€ð ðWewaikaið ð)ó óÐ ” ÐÌÓ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¾ü Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú27Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAfter€visiting€the€Campbell€River€area,€Ashdown€Green€recommended€theÐ Ä 0 Ðcreation€of€two€additional€reserves:€€Reserve€No.11€(Campbell€River)€and€ReserveÐ \ È ÐNo.12€(Quinsam).€€However,€given€the€terms€of€his€appointment,€and€the€nature€of€hisÐ ô ` Ðmandate€(which€was€to€resolve€the€point€of€contention€between€Indians€and€non„Indians),Ð Œ ø Ðhis€report€purported€to€settle€only€the€ð ðextent€and€boundariesð ð€of€Reserves€Nos.11€andÐ $ Ð12.€€In€the€body€of€his€Report,€Reserves€Nos.11€and€12€were€not€identified€as€allocatedÐ ¼ ( Ðto€a€particular€band,€but€rather€to€the€ð ðLaich„kwil„tach€(Euclataw)€Indiansð ð.€€Moreover,Ð T À Ðin€a€copy€of€Greenð ðs€Report€filed€with€the€McKenna€McBride€Commission,€he€explainsÐ ì X Ðhis€understanding€of€the€reserve„creation€process:Ý ƒ % Ñý¾ü Ùü ÝŒÐ „ ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àThe€Laich„kwil„tach€(Euclataw)€reserves€were€re„allotted€by€Mr.€Oð ðReillyÐ ´ Ðin€1886.€€ò òNo€allotments€were€made€to€separate€bands.€€The€division€intoÐ € ì Ðbands€were€made€by€the€agents.ó ó€€[Emphasis€in€original.]Ó ÓÐ L ¸ « Ð « Ð ÐÌThe€trial€judge€concluded€that€Ashdown€Green€did€not€have,€and€did€not€think€he€had,Ð | è Ðauthority€ð ðto€allocate€reserves€to€any€one€subgroup€or€bandð ð€(para.€57).€€His€task€was€toÐ !€ Ðseparate€Indian€reserve€land€from€land€to€be€taken€up€by€non„Indian€settlers.€€Ð ¬" " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý— Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEven€if€Ashdown€Green€had€stood€in€Oð ðReillyð ðs€shoes,€all€reservesÐ Ü%H & Ðrecommended€by€the€Reserve€Commissioner€were€subject€to€the€approval€of€theÐ t'à ( ÐProvincial€Chief€Commissioner€of€Lands€and€Works€and€the€Dominion€SuperintendentÐ )x!* Ðpursuant€to€Order„in„Council€No.€1334.€€The€trial€judge€concluded€that€whether€or€notÐ ¤* #, ÐAshdown€Green€could€be€construed€as€recommending€the€allocation€of€Reserve€No.€11Ð

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€€SiÐ P Ðla€population€dð ðorignaux€dans€cette€r gion€de€lð ðOntario€ tait€menac e€ð" ð€ce€qui€nð ða€pasÐ è ˜ Ð t € tabli€ð" ð,€les€M tis€disposeraient€n anmoins€dð ðun€droit€de€chasse€prioritaire€pourÐ € 0 Ðassurer€leur€subsistance€conform ment€aux€crit res€ tablis€dans€lð ðarr t€ò òR.

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Ðof€a€right€that€provides€a€defence€to€a€criminal€charge,€as€it€would€here.Ý ƒ % Ñýf* * ÝŒÐ Ô/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓIII.à0 ž àò òConclusionó óÐ ü ˜ ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ Œ- @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýH. Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àMembers€of€the€M tis€community€in€and€around€Sault€Ste.€Marie€have€anÐ , È Ðaboriginal€right€to€hunt€for€food€under€s.€35(1).€€This€is€determined€by€their€fulfillmentÐ Ä ` Ðof€the€requirements€set€out€in€ò òVan€der€Peetó ó,€modified€to€fit€the€distinctive€purpose€ofÐ \ ø Ðs.€35€in€protecting€the€M tis.Ý ƒ % ÑýH. c. ÝŒÐ ô ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýk0 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú54Ú ÚÛ € z 6 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appeal€is€dismissed€with€costs€to€the€respondents.€€The€cross„appealÐ $ À Ðis€dismissed.Ý ƒ % Ñýk0 †0 ÝŒÐ ¼ X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŸ1 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú55Ú ÚÛ € z 7 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€constitutional€question€is€answered€as€follows:€Ý ƒ % ÑýŸ1 º1 ÝŒÐ ì ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àAre€ss.€46€and€47(1)€of€the€ò òGame€and€Fish€Actó ó,€R.S.O.€1990,€c.€G.1,€asÐ ¸ Ðthey€read€on€October€22,€1993,€of€no€force€or€effect€with€respect€to€theÐ è „ Ðrespondents,€being€M tis,€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case,€by€reason€ofÐ ´ P Ðtheir€aboriginal€rights€under€s.€35€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1982ó ó?Ð € œ Ð œ Ð ÐÓ 2 ÓÌAnswer:€Yes.Ð ä € ÐÌÓ Óò òAPPENDIXó óÐ #° $ ÐÓ 4 ÓÌò òRelevant€Constitutional€and€Statutory€Provisionsó óÐ D&à ( ÐÌò òGame€and€Fish€Actó ó,€R.S.O.€1990,€c.€G.1,€ss.€46€and€47(1)Ð t) #, ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àò ò46.ó ó€No€person€shall€knowingly€possess€any€game€hunted€inÐ ¤,@&0 Ðcontravention€of€this€Act€or€the€regulations.Ð p- '1 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àò ò47.ó ó€(1)€Except€under€the€authority€of€a€licence€and€during€such€timesÐ /¤(3 Ðand€on€such€terms€and€conditions€and€in€such€parts€of€Ontario€as€areÐ Ô/p)4 Ðprescribed€in€the€regulations,€no€person€shall€hunt€black€bear,€polar€bear,Ð d Ðcaribou,€deer,€elk€or€moose.Ó o5 ÓÐ 0 Ì œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌò òConstitution€Act,€1982ó óÐ ` ü ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ à€€€€€ò ò35.ó ó€(1)€The€existing€aboriginal€and€treaty€rights€of€the€aboriginalÐ , Ðpeoples€of€Canada€are€hereby€recognized€and€affirmed.Ð \ ø œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø à(2)€In€this€Act,€ð ðaboriginal€peoples€of€Canadað ð€includes€the€Indian,Ð ô ÐInuit€and€M tis€peoples€of€Canada.Ó î7 ÓÐ À \ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ àò òAppeal€dismissed€with€costs.€Cross-appeal€dismissed.Ð ð Œ Ðó óÌà œ àò òSolicitor€for€the€appellant/respondent€on€cross-appeal:€€Ministry€of€theÐ ¼ ÐAttorney€General€of€Ontario,€Toronto.ó óÐ ¸ T ÐÌà œ

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€Cð ðest€son€lev €deÐ l/Ø'2 Ð1888€qui€est€ €lð ðorigine€de€la€revendication€de€la€bande€de€Cape€Mudge€dans€la€pr senteÐ ” Ðaffaire.Ý ƒ % ÑýÍy èy ÝŒÐ , ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ_ ÔÔ& ` ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÓ 3 Ü , ‚X ž 8 ô Ü , ‚X « Ü 8 ¼ 3 ÓE.à0 ž àò òLaÔ_ Ô€revendication€de€la€bande€de€Cape€Mudge€(ð ðWewaikaið ð)ó óÐ \ È ž Ð ž Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ 0 Ü , ‚X « 8 ô Ü , ‚X ž 8 ¼ 0 ÓÝ ‚ % ÑýV} Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú27Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àApr s€avoir€visit €la€r gion€de€Campbell€River,€Ashdown€Green€aÐ Œ ø ÐÔ' ` \ T| Ôrecommand €la€cr ation€de€deux€r serves€additionnelles:€la€r serve€nò òoó ó11€(CampbellÐ $ ÐRiver)€et€la€r serve€nò òoó ó12€(Quinsam).

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Ðthe€reserves€on€which€they€reside.€€In€these€circumstances,€in€my€view,€no€fiduciary€dutyÐ Ô-@&0 Ðhas€been€breached€and€no€ð ðequitableð ð€relief€is€available€either€by€way€of€injunction€orÐ l/Ø'2 Ðequitable€compensation.€€In€any€event,€all€such€claims€would€have€been€barred€by€theÐ ” Ðexpiry€of€the€applicable€limitation€periods.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÐ¨ ë¨ ÝŒÐ , ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýº¬ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àI€would€therefore€dismiss€both€appeals€with€costs.Ý ƒ % Ñýº¬ Õ¬ ÝŒÐ \ È ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òÔ& ` ÔFacts€and€Analysisó óÐ Œ ø ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýï Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€Laich„kwil„tach€First€Nation,€comprising€four€different€bands,€is€itselfÐ ¼ ( Ðpart€of€a€larger€group€of€Indians€who€speak€the€Kwakwala€language.€€They€inhabit€partsÔ' ` Œ ¸ ÔÐ T À Ðof€the€east€coast€of€Vancouver€Island,€parts€of€the€west€coast€of€the€mainland,€and€someÐ ì X Ðof€the€offshore€islands€in€between.€€Their€livelihood€and€much€of€their€culture€wasÐ „ ð Ðtraditionally€based€on€fishing€the€rich€waters€of€what€we€now€call€the€Straits€of€Georgia.€Ð ˆ ÐÝ ƒ % Ñýï ® ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÈ° Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àUnlike€the€historical€disputes€that€reached€back€to€time€immemorial€in€suchÐ ä P Ðcases€as€ò òR.€v.€Van€der€Peetó ó,€[1996]€2€S.C.R.€507,€and€ò òDelgamuukw€v.€British€Columbiaó ó,Ð | è Ð[1997]€3€S.C.R.€1010,€the€epicentre€of€these€appeals€lies€in€the€late€19th€and€early€20thÐ !€ Ðcentury€paperwork€of€the€Department€of€Indian€Affairs€and€the€records€collected€sinceÐ ¬" " Ðthen€by€the€contending€bands.€€The€resulting€bureaucratic€paper€trail€is€outlinedÐ D$° $ Ðcomprehensively€in€the€careful€275„page€trial€judgment€of€ò òó óTeitelbaum€J.:€€(1995),€99Ð Ü%H & ÐF.T.R.€1.€€His€findings€of€fact€were€not€successfully€challenged€before€the€Federal€CourtÐ t'à ( Ðof€Appeal:€€(1999),€247€N.R.€350.€€I€will€deal€only€with€those€facts€essential€for€anÐ )x!* Ðunderstanding€of€the€legal€issues€that€we€are€required€to€resolve.Ý ƒ % ÑýÈ° ã° ÝŒÐ ¤* #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý/µ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€contending€bands€are€the€Cape€Mudge€Indian€Band€(traditionally€knownÐ Ô-@&0 Ðas€the€ð ðWewaikaið ð)€ò òó ósome€of€whom€live€on€Reserve€No.12,€and€the€Campbell€RiverÐ l/Ø'2 ÐIndian€Band€(traditionally€known€as€the€ð ðWewaykumð ð)€some€of€whom€live€on€ReserveÐ ” ÐNo.11.€€Each€band€also€has€reserves€elsewhere.€€The€reserves€in€dispute€are€quite€small.€Ð , ˜ ÐReserve€11,€located€at€the€mouth€of€the€Campbell€River,€has€about€35

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Lytwyn€a€fait€ tat€du€maintien€dð ðune€communaut €m tisse€ €Sault€Ste.Ð ü'¬ ) ÐMarie€et€dans€les€environs€de€cette€ville,€malgr €le€d part€de€nombreux€membres€de€laÐ ”)D"+ Ðcommunaut € €la€suite€des€trait s€de€1850:Ý ƒ % ÑýÛÑ öÑ ÝŒÐ ,+Ü#- ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 ¦ à[ò òtraductionó ó]€ò ò[L]es€M tis€ont€continu €dð ðhabiter€la€r gion€de€SaultSte.Ð \. '1 ÐMarie.ó ó€€Certains€se€sont€retrouv s€dans€les€r serves€indiennes€ tablies€enÐ (/Ø'2 Ðvertu€du€trait €de€1850.€€Dð ðautres€ont€v cu€en€p riph rie€ou€dans€desÐ ô/¤(3 Ðconcessions€de€lð ðarri re-pays.ò òLes€M tis€ont€continu €de€vivre€ €peu€pr sÐ P Ðcomme€avant€ð" ð€sð ðadonnant€ €la€p che,€ €la€chasse,€au€pi geage€et€ €laÐ Ì Ðr colte€dð ðautres€ressources€pour€assurer€leur€subsistance.ó óÐ è ˜ ¦ !

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Ðand€a€collective€identity€is€required€to€demonstrate€the€existence€of€a€M tis€communityÐ Ô/p)4 Ðthat€can€support€a€claim€to€site„specific€aboriginal€rights.€€We€recognize€that€differentÐ d Ðgroups€of€M tis€have€often€lacked€political€structures€and€have€experienced€shifts€inÐ ü ˜ Ðtheir€membersð ð€self„identification.€€However,€the€existence€of€an€identifiable€M tisÐ ” 0 Ðcommunity€must€be€demonstrated€with€some€degree€of€continuity€and€stability€in€orderÐ , È Ðto€support€a€site„specific€aboriginal€rights€claim.€€Here,€we€find€no€basis€forÐ Ä ` Ðoverturning€the€trial€judgeð ðs€finding€of€a€historic€M tis€community€at€Sault€Ste.€Marie.€Ð \ ø ÐThis€finding€is€supported€by€the€record€and€must€be€upheld.Ý ƒ % Ñýã¡ þ¡ ÝŒÐ ô ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(3)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òIdentification€of€the€Contemporary€Rights„Bearing€Communityó óÓ 4¦ ÓÐ $ À ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýà¦ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAboriginal€rights€are€communal€rights:€€They€must€be€grounded€in€theÐ T ð Ðexistence€of€a€historic€and€present€community,€and€they€may€only€be€exercised€byÐ ì ˆ Ðvirtue€of€an€individualð ðs€ancestrally€based€membership€in€the€present€community.€€TheÐ „ Ðtrial€judge€found€that€a€M tis€community€has€persisted€in€and€around€Sault€Ste.€MarieÐ ¸ Ðdespite€its€decrease€in€visibility€after€the€signing€of€the€Robinson„Huron€Treaty€inÐ ´ P Ð1850.€€While€we€take€note€of€the€trial€judgeð ðs€determination€that€the€Sault€Ste.€MarieÐ L è ÐM tis€community€was€to€a€large€extent€an€ð ðinvisible€entityð ð€([1999]€1€C.N.L.R.€153,Ð ä € Ðat€para.€80)€from€the€mid„19th€century€to€the€1970s,€we€do€not€take€this€to€mean€thatÐ |! " Ðthe€community€ceased€to€exist€or€disappeared€entirely.Ý ƒ % Ñýà¦ û¦ ÝŒÐ #° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý$« Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àDr.€Lytwyn€describes€the€continued€existence€of€a€M tis€community€in€andÐ D&à ( Ðaround€Sault€Ste.€Marie€despite€the€displacement€of€many€of€the€communityð ðsÐ Ü'x!* Ðmembers€in€the€aftermath€of€the€1850€treaties:Ý ƒ % Ñý$« ?« ÝŒÐ t) #, ÐŒÝ ÝÓ ÓÌÌà0 œ àò ò[T]he€M tis€continued€to€live€in€the€Sault€Ste.€Marie€region.ó ó€€Some€driftedÐ ¤,@&0 Ðinto€the€Indian€Reserves€which€had€been€set€apart€by€the€1850€Treaty.€Ð p- '1 ÐOthers€lived€in€areas€outside€of€the€town,€or€in€back€concessions.€€ò òTheÐ

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ÐÔ # † X k¬ X X X k¬v‚ # ÔÔ ‡ X k¬ X X X k¬ Ôles€restes€avaient€ t €trouv s€dans€uneÔ # † X k¬ X X X k¬? … # ÔÔ ‡ X k¬ X X X k¬ Ô€r gion€ loign e;€la€squelettisation€des€os€et€leurÐ d Ðdispersion€par€des€animaux€ne€concordaient€pas€avec€une€mort€naturelle.Ý ƒ 3£?

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Ðfibres€used€in€the€manufacture€of€the€purple€sweater.Ý ƒ % Ñý x ,x ÝŒÐ Ô/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÚ| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€July€26,€1990,€the€appellant€was€arrested€for€the€second€degree€murderÐ ü ˜ Ðof€Ms.€Blanchard.€€The€appellant€was€advised€of€his€ò òCharteró ó€rights€and€given€anÐ ” 0 Ðopportunity€to€call€a€lawyer.€€After€his€call€to€a€lawyer,€the€appellant€told€police€that€heÐ , È Ðhad€been€advised€not€to€say€anything.€€Nevertheless,€the€officers€questioned€the€appellantÐ Ä ` Ðfor€approximately€25€minutes,€during€which€the€appellant€insisted€that€he€did€not€pickÐ \ ø Ðup€a€girl€in€November.€€One€of€the€officers€then€asked€the€appellant€if€he€would€beÐ ô Ðinterested€in€helping€them€eliminate€him€as€a€suspect.€€The€appellant€replied,€ð ðThatÐ Œ ( Ðwould€be€great€with€með ð€and€agreed€to€give€scalp€and€pubic€hair€samples.€€He€wasÐ $ À Ðinformed€that€the€samples€would€be€used€to€determine€whether€any€of€his€hair€was€foundÐ ¼ X Ðwhere€Ms.€Blanchardð ðs€body€was€discovered.€€He€acknowledged€that€he€did€not€have€toÐ T ð Ðgive€this€sample.€€The€officer€further€informed€the€appellant€that€if€he€gathered€anyÐ ì ˆ Ðevidence€as€a€result€of€the€hair€sample,€it€would€be€used€in€court.Ý ƒ % ÑýÚ| õ| ÝŒÐ „ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýv‚ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€common€ground€that€the€investigating€officers€did€not€contemplate€usingÐ ´ P Ðthe€hair€samples€for€DNA€analysis;€the€use€of€the€technology€was€not€common€in€JulyÐ L è Ð1990.€€The€hair€samples€were€forwarded€to€the€RCMP€forensic€laboratory€in€VancouverÐ ä € Ðfor€physical€comparisons€with€hairs€found€at€the€scene€where€Ms.Blanchardð ðs€body€wasÐ |! " Ðdiscovered.€€The€appellantð ðs€hair€did€not€match€with€16€hair€samples€taken€from€Ms.Ð #° $ ÐBlanchardð ðs€coat€and€other€items.Ý ƒ % Ñýv‚ ‘‚ ÝŒÐ ¬$H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýn… Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àFollowing€a€preliminary€inquiry€into€the€charge€for€the€murder€of€MarnieÐ Ü'x!* ÐBlanchard,€the€provincial€court€judge€declined€to€commit€the€appellant€for€trial.€€He€wasÐ t) #, Ðdischarged€and€released€on€December€17,€1990.Ý ƒ % Ñýn… ‰… ÝŒÐ +¨$. ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý0‡ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€February€13,€1993,€Theresa€Umphrey€arrived€in€Prince€George€and€drankÐ

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€€Comme€la€Cour€dð ðappel€le€signale,€lð ðon€ne€peutÐ %€ Ðraisonnablement€sð ðattendre€ €ce€que€les€usagers€effectuent€toujours€leurs€recherches€surÐ è&X " Ðplace. €€Vingt€pour€cent€des€demandeurs€nð ðhabitent€pas€la€r gion€de€Toronto;€il€seraitÐ À(0!

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Ðdiscretion€to€decide€whether€or€not€to€grant€an€injunction.€€See€P.€E.€Kierans€and€R.Ð „ ÐBorenstein,€ð ðInjunctions€ð" ð€Interlocutory€and€Permanentð ð,€in€R.€E.€Dimock,€ed.,Ð ì \ Ðò òIntellectual€Property€Disputes:€Resolutions€&€Remediesó ó€(2002),€vol.€2,€15„1,€at€p.€15„4.Ý ƒ ÑýBé ]é ÝŒÐ Ä 4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý‰ì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú86Ú ÚÛ € z V Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àGiven€my€finding€on€the€main€appeal€that€the€Law€Society€did€not€infringeÐ t ä Ðcopyright€in€the€publishersð ð€works,€it€is€unnecessary€to€consider€whether€the€Court€ofÐ L"¼ ÐAppeal€erred€in€choosing€not€to€issue€an€injunction€in€this€case.€€I€would€dismiss€thisÐ $$” Ðground€of€appeal.Ý ƒ Ñý‰ì ¤ì ÝŒÐ ü%l ! ÐŒÝ ÝÌØ ! ! ØÓ € B ( Uf 8 8 ÓÓ Ü , ‚X ‘ q Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « q Ü 8 ¼ Ó(5)à0 ‘ àò òConclusion€on€Cross„AppealÐ ¬) "% ‘ Õ ‘ Õ Ðó óÓ @ Ü , ‚X « q Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ‘ q Ü 8 ¼ >ï @ ÓÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý ð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú87Ú ÚÛ € z W Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€the€result,€I€would€dismiss€the€cross„appeal.Ý ƒ Ñý ð $ð ÝŒÐ \-Ì%) ÐŒÝ ÝÐ 4/¤'+ ÐÓ Ü , ‚X À q Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « q Ü 8 ¼ ÓIV.à0 À àò òConclusionó óÐ À Õ À Õ ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X « q Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X À q Ü 8 ¼ ñ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÒñ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú88Ú ÚÛ € z X Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àOn€the€main€appeal,€I€conclude€that€the€Law€Society€did€not€infringeÐ @ ° Ðcopyright€through€its€custom€photocopy€service€when€it€provided€single€copies€of€theÐ ˆ Ðpublishersð ð€works€to€its€members.€€The€publishersð ð€headnotes,€case€summary,€topicalÐ ð ` Ðindex€and€compilation€of€reported€judicial€decisions€are€all€ð ðoriginalð ð€works€covered€byÐ È 8 Ðcopyright.€€They€originated€from€their€authors,€are€not€mere€copies€and€are€the€productÐ Ðof€the€exercise€of€skill€and€judgment€that€is€not€trivial.€€That€said,€the€Great€Libraryð ðsÐ x è Ðdealings€with€the€works€were€for€the€purpose€of€research€and€were€fair€dealings€withinÐ P À Ðthe€meaning€of€s.€29€of€the€ò òCopyright€Act€ó óand€thus€did€not€constitute€copyrightÐ ( ˜ Ðinfringement.€I€also€conclude€that€the€Law€Society€did€not€authorize€copyrightÐ p Ðinfringement€by€maintaining€self„service€photocopiers€in€the€Great€Library€for€use€by€itsÐ Ø H Ðpatrons.€€I€would€therefore€allow€the€appeal.Ý ƒ ÑýÒñ íñ ÝŒÐ ° ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýðö Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú89Ú ÚÛ € z Y Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àMy€conclusions€on€the€cross„appeal€follow€from€those€on€the€main€appeal.€Ð `!Ð ÐNo€secondary€infringement€of€copyright€by€the€Law€Society€is€established.€€The€LawÐ 8#¨ ÐSocietyð ðs€fax€transmissions€did€not€constitute€communications€to€the€public€and€it€did€notÐ %€ Ðsell€copies€of

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Ðâ âconsideration€the€ò òsui€generisó ó€nature€of€native€land€rightsð ð.€€The€role€of€the€Crownð ðsÐ Ô-@&0 Ðfiduciary€duty€in€reserve€creation€was€not€argued€in€that€case.€€It€is€squarely€raised€in€theÐ ” Ðappeals€now€before€us.Ý ƒ % Ñý ¼ )¼ ÝŒÐ , ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓB.à ž àò òReserve€Creation€in€British€Columbiaó óÐ \ È ÐÌÓ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýãÂ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àWhen€British€Columbia€joined€Confederation€in€1871,€Article€13€of€theÐ Œ ø Ðò òBritish€Columbia€Terms€of€Unionó ó,€R.S.C.€1985,€App.€II,€No.€10,€provided:Ý ƒ % ÑýãÂ þÂ ÝŒÐ $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àà ø àThe€charge€of€the€Indians,€and€the€trusteeship€and€management€of€theÐ T À Ðlands€reserved€for€their€use€and€benefit,€shall€be€assumed€by€the€DominionÐ Œ ÐGovernment,€and€a€policy€as€liberal€as€that€hitherto€pursued€by€the€BritishÐ ì X ÐColumbia€Government€shall€be€continued€by€the€Dominion€GovernmentÐ ¸ $ Ðafter€the€Union.Ð „ ð « Ð « Ð ÐÌà0 « àà ø àTo€carry€out€such€policy,€ò òtracts€of€landó ó€of€such€extent€as€it€has€hithertoÐ ˆ Ðbeen€the€practice€of€the€British€Columbia€Government€to€appropriate€for€thatÐ è T Ðpurpose,€ò òshall€from€time€to€time€be€conveyed€by€the€Local€Government€toÐ ´ Ðthe€Dominion€Government€in€trust€for€the€use€and€benefit€of€the€Indiansó ó€onÐ € ì Ðapplication€of€the€Dominion€Government;€and€in€case€of€disagreementÐ L ¸ Ðbetween€the€two€Governments€respecting€the€quantity€of€such€tracts€of€landÐ „ Ðto€be€so€granted,€the€matter€shall€be€referred€for€the€decision€of€the€SecretaryÐ ä P Ðof€State€for€the€Colonies.€€[Emphasis€added.]Ð ° « Ð « Ð ÐÌÌÓ UÄ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý=É Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àFederal„provincial€cooperation€was€required€in€the€reserve„creation€processÐ ¬" " Ðbecause,€while€the€federal€government€had€jurisdiction€over€ð ðIndians,€and€Lands€reservedÐ D$° $ Ðfor€the€Indiansð ð€under€s.91(24)€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó,€Crown€lands€in€BritishÐ Ü%H & ÐColumbia,€on€which€any€reserve€would€have€to€be€established,€were€retained€asÐ t'à ( Ðprovincial€property.€€Any€unilateral€attempt€by€the€federal€government€to€establish€aÐ )x!* Ðreserve€on€the€public€lands€of€the€province€would€be€invalid:€€ò òOntario€Mining€Co.€v.Ð ¤* #, ÐSeyboldó ó,€[1903]€A.C.€73€(P.C.).€€Equally,€the€province€had€no€jurisdiction€to€establish€anÐ

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