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Title II heißt "Verstärkte Überwachungsmaßnahmen" und schließt alle Aspekte der Überwachung von Personen, welche unter Verdacht des Terrorismus, Computerbetrugs oder -missbrauchs stehen, sowie die VertreterInnen einer ausländischen Macht, welche in Verbindung mit verdächtigen Handlungen gebracht werden, ein. Der Title II hat FISA und ECPA geändert und die meist kontroversen Aspekte vom USA Patriot Act befinden sich darin.
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Title II is titled “Enhanced Surveillance Procedures”, and covers all aspects of the surveillance of suspected terrorists, those suspected of engaging in computer fraud or abuse, and agents of a foreign power who are engaged in clandestine activities. It primarily made amendments to FISA, and the ECPA, and many of the most controversial aspects of the USA PATRIOT Act reside in this title. In particular, the title allows government agencies to gather “foreign intelligence information” from both U.S. and non-U.S. citizens, and changed FISA to make gaining foreign intelligence information the significant purpose of FISA-based surveillance, where previously it had been the primary purpose.[37] The change in definition was meant to remove a legal “wall” between criminal investigations and surveillance for the purposes of gathering foreign intelligence, which hampered investigations when criminal and foreign surveillance overlapped.[38] However, that this wall even existed was found by the Federal Surveillance Court of Review to have actually been a long-held misinterpretation by government agencies. Also removed was the statutory requirement that the government prove a surveillance target under FISA is a non-U.S. citizen and agent of a foreign power, though it did require that any investigations must not be undertaken on citizens who are carrying out activities protected by the First Amendment.[39] The title also expanded the duration of FISA physical search and surveillance orders,[40] and gave authorities the ability to share information gathered before a federal grand jury with other agencies.[41]
The scope and availability of wiretapping and surveillance orders were expanded under Title II. Wiretaps were expanded to include addressing and routing information to allow surveillance of packet switched networks[42] — the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) objected to this, arguing that it does not take into account email or web addresses, which often contain content in the address information.[43] The Act allowed any district court judge in the United States to issue such surveillance orders[42] and search warrants for terrorism investigations.[44] Search warrants were also expanded, with the Act amending Title III of the Stored Communications Access Act to allow the FBI to gain access to stored voicemail through a search warrant, rather than through the more stringent wiretap laws.[45]
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Le titre II est intitulé « Procédures augmentées de surveillance » et couvre tous les aspects de la surveillance des terroristes soupçonnés, ceux soupçonnés de se livrer à des fraudes ou abus informatiques et les agents des puissances étrangères qui se livrent à des activités clandestines. Il a principalement apporté des amendements au FISA et au ECPA, et de nombreux aspects parmi les plus controversés du USA Patriot Act résident dans ce titre. En particulier, le titre a permis aux organismes gouvernementaux de collecter des « renseignements étrangers » de citoyens américains et non américains et a modifié le FISA pour rendre la récupération des renseignements étrangers l'objectif significatif de la surveillance basée sur le FISA, alors que celle-ci était auparavant l'objectif principal.[37] Le changement de la définition avait pour but de retirer un « mur » légal entre les enquêtes criminelles et la surveillance visant à collecter des renseignements étrangers, car cela entravait les enquêtes lorsque la surveillance criminelle et la surveillance étrangère se chevauchaient.[38] Cependant, l'existence même de ce mur a été considérée par le tribunal de révision de la surveillance fédérale comme une interprétation erronée par les organismes gouvernementaux. Le prérequis statutaire qui exigeait que le gouvernement prouve qu'une cible de surveillance sous le FISA n'est pas un citoyen américain et qu'il est un agent d'une puissance étrangère a été retiré, même s'il exigeait que toutes enquêtes ne doivent pas être menées sur des citoyens qui se livrent à des activités protégées par le premier amendement.[39] Le titre a aussi étendu la durée des ordres de recherche physique et de surveillance du FISA,[40] et a donné aux autorités la capacité de partager les informations collectées devant un grand jury fédéral avec d'autres organismes.[41] La portée et la disponibilité des ordres de mise sur écoute et de surveillance ont été étendues en vertu du titre II. Les mises sur écoute ont été étendues pour inclure les informations d'adressage et de routage et permettre ainsi de surveiller des réseaux à commutation de paquets[42] - Le Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) s'est opposé à cela, prétendant que cela ne prend pas en considération les adresses e-mail ou web, qui contiennent généralement du contenu dans les informations de l'adresse.[43] L'Act permet à tout juge de tribunal de district aux États-Unis d'émettre de tels ordres de surveillance.[42] et mandats d
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La disposición II se titula "Procedimientos de vigilancia mejorada", y abarca todos los aspectos de la vigilancia a los sospechosos de terrorismo, cometer fraude o abuso informático y agentes de potencias extranjeras que se dediquen a actividades clandestinas. Principalmente, realiza enmiendas a la FISA y la ECPA, y muchos de los aspectos más controvertidos de la Ley Patriota de EE. UU. residen en este título. En particular, esta disposición permite a las agencias gubernamentales recopilar "información de inteligencia extranjera" tanto de ciudadanos estadounidenses como extranjeros, y modifica la FISA de modo que su propósito significativo de vigilancia sea la obtención de información de inteligencia exterior, en lo que antes era su objetivo principal .[37] Tal cambio en la definición estaba destinado a eliminar una "pared" legal entre las investigaciones criminales y la vigilancia a los efectos de la obtención de inteligencia extranjera que provocaba que las investigaciones se vieran dificultadas al superponer la vigilancia externa y la penal.[38] Sin embargo, el Tribunal Federal de Vigilancia descubrió que la mera existencia de este muro se había tratado, en realidad, como una interpretación errónea durante mucho tiempo por parte de las agencias gubernamentales. También suprime el requisito legal de que el gobierno haya de demostrar que el objetivo de una vigilancia bajo la FISA sea un ciudadano no estadounidense y agente de una potencia extranjera, a pesar de que exige que no deben llevarse a cabo investigaciones sobre los ciudadanos que llevan a cabo actividades protegidas por la Primera Enmienda.[39] La disposición también amplía la duración de las órdenes de registro y vigilancia física de la FISA,[40] y otorga a las autoridades la posibilidad de compartir información obtenida ante un gran jurado federal con otros organismos.[41] ⨠El alcance y la disponibilidad de las órdenes de escuchas telefónicas y vigilancia se expandieron en el Título II. Se amplía el concepto de escuchas telefónicas para que incluyan información de direccionamiento y encaminamiento que permita un control de las redes de paquetes conmutados[42]. El Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) se opuso a esto, argumentando que no toma en cuenta direcciones web o de correo electrónico, que a menudo incluyen contenido en la información de dirección.[43] La Ley permite a cualquier juez de distrito de los Estados Unidos emitir dichas órdenes[42] de vigilancia y registro para inve
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Il Titolo II è chiamato "Procedure di sorveglianza intensificate" e copre tutti gli aspetti della sorveglianza di sospetti terroristi, di soggetti sospettati di partecipare in attività fraudolente o abusi digitali oppure di agenti di paesi stranieri che partecipino ad attività clandestine. E' principalmente composto da emendamenti del FISA e dell'ECPA e molti degli aspetti dell'USA PATRIOCT Act più discussi sono contenuti in questo titolo. In particolare, il titolo permette alle agenzie governative di raccogliere "informazioni di spionaggio straniero" sia da cittadini statunitensi che da stranieri e ha modificato il FISA per renderne l'acquisizione di intelligence straniera un importante obiettivo di sorveglianza, mentre in precedenza ne era l'obiettivo principale.[37] Il cambio di definizione è stato creato per rimuovere un "muro" legale tra le indagini penali e la sorveglianza al fine della raccolta di intelligence straniera, che intralciava tali indagini in caso in cui la sorveglianza criminale e straniera coincidesse.[38] Tuttavia, secondo la Federal Surveillance Courte of Review, l'esistenza di questo muro non era altro che un errore di interpretazione perpetuato nel tempo da parte delle agenzie governative. Inoltre, è stato eliminato anche il requisito secondo il quale il governo dovesse provare che l'obiettivo della sorveglianza FISA fosse un cittadino non statunitense ed un agente di una potenza straniera, nonostante proibisse indagini relative a cittadini che portassero a termine attività protette dal Primo Emendamento. [39] Il titolo ha altresì aumentato la durata degli ordini di perquisizioni fisiche e sorveglianza[40] e ha permesso alle autorità di condividere con altre agenzie le informazioni raccolte davanti ad un gran giurì federale.[41]Le intercettazioni telefoniche sono state estese alla consegna e all'indirizzamento di informazioni in modo da consentire la sorveglianza di reti di commutazione di pacchetti[42]:l'Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) ha contestato questa disposizione, affermando che non tiene in considerazione email e indirizzi web, i quali spesso contengono dati nelle informazioni relative agli indirizzi.[43]La legge ha consentito a qualsiasi giudice di tribunale distrettuale di emettere ordini di sorveglianza[42] e ordini di perquisizioni al fine dello svolgimento di indagini terroristiche.[44] La legge ha infine esteso gli ordini di perquisizione, modificando il Titolo II della Stored Communications Access Act pe
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O Título II se chama "Procedimentos de vigilância reforçada" e abrange todos os aspectos da vigilância de suspeitos de terrorismo, suspeitos de envolvimento em abuso ou fraude de computador e agentes de uma potência estrangeira que estejam envolvidos em atividades clandestinas. Ele efetuou principalmente emendas na FISA (Lei de Vigilância de Inteligência Estrangeira) e na ECPA (Lei de Privacidade das Comunicações Eletrônicas), e muitos dos aspectos mais controversos da USA PATRIOT Act residem nesse título. Em particular, o título permite que agências governamentais coletem "informações de inteligência estrangeira" tanto de cidadãos norte-americanos quanto de estrangeiros, e modificou a FISA de forma a fazer da coleta de informações de inteligência estrangeira o propósito significativo da vigilância baseada na FISA, na qual isso era anteriormente o objetivo principal.[37] A mudança na definição foi realizada para remover um "muro" judiciário entre investigações criminais e vigilância para fins de obtenção de inteligência estrangeira, que dificultava as investigações quando havia uma sobreposição entre vigilância criminal e estrangeira.[38] No entanto, o Tribunal Federal de Revisão de Vigilância constatou que a própria existência desse muro era na verdade ou uma má interpretação de longa data por parte das agências governamentais. Também foi removida a exigência legal de que o governo comprove que um alvo de vigilância sob a FISA é um cidadão não americano e agente de uma potência estrangeira, embora ele tenha proibido investigações sobre cidadãos que estejam a cargo de atividades protegidas pela Primeira Emenda.[39] O título também expandiu a duração da pesquisa física e mandados de vigilância da FISA,[40] e deu às autoridades a capacidade de compartilhar informações coletadas antes de um grande júri federal com outras agências.[41]â¨O escopo e a disponibilidade das escutas telefônicas e de mandados de vigilância foram expandidos sob o Título II. Escutas telefônicas foram expandidas de forma a incluir o endereçamento e o roteamento de informações para permitir a vigilância de redes de comutação por pacotes[42] — O Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) opôs-se a isso, argumentando que essa permissão não leva em conta endereços de e-mail ou da Web endereços, que muitas vezes incluem conteúdo nas informações de endereço.[43] A lei permitiu que qualquer juiz de tribunal distrital dos Estados Unidos emita tais mandados de vigilância[42] e mandados de bu
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Title II is titled “Enhanced Surveillance Procedures”, and covers all aspects of the surveillance of suspected terrorists, those suspected of engaging in computer fraud or abuse, and agents of a foreign power who are engaged in clandestine activities. It primarily made amendments to FISA, and the ECPA, and many of the most controversial aspects of the USA PATRIOT Act reside in this title. In particular, the title allows government agencies to gather “foreign intelligence information” from both U.S. and non-U.S. citizens, and changed FISA to make gaining foreign intelligence information the significant purpose of FISA-based surveillance, where previously it had been the primary purpose.[37] The change in definition was meant to remove a legal “wall” between criminal investigations and surveillance for the purposes of gathering foreign intelligence, which hampered investigations when criminal and foreign surveillance overlapped.[38] However, that this wall even existed was found by the Federal Surveillance Court of Review to have actually been a long-held misinterpretation by government agencies. Also removed was the statutory requirement that the government prove a surveillance target under FISA is a non-U.S. citizen and agent of a foreign power, though it did require that any investigations must not be undertaken on citizens who are carrying out activities protected by the First Amendment.[39] The title also expanded the duration of FISA physical search and surveillance orders,[40] and gave authorities the ability to share information gathered before a federal grand jury with other agencies.[41]â¨The scope and availability of wiretapping and surveillance orders were expanded under Title II. Wiretaps were expanded to include addressing and routing information to allow surveillance of packet switched networks[42] — the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) objected to this, arguing that it does not take into account email or web addresses, which often contain content in the address information.[43] The Act allowed any district court judge in the United States to issue such surveillance orders[42] and search warrants for terrorism investigations.[44] Search warrants were also expanded, with the Act amending Title III of the Stored Communications Access Act to allow the FBI to gain access to stored voicemail through a search warrant, rather than through the more stringent wiretap laws.[45]
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第2編は「強化された監視手続き（Enhanced Surveillance Procedures）」と題され、テロ容疑者、コンピューターによる詐欺または悪用が疑われる人物、秘密活動に関与する外国勢力エージェントの監視における全側面を網羅しています。これは主として外国情報監視法（FISA）および電子通信プライバシー保護法（ECPA）を修正するものであり、米国愛国者法で争議を呼んだ部分の多くはこの編に含まれます。特に、第2編はアメリカ合衆国民および非アメリカ合衆国民より「対外情報（foreign intelligence information）」を収集することを政府機関に許可するもので、対外情報を収集することはFISAに基づく監視の主要な目的であったものを、FISAが修正され顕著な目的となりました。[37]この定義の変更は、犯罪捜査と対外情報収集を目的とした監視の間に存在した法の「壁」を取り除くためのものでした。犯罪捜査と対外監視が重なった際、この壁によって捜査に障害が生じていたためです。[38]しかしながら、この壁が存在していたという事実は、政府機関による長年に亘る誤解釈であったとの結論を連邦監視再審裁判所（Federal Surveillance Court of Review）が発表しました。また、FISAの下で監視される対象は非アメリカ合衆国民の外国勢力エージェントであることを政府が証明しなければならないという法的要件も取り除かれることになりました。ただし、合衆国憲法修正第1条によって保護される活動を行う市民については捜査を行うことができないと規定しています。[39]第2編ではFISAの物理的な捜査および監視命令の期間も延長され、[40]当局は収集した情報を連邦大陪審の下で他の政府機関と共有する権限も与えられました。[41]â¨通信傍受および監視命令が可能となる範囲も第2編で拡張されました。通信傍受は拡大し、パケット交換網を監視するためのアドレス指定情報およびルーティング情報も含まれるようになりました。[42]電子プライバシー情報センター（EPIC）はこれに反発し、しばしばアドレス情報にコンテンツを含むメールアドレスやウェブアドレスに配慮していないと主張しました。[43]愛国者法により、テロ捜査においてアメリカ合衆国内のあらゆる地方裁判官が上記の監視命令[42]および捜査令状を発行できるようになりました。[44]愛国者法は保存交信アクセス法（Stored Communications Access Act）第3編を修正し、捜査令状も拡張され、連邦捜査局（FBI）は厳格な通信傍受規制法ではなく捜査令状を通して保存されたボイスメールにアクセスできるようになりました。[45]
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Title II is titled “Enhanced Surveillance Procedures”, and covers all aspects of the surveillance of suspected terrorists, those suspected of engaging in computer fraud or abuse, and agents of a foreign power who are engaged in clandestine activities. It primarily made amendments to FISA, and the ECPA, and many of the most controversial aspects of the USA PATRIOT Act reside in this title. In particular, the title allows government agencies to gather “foreign intelligence information” from both U.S. and non-U.S. citizens, and changed FISA to make gaining foreign intelligence information the significant purpose of FISA-based surveillance, where previously it had been the primary purpose.[37] The change in definition was meant to remove a legal “wall” between criminal investigations and surveillance for the purposes of gathering foreign intelligence, which hampered investigations when criminal and foreign surveillance overlapped.[38] However, that this wall even existed was found by the Federal Surveillance Court of Review to have actually been a long-held misinterpretation by government agencies. Also removed was the statutory requirement that the government prove a surveillance target under FISA is a non-U.S. citizen and agent of a foreign power, though it did require that any investigations must not be undertaken on citizens who are carrying out activities protected by the First Amendment.[39] The title also expanded the duration of FISA physical search and surveillance orders,[40] and gave authorities the ability to share information gathered before a federal grand jury with other agencies.[41]â¨The scope and availability of wiretapping and surveillance orders were expanded under Title II. Wiretaps were expanded to include addressing and routing information to allow surveillance of packet switched networks[42] — the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) objected to this, arguing that it does not take into account email or web addresses, which often contain content in the address information.[43] The Act allowed any district court judge in the United States to issue such surveillance orders[42] and search warrants for terrorism investigations.[44] Search warrants were also expanded, with the Act amending Title III of the Stored Communications Access Act to allow the FBI to gain access to stored voicemail through a search warrant, rather than through the more stringent wiretap laws.[45]
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