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Keybot 102 Ergebnisse  csc.lexum.org
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
[TRADUCTION] ET qu’il laissera les lieux loués en bon état d’entretien, sauf détérioration et usure normales et les dommages résultant du feu, de la foudre et des intempéries.
AND that he will leave the premises in good repair, reasonable wear and tear and damage by fire, lightning and tempest only excepted.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
[TRADUCTION] Il n’est pas douteux qu’en vertu des lois sur l’usure, la forme que le prêt ou la contrepartie de l’intérêt pouvaient avoir prise n’avaient guère d’influence sur la nature réelle du marché.
No doubt under the usury acts, the form which the loan or the consideration for interest might take played little part in the question of the real nature of the bargain. An agreement providing for interest at the maximum rate in advance was illegal ab initio regardless of its form; what the Court was concerned to ascertain was the actual loan and the consideration for its use. In the language of Lord Mansfield in Floyer v. Edwards (1774, 98 E.R. 995, at p. 996):
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
C’est ainsi d’ailleurs que s’est développée la législation que nous avons maintenant devant nous et c’est pour cette raison que j’ai cru bon de référer longuement à l’évolution des textes législatifs. Il est clair qu’à compter de l’abolition des lois sur l’usure, la liberté de contrat a été la règle et que seuls des problèmes particuliers ont amené le législateur à intervenir.
This, moreover, was how the legislation now before the Court came into being, and it is for this reason that I have thought it advisable to deal with the successive legislative enactments at some length. It is clear that from the time the usury laws were abolished freedom of contract has been the rule, and that the legislature has only intervened in specific problem situations. In the present case, I should like to adopt the following remarks from an article in 18 Revue du Notariat, at p. 166:
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
18, adopte une loi concernant l’intérêt et l’usure dans la province du Nouveau-Brunswick aux termes de laquelle à compter du 8 avril 1875 «chacun pourra stipuler, consentir ou exiger, sur tout contrat ou convention quelconque, fait ou à faire dans la province du Nouveau-Brunswick, tout taux d’intérêt ou d’escompte qui pourra être convenu».
In 1880 we see appearing for the first time, in 43 Victoria, c. 42, provisions which, with some changes, were to become ss. 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the Interest Act. The title of this statute was An Act relating to Interest on moneys secured by Mort-gage of Real Estate, and the relevant sections read as follows:
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
(2)Si la cause immédiate était la défaillance des vis à chapeau, elle serait également fortuite parce qu'elle a été causée par l'utilisation négligente de boulons fabriqués en métal doux plutôt que de boulons qui ne sont pas susceptibles de corrosion lors de travaux de réparation antérieurs et ne constitue ni de l'usure normale ni un vice inhérent;
(2)If the proximate cause were the failure of the cap screws that would also be fortuitous, in that it was caused by the negligent use of soft metal bolts rather than non-corrodable [sic] bolts in earlier repair work and constitutes neither ordinary wear and tear or inherent vice;
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
L'exigence que la cause de la perte soit "fortuite" exclut l'action naturelle et inévitable du vent et des vagues, l'usure normale, les défauts inhérents et les pertes causées intentionnellement. Les événements qui ne sont pas fortuits, tels que définis dans la jurisprudence, se retrouvent dans les exclusions mentionnées à l'art.
The requirement that the cause of the loss be "fortuitous" excludes the natural and inevitable action of wind and waves, ordinary wear and tear, inherent defects and intentionally caused losses.  Events which are not fortuitous, as defined in the cases, are reflected in the exclusions found in s. 56 of the Act and the definition in the Act of "perils of the seas".  In general, the word "fortuitous", as interpreted by the cases, carries the connotation that the cause of the loss not have been intentional or inevitable.  As Lord Herschell put it in Thomas Wilson, Sons & Co. v. The Owners of the Cargo per the "Xantho" (The Xantho) (1887), 12 A.C. 503 (H.L.), at p. 509:
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
13 Le juge Gibbs a souligné que le juge de première instance semblait avoir accordé peu de poids à la preuve d’usure excessive des pneus avant. Il a estimé qu’elle n’avait pas commis d’erreur à cet égard.
13 Gibbs J.A. noted that the trial judge appeared to have given little weight to the evidence on excessive wear of the front tires.  He found that she did not err in that assessment.  He agreed with the trial judge that the plaintiff had failed to prove negligence and dismissed the appeal.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
Ce témoignage a reçu l’appui du témoignage de M. Heslop qui a trouvé dans l’attache et décrit des défauts de coulage qui seraient également imputables à sa fabrication originale. M. Heslop a mentionné qu’à l’examen, l’attache montrait des signes d’usure considérable, mais il n’estime pas que cette usure soit un facteur déterminant de sa rupture.
A review of the evidence of Mr. McCulloch indicates that the socket was defective because of improper heating and cooling in its original manufacture. This evidence received some support in the evidence of Mr. Heslop, who found and described casting defects in the socket which would also be attributable to its original manufacture. Mr. Heslop mentioned that on examination the socket showed signs of substantial wear, but he did not consider that such wear was a significant factor in its failure. I am of the opinion that this socket failed in use because it was defective from the time of its manufacture due to improper treatment in
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
J'examine d'abord la question de savoir si la défaillance des boulons peut être considérée comme de "l'usure normale". À mon avis, ce n'est pas possible. La défaillance des vis à chapeau n'avait rien de normal.
I turn first to the question of whether the failure of the bolts can be viewed as "ordinary wear and tear."  In my view it cannot.  There was nothing ordinary about the failure of the cap screws.  Their failure was extraordinary, resulting, as the trial judge found, from the negligent act of the repairers who installed them.  As stated in Arnould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average, vol. II, (16th ed. 1981), ordinary wear and tear is "merely the result of ordinary service conditions operating upon the hull or machinery, as for example when the relevant part wears out. . . ."  Ordinary corrosion might well fall within this definition.  But corrosion caused extraordinarily by the negligent use of the wrong materials does not.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
R. Eh bien, il s’agirait de ce que l’on appelle une arthrite traumatique, qui consiste, disons, en un dommage sur cette articulation particulière dû à des modifications de sa mécanique articulaire, lesquelles sont consécutives à une lésion. Tout ce qui déplace une articulation, ou tout dommage porté à une partie motrice, de quelque manière, contribue à son usure plus rapide.
A. Well, it would be what we call a traumatic arthritis, which is oh, damage to that particular joint, due to alterations of its mechanics, which were caused by an injury. Anything that throws a joint out of alignment, or damages a working part, in any way, allows it to wear out faster. And this wearing out we speak of is a traumatic arthritis, when it’s due to one or two, say, specific injuries. If it’s due to the injuries of getting 50 years old, we call it osteoarthritis, but it’s much the same.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
Ce témoignage a reçu l’appui du témoignage de M. Heslop qui a trouvé dans l’attache et décrit des défauts de coulage qui seraient également imputables à sa fabrication originale. M. Heslop a mentionné qu’à l’examen, l’attache montrait des signes d’usure considérable, mais il n’estime pas que cette usure soit un facteur déterminant de sa rupture.
A review of the evidence of Mr. McCulloch indicates that the socket was defective because of improper heating and cooling in its original manufacture. This evidence received some support in the evidence of Mr. Heslop, who found and described casting defects in the socket which would also be attributable to its original manufacture. Mr. Heslop mentioned that on examination the socket showed signs of substantial wear, but he did not consider that such wear was a significant factor in its failure. I am of the opinion that this socket failed in use because it was defective from the time of its manufacture due to improper treatment in
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
[TRADUCTION]  Nous sommes d'avis que la meilleure interprétation est probablement celle où une défense fondée sur l'usure normale ou un vice inhérent est disponible lorsque la perte est attribuable au mauvais état général du navire, de sorte que la perte était certaine indépendamment des conditions atmosphériques ou maritimes.
It is submitted that the better view is probably that a defence of wear and tear or inherent vice is applicable to cases where the loss is attributable to a general debility of the vessel such as to make it plain that the loss was a certainty, whatever the state of the weather or the sea, but that the defence is unlikely to prevail in cases where there is a sudden failure of a part of the structure, even though this may have long-standing causes, or be due merely to metal fatigue, and though the weather and sea conditions at the time may be in no way unusual or extreme.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
À son avis, la tempête et ses conséquences n’étaient d’aucune utilité aux défendeurs, étant donné que, si la tempête avait rendu la conduite périlleuse, le conducteur était conscient des risques et aurait dû être plus prudent. En outre, l’usure des pneus avant, dont Loewen était responsable, augmentait les risques de la conduite pendant une tempête.
14 McEachern C.J. held that the trial judge should have considered the plaintiff’s negligence argument in light of cases where circumstantial evidence was key, having regard to the standards of proof established in Gauthier & Co. v. The King, [1945] S.C.R. 143.  The Chief Justice found that a car leaving the roadway in the circumstances of this case was some evidence of negligence.  In his view, the storm and its consequences did not assist the defendants, given that if the storm made driving hazardous, the driver was aware of the risk and should have taken greater care.  Also, the worn condition of the front tires, for which Loewen was responsible, increased the risk when driving in a storm.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
J'examine d'abord la question de savoir si la défaillance des boulons peut être considérée comme de "l'usure normale". À mon avis, ce n'est pas possible. La défaillance des vis à chapeau n'avait rien de normal.
I turn first to the question of whether the failure of the bolts can be viewed as "ordinary wear and tear."  In my view it cannot.  There was nothing ordinary about the failure of the cap screws.  Their failure was extraordinary, resulting, as the trial judge found, from the negligent act of the repairers who installed them.  As stated in Arnould's Law of Marine Insurance and Average, vol. II, (16th ed. 1981), ordinary wear and tear is "merely the result of ordinary service conditions operating upon the hull or machinery, as for example when the relevant part wears out. . . ."  Ordinary corrosion might well fall within this definition.  But corrosion caused extraordinarily by the negligent use of the wrong materials does not.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
Une perte en mer peut résulter de la combinaison de plusieurs facteurs. Il n'importe pas que l'une des causes de la perte soit l'usure normale ou un vice inhérent, pourvu qu'une cause réelle de la perte ait été fortuite.
Too much emphasis should not be placed on the distinction between proximate and remote cause.  Section 56 of the Insurance (Marine) Act does not limit the cause of the loss to a single peril.  Several factors may combine to result in loss at sea.  That one of the causes of the loss was ordinary wear and tear or inherent vice did not matter, provided that an effective cause of the loss was fortuitous.  Foreseeability of loss was not a necessary condition of recovery.  It was not necessary to consider whether there would be liability apart from the negligence demonstrated here.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
R. Eh bien, il s’agirait de ce que l’on appelle une arthrite traumatique, qui consiste, disons, en un dommage sur cette articulation particulière dû à des modifications de sa mécanique articulaire, lesquelles sont consécutives à une lésion. Tout ce qui déplace une articulation, ou tout dommage porté à une partie motrice, de quelque manière, contribue à son usure plus rapide.
A. Well, it would be what we call a traumatic arthritis, which is oh, damage to that particular joint, due to alterations of its mechanics, which were caused by an injury. Anything that throws a joint out of alignment, or damages a working part, in any way, allows it to wear out faster. And this wearing out we speak of is a traumatic arthritis, when it’s due to one or two, say, specific injuries. If it’s due to the injuries of getting 50 years old, we call it osteoarthritis, but it’s much the same.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
Pour des raisons diverses, y compris l’usure du câble qui apparaît souvent près de l’attache, il est nécessaire d’enlever à l’occasion l’attache et d’enlever la portion usée du câble. Si on estime que l’attache est en bonne condition, elle peut être remboîtée et servir de nouveau.
From time to time for various reasons, including wear on the cable which frequently appears in the vicinity of the socket, it is necessary to remove the socket and to cut out any worn part of the line. If the socket is considered to be sound it can be resocketed and returned to use. The evidence indicated that re-use of sockets involving a consequent resocketing was common practice with York and other towing companies on the Pacific coast.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
D'après ce raisonnement, il n'importe pas que l'une des causes de la perte soit l'usure normale ou un vice inhérent, pourvu qu'une cause réelle de la perte ‑‑ sans laquelle la perte ne se serait pas produite ‑‑ ait été fortuite.
On this reasoning, it does not matter if one of the causes of the loss is ordinary wear and tear or inherent vice, provided that an efficient or effective cause of the loss -- one without which the loss would not have occurred -- was fortuitous.  That is certainly so in the case at bar.  It is not disputed that had the valve been closed, as it should have been, the vessel would not have sunk.  Thus the loss, viewed in all the circumstances of the case, was fortuitous.  The trial judge was right to take the view that he need not analyze which of the two causes of the loss was proximate, given that it was clear on his findings that the sinking of the ship would not have occurred but for the unusual and fortuitous event of the valve being negligently left open.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
Je conclus que même si on devait présumer que la cause immédiate du naufrage est la défaillance des vis à chapeau, cela n'aiderait pas les intimées étant donné que la cause de cette défaillance était non pas l'usure normale ou le vice inhérent, mais la négligence fortuite des réparateurs.
I conclude that even if one were to assume that the proximate cause of the sinking was the failure of the cap screws, that would not assist the respondents, since the cause of that failure was not ordinary wear and tear or inherent vice, but the fortuitous negligence of the repairers.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
La défaillance des vis à chapeau résulte non pas de "l'usure normale" de manière à être exclue de la définition du terme "fortuit", mais de l'acte négligent des réparateurs qui les ont installées. La corrosion normale pourrait être visée dans la définition de "l'usure normale", mais pas la corrosion causée par l'utilisation négligente de matériaux inadéquats.
The failure of the cap screws did not result from "ordinary wear and tear", so as to be excluded from the definition of fortuitous, but from the negligent act of the repairers who installed them.  Ordinary corrosion might fall within the definition of "ordinary wear and tear" but not corrosion caused by the negligent use of wrong materials.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
le bois; et ledit locateur pourra pénétrer sur les lieux pour vérifier l’état desdites réparations; et ledit locataire effectuera les réparations, lorsque requis par écrit, sauf la détérioration et l’usure normales et les dommages résultant du feu, de la foudre et des intempéries;
view state of repair, and that the said Lessee will repair according to notice in writing, reasonable wear and tear and damage by fire, lightning and tempest only excepted;
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
(2)La défaillance des vis à chapeau équivaut à l'usure normale ou au vice inhérent;
(2)The failure of the cap screws amounts to either ordinary wear and tear or inherent vice;
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
[TRADUCTION] ET ledit locataire s’engage à payer un loyer audit locateur ainsi que les taxes, y compris les taxes d’améliorations locales et l’eau; à effectuer les réparations, sauf la détérioration et l’usure normales et les dommages résultant du feu, de la foudre et des intempéries; à entretenir les clôtures et à ne pas couper
AND the said Lessee convenants with the said Lessor to pay rent; and to pay taxes, including local improvements; and to pay water rates; and to repair, reasonable wear and tear and damage by fire, lightning and tempest only excepted; and to keep up fences; and not to cut down timber; and that the said Lessor may enter and
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
futurs, montant qui comprend les dépenses supplémentaires exigées dans l’avenir par le remplacement de la prothèse et l’usure anormale des chaussures et vêtements. Dans leurs plaidoiries devant la présente Cour, les avocats ont admis que ces indemnités pouvaient être évaluées à $5,000.
economic loss the sum of $65,000 which would, however, have included the additional expense over the years for the renewal of a prosthesis and undue wear on clothes and shoes. Counsel were agreed, on the argument in this Court, that those latter allowances might be assessed at $5,000. So, in fact, the learned trial judge was allowing $60,000 for future economic loss.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
réduction importante à ce titre. Le demandeur devra faire face, au cours des ans, à des dépenses supplémentaires occasionnées par le remplacement de sa prothèse et l’usure anormale des chaussures et vêtements.
to be put to additional expense, over the years, for renewal of the prosthesis, and undue wear of clothing and shoes. There will be included in the award of general damages, for future economic loss, the sum of $65,000.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
Le juge de première instance a accordé $65,000 au titre de la perte de revenus futurs, montant qui comprenait les dépenses supplémentaires exigées dans l’avenir par le remplacement de la prothèse et l’usure anormale des chaussures et vêtements.
The trial judge concluded that there must be allowed for future economic loss the sum of $65,000 which would, however, have included the additional expense over the years for the renewal of a prosthesis and undue wear on clothes and shoes. Counsel were agreed, on argument in this Court, that those latter allowances might be assessed at $5,000. So, in fact, the trial judge was allowing $60,000 for future economic loss.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
En l’espèce, il ne saurait être question des deux autres types de dépréciation mentionnés par les témoins, savoir la dépréciation physique, découlant de l’usure des constructions qui certes n’existait pas ici, et la dépréciation fonctionnelle externe, découlant de facteurs économiques comme la perte de marchés, dont personne ne suggère ici l’existence.
The expression “functional and internal depreciation” is certainly a typographical error, and the word “and” should be deleted. What is undoubtedly meant is the internal functional depreciation which exists, according to the evidence, when a “building does not meet the needs for which it was constructed”, does not suit its intended purpose. In the case at bar, there could be no question of the two other types of depreciation mentioned by the witnesses, that is, physical depreciation resulting from the use of the buildings, which certainly did not exist here, and external functional depreciation resulting from economic factors such as market loss, which no one suggests existed here.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
Non seulement la preuve ne révèle aucunement que le système d’égouts actuel, auquel la Ville avait ajouté 1330 pieds linéaires de canalisations, ne desservait pas convenablement l’hôtel, mais, en outre, il semble que l’on n’a aucunement tenté de démontrer une insuffisance possible des égouts dans un avenir prévisible. Il faudra, bien sûr, les remplacer un jour en raison de l’usure, de la corrosion ou d’autres raisons qui les rendraient inutilisables.
I agree with the Court of Appeal. Not only was there no evidence to show that the hotel was not properly serviced by the existing sewer system as supplemented by the 1330 lineal feet of sewer provided by the City, but, in addition, no attempt appears to have been made to show any likely inadequacy of the sewers in the foreseeable future. Of course, they may eventually have to be replaced if they become worn or corroded or for some other reason unserviceable. Nothing in the record points to any existing or imminent inadequacy, and I cannot regard the report, which was addressed to a long-term replacement programme, as having any bearing on the construction and application of s. 31 of the development contract. Certainly, it could not have any bearing unless there was evidence to
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
Maintenant, voyons ce qui doit être décidé si le mandataire s'est servi de son chef de la chose du mandant pour en retirer des profits naturellement injustes ou illicites, par exemple, pour faire l'usure.
[TRANSLATION]  Now, let us see what must be decided if the mandatary has used on its own the mandator's thing in order to obtain profits that are naturally unfair or illicit, for example to practise usury.
  Cour suprême du Canada ...  
La défaillance des vis à chapeau résulte non pas de "l'usure normale" de manière à être exclue de la définition du terme "fortuit", mais de l'acte négligent des réparateurs qui les ont installées. La corrosion normale pourrait être visée dans la définition de "l'usure normale", mais pas la corrosion causée par l'utilisation négligente de matériaux inadéquats.
The failure of the cap screws did not result from "ordinary wear and tear", so as to be excluded from the definition of fortuitous, but from the negligent act of the repairers who installed them.  Ordinary corrosion might fall within the definition of "ordinary wear and tear" but not corrosion caused by the negligent use of wrong materials.
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