rat – Traduction – Dictionnaire Keybot

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  When was New Zealand fi...  
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From page 5 - Rat bones
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Mai i te whārangi 5 - Ngā poroiwi kiore
  Gnawed seed – When was ...  
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As seeds are easily radiocarbon-dated, researchers such as Janet Wilmshurst have looked at fossil seed cases that show rats’ tooth marks, and those that do not. If a rat-gnawed seed case was dated much earlier than 1250–1300 (the accepted date for human settlement) this would support the theory that there was earlier, transient human arrival in New Zealand, via which the rat also arrived.
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He māmā noa te ine i te pakeke o tētahi kākano mā te radiocarbon dating. Ka titiro ētahi kairangahau pēnei i a Janet Wilmshurst ki ngā pūkoro o ngā kākano kua kainga timotimotia e te kiore, ka whakatauritea ki ērā kāore i kainga e te kiore. Mēnā nō mua noa atu te pakeke o tētahi pūkoro kākano kua kainga timotimotia e te kiore i te wā 1250–1300 (te wā e whakaaetia whānuitia ana i tau te tangata ki Aotearoa), ka tautoko tēnei i te ariā e mea ana, nō mua noa atu te taenga o te tangata ki Aotearoa. I tēnei wā, kāore anō kia kitea he pūkoro kākano kua kainga timotimotia e te kiore he pakeke ake i te 1244 AD (±70); he tohu, kāore anō pea kia tae te tangata (me te kiore) ki Aotearoa. Nā ngā paparanga ngārehu i runga, i raro hoki i te pūkoro kākano i tohu ki te wā.
  The stepping-stone isla...  
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Distinctive obsidian rock from Mayor Island in New Zealand has been found on Raoul Island (the northernmost island of the Kermadec group) – proof that canoes got at least this far back to island Polynesia. In addition, DNA analysis of Pacific rats from the Kermadecs and Norfolk Island shows different strains, suggesting that there were multiple introductions of the rat.
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He pai ngā moutere o Kermadec hei wāhi peka i te hekenga ki Aotearoa mai i Poronihia ki te rāwhiti. Ki te hoe he waka mā te tonga mā uru, kāore e kore ka tūtaki rātou ki ngā Kermadec. Kua kitea te tūhua (obsidian) mai i Aotearoa ki Raoul, te moutere whakateraki rawa o ngā Kermadec. I tua atu, kei reira anō ngā taunakitanga DNA o ngā kiore nō Kermadec me te moutere o Norfolk e tohu ana ki te rerekē o ngā momo kiore. He tohu tēnei ki te mea he wāhi peka ēnei moutere mō ngā waka e haere ana i waenganui i a Poronihia ki te rāwhiti me Aotearoa.
  The Pacific rat – When ...  
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The Pacific rat (kiore) is not native to New Zealand and could only have arrived here with humans. In 1996 scientist Richard Holdaway obtained 15 Pacific rat dates, by radiocarbon dating, that were significantly earlier than the accepted date of Polynesian settlement of 1250–1300.
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Ehara te kiore (Pacific rat) i te kararehe tūturu o Aotearoa. Nā te tangata a ia i kawe ki Aotearoa. I te tau 1996 i taea e Richard Holloway ētahi wā te whakatau mō ētahi kiore e 15; i mua nō atu ō rātou pakeke i te wā 1250–1300. Ko ētahi o ngā kōiwi kiore nō te wā 50–150 AD rā anō. Ahakoa ngā wero a ētahi atu kaimatai pūtaiao mō ana putanga, i te tau 2002 ka puta ētahi atu rangahautanga e tautoko ana i tāna i whakaputa. I tēnei wā, he tohu pātai nui kei runga i ngā rangahautanga i puta i te tau 2002. Ka puta ētahi rangahautanga i te tau 2004 mō ētahi kōiwi kiore nō tētahi ana i Te Wai Pounamu – nō muri kē ēnei i te tau 1250. Mā ngā rangahautanga ka kitea pea he tohu he aha te kōrero tika ake.
  The Pacific rat – When ...  
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The Pacific rat (kiore) is not native to New Zealand and could only have arrived here with humans. In 1996 scientist Richard Holdaway obtained 15 Pacific rat dates, by radiocarbon dating, that were significantly earlier than the accepted date of Polynesian settlement of 1250–1300.
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Ehara te kiore (Pacific rat) i te kararehe tūturu o Aotearoa. Nā te tangata a ia i kawe ki Aotearoa. I te tau 1996 i taea e Richard Holloway ētahi wā te whakatau mō ētahi kiore e 15; i mua nō atu ō rātou pakeke i te wā 1250–1300. Ko ētahi o ngā kōiwi kiore nō te wā 50–150 AD rā anō. Ahakoa ngā wero a ētahi atu kaimatai pūtaiao mō ana putanga, i te tau 2002 ka puta ētahi atu rangahautanga e tautoko ana i tāna i whakaputa. I tēnei wā, he tohu pātai nui kei runga i ngā rangahautanga i puta i te tau 2002. Ka puta ētahi rangahautanga i te tau 2004 mō ētahi kōiwi kiore nō tētahi ana i Te Wai Pounamu – nō muri kē ēnei i te tau 1250. Mā ngā rangahautanga ka kitea pea he tohu he aha te kōrero tika ake.
  3. Hunting and eating k...  
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Because kiore were a special delicacy, they were a form of currency at many ceremonial occasions. The custom of kaihaukai (feast gifts) was carried out at food feasts between coastal and interior tribes, where preserved rat was served.
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Nā te wāhi nui o te kiore ki te Māori, ka noho hei taonga tauhokohoko. Ko te tikanga o te kaihaukai, ko te hora i ngā huahua kiore i ngā hākari i waenganui i ngā iwi ki tai me ngā iwi ki uta. Hei ētahi wā ka whakataetae ngā iwi, ka hora kaihaukai kia kitea ai nā wai te hākari nui rawa atu i hora. Ka nui atu te mana o te iwi ki te hora he hākari nui rawa atu, reka rawa atu ki mua i te aroaro o te manuhiri; whāia, ka mate taua iwi iti ki te tuku whakaaro, taonga, kai, aha atu ki te iwi hora tahua nui, tahua roa.
  Hauturu (Little Barrier...  
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However Ngāti Wai people have a continuing relationship with ‘Little Barrier Island’ as it is known. They have been involved in environmental programmes on the island such as the eradication of the kiore, the Polynesian rat.
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Ko te tikanga o te ingoa a Hauturu, ko te ‘wāhi okioki o ngā hau’. Nō te tau 1894 ka riro te moutere nei i te kāwanatanga hei whenua rāhui, ā, ka panaia te whānau whakamutunga o Ngāti Wai e noho ana ki reira. Heoi kei te ora tonu ngā pānga o Ngāti Wai ki te moutere o Hauturu nei. E haere kaha ana ā rātou mahi taiao ki te moutere nei, pērā i te whakakorenga atu i te kiore i te moutere.
  Gnawed snail shells – W...  
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. If rats had arrived in New Zealand as early as 2,000 years ago, we would expect to find evidence of rat predation on small creatures such as snails over the past 2,000 years. As shells can be radiocarbon-dated, it is possible to determine the age at which fossil snail shells were gnawed by rats.
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kei Te Tai Tokerau. Mēnā i tae te kiore ki Aotearoa i ngā tau e 2,000 ki mua, kāore e kore kua kitea ētahi taunakitanga mō te kai a te kiore i ngā kararehe me ngā ngārara ririki i roto i ngā tau e 2,000 kua tohipa. Ka taea noatia te ine i te pakeke o te anga o te ngata mā te radiocarbon dating, ka taea hoki te ine i te wā i kainga timotimotia te anga ngata e te kiore. I tēnei wā, ka tohu ngā rangahautanga ki ngā ngaungau kiore hei muri i te 1250 AD.
  1. Initial settlement –...  
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Polynesian explorers and traders carried four animals as they colonised the Pacific. Three were domesticated – the pig, chicken and dog – while the rat was not. While all four may have made it to New Zealand, only the kurī (Polynesian dog) and kiore (Pacific rat) survived.
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E whā ngā kararehe i haere i te taha o ngā kaihōpara i Te Moananui-a-Kiwa – ko te poaka, te heihei, te kurī, te kiore. Ko te kiore anake o ēnei kararehe kīhai i whakarataa. Hāunga te mea i tae mai pea ēnei kararehe katoa ki Aotearoa, ko te kurī me te kiore anake i ora.
  1. Initial settlement –...  
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Polynesian explorers and traders carried four animals as they colonised the Pacific. Three were domesticated – the pig, chicken and dog – while the rat was not. While all four may have made it to New Zealand, only the kurī (Polynesian dog) and kiore (Pacific rat) survived.
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E whā ngā kararehe i haere i te taha o ngā kaihōpara i Te Moananui-a-Kiwa – ko te poaka, te heihei, te kurī, te kiore. Ko te kiore anake o ēnei kararehe kīhai i whakarataa. Hāunga te mea i tae mai pea ēnei kararehe katoa ki Aotearoa, ko te kurī me te kiore anake i ora.
  3. Hunting and eating k...  
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Once caught and killed, kiore were skinned and roasted over a fire or pre-cooked in a hāngī (covered stone oven). They were placed in gourds in their own hinu (fat), which acted as a preservative once set. Kiore huahua (preserved rat) was saved as a delicacy for visitors.
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Ka patua te kiore, ka hūtia te kiri, ka taona ki te ahi, ki te hāngī rānei, kātahi ka huahuatia ki te tahā, ki te hinu kiore tonu. Ko te huahua kiore te tino kai hei tāpae ki mua i te aroaro o te manuhiri tūārangi.
  1. Traditional Māori wo...  
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Certain tasks tended to be done by men and others by women. In general, activities such as rat trapping, tree climbing, fishing and warfare were performed by men. Men usually dug up aruhe (fern root) while women processed it.
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Mā te tāne anake ētahi mahi, mā te wahine anō etahi. He rite tonu te wā ko ngā tāne ngā kaitawhiti kiore, kaipiki rākau, kaihī me ngā toa pakanga. Ko tētahi atu mahi nui a te tāne he keri aruhe, ā, mā ngā wāhine e tunu.
  3. Hunting and eating k...  
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Kiore hunting was well organised. Ara kiore (rat tracks) in the forest or on hillsides, no matter how steep the gradient, were lined with tāwhiti kiore (unbaited traps) and pokipoki (baited traps). Paepae-kiore (pit traps) were dug in a way that made it hard for kiore to escape.
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He tikanga kei runga i te mahi kiore. Ahakoa papatahi, ahakoa poupou, ka whakatakotoria ngā tāwhiti me ngā pokipoki ki ngā ara kiore i te wao. Keria ai he paepae-kiore kia taka ai ngā kiore ki roto, tē puta.
  Tāwhiti makamaka – Kio...  
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This portable trap is the tāwhiti makamaka, made of mānuka bark, aka pirita (supplejack) and muka (flax fibre). A kiore would chew through the cord to reach the bait. When the cord snapped, the bent stick would spring up and trap the rat in a loop inside the trap.
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He tāwhiti makamaka tēnei. He mea hanga tēnei i te kiri o te mānuka, te pirita me te muka. Ka ngaua e te kiore te taura kia taea ai te mounu. Motu ana te taura ka tupana mai he aho, ka mau te kiore ki roto i te kono kei roto i te tāwhiti.
  The Pacific rat – When ...  
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URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/1783/the-pacific-rat
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URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/mi/photograph/1783/te-kiore-pacific-rat
  2. Adapting to New Zeal...  
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In Polynesia, pigs were the most important domestic animal. The chicken was also important. But neither became established in New Zealand. The kurī (dog) and kiore (Pacific rat) were a poor second-best for protein.
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Hāunga te heihei, ko te poaka te tino kararehe ki ngā iwi o Te Moananui-a-Kiwa. Heoi, kīhai ēnei kararehe i ora ki Aotearoa. Ahakoa te tūoi, kainga tonutia ai te kurī me te kiore.
  Kiore – Pacific rats – ...  
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Kiore feature in many names – Motukiore (rat island) is an island in the Hokianga Harbour, Kiore is the name of a star cluster, and kiri-kiore is a carving pattern.
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He maha ngā wāhi i tapaina mō te kiore – ko Motukiore tērā, he moutere kei Te Hokianga. Ko Kiore te ingoa o tētahi kāhui whetū. He momo whakairo kīia ai ko kiri-kiore.
  Taupopoki – Kiore – Pa...  
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This trap is the taupopoki. A kiore would go part way through the loop to reach the bait. The rat would pull at the bait, releasing the stick that stopped the loop from springing up.
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Ko taupopoki te ingoa o tēnei tāwhiti. Ka kuhu te kiore ki roto i te kono kia taea e ia te mounu. Ka kūmea te mounu, ka tupana te rākau pupuri i te kono, ka mau te kiore.
  The Pacific rat – When ...  
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Geoff Irwin and Carl Walrond. 'When was New Zealand first settled? - Rat bones', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 15-Nov-12
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Geoff Irwin and Carl Walrond. 'Nōnahea a Aotearoa nōhia tuatahitia ai? - Ngā poroiwi kiore', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 15-Nov-12
  3. Tohu – signs and pre...  
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The whēkau, now extinct, had a call that was thought to warn of bad fortune. Its name means entrails, because it ate the entrails of the kiore (native rat) and small birds.
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Kua takahi te whēkau i ngā tapuwae o te moa, o te huia, o te piopio, ka ngaro ki te pō. I tapaina tēnei ingoa mōna nā tana kai i ngā whēkau o te kiore me ētahi manu ririki.
  1. Tradable commodities...  
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Māori also brought the kurī (Polynesian dog) and kiore (Pacific rat) with them. Neither required a particular habitat. The kiore thrived in the wild, but the kurī depended on people to provide food.
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Ka mau mai hoki te Māori i ana kurī me ana kiore. Ka kaha te tipu o te kiore i ngā ururua, heoi ka noho mōkai te kurī i te taha o te tangata whāngaihia ki te kai.
  Gnawed seed – When was ...  
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Geoff Irwin and Carl Walrond. 'When was New Zealand first settled? - Rat DNA', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22-Sep-12
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Geoff Irwin and Carl Walrond. 'Nōnahea a Aotearoa nōhia tuatahitia ai? - Te DNA o te kiore', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 22-Sep-12
  Tūtae-kiore (eyebright)...  
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New Zealand eyebright is also known as tūtae-kiore. Its Māori name comes from the brown colouring at the centre of the flower – it means rat faeces.
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Ko te tūtae-kiore tēnei tipu. He mea whakaingoa nā te tae parauri kei waenganui i te pua.
  Mummified rats, Pompall...  
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Geoff Irwin and Carl Walrond. 'When was New Zealand first settled? - Rat DNA', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 15-Nov-12
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Geoff Irwin and Carl Walrond. 'Nōnahea a Aotearoa nōhia tuatahitia ai? - Te DNA o te kiore', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 15-Nov-12
  Natural environment – T...  
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The Pacific rat (2nd of 3)
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Te kiore o Te Moananui-a-Kiwa (2 o 3)
  Modern Pacific rat bone...  
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URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/photograph/3620/modern-pacific-rat-bones
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URL: http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/mi/photograph/3620/nga-wheua-o-te-kiore-pacific-rat
  When was New Zealand fi...  
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The Pacific rat
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Te kiore (Pacific rat)
  When was New Zealand fi...  
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Modern Pacific rat bones
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Ngā wheua o te kiore (Pacific rat)
  Gnawed seed – When was ...  
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As seeds are easily radiocarbon-dated, researchers such as Janet Wilmshurst have looked at fossil seed cases that show rats’ tooth marks, and those that do not. If a rat-gnawed seed case was dated much earlier than 1250–1300 (the accepted date for human settlement) this would support the theory that there was earlier, transient human arrival in New Zealand, via which the rat also arrived.
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He māmā noa te ine i te pakeke o tētahi kākano mā te radiocarbon dating. Ka titiro ētahi kairangahau pēnei i a Janet Wilmshurst ki ngā pūkoro o ngā kākano kua kainga timotimotia e te kiore, ka whakatauritea ki ērā kāore i kainga e te kiore. Mēnā nō mua noa atu te pakeke o tētahi pūkoro kākano kua kainga timotimotia e te kiore i te wā 1250–1300 (te wā e whakaaetia whānuitia ana i tau te tangata ki Aotearoa), ka tautoko tēnei i te ariā e mea ana, nō mua noa atu te taenga o te tangata ki Aotearoa. I tēnei wā, kāore anō kia kitea he pūkoro kākano kua kainga timotimotia e te kiore he pakeke ake i te 1244 AD (±70); he tohu, kāore anō pea kia tae te tangata (me te kiore) ki Aotearoa. Nā ngā paparanga ngārehu i runga, i raro hoki i te pūkoro kākano i tohu ki te wā.
  7. Extinction and decli...  
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Some researchers, such as Richard Holdaway, have attempted to show that extinctions or population declines of bats, lizards, frogs and smaller birds (petrels, the owlet-nightjar, Finsch’s duck) prior to 1300 may be due to the predatory Pacific rat.
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I ngana ētahi kairangahau pēnei i a Trevor Worthy rāua ko Richard Holdaway ki te tohu, nā te kiore heke ai te maha o ngā pekapeka, koeau me ētahi o ngā manu ririki (petrel, owlet nightjar, Finsch’s duck) i mua i te tau 1300 AD. Mēnā kei te tika tēnei kōrero, kāti i konei anō te tangata i taua wā. Heoi he mea uaua ka kitea ngā taunakitanga mō te mate ā-moa o tētahi manu, kararehe rānei i te mea, iti noa ngā taunakitanga ka tohu nā te aha mate ai tētahi kararehe. Nā reira he kōrero noa iho tēnei i tēnei wā mō te kai a te kiore i ēnei kararehe, manu.
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