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  Égypte - Perspectives é...  
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Après la chute d'Hosni Moubarak en février 2011, les Égyptiens ont fêté, le 24 juin 2012, l'élection de leur premier président élu démocratiquement, Mohammed Morsi, candidat des Frères musulmans. Une nouvelle constitution, rédigée par une Assemblée majoritairement islamiste, a été adoptée de justesse par les électeurs à la mi-décembre 2012, mais a profondément divisé le pays.
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After toppling Hosni Mubarak in February 2011, Egyptians celebrated the election of Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Morsi on 24 June 2012, as the country’s first democratically elected president. A new constitution, drafted by an Islamist-dominated assembly and narrowly approved in mid-December 2012 by voters, has dramatically divided the country. A new parliament is expected to be in place later in 2013, following elections starting in April to replace the Islamist-dominated body that was dissolved by the Supreme Constitutional Court in June 2012.
  Égypte - Perspectives é...  
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Cependant, les élections législatives ont par la suite été annulées par la Cour suprême et reprogrammées pour le début 2013. Mohammed Morsi, le candidat du parti Liberté et Justice (Frères musulmans), est sorti vainqueur de l'élection présidentielle.
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In 2012, Egypt held its first free parliamentary and presidential elections in more than 60 years, although the parliamentary elections were later annulled by the Supreme Court and rescheduled for early 2013. Mohammed Morsi of the Freedom and Justice Party (Muslim Brotherhood) was the victor of the presidential election. The transition from a de facto military regime to a democratically legitimised one has been an important step. The year closed in a less conciliatory tone with the adoption of a contested new constitution by referendum on 15 December 2012. The referendum was preceded by two weeks of sometimes violent protest by both opposition and government supporters. The opposition considered that the constitution did not sufficiently protect individual and religious freedoms.
  Égypte - Perspectives é...  
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En janvier 2013, le FMI et l'Égypte ont repris les négociations pour faire avancer l'accord de novembre 2012, reporté en raison de l'agitation politique qui avait suivi la décision du président Morsi d'accélérer l'entrée en vigueur de la nouvelle Constitution litigieuse.
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Egypt’s need for external financing is urgent. The IMF estimates the gap at USD 14.5 billion. In January 2013, the IMF and Egypt resumed talks to move forward a November 2012 staff level agreement that had been postponed due to the political unrest that emerged when President Morsi fast-tracked the contentious new constitution. The IMF financing package amounts to USD 4.8 billion and would mobilise additional lending from other multilateral and bilateral development partners. The fiscal reforms demanded from Egypt as conditions for the loan have proven challenging for the government, owing to the country’s current state of social and political division. It is unlikely that an agreement will become effective before the new parliament is in place.
  Égypte - Perspectives é...  
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Les augmentations d'impôts et les mesures d'austérité vitales qui conditionnent l'obtention du prêt du FMI ont été ajournées à cause de l'agitation politique qui a suivi la décision de Mohammed Morsi d'accélérer l'entrée en vigueur de la nouvelle Constitution.
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The economy has suffered from the climate of uncertainty as the political crisis has deepened and the standoff between the executive and judiciary has worsened. Crucial tax increases and austerity measures that are conditions for the IMF loan were postponed because of the political unrest that followed President Morsi's decision to fast-track implementation of the new constitution. While such adjustments could depress domestic demand, their postponement means that Egypt will continue to be unattractive for foreign direct investment. Furthermore, the economy is suffering from high interest rates on government bonds: the three-month treasury bill (T-bill) rate spiked to a monthly average of 13.1% in June 2012, up from 11.5% a year earlier. These high rates are partly to blame for driving the fiscal deficit to unsustainable levels.
  Égypte - Perspectives é...  
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Depuis la révolution du 25 janvier 2011, l'Égypte a été confrontée à de nombreuses difficultés sur le plan politique et a amorcé une période de transition démocratique. Malgré l'élection en juin 2012 de Mohammed Morsi, premier président élu démocratiquement, la situation politique du pays reste instable.
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Since the revolution of 25 January 2011, Egypt has experienced major political challenges and a period of transition to democracy. Despite the election of Mohammed Morsi in June 2012, as the first democratically elected president, political stability remains elusive. Riding high on the praise he earned at home and abroad for brokering a truce between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, President Morsi issued a constitutional declaration in November 2012, awarding himself broad powers above judicial scrutiny. This led to nationwide protests by his opponents, which were in turn violently countered by his supporters. Although the president later retracted that decision, a new constitution – drafted by an assembly dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood and its allies, and approved by a narrow majority of 63.8% in a referendum that saw a voter turnout of 32.9% – left the country deeply divided politically.
  Égypte - Perspectives é...  
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Depuis la révolution du 25 janvier 2011, l'Égypte a été confrontée à de nombreuses difficultés sur le plan politique et a amorcé une période de transition démocratique. Malgré l'élection en juin 2012 de Mohammed Morsi, premier président élu démocratiquement, la situation politique du pays reste instable.
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Since the revolution of 25 January 2011, Egypt has experienced major political challenges and a period of transition to democracy. Despite the election of Mohammed Morsi in June 2012, as the first democratically elected president, political stability remains elusive. Riding high on the praise he earned at home and abroad for brokering a truce between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, President Morsi issued a constitutional declaration in November 2012, awarding himself broad powers above judicial scrutiny. This led to nationwide protests by his opponents, which were in turn violently countered by his supporters. Although the president later retracted that decision, a new constitution – drafted by an assembly dominated by the Muslim Brotherhood and its allies, and approved by a narrow majority of 63.8% in a referendum that saw a voter turnout of 32.9% – left the country deeply divided politically.
  Élections - Perspective...  
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Mohammed Morsi, du Parti de la liberté et de la justice (PLJ, une émanation des Frères musulmans) a remporté les présidentielles avec 51.7 % des voix, au détriment de l’ancien Premier ministre Ahmed Shafiq.
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Egypt’s first free parliamentary and presidential elections in more than 60 years marked a milestone in North Africa’s democratic transition. The parliamentary elections were later annulled by Egypt’s Supreme Court, and should be held again in 2013. Mohammed Morsi of the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP, Muslim Brotherhood) won a presidential runoff against former prime minister Ahmed Shafiq with 51.7% of the votes. The adoption of a contested new constitution by referendum on 15 December 2012 brought to the fore rifts in the political landscape. The initial movement against former president Hosni Mubarak gave way to an opposition coalition made up of liberal and conservative forces.
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As primeiras eleições presidenciais e legislativas livres em mais de 60 anos no Egipto representaram um marco na transição democrática no Norte de África. As eleições legislativas foram posteriormente anuladas pelo Supremo Tribunal do Egipto e deverão ser realizadas novamente em 2013. A corrida presidencial foi ganha por Mohammed Morsi, do Partido da Liberdade e Justiça (Irmandade Muçulmana), contra o antigo primeiro-ministro Ahmed Shafiq, com 51,7% dos votos. A adopção de uma nova constituição muito contestada, por meio de um referendo em 15 de Dezembro de 2012, veio revelar as fracturas no cenário político. O movimento inicial contra a facção do antigo presidente Hosni Mubarak deu lugar a uma coligação da oposição constituída por forças liberais e conservadoras.
  Égypte - Perspectives é...  
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En juin 2011, le gouvernement intérimaire a fixé le salaire mensuel des fonctionnaires égyptiens à 120 USD (700 EGP). Certaines sources suggèrent que ce salaire minimum sera porté à 200 USD (1 200 EGP) par mois dans les trois ans à venir, dans le cadre du projet Renaissance annoncé par le président Morsi.
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The situation of labour in post-revolutionary Egypt is uncertain. Since the revolution, strikes have become a regular occurrence across sectors and regions. Although the government has taken sporadic measures to address structural labour market problems, weak labour rights and standards remain a source of concern. Unemployment protection schemes and social insurance laws protect only workers in the formal sector. The government’s minimum wage policy shows a lack of clarity and progress. In June 2011, Egypt’s interim administration set the monthly wage rate for civil servants at USD 120 (EGP 700) per month. Some sources suggest that this minimum rate will be raised to USD 200 (EGP 1 200) monthly within three years under President Morsi’s Renaissance Project, yet even the implementation of the earlier rate of EGP 700 has proven problematic: over half a million temporary workers in government have not received the promised minimum wage, and it was unclear whether the minimum wage also applies to the private sector. If it had been fully implemented in the civil service, the upward adjustment to the wage structure could have added USD 1.5 billion to government spending in fiscal year 2011/12. The new constitution requires the government to establish a minimum wage, a pension scheme, social insurance and health care that would guarantee decent livelihoods for workers and in some cases the unemployed. Labour laws need to be strengthened in turn.