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Keybot 244 Ergebnisse  csc.lexum.org  Seite 7
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'1 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÐ 40¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý£? Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àComme€nous€lð ðexpliquons€dans€les€affaires€ò òÔ_ ÔMalmoÔ_ Ô-Ô_ ÔLevineÔ_ Ôó ó€et€ò òÔ_ ÔCaineÔ_ Ôó ó,€leÐ  Ðdegr €appropri €de€d f rence€ voqu €dans€ò òÔ_ ÔHeywoodÔ_ Ôó ó€est€int gr € €la€norme€applicableÐ ( ˜ Ðen€mati re€de€ð ðdisproportion€exag r eð ð.
ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ B™ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýcš Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€the€issue€of€harm€associated€with€the€use€of€marihuana€for€non„medicalÐ l+Ü#- Ðpurposes,€Rosenberg€Ô_ ÔJ.A.Ô_ Ô€summarized€his€view€of€the€evidence€in€this€case€as€follows:Ý ƒ % Ñýcš ~š ݌Р-t%/ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ œ. '1 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àIn€the€companion€case€of€ò òR.€v.€Clayó ó,€I€have€reviewed€at€greater€lengthÐ  Ðâ âthe€stateð ðs€objectives€in€prohibiting€marihuana.€€First,€the€state€has€anÐ \ Ì Ðinterest€in€protecting€against€the€harmful€effects€of€use€of€that€drug.€€ThoseÐ ( ˜ Ðinclude€bronchial€pulmonary€harm€to€humans;€psychomotor€impairmentÐ ô d Ðfrom€marihuana€use€leading€to€a€risk€of€automobile€accidents€and€noÐ À 0 Ðsimple€screening€device€for€detection;€possible€precipitation€of€relapse€inÐ Œ ü Ðpersons€with€schizophrenia;€possible€negative€effects€on€[the]€immuneÐ X È Ðsystem;€possible€long„term€negative€cognitive€effects€in€children€whoseÐ $ ” Ðmothers€used€marihuana€while€pregnant;€possible€long„term€negativeÐ ð ` Ðcognitive€effects€in€long„term€users;€and€some€evidence€that€some€heavyÐ ¼ , Ðusers€may€develop€a€dependency.€€The€other€objectives€are:€to€satisfyÐ ˆ ø ÐCanadað ðs€international€treaty€obligations€and€to€control€the€domestic€andÐ T Ä Ðinternational€trade€in€illicit€drugs.€€Ð  œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ à(ò òR.€v.€Parkeró ó€(2000),€146€Ô_ ÔC.C.C.Ô_ Ô€Ô_ Ô(3d)Ô_ Ô€193€(Ont.€Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô),€at€para.143)Ó ÓÐ ¸ ( ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÏ¡ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òó óà œ àThe€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€was€of€the€view€that€the€use€of€intoxicants,Ð è X Ðincluding€marihuana,€in€the€privacy€of€oneð ðs€home€is€not€a€fundamental€aspect€ofÐ € ð Ðpersonal€autonomy€and€human€dignity€such€as€to€engage€the€liberty€or€security€interestsÐ ˆ Ðprotected€by€s.€7€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€As€to€the€potential€deprivation€of€liberty€throughÐ ° Ðimprisonment,€Rosenberg€Ô_ ÔJ.A.Ô_ Ô€accepted€for€the€purpose€of€the€appeal€that€there€was€aÐ H ¸ Ðharm€principle€to€the€effect€that€prohibited€activities€must€present€at€least€a€reasonedÐ à P Ðapprehension€of€harm€to€other€individuals€or€society€before€they€can€be€the€subject€ofÐ x è Ða€criminal€prohibition.€€Nevertheless,€even€on€that€basis,€the€Crown€had€established€aÐ !€ Ðreasoned€apprehension€of€harm€associated€with€marihuana€use€that€was€neitherÐ ¨" " Ðinsignificant€nor€trivial.€€In€light€of€the€findings€of€fact€of€the€trial€judge€it€could€notÐ @$° $ Ðbe€said€that€Parliament€lacked€a€rational€basis€for€
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92€de€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelle€de€1867ó ó. €€La€Loi€ne€repr sente€pas€une€tentative€deÐ "€ Ðl gif rer€en€mati re€criminelle€ tant€donn €quð ðelle€ne€comporte€aucune€cons quenceÐ œ# " Ðp nale€ni€aucun€objet€relevant€du€droit€criminel.
Ð(1882),€7€App.€Cas.€829,€at€p.€835:Ý ƒ % Ñýd  ÝŒÐ Ô P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à.€.€.€the€Act€does€not€delegate€any€legislative€powers€whatever.€€It€containsÐ "€ Ðwithin€itself€the€whole€legislation€on€the€matters€with€which€it€deals.€€TheÐ Ð"L ! Ðprovision€that€certain€parts€of€the€Act€shall€come€into€operation€only€on€theÐ œ# " Ðpetition€of€a€majority€of€electors€does€not€confer€on€these€persons€power€toÐ h$ä # Ðlegislate.€€Parliament€itself€enacts€the€condition€and€everything€which€is€toÐ 4%° $ Ðfollow€upon€the€condition€being€fulfilled.€€Conditional€legislation€of€thisÐ &| % Ðkind€is€in€many€cases€convenient,€and€is€certainly€not€unusual,€and€the€powerÐ Ì&H & Ðso€to€legislate€cannot€be€denied€to€the€Parliament€of€Canada,€when€theÐ ˜' ' Ðsubject€of€legislation€is€within€its€competency.Ó ÓÐ d(à ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŒ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThrough€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó,€the€Manitoba€Government€has€employed€a€statutoryÐ ”+ #, Ðinstrument€to€bind€itself€to€respect€local€opinion.€€Nowhere€does€the€Act,€in€purpose€orÐ ,-¨$. Ðeffect,€give€municipal€voters€the€power€to€legislate.€€This€case€is€distinguishable€from€ò òReÐ Ä.@&0 ÐThe€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27€Man.€R.€1€(C.A.),€upon€which€theÐ \0Ø'2 Ðinterveners€based€their€argument.€€There,€the€impugned€legislation€allowed€voters€toÐ „ Ðsubmit€laws€for€approval€by€ballot€and,€if€approved,€the€proposed€law€would€be€deemedÐ ˜ Ðan€Act€of€the€provincial€legislature.€€Here,€there€has€been€no€attempt€to€bypass€theÐ ´ 0 ÐLegislative€Assembly€or€to€usurp€its€law„making€function.€€The€Act€merely€allowsÐ L È Ðmunicipalities€to€decide€on€the€applicability€of€the€Act€to€their€communities.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýŒ § ݌Рä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àFinally,€I€would€add€that€the€intervenersð ð€argument€would€severely€restrictÐ  ÐParliament€and€the€provincial€legislatures€from€enacting€ð ðlocal€optionð ð€legislation,€whichÐ ¬ ( Ðwas€upheld€over€a€century€ago€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òRusselló ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€with€respect€to€theÐ D À Ðò òCanada€Temperance€Actó ó.€€That€decision€was€affirmed€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òAttorney„Ð Ü X ÐGeneral€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]€A.C.€193,€and€there€isÐ t ð Ðno€need€to€question€its€continued€validity€as€authority€on€this€issue.€€€Ý ƒ % Ñýì ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌD.€€ò òThe€Claim€under€Section€2(b)€of€the€CharterÐ
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ÐÔ_ Ôlð ðauto-incriminationÔ_ Ô€est€enclench €(non€pas€pour€prot ger€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ Ô€contreÐ /¤(3 Ðune€preuve€non€digne€de€foi,€mais€pour€le€prot ger€contre€les€abus€duÐ Ô/p)4 Ðpouvoir€de€Ô_ Ôlð ð tat)Ô_ Ô€et€Ô_ Ôlð ðadmissionÔ_ Ô€en€preuve€du€r sultat€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðalcootestÔ_ Ô€aÐ d Ðdonn €lieu€ €un€proc s€in quitable. €€Les€droits€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ Ô€en€mati re€deÐ 0 Ì Ðjustice€fondamentale€Ô_ Ônð ðontÔ_ Ô€pas€ t €respect s.
ÐÓ Óà0 œ à[The€police]€observed€that€the€Respondent€was€either€providing€improperÐ d Ðâ âsamples€or€placing€his€tongue€over€the€end€of€the€mouthpiece€to€prevent€anyÐ 0 Ì Ðair€entering€the€ASD.€€They€were€at€most€a€foot€away€from€his€face€andÐ ü ˜ Ðobserved€his€actions€in€this€regard.€€After€each€invalid€sample,€he€wasÐ È d Ðinformed€of€the€proper€way€to€provide€a€sample.Ð ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÌà0 œ àÔ_ Ôà ø àEventually,Ô_ Ô€after€a€seventh€invalid€sample,€police€told€the€RespondentÐ , È Ðthat€if€he€did€not€provide€a€proper€sample€on€his€next€attempt,€he€would€beÐ ø ” Ðcharged€with€refusing€to€provide€a€sample.€€The€Respondent€immediatelyÐ Ä ` Ðprovided€a€valid€sample,€which€was€a€Fail.Ó ÓÐ  , œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñým^ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€the€strength€of€that€result,€the€respondent€was€required€to€provide€aÐ À \ Ðbreathalyzer€sample.€€Based€on€the€breathalyzer€reading,€the€respondent€was€ultimatelyÐ X ô Ðcharged€under€s.€253(ò òbó ó)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€and€convicted€at€trial,€for€having€operatedÐ ð Œ Ða€motor€vehicle€with€a€bloodÔ_ Ô„alcoholÔ_ Ô€ratio€exceeding€the€legal€limit€of€80mg€of€alcoholÐ ˆ $ Ðin€100€ml€of€Ô_ Ôblood.Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñým^ ˆ^ ݌Р¼ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý9a Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú22Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondentð ðs€conviction€at€trial€was€set€aside€by€the€summary€convictionÐ P ì Ðappeal€court€and€an€acquittal€was€Ô_ Ôsubstituted.Ô_ Ô€€The€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€dismissedÐ è „ Ðan€appeal€by€the€Crown€against€that€decision€and€the€Crown€further€appeals€to€this€Ô_ ÔCourtÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô.Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñý9a Ta ݌Р€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÔ_ ÔIVÔ_ ÔÐ ° L ! ÐÓ ‹c ÓÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýßc Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àI€turn€now€to€the€judgment€of€the€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€Ô_ Ô((2004),€184Ð à#| % ÐMan.€R.€(2d)€138,€2004€MBCA€46).Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñýßc úc ݌Рx% ' ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýEe Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àSpeaking€for€a€unanimous€Court,€Philp€J.A.€reviewed€the€relevant€case€lawÐ ¨(D"+ Ðand€concluded€that€the€ASD€breath€sample€given€by€the€respondent€was€not€obtained€inÐ @*Ü#- Ðresponse€to€a€valid€demand€under€s.€254(2),€nor€provided€voluntarily.€€Philp€J.A.Ð Ø+t%/ Ðexplained:€Ý ƒ ÑýEe `e ݌Рp- '1 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ /¤(3 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô.Ô_ Ô€.€.€the€accusedð ðs€ð ðagreementð ð€(that€is€the€finding€the€trial€judge€made)€toÐ d Ðprovide€a€breath€sample€for€an€ASD€test€at€the€Public€Safety€Building,€whenÐ 0 Ì Ðhe€was€under€arrest€and€no€longer€had€care€or€control€of€his€vehicle,€was€notÐ ü ˜ Ðin€response€to€the€demand€that€had€
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Ý ƒ % ÑýûC ^D ݌Р"€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý I Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€et€la€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Manitoba€ont€toutes€lesÐ 4%° $ Ðdeux€conclu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ Ì&H & Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch.44€(ð ð€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€ð ð),€dans€lð ðensemble,€et€son€art.€16,€enÐ d(à ( Ðparticulier,€nð ðexc daient€pas€la€comp tence€de€la€l gislature€de€la€province€et€ne€violaientÐ ü)x!* Ðpas€non€plus€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó.€€Les€appelants€ont,€par€la€suite,Ð ”+ #, Ðcontest €la€Loi€devant€notre€Cour€en€faisant€valoir€que€lð ðart.€16,€qui€vise€express ment€laÐ ,-¨$. Ðville€de€Winkler,€viole€lð ðal.2ò òbó ó),€lð ðart.7€et€le€par.15(1)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó.€€Ils€ont€aussi€pr tenduÐ Ä.@&0 Ðque€cette€loi€exc de€la€comp tence€du€gouvernement€provincial€du€fait€quð ðelle€empi teÐ \0Ø'2 Ðsur€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel.€€LeÐ „ Ð31octobre2002,€la€Cour€a€rejet €leur€pourvoi€dans€une€d cision€unanime,€dont€voici€lesÐ ˜ Ðmotifs.Ý ƒ % Ñý I 7I ݌Р´ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔII.ò òLes€faitsÐ ä ` Ðó óÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‹N Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Corporation€des€loteries€du€Manitoba€(ð ðCLMð ð)€est€lð ðorganismeÐ  Ðresponsable€de€Ô' ` ä UN Ôlð ðexploitation€des€loteries€ð" ð€y€compris€les€ALV€ð" ð€dans€la€province.€€ElleÐ ¬ ( Ðconclut€avec€des€ð ð€exploitants€de€site€ð ð€des€accords€visant€lð ðinstallation€dð ðALV€dans€leursÐ D À Ð tablissements.€€Lð ðexploitant€du€site€touche€alors€un€pourcentage€des€recettes€g n r es€parÐ Ü X Ðles€ALV.€€Les€ALV€demeurent,€cependant,€la€propri t €de€la€CLM€qui,€aux€termes€deÐ t ð Ðlð ðaccord€dð ðexploitation€de€site,€peut€les€retirer€ €tout€moment€sans€avoir€ €justifier€sonÐ ˆ Ðgeste.Ý ƒ % Ñý‹N ¦N ݌Р¤ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý R Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€appelants,€David€et€EloisaSiemens,€sont€les€seuls€actionnaires€de€Sie-CorÐ Ô P ÐProperties€Inc.,€qui€a€acquis€le€Winkler€Inn€en€1993.€€Ils€ont€d pens €une€sommeÐ l è Ðconsid rable€pour€r nover€et€agrandir€cet€ tablissement,€et€ont€fait€valoir€que€la€pr senceÐ "€ Ðdes€ALV€avait€jou €un€rð= ðle€important€dans€leur€d cision€dð ðinvestir.
ÐResidence€in€Winkler€is€not€an€analogous€ground,€as€there€is€nothing€to€suggest€thatÐ Ô P Ðresidents€there€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€they€suffer€from€any€sort€ofÐ l è Ðprejudice.€€Moreover,€the€legislation€does€not€discriminate€against€the€appellants€in€anyÐ "€ Ðsubstantive€sense.€€Winkler€residents€were€singled€out€in€s.16€because€theirs€was€theÐ œ# " Ðonly€municipality€to€have€already€held€a€plebiscite.€€There€was€no€harm€to€dignity.€€TheÐ 4%° $ Ðpurpose€of€s.16€was€to€respect€the€will€of€the€Winkler€residents€as€expressed€in€thatÐ Ì&H & Ðplebiscite.€€The€section€does€not€affect€the€right€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLTÐ d(à ( Ðplebiscite€under€the€Act€and€they€may€initiate€a€plebiscite€to€reinstate€VLTs€in€theirÐ ü)x!* Ðcommunity.Ð ”+ #, Ðâ âÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òÔ& È Ôâ âCases€Citedó óÐ „ ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó óò òR.€v.€Furtneyó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€89;ò òó óÔ' È „ ú$ Ô€ò òLaw€v.€Canada€(Minister€ofÐ ´ 0 ÐEmployment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€497;€ò òó óò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó ó€(1882),€7Ð L È ÐApp.€Cas.€829;ò ò€ó óò òAttorney-General€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]Ð ä ` ÐA.C.€193;€ò òó óò òHaig€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€2€S.C.R.€995;ò òó óò ò€distinguished:€€ó óò òJohnson€v.€AttorneyÐ | ø ÐGeneral€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127;ò ò€Re€The€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27Ð  ÐMan.€R.€1;ò ò€referred€to:€€ó óò òR.€v.€Big€M€Drug€Mart€Ltd.ó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1985]€1€S.C.R.€295;€ò òEdmontonÐ ¬ ( ÐJournal€v.€Albertaó ó€ò ò(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1989]€2€S.C.R.€1326ò òó ó;€ò òR.€v.€Wholesale€TravelÐ D À ÐGroup€Inc.ó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€154ò òó ó;€ò òThomson€Newspapers€Co.€v.€Canada€(AttorneyÐ Ü X ÐGeneral)ó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.€877ò òó ó;€ò ò€Kitkatla€Band€v.€British€Columbia€(Minister€of€SmallÐ t ð ÐBusiness,€Tourism€and€Culture)ó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.€146,€2002€SCC€31;ò òó ó€ò òOð ðGrady€v.Ð ˆ ÐSparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804;€ò òRoss€v.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5;ò òó óÐ ¤ Ðò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.€v.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.Ð
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Ðdroit€en€mati re€dð ðadmissibilit €de€la€preuve€obtenue€par€ coute€ lectronique€ taitÐ Ô)D"+ Ðdevenu,€selon€les€termes€du€jugeSopinka,€un€ð ðfouillis€proc duralð ð€(ò òGarofolió ó,Ð l+Ü#- Ðp.1445).€€Les€diverses€proc dures,€dont€chacune€concernait€une€contestationÐ -t%/ Ðâ âproc durale€distincte€et€reposait€sur€des€assises€juridictionnelles€diff rentes,€portaientÐ œ. '1 Ðg n ralement€le€nom€des€affaires€dans€lesquelles€elles€avaient€ t €engag es.€€IlÐ  Ðsð ðagissait€des€proc dures€suivantes:Ý ƒ 0 Ñý4o Oo ݌Р( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌ(1)à0 œ àun€voir-dire€de€type€ò òParsonsó ó€devant€le€juge€du€proc s€pour€d terminer€si,Ð X È Ð €la€lecture€de€son€texte,€lð ðautorisation€est€valide,€si€lð ðinterception€a€ t Ð ð ` Ðeffectu e€conform ment€aux€modalit s€pr vues€et€si€les€conditionsÐ ˆ ø Ðprescrites€par€la€loi€ont€ t €respect es,€la€r paration€en€cas€de€manquementÐ  Ð tant€lð ðexclusion€en€vertu€de€lð ðancien€art.178.16€du€ò òCode€crimineló ó€(ò òR.€c.Ð ¸ ( ÐParsonsó ó€(1977),€37C.C.C.€(2d)497€(C.A.€Ont.),€conf.€par€[1980]Ð P À Ð1R.C.S.785€(ò òsub€nom.ó ó€ò òCharette€c.€La€Reineó ó));Ð è X œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌ(2)à0 œ àune€demande€de€typeò òWilsonó ó€devant€le€tribunal€ayant€accord €lð ðautorisationÐ ˆ Ðpour€d terminer€si€lð ðaffidavit€est€valide€quant€au€fond,€la€r paration€ tantÐ ° Ðlð ðannulation€de€lð ðautorisation€(ò òWilson€c.€La€Reineó ó,€[1983]€2R.C.S.594);Ð H ¸ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌ(3)à0 œ àune€audience€de€type€ò òGarofolió ó€devant€le€juge€du€proc s€pour€d terminer€siÐ x è Ðlð ðautorisation€est€conforme€ €lð ðart.8€de€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€etÐ !€ Ðlibert só ó,€la€r paration€ tant€une€d cision€concernant€lð ðopportunit €dð ðexclureÐ ¨" " Ðla€preuve€en€vertu€du€par.
Ðwide€or€too€vague.€€The€authorizing€judge€should€grant€the€authorizationÐ )x!* Ðonly€as€far€as€need€is€demonstrated€by€the€material€submitted€by€theÐ Ô)D"+ Ðapplicant.€€[para.€29]Ó Ð ÓÐ  * #, « Ð « Ð ÐÌÓ 9 Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 ÓÓ Ó3.1.3à0 4 àò òIs€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óLeave€Requirement€Consistent€With€Subsequent€€ò òCharterÐ Ð-@&0 Ðó óJurisprudence?ó óÓ ¢Ó ÓÐ œ. '1 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ 9 Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 ÓÐ 40¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÂÔ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThird,€the€appellants€submit€that€three€importantò òó ó€principles,€repeatedlyÐ  Ðenforced€by€this€Court€in€its€ò òCharter€ó ójurisprudence,€favour€the€abolishment,€orÐ ( ˜ Ðalternatively,€the€relaxation€of€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement.€€These€principles€are:Ð À 0 Ðthe€ò òó órecognized€importance€of€a€broad€right€to€cross„examination;€the€lower€standardÐ X È Ðgenerally€applicable€to€the€admissibility€of€defence€evidence;€and€the€need€to€ensureÐ ð ` Ðaccess€to€the€remedial€scheme€in€the€ò òCharteró ó.€Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÂÔ ÝÔ ÝŒÐ ˆ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý×× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThere€is€no€debate€that€these€important€principles€are€relevant€both€in€theÐ ¸ ( Ðformulation€of€an€appropriate€standard€for€allowing€cross„examination€and€in€itsÐ P À Ðapplication.€€However,€the€accusedð ðs€right€to€an€evidentiary€hearing€must€be€consideredÐ è X Ðin€context.€€It€must€also€be€balanced€against€countervailing€interests,€including€the€needÐ € ð Ðto€ensure€that€the€criminal€trial€process€is€not€plagued€by€lengthy€proceedings€that€doÐ ˆ Ðnot€assist€in€the€determination€of€the€relevant€issues.€€As€I€will€explain,€the€appellantsð ðÐ ° Ðargument€ignores€important€contextual€factors.€€When€the€proposed€cross„examinationÐ H ¸ Ðof€an€affiant€is€considered€in€the€context€of€the€review€hearing€and€its€narrow€scope,Ð à P Ðit€is€my€view€that€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement€strikes€an€appropriate€balanceÐ x è Ðbetween€these€competing€interests.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý×× ò× ÝŒÐ !€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ó3.2à0 4 àò òRelevant€Contextual€Factorsó óÐ @$° $ 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÔ # † X ú¸ X X X ú¸jÌ # ÔÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ ÔÝ ‚ 0 ÑýKÝ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€first€contextual€factor€that€is€ignored€by€the€appellantsð ð€argument€hasÐ p'à ( Ðalready€been€mentionedÔ # † X ú¸ X X X ú¸‰Ý # ÔÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ Ô€ð" ð€the€right€to€full€disclosure.€€Under€s.€187(1.4)€of€theÐ )x!* Ðò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€the€defence€has€a
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H.19Ð ü"˜ ÐÓ ñº ÓÌà0 œ àà ø àà œ àà ø àà œ àà ø àò ò5€ó ó€(1)€€Toute€personne€a€droit€ €un€traitement€ gal€en€mati re€dð ðemploi,Ð &¢ " Ðsans€discrimination€fond e€sur€la€race,€lð ðascendance,€le€lieu€dð ðorigine,€laÐ Ò&n # Ðcouleur,€lð ðorigine€ethnique,€la€citoyennet ,€la€croyance,€le€sexe,Ð ž':!
ÐÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àà ø àò ò48.€ó ó(1)€€Ô USCE. , ÔÔ # † X %a X X / X %aöz # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔEvery€collective€agreement€shall€provide€for€the€final€andÐ d Ðbinding€settlement€by€arbitration,€without€stoppage€of€work,€of€allÐ 0 Ì Ðdifferences€between€the€parties€arising€from€the€interpretation,€application,Ð ü ˜ Ðadministration€or€alleged€violation€of€the€agreement,€including€anyÐ È d Ðquestion€as€to€whether€a€matter€is€arbitrable.Ô # † X %a X X # X %a | # ÔÔ ‡ / X %a X X X %a ÔÔ CE. , US. , à{ ÔÐ ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ô Ô ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ , È ÐÌà0 œ àà ø à(12)€€Ô USCE. , ÔÔ # † X %a X X / X %aæ} # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔAn€arbitrator€or€the€chair€of€an€arbitration€board,€as€the€case€mayÐ Ä ` Ðbe,€has€power,Ð  , œ Ð œ Ð Ðà œ àÌà œ àà0 ø à(a)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€require€any€party€to€furnish€particulars€before€or€during€aÐ ( Ä Ðhearing;Ð ô  8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø à(b)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€require€any€party€to€produce€documents€or€things€that€mayÐ Œ ( Ðbe€relevant€to€the€matter€and€to€do€so€before€or€during€theÐ X ô Ðhearing;Ð $ À 8 Ð 8 Ð Ðà œ àà0 ø àÐ ø Ð ø Ð Ðà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(c)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€fix€dates€for€the€commencement€and€continuation€ofÐ ¼ X Ðhearings;Ó S ÓÐ ˆ $ 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(d)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€summon€and€enforce€the€attendance€of€witnesses€and€toÐ ¼ Ðcompel€them€to€give€oral€or€written€evidence€on€oath€in€theÐ ì ˆ Ðsame€manner€as€a€court€of€record€in€civil€cases;€andÓ S ÓÐ ¸ T 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(e)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€administer€oaths€and€affirmations,Ô # † X %a X X # X %aÀ~ # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔÔ CE. , US. , ‹~ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÐ P ì 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌÔ # † X %a X X # X %aíƒ # ÔÔ CE. , US. , &„ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a Ôà0 œ àand€an€arbitrator€or€an€arbitration€board,€as€the€case€may€be,€has€power,Ó S ÓÐ Ž * œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(f)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€accept€the€oral€or€written€evidence€as€the€arbitrator€or€theÐ &  Ðarbitration€board,€as€the€case€may€be,€in€its€discretion€considersÐ ò Ž Ðproper,€whether€admissible€in€a€court€of€law€or€not;ò òÓ S ÓÐ ¾ Z 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌó óÓ S Óà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(g)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€enter€any€premises€where€work€is€being€done€or€has€beenÐ V!ò ! Ðdone€by€the€employees€or€in€which€the€employer€carries€onÐ ""¾ " Ðbusiness€or€where€anything€is€taking€place€or€has€taken€placeÐ î"Š # Ðconcerning€any€of€the€differences€submitted€to€the€arbitrator€orÐ º#V $ Ðthe€arbitration€board,€and€inspect€and€view€any€work,€material,Ð †$" % Ðmachinery,€appliance€or€article€therein,€and€interrogate€anyÐ R%î & Ðperson€respec
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, }: ÔEnfin,€le€fait€que€le€syndicat€ne€sð ðest€pas€conform €aux€exigencesÐ ¼ X Ðproc durales€de€la€convention€collective,€sò òó óelon€lesquellesò ò€ó óun€grief€en€mati re€deÐ T ð Ðcong diement€doit€pr ciser€la€disposition€de€la€convention€collective€qui€aurait€ t Ð ì ˆ Ðviol e,€ne€lð ðemp che€pas€dð ðinvoquer€ult rieurement€lð ðart.
ÐÐ Ô/p)4 Ðà œ àLastly,€the€Unionð ðs€failure€to€comply€with€the€procedural€requirements€ofÐ d Ðthe€collective€agreement,€which€demand€that€a€discharge€grievance€must€set€out€theÐ ü ˜ Ðsection€of€the€collective€agreement€that€is€alleged€to€have€been€violated,€does€notÐ ” 0 Ðpreclude€the€Union€from€subsequently€raising€s.44€of€the€ò òESAó ó€as€a€potential€basis€ofÐ , È Ðliability.€Procedural€requirements€should€not€be€stringently€enforced€in€those€instances€Ð Ä ` Ðwhere,€as€here,€the€employer€suffered€no€prejudice.Ð \ ø ÐÌà œ àò òPeró ó€Major€and€LeBel€JJ.€(dissenting):€€Oð ðs€ò òHuman€Rights€Codeó ó€claim€is€notÐ Œ ( Ðthe€subject€of€the€agreement€between€her€employer€and€her€Union,€and€is€therefore€notÐ $ À Ðarbitrable.€€Unless€the€legislature€passes€legislation€incorporating€the€substance€of€itsÐ ¼ X Ðstatutes€into€collective€agreements,€it€is€to€be€assumed€that€unions€and€employers€mayÐ T ð Ðdefine€which€employees€and€disputes€are€covered€by€a€collective€agreement€andÐ ì ˆ Ðtherefore€have€access€to€binding€arbitration,€as€long€as€the€agreement€does€not€conflictÐ „ Ðwith€statute€or€public€policy.€€Absent€legislative€action,€courts€should€not€on€their€ownÐ ¸ Ðinitiative€interfere€with€the€terms€of€a€collective€agreement.€€Here,€the€ò òHuman€RightsÐ ´ P ÐCodeó ó€is€not€implicitly€incorporated€into€all€collective€agreements.€To€read€intoÐ L è Ðs.48(12)(j)€of€the€ò òLRAó ó€the€extraordinary€power€to€take€jurisdiction€of€any€claim€basedÐ ä € Ðon€statute,€despite€the€plain€wishes€of€the€parties€to€the€contract,€is€a€subversion€of€theÐ |! " Ðlegislative€intent.€€If€the€legislature€wished€to€thus€expand€the€power€of€arbitrators,€itÐ #° $ Ðwould€have€signalled€its€intent€more€clearly.€€Oð ðs€dismissal€is€not€arbitrable€becauseÐ ¬$H & Ðher€Union€and€her€employer€agreed€not€to€cover€the€dismissal€of€probationaryÐ D&à ( Ðemployees€in€their€collective€agreement,€and€the€legislature€did€not€intend€to€requireÐ Ü'x!* Ðthat€they€do€so.Ð t) #, ÐÌà œ àIt€was€improper€for€the€Court€of€Appeal,€ò òsua€sponteó ó,€to€ignore€theÐ ¤,@&0 Ðprocedural€requirements€negotiated€by€the€parties€and€raise€the€ò òESAó ó€argument.€€ArticleÐ
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€€Par€cons quent,€la€conclusion€du€ConseilÐ Œ ( Ðque€le€cong diement€discriminatoire€dð ðun€employ € €lð ðessai€est€mati re€ €arbitrageÐ $ À Ðnð ðest€pas€manifestement€d raisonnable€et€doit€ tre€confirm e.Ô CECF.
Ðcollective€agreement€and€falls€squarely€within€the€Boardð ðs€jurisdiction.€€Accordingly,Ð Ô/p)4 Ðthe€Boardð ðs€finding€that€the€discriminatory€discharge€of€a€probationary€employee€isÐ d Ðarbitrable€is€not€patently€unreasonable€and€should€be€upheld.Ð ü ˜ ÐÌà œ àEven€if€there€was€no€basis€on€which€to€conclude€that€the€alleged€violationÐ , È Ðof€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Code€ó óis€arbitrable,€the€application€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€of€theÐ Ä ` Ðò òESA€ó óleads€to€the€conclusion€that€the€subject€matter€of€Oð ðs€grievance€is€arbitrable.€€TheÐ \ ø Ðjoint€effect€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€is€that€each€collective€agreement€is€deemed€to€containÐ ô  Ða€provision€that€prohibits€the€discharge€of€a€probationary€employee€because€she€tookÐ Œ ( Ðor€intends€to€take€pregnancy€leave.€€Thus,€the€subject€matter€of€Oð ðs€grievance€clearlyÐ $ À Ðconstitutes€a€dispute€that€arises€under€a€collective€agreement€over€which€the€Board€hasÐ ¼ X Ðjurisdiction.€€Ð T ð ÐÌà œ àIt€was€not€improper€for€the€Court€of€Appeal€to€take€into€account€the€factÐ „ Ðthat€the€substantive€rights€and€obligations€of€the€ò òESA€ó óare€incorporated€directly€intoÐ ¸ Ðeach€collective€agreement.€€The€finding€under€review€is€not€the€Boardð ðs€finding€thatÐ ´ P Ðs.5(1)€of€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Code€ó óis€enforceable€against€the€employer,€but€its€findingÐ L è Ðthat€Oð ðs€grievance€is€arbitrable.€€If€the€Court€of€Appeal€had€upheld€the€DivisionalÐ ä € ÐCourtð ðs€decision€to€reverse€the€arbitration€award€without€taking€into€account€theÐ |! " Ðpotential€impact€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€of€the€ò òESAó ó,€it€would€arguably€have€committedÐ #° $ Ðan€error€of€law.€Ð ¬$H & ÐÌà œ àThe€Union€was€not€bound€by€its€prior€decision€not€to€seek€enforcement€ofÐ Ü'x!* Ðs.44€of€the€ò òESAó ó€at€the€initial€hearing.€€The€purpose€of€s.64.5(4)€of€the€ò òESAó ó€is€not€toÐ t) #, Ðbind€a€union€to€such€a€prior€decision,€but,€rather,€to€affirm€the€principle€that€anÐ +¨$. Ðemployee€to€whom€a€collective€agreement€applies€is€not€entitled€to€file€or€maintain€aÐ ¤,@&0 Ðcomplaint€under€the€Act.€Ð
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Ðcour€si geant€en€r vision€reconnaisse€que€lð ðorganisme€public€est€peut- tre€mieux€plac Ð Ô/p)4 Ðque€les€tribunaux€pour€rendre€une€d cision€dans€certains€domaines€et€quð ðelle€d termineÐ d Ðsi€tel€est€le€cas€de€la€d cision€en€cause. €€Les€d cisions€municipales€en€mati re€deÐ ü ˜ Ðmodification€de€zonage€font€partie€dð ðun€domaine€dans€lequel€lð ðexpertise€desÐ ” 0 Ðmunicipalit s€d passe€celle€des€tribunaux.
ÐŒÝ ÝÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àà ø àIn€public€regulation€of€this€sort€there€is€no€such€thing€as€absolute€andÐ d Ðuntrammelled€ð ðdiscretionð ð,€that€is€that€action€can€be€taken€on€any€ground€orÐ 0 Ì Ðfor€any€reason€that€can€be€suggested€to€the€mind€of€the€administrator;€noÐ ü ˜ Ðlegislative€Act€can,€without€express€language,€be€taken€to€contemplate€anÐ È d Ðunlimited€arbitrary€power€exercisable€for€any€purpose,€however€capriciousÐ ” 0 Ðor€irrelevant,€regardless€of€the€nature€or€purpose€of€the€statute.€Ó ¬k ÓÐ ` ü œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýEn Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€second€factor€is€the€statutory€scheme€and€its€provisions,€in€this€case€theÐ  , Ðò òAct€respecting€land€use€planning€and€developmentó ó,€R.S.Q.,€c.€A„19.1,€which€grants€theÐ ( Ä ÐMunicipality€authority€to€ò òó óconsider€a€rezoning€application.€Even€so,€the€absence€of€anÐ À \ Ðappeal€provision€demands€greater€municipal€solicitude€for€fairness.€Enhanced€proceduralÐ X ô Ðprotections€ð ðwill€be€required€when€no€appeal€procedure€is€provided€within€the€statute,Ð ð Œ Ðor€when€the€decision€is€determinative€of€the€issue€and€further€requests€cannot€beÐ ˆ $ Ðsubmittedð ð:€ò òBakeró ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€24,€ò òper€ó óLð ðHeureux„Dub J.Ý ƒ ÑýEn `n ݌Р¼ ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òó óÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýëq Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€third€factor€requires€us€to€consider€the€importance€of€the€decision€to€theÐ P ì ÐCongregation.€€The€stringency€of€procedural€protection€is€directly€proportional€to€theÐ è „ Ðimportance€of€the€decision€to€the€lives€of€those€affected€and€the€nature€of€its€impact€onÐ € Ðthem:€ò òBakeró ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€25;€see€also€ò òKane€v.€Board€of€Governors€of€the€UniversityÐ ´ Ðof€British€Columbiaó ó,€[1980]€1€S.C.R.€1105,€at€p.€1113.€Here,€it€becomes€important€thatÐ ° L ! Ðthe€municipal€decision€affects€the€Congregationð ðs€practice€of€its€religion.€The€right€toÐ H"ä # Ðfreely€adhere€to€a€faith€and€to€congregate€with€others€in€doing€so€is€of€primaryÐ à#| % Ðimportance,€as€attested€to€by€its€protection€in€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€andÐ x% ' ÐFreedomsó ó€and€the€Quebec€ò òCharter€of€human€rights€and€freedomsó ó,€R.S.Q.,€c.€C„12.€Ý ƒ Ñýëq r ݌Р'¬ ) ÐŒÝ Ýò òó óÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýuv Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€fourth€factor€ð" ð€the€legitimate€expectations€of€the€Congregation€ð" ð€alsoÐ @*Ü#- Ðmilitates€in€favour€of€heightened€procedural€protection.€€Where€prior€conduct€creates€forÐ Ø+t%/ Ðthe€claimant€a€legitimate€expectation€that€certain€procedur
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ÓÝ ‚ % NCÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ ÓÝ ‚ % NC2 Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Û]Ý Ýà p àIl€est€important€de€souligner€que€lð ðexigence€minimale€de€pertinence€vraisemblable€deÐ Ô $ Ðcommon€law€ nonc €dans€ò òOð ðConnoró ó€diff re€consid rablement€du€crit re€de€pertinenceÐ ¬ ü Ðvraisemblable€fix €par€le€l gislateur€pour€la€production€de€dossiers€contenant€des€renseignementsÐ „ Ô Ðpersonnels€dans€des€proc dures€en€mati re€dð ðagression€sexuelle€conform ment€au€r gime€deÐ \ ¬ Ðlð ðarr t€ò òMills€ó ó(voirpar.
C ÿÿ ƒ L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ( $$ ” ” ò òÚ Ú1Ú Úó ó @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t c . b , r h v > r u n . h e a d f o r v . ( e n g l i s h ) V . r h v 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 v . V , r h e > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t v . r * h 1 > t i t l e i n b o l d , f l u s h l e f t n o i n d e n t ˆ * h 2 > t i t l e i n 1 0 . 5 p t r e g u l a r , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d e n t Œ , i n d > ( i n d e x e d o r r e p e r t o i r e ) , t e x t 7 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t Š . i n d 1 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) , ( n o v . o r c . i n s i d e )  . i n d 2 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) w i t h 2 v . o r 2 c . i n s i d e d 4 / f t n o t e > e n d o f e n g l i s h f o o t n o t e H * 3 p > 3 . . . c e n t e r ˜ . p r e s > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : P r e s e n t : L a m e r Š . f i l e > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : F i l e N o s : „ . d a t e > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : 1 9 9 2 : V * p 9 > P a r a . i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . š , c r t > t e x t i n 8 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d . e x . : A P P E A L , A P P E L v , c a p > P a r a . i n 9 . 5 p t , j u s t . , a l l i n i t a l i c ˜ 0 c a s e 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l . l e f t , n o i n d e n t e x . : c a s e s œ 0 c a s e 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o c a s e 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l l e f t , n o i n d e n t z 0 c a s e 3 > ( a p p l i e d t o c a s e 1 ) , p a r . 9 . 5 p t j u s t . ˜ , a u 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l l e f t , n o i n d e n t e x . : a u t h o r s † , a u 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o a u 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l u s h & o n e œ 0 s t a t 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l l e f t , n o i n d ( S t a t u t e s , L o i s ) Ž 0 s t a t 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o s t a t 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l u s h & o n e Z 4 f t n o t e f > f o o t n o t e f r a n c a i s e V 2 f t n o t e > f o o t n o t e a n g l a i s e T . r u l e > r u l e c e n t e r 1 i n c h H * 3 * > 3 * * * c e n t e r j ( h
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ÓÔ& È ÔC.à0 àò òLa€question€de€savoir€si€le€droit€et€la€preuve€ tayent€les€dommages-int r tsÐ  Ðaccord s€par€le€juryó óÐ \ Ì Ð Ð ÐÓ ^ ÓÌÓ 3 Ü , ‚X ` Œ ‰X Ü , ‚X ` Œ ‰X 3 ÓÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýd_ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú52Ú ÚÛ € z 4 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àUn€certain€nombre€de€questions€se€posent€relativement€auxÔ' È  f^ ÔÐ À 0 Ðdommages-int r ts.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýd_ _ ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌà0 ` àÔ& ` Ô(1)à Œ àò òPreuve€du€pr judiceó óÐ ˆ ø ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý a Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àLð ðappelante€a€fait€t moigner€CaraBrown,€ €titre€dð ðexperte€en€mati re€deÐ ¸ ( ÐÔ' ` ˆ ­` Ôdommages-int r ts.
} L X k I ÓÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý– Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐv # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔThere€was€evidence€that€the€University€had€breached€these€duties€throughÐ ˆ ø Ðthe€negligence€of€its€employees.€€The€task€of€the€reviewing€court€is€not€to€agree€orÐ  Ðdisagree€with€the€juryð ðs€conclusions,€but€just€to€satisfy€itself€that€there€was€evidence€onÐ ¸ ( Ðwhich€the€jury,€properly€instructed,€could€reasonably€conclude€as€it€did.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐI # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔThe€issue€forÐ P À Ðthe€jury€was€the€failure€of€her€professors€even€to€ò òseek€ó ófrom€the€appellant€an€explanationÐ è X Ðof€a€missing€footnote€before€embarking€on€a€course€of€action€fraught€with€danger€forÐ € ð Ðher€hoped„for„career.Ý ƒ ` Ñý– ± ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐ # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAs€might€be€expected,€the€recollections€of€events€of€the€various€participantsÐ H ¸ Ðdiffered.€€There€was€no€suggestion€that€any€of€the€respondents€had€acted€in€bad€faith.Ý ƒ ` Ñý¾ ٠݌Рà P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý@ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€jury€clearly€concluded€that€Professor€Bella€should€have€done€what€bothÐ !€ ÐProfessor€Dempster€and€officials€at€CPS€recommended,€namely€check€out€the€ð ðfootnoteÐ ¨" " Ðissueð ð€with€the€appellant€before€proceeding€on€a€course€of€action,€in€concert€withÐ @$° $ ÐDr.Rowe,€based€on€nothing€more€than€speculation.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãО # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔProfessor€Karen€Mitchell€(who,€asÐ Ø%H & Ðsessional€lecturer,€also€taught€the€appellant)€told€the€jury€it€was€not€uncommon€forÐ p'à ( Ðstudents€to€make€errors€in€footnoting.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐZ # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔProfessor€Dempster€testified€that€in€ProfessorÐ )x!* ÐBellað ðs€position,€in€writing€to€the€appellant,€she€ð ðwould€have€made€reference€toÐ  * #, Ðappendix€A,€a€clear€referenceð ð.Ý ƒ ` Ñý@ [ ݌Р8,¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñýª Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLooking€at€the€broader€duty,€the€jury€heard€that€Professor€Dempster€told€theÐ  Ðâ âappellant,€in€effect,€that€she€was€unfit€to€be€a€social€worker.€€The€jury€must€haveÐ ( ˜ Ðconcluded€that€Professor€Dempster€knew€of€Professor€Bellað ðs€speculation€thatÐ À 0 ÐAppendix€A€was€autobiographical,€but€failed€to€check€the€facts€before€delivering€aÐ X È Ðjudgment€on€the€appellantð ðs€career€prospects.€Ý ƒ ` Ñýª Š݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐc # ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ `
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€€En€cons quence,€la€Cour€sup rieure€nð ða€commisÐ Ô)D"+ Ðaucune€erreur€lorsquð ðelle€sð ðest€d clar e€incomp tente€pour€connað3 ðtre€du€litige€par€le€motifÐ l+Ü#- Ðque€lð ðarbitre€de€griefs€avait€une€comp tence€exclusive€en€la€mati re.€Ý ƒ 0 Ñý®¬ ɬ ݌Р-t%/ ÐŒÝ ÝÌà « à(ii)à0 " àò òLe€monopole€de€la€repr sentation€syndicaleó óÐ 40¤(3 " Ð " Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýϰ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú56Ú ÚÛ € z 8 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àPar€ailleurs,€le€fait€dð ðattribuer€le€statut€de€repr sentant€ €lð ðintim €Bisaillon,Ð  Ðsð ðil€ tait€fait€droit€ €sa€requ te€en€autorisation€de€recours€collectif,€serait€incompatibleÐ ( ˜ Ðavec€les€mandats€l gaux€de€repr sentation€que€le€ò òCode€du€travailó ó€accorde€aux€neufÐ À 0 Ðsyndicats€accr dit s€repr sentant€les€salari s€de€Concordia.
ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýŒ0 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àWhen€a€grievance€arbitrator€finds€it€impossible€to€resolve€a€dispute€or€a€partÐ l+Ü#- Ðof€a€dispute€because€he€or€she€does€not€have€jurisdiction€over€the€parties,€the€ordinaryÐ -t%/ Ðcourts€retain€jurisdiction€over€the€dispute€(Gagnon,€at€p.547).€€Such€situations€are€likelyÐ œ. '1 Ðto€arise€where€the€grievance€arbitrator€cannot€claim€to€have€authority€over€personsÐ 40¤(3 Ðconsidered€to€be€third€parties€in€relation€to€the€collective€agreement€and€cannot€renderÐ  Ðdecisions€against€them.€€However,€there€is€nothing€to€prevent€thirdparties€fromÐ ( ˜ Ðvoluntarily€and€expressly€submitting€to€a€grievance€arbitratorð ðs€jurisdiction,€therebyÐ À 0 Ðbestowing€jurisdiction€upon€him€or€her:€ò òCanadian€Union€of€Public€Employees€v.Ð X È ÐCanadian€Broadcasting€Corp.ó ó,€[1992]€2€S.C.R.€7.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýŒ0 §0 ݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÖ4 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€inherent€limits€on€their€ò òin€personam€ó ójurisdiction€do€not€mean€thatÐ  Ðgrievance€arbitrators€have€to€ensure€that€their€decisions€have€no€effect€on€thirdparties.Ð ¸ ( ÐIt€is€possible€for€thirdparties€who€do€not€belong€to€the€bargaining€unit,€such€as€companyÐ P À Ðmanagers,€to€be€directly€or€indirectly€affected€by€an€arbitration€award.€€However,€theseÐ è X Ðthirdparties€will€not€be€legally€bound€by€the€award:€ò òSyndicat€des€professionnelles€etÐ € ð Ðprofessionnels€du€gouvernement€du€Qu bec€v.€Paquet€(Coll ge€dð ðenseignement€g n ralÐ ˆ Ðet€professionnel€r gional€de€Lanaudi re€et€Syndicat€des€professionnelles€etÐ ° Ðprofessionnels€du€gouvernement€du€Qu bec,€section€locale8)ó ó,€[2005]€Q.J.€No.678€(QL),Ð H ¸ Ð2005€QCCA€109,€at€para.40.€€As€we€shall€see,€the€mere€fact€that€the€same€issue€arisesÐ à P Ðin€the€collective€agreements€of€several€different€bargaining€units€with€a€single€employerÐ x è Ðdoes€not€oust€the€jurisdiction€of€the€grievance€arbitrator€in€favour€of€the€ordinary€courts.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÖ4 ñ4 ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ( Ôà œ à(iii)à0 Ü àò òResidual€Jurisdiction€of€the€Superior€Courtó óÐ @$° $ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¢: Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú42Ú ÚÛ € z * Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àGrievance€arbitrators€have€very€broad€powers,€both€explicit€and€implicit,€soÐ p'à ( Ðas€to€be€able€to€grant€any€remedies€needed€to€implement€the€collective€agreement:€see,ò òÐ )x!* Ðinter€aliaó ó,€s.100.12€ò òL.C.ó ó€and€R.P.Gagnon,€L.LeBel€and€P.Verge,€ò òDroit€du€travailó óÐ  * #, Ð(2nded.€1991),€at€p.710.€€Despite€this€broad€arbitral€jurisdictio
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€€Le€cong diement€dð ðO€nð ðest€pas€mati re€ €arbitrage€parce€que€le€syndicatÐ Ä ` Ðet€lð ðemployeur€ont€convenu€de€ne€pas€inclure€dans€la€convention€collective€leÐ \ ø Ðcong diement€des€employ s€ €lð ðessai,€et€le€l gislateur€nð ðentendait€pas€exiger€quð ðils€leÐ ô  Ðfassent.Ð Œ ( ÐÌà œ àLa€Cour€dð ðappel€nð ðaurait€pas€dðE ð,€de€son€propre€chef,€faire€abstraction€desÐ ¼ X Ðexigences€proc durales€n goci es€par€les€ò òó óparties€et€fonder€une€argumentation€sur€laÐ T ð Ðò òLNE.€ó ó€Lð ðalin a€8.06a)€de€la€convention€collective€exige€clairement€du€syndicat€quð ðilÐ ì ˆ Ðinvoque€ð ðles€articles€de€la€convention€qui€auraient€ t €viol sð ð.
Ð8.06(a)€of€the€collective€agreement€clearly€required€the€Union€to€state€ð ðthe€section€orÐ Ô/p)4 Ðsections€of€the€Agreement€which€are€alleged€to€have€been€violatedð ð.€€The€Union€shouldÐ d Ðtherefore€have€raised€s.44€of€the€ò òESAó ó,€barring€employment€discrimination€on€the€basisÐ ü ˜ Ðof€ð ðpregnancy€leaveð ð,€which€the€legislature€has€explicitly€incorporated€into€allÐ ” 0 Ðcollective€agreements€via€s.64.5(1)€of€the€ò òESAó ó.€€This€the€Union€chose€not€to€do.€€EvenÐ , È Ðif€the€failure€to€raise€the€ò òESAó ó€might€have€been€curable€or€seen€as€a€simple€proceduralÐ Ä ` Ðdefect,€the€Union€would€at€the€very€least€have€had€the€obligation€to€raise€the€matter€atÐ \ ø Ðthe€arbitration€stage.€€The€Union€and€O€should€be€bound€by€the€specific€claims€theyÐ ô  Ðmade€and€the€manner€in€which€they€presented€them.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€erred€inÐ Œ ( Ðraising€this€issue,€not€chosen€by€the€parties.Ð $ À ÐÌà œ àO€is€not€without€a€remedy.€€She€may€use€the€mechanisms€carefully€set€outÐ T ð Ðby€the€legislature€to€vindicate€her€human€rights,€and€may€bring€her€claim€before€theÐ ì ˆ ÐHuman€Rights€Commission,€as€the€employer€urged€and€as€the€legislature€intended.Ð „ ÐÌò òÔ& ø ÔCases€Citedó óÐ ´ P ÐÌBy€Iacobucci€J.Ð ä € ÐÌà œ àò òAppÔ' ø ´ š? Ôlied:€€ó óò òMcLeod€v.€Eganó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€517;ò ò€referred€to:ó ó€€ò òVolvoÐ #° $ ÐCanada€Ltd.€v.€U.A.W.,€Local€720ó ó,€[1980]€1S.C.R.178;€ò òDouglas€Aircraft€Co.€ofÐ ¬$H & ÐCanada€v.€McConnelló ó,€[1980]€1S.C.R.245;€ò òDayco€(Canada)€Ltd.€v.€CAW-Canadaó ó,Ð D&à ( Ð[1993]€2S.C.R.230;€ò òToronto€(City)€Board€of€Education€v.€O.S.S.T.F.,€District€15ó ó,Ð Ü'x!* Ð[1997]€1S.C.R.487;€ò òCanada€(Director€of€Investigation€and€Research)€v.€SouthamÐ t) #, ÐInc.ó ó,€[1997]€1S.C.R.748;€ò òC.U.P.E.€v.€Ontario€(Minister€of€Labour)ó ó,€[2003]€1€S.C.R.Ð +¨$. Ð539,€2003SCC29;€ò òCanadian€Broadcasting€Corp.v.€Canada€(Labour€RelationsÐ ¤,@&0 ÐBoard)ó ó,€[1995]€1S.C.R.157;€ò òUnited€Brotherhood€of€Carpenters€and€Joiners€ofÐ
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€€Le€pr sident€occupe€son€poste€pendant€cinq€ans€et€peut€ treÐ Ô)D"+ Ðrenomm € €ce€poste;€les€autres€membres€occupent€leur€poste€pendant€quatre€ans€etÐ l+Ü#- Ðpeuvent€ tre€renomm s€ €leur€poste€(art.15).€€En€plus€des€pouvoirs€particuliers€d critsÐ -t%/ Ðci-dessus,€la€Loi€impose€ €la€Commission€lð ðobligation€g n rale€de€traiter€les€travailleursÐ œ. '1 Ðet€les€personnes€ €leur€charge€de€mani re€juste€et€raisonnable€(par.21.1(1)).€€LaÐ 40¤(3 ÐCommission€est€assist e€dans€son€travail€par€de€nombreux€professionnels€ayant€ €leurÐ  Ðt te€un€directeur€g n ral€qui€est€lð ðadministrateur€principal€de€la€Commission.€€LaÐ ( ˜ ÐCommission€ tablit€et€publie€ galement€des€directives€dð ðorientation€(par.21.1(2)).Ô CECF. , ÔÝ ƒ % Ñý§k Âk ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýyt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , -t ÔÔ_ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s „l # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLaÔ_ Ô€composition€et€les€pouvoirs€de€la€Commission€ainsi€que€la€dur e€desÐ ð ` Ðfonctions€de€ses€membres€montrent€bien€quð ðelle€poss de€une€expertise€vraimentÐ ˆ ø Ðconsid rable€en€mati re€de€traitement€de€tous€les€aspects€du€r gime€dð ðindemnisation€desÐ  Ðaccidents€du€travail.€€Non€seulement€la€Commission€poss de-t-elle€une€expertise€couranteÐ ¸ ( Ðen€mati re€de€traitement€des€demandes€dð ðindemnisation,€dð ð tablissement€des€taux€deÐ P À Ðcotisation€et€de€promotion€de€la€s curit €au€travail,€mais€encore€elle€poss de€uneÐ è X Ðexpertise€pour€ce€qui€est€dð ðassurer€que€le€respect€des€objectifs€de€la€Loi.€€Comme€le€faitÐ € ð Ðremarquer€le€juge€Ô_ ÔWakelingÔ_ Ô€dans€ses€motifs€de€dissidence,€ €la€p.€301:Ý ƒ % Ñýyt ”t ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àÔ # † X s X X X s Vu # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[ò òtraductionó ó]€Ô # † X s X X X s Hy # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[Les€membres€de€la€Commission]€ont€tout€ce€quð ðil€faut,€surÐ H ¸ Ðle€plan€de€lð ðexp rience,€pour€d terminer€comment€la€Loi€peut€le€mieuxÐ „ Ðassurer€une€ volution€continue€et€coh rente€des€objectifs€quð ðelle€vise.€€Je€nð ðaiÐ à P Ðaucune€raison€de€douter€quð ðils€ont€toute€la€comp tence€voulue€pour€trancherÐ ¬ Ðles€diverses€questions€que€la€mesure€l gislative€est€destin e€ €leur€soumettre.Ó y ÓÐ x è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌò òÔ& È ÔLe€probl me€dont€ tait€saisie€la€Commissionó óÔ CECF. , ÔÐ ¨" " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý#| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , û{ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s y # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLa€Loi€contient€trois€dispositions€qui€interdisent€les€poursuites€judiciaires.€Ô' È ¨"Á{ ÔÐ Ø%H & ÐLð ðarticle44€supprime€le€dr
W ݌Р * #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€third€aspect€of€the€system,€the€injury€fund,€also€comes€under€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðauthority€of€the€Board.€The€Board€has€the€responsibility€to€maintain€the€fund€and€collectÐ h/Ø'2 Ðassessments€from€employers.€It€establishes€classes€of€industries€(s.€121(1)),€and€canÐ  Ðsubdivide€those€classes€according€to€the€hazard€they€present€(s.€121(2)).€The€Board€thenÐ ( ˜ Ðassesses€employers€in€each€class€a€percentage€of€their€pay„roll€that€it€considers€sufficientÐ À 0 Ðto€pay€for€injuries€to€workers€in€industries€in€that€class€(s.€135(1)).€There€are€provisionsÐ X È Ðallowing€for€additional€assessments€on€employers€who€have€fatal€accidents€(s.€135.1).€Ý ƒ % Ñý¾ ٠݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òThe€Expertise€of€the€Boardó óÐ  ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý• Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€expertise€of€workersð ð€compensation€boards€was€recognized€early€on.€InÐ P À Ðò òDominion€Cannersó ó,€Idington€J.€noted€at€p.€53€that:Ý ƒ % Ñý• ° ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àThe€past€experience€of€the€members€of€the€board,€no€doubt€wasÐ ˆ Ðsufficient€guide€and€we€should€at€least€give€them€credit€therefor,€andÐ ä T Ðknowledge,€by€this€time,€of€the€Act,€superior,€I€imagine,€to€ours.Ð ° œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ ø ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýH Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAt€the€time€that€the€application€under€s.€168€was€heard,€the€Board€wasÐ à P Ðcomposed€of€at€least€three€members€appointed€by€the€Lieutenant€Governor€in€Council€(s.Ð x è Ð13(1)).€€The€chairman€was€appointed€from€among€the€members€by€the€LieutenantÐ !€ ÐGovernor€in€Council€(s.€14(1)).€€The€members€held€office€at€pleasure,€except€for€theÐ ¨" " Ðchairman,€who€was€appointed€for€five€years€and€was€eligible€for€reappointment€(s.€15).€Ð @$° $ ÐAs€it€stands€today,€the€Board€has€a€maximum€of€five€full„time€members,€including€aÐ Ø%H & Ðchairperson€and€an€even€number€of€members,€half€of€whom€represent€employers€and€halfÐ p'à ( Ðof€whom€represent€workers€(s.€13(1)).€The€employer€representatives€are€chosen€from€aÐ )x!* Ðlist€of€names€submitted€by€employer€associations,€and€the€worker€representatives€areÐ  * #, Ðchosen€from€a€list€of€names€submitted€by€labour€organizations€(s.€13(1.1)).€TheÐ 8,¨$. Ðchairperson€holds€office€for€five€years€and€may€be€reappointed;€the€other€members€holdÐ Ð-@&0 Ðoffice€for€four€years€and€may€be€reappointed€(s.€15).€In€addition€to€the€specific€powersÐ h/Ø'2 Ðdescribed€above,€the€Act€imposes€on€the€Board€the€general€duty€of€treating€workers€a
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Ðpermette€que€des€craintes€et€des€propensions€irrationnelles€faussent€lð ðapplicationÐ h Ô Ðl gitime€des€conditions€ tablies€en€la€mati re. €€Il€nð ðest€pas€n cessaire€de€sð ðappuyer€surÐ l Ðla€jurisprudence€ou€la€doctrine€pour€affirmer€que€les€r actions€ motives€de€gens€malÐ ˜ Ðinform s€sont€ext rieures€ €notre€syst me€de€mise€en€libert €sous€caution.Ý ƒ % Ñý ê #ê ݌Р0 œ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýÿî Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú109Ú ÚÛ € z m Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà µ àComme€nous€lð ðavons€vu,€lð ðintim e€a€ nonc €plusieurs€motifs€particuliersÐ #r Ðde€refuser€la€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€qui€pourraient€relever€de€lð ðð ðadministration€deÐ ž$ " Ðla€justiceð ð.€€Bien€quð ðil€soit€possible€de€consid rer€que€certains€de€ces€motifs€favorisentÐ 6&¢ $ Ðle€bon€fonctionnement€du€syst me€de€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€(comme,€parÐ Î': & Ðexemple,€refuser€la€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€pour€prot ger€lð ðaccus €lui„m me),€laÐ f)Ò!( Ðcapacit €de€donner€un€ou€deux€exemples€isol s€de€cas€o €le€refus€dð ðaccorder€la€mise€enÐ þ*j#* Ðlibert €sous€caution€peut€ tre€justifi €pour€dð ðautres€motifs€que€ceux€ num r s€ €lð ðal.ò òaó ó)Ð –, %, Ðâ âou€ €lð ðal.€ò òbó ó)€ne€saurait€justifier€le€libell €g n ral€de€lð ðal.515(10)ò òcó ó).€€Le€l gislateur€peutÐ ..š&. Ðl gif rer€de€mani re€ €inclure€ces€motifs€pr cis€sð ðil€le€juge€n cessaire,€mais€tel€nð ðest€pasÐ ” Ðlð ðobjet€de€la€disposition€en€cause€dans€la€pr sente€affaire.ò òÝ ƒ % Ñýÿî ï ݌Р, ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌó óÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý"ô Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú110Ú ÚÛ € z n Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà µ àEn€r sum ,€m me€si,€dans€dð ðautres€circonstances,€lð ðon€pourrait€consid rerÐ n Ðque€les€facteurs€ num r s€ €lð ðal.
Ðforth.Ð Ô* %, ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÂt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú103Ú ÚÛ € z g Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àConsequently,€I€am€of€the€view€that€this€Courtð ðs€holding€in€ò òCanadianÐ ª.Ø(0 ÐBroadcasting€Corp.€v.€New€Brunswick€(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1996]€3€S.C.R.€480Ð B0p*2 Ð(ð ðò òCBCó óð ð),€namely€that€the€phrase€ð ðproper€administration€of€justiceð ð€provided€anÐ Ò Ðintelligible€standard€by€which€a€presiding€judge€could€exclude€members€of€the€publicÐ j ˜ Ðfrom€criminal€proceedings,€cannot€be€used€to€support€a€similar€conclusion€in€the€caseÐ 0 Ðat€bar.€€The€Courtð ðs€holding€in€ò òCBC€ó ówas€based€on€its€conclusion€that,€in€the€context€ofÐ š È Ðs.€486(1)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€the€phrase€ð ðproper€administration€of€justiceð ð€engagedÐ 2 ` Ðspecific€fundamental€values€such€as€the€ability€of€courts€to€control€their€own€processÐ Ê ø Ðin€furtherance€of€the€rule€of€law,€and€the€power€of€courts€to€regulate€the€publicity€ofÐ b  Ðtheir€proceedings€in€order€to€protect€the€innocent€and€safeguard€privacy€interests:€€see€Ð ú ( Ðò òCBCó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€paras.€36„43.€€By€engaging€these€specific€values,€the€phrase€ð ðproperÐ ’ À Ðadministration€of€justiceð ð,€in€the€context€of€s.€486(1),€provided€an€ð ðintelligible€standardÐ * X Ð...€according€to€which€the€judiciary€[could]€exercise€the€discretion€conferredð ð:€€ò òCBCó ó,Ð Â ð Ðat€para.€59.€ò ò€ó óIn€contrast,€as€I€have€stated,€I€can€find€no€parallel€values€engaged€by€theÐ Z ˆ Ðphrase€ð ðmaintain€confidence€in€the€administration€of€justiceð ð,€as€it€is€found€in€s.Ð ò Ð515(10)(ò òcó ó).€€The€mere€fact€that€this€phrase€is€well€known€does€not€serve€to€endow€itÐ Š ¸ Ðwith€an€intrinsic€legitimacy.€€On€the€contrary,€the€proper€approach€is€to€examine€theÐ " P Ðphrase€in€its€statutory€context€and€in€light€of€the€specific€values€engaged:€€ò òCBCó ó,€atÐ º è Ðpara.€36.€€In€the€context€of€s.€515(10)(ò òcó ó),€the€phrase€ð ðmaintain€confidence€in€theÐ R € Ðadministration€of€justiceð ð€fails€to€engage€any€legitimate€specific€values€and€thus€doesÐ ê " Ðnot€provide€the€judiciary€with€an€ð ðintelligible€standardð ð.Ý ƒ % ÑýÂt Ýt ݌Р‚"° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýt~ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú104Ú ÚÛ € z h Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àBy€enacting€s.€515(10)(ò òcó ó),€Parliament€has€essentially€revived,€albeit€withÐ X&† ( Ðmore€elaborate€wording,€the€old€ð ðpublic€interestð ð€ground€that€this€Court€struck€downÐ ð' "* Ðin€ò òMoralesó ó.€€In€ò òRe€Powers€and€The€Queen€ó ó(1972),€9€C.C.C.€(2d)€533€(Ont.€H.C.),€atÐ ˆ)¶#, Ðpp.€544„45,€the€ð ðpublic€interestð ð€ground€was€defi
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Ðlð ðopposabilit €dð ðune€d cision€en€mati re€de€droit€dð ðauteur€ €lð ð gard€de€tous€et,€parÐ Ô-@&0 Ðcons quent,€la€nature€de€ses€effets€sur€les€tiers€font€obstacle€ €la€proc dure€arbitrale. €€LeÐ l/Ø'2 Ðò òCode€de€proc dure€civileó ó€ne€consid re€pas€lð ðeffet€dð ðune€sentence€arbitrale€sur€les€tiersÐ ” Ðcomme€un€motif€permettant€de€lð ðannuler€€ou€dð ðen€refuser€lð ðhomologation.
Ðbinding€on€third€parties.€Ð Ô-@&0 ÐÐ l/Ø'2 Ðà œ àFinally,€by€adopting€a€standard€of€review€based€on€simple€review€of€anyÐ ” Ðerror€of€law€made€in€considering€a€matter€of€public€order,€the€Court€of€Appeal€appliedÐ , ˜ Ðan€approach€that€runs€counter€to€the€fundamental€principle€of€the€autonomy€of€arbitrationÐ Ä 0 Ðand€extends€judicial€intervention€at€the€point€of€homologation€or€an€application€forÐ \ È Ðannulment€of€the€arbitration€award€well€beyond€the€cases€provided€for€in€the€ò òCode€ofÐ ô ` ÐCivil€Procedureó ó.€€Public€order€will€of€course€always€be€relevant,€but€solely€in€terms€ofÐ Œ ø Ðthe€determination€of€the€overall€outcome€of€the€arbitration€proceeding.€Ð $  ÐÌà œ àD€has€not€established€a€violation€of€the€rules€of€natural€justice€during€theÐ T À Ðarbitration€proceeding.€Ð ì X ÐÌò òÔ& ð ÔCases€Citedó óÐ ˆ ÐÌà œ àò òApproved:ó óò òó óò òLaurentienne„vie,€Ô_ ÔcompagnieÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôdð ðassuranceÔ_ Ô€inc.€v.€Empire,Ð L ¸ Ðcompagnie€Ô_ Ôdð ðassurance„Ô_ Ôvieó ó,€[2000]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ Ô€1708;€ò òÔ_ ÔMousseauÔ_ Ô€v.€Soci t €de€Ô_ ÔgestionÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔPaquinÔ_ ÔÐ ä P ÐÔ_ Ôlt eÔ_ Ôó ó,€[1994]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ Ô€2004;ò òó óò ò€ó óò òCompagnie€Ô_ ÔnationaleÔ_ Ô€Air€France€v.€Ô_ ÔMbayeÔ_ Ôó ó,€[2000]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ Ô€717;Ð | è Ðò òInternational€Civil€Aviation€Organization€v.€Ô_ ÔTripalÔ_ Ô€Systems€Pty.€Ltd.ó ó,€[1994]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ ÔÐ !€ Ð2560;€ò òÔ_ ÔR gieÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔintermunicipaleÔ_ Ô€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðeauÔ_ Ô€Tracy,€St„Joseph,€St„Ô_ ÔRochÔ_ Ô€v.€ConstructionsÐ ¬" " ÐÔ_ ÔM ridienÔ_ Ô€inc.ó ó,€[1996]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ Ô€1236;€ò òÔ_ ÔR gieÔ_ Ô€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðassurance„Ô_ Ômaladie€du€Qu bec€v.Ð D$° $ ÐF d ration€des€Ô_ Ôm decinsÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôsp cialistesÔ_ Ô€du€Qu becó ó,€[1987]€Ô_ ÔR.D.J.Ô_ Ô€555;€ò òÔ_ ÔTuyauxÔ_ Ô€Atlas,€Ô_ ÔuneÔ_ ÔÐ Ü%H & Ðdivision€de€Atlas€Turner€Inc.€v.€Ô_ ÔSavardÔ_ Ôó ó,€[1985]€Ô_ ÔR.D.J.Ô_ Ô€556;ò ò€referred€to:€€ó óÔ' ð > Ôò òGuns€Ô_ ÔNð ðRosesÔ_ ÔÐ t'à ( ÐMissouri€Storm€Inc.€v.€Productions€Musicales€Donald€K.€Donald€Inc.ó ó,€[1994]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ ÔÐ )x!* Ð1183;€ò òCanada€(Human€Rights€Commission)€v.€Canadian€Liberty€Netó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.Ð ¤* #, Ð626;€ò òOntario€(Attorney€General)€v.€Ô_ ÔPembinaÔ_ Ô€Exploration€Canada€Ltd.ó ó,€[1989]€1€S.C.R.Ð
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€€Le€pr sident€occupe€son€poste€pendant€cinq€ans€et€peut€ treÐ Ô)D"+ Ðrenomm € €ce€poste;€les€autres€membres€occupent€leur€poste€pendant€quatre€ans€etÐ l+Ü#- Ðpeuvent€ tre€renomm s€ €leur€poste€(art.15).€€En€plus€des€pouvoirs€particuliers€d critsÐ -t%/ Ðci-dessus,€la€Loi€impose€ €la€Commission€lð ðobligation€g n rale€de€traiter€les€travailleursÐ œ. '1 Ðet€les€personnes€ €leur€charge€de€mani re€juste€et€raisonnable€(par.21.1(1)).€€LaÐ 40¤(3 ÐCommission€est€assist e€dans€son€travail€par€de€nombreux€professionnels€ayant€ €leurÐ  Ðt te€un€directeur€g n ral€qui€est€lð ðadministrateur€principal€de€la€Commission.€€LaÐ ( ˜ ÐCommission€ tablit€et€publie€ galement€des€directives€dð ðorientation€(par.21.1(2)).Ô CECF. , ÔÝ ƒ % Ñý§k Âk ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýyt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , -t ÔÔ_ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s „l # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLaÔ_ Ô€composition€et€les€pouvoirs€de€la€Commission€ainsi€que€la€dur e€desÐ ð ` Ðfonctions€de€ses€membres€montrent€bien€quð ðelle€poss de€une€expertise€vraimentÐ ˆ ø Ðconsid rable€en€mati re€de€traitement€de€tous€les€aspects€du€r gime€dð ðindemnisation€desÐ  Ðaccidents€du€travail.€€Non€seulement€la€Commission€poss de-t-elle€une€expertise€couranteÐ ¸ ( Ðen€mati re€de€traitement€des€demandes€dð ðindemnisation,€dð ð tablissement€des€taux€deÐ P À Ðcotisation€et€de€promotion€de€la€s curit €au€travail,€mais€encore€elle€poss de€uneÐ è X Ðexpertise€pour€ce€qui€est€dð ðassurer€que€le€respect€des€objectifs€de€la€Loi.€€Comme€le€faitÐ € ð Ðremarquer€le€juge€Ô_ ÔWakelingÔ_ Ô€dans€ses€motifs€de€dissidence,€ €la€p.€301:Ý ƒ % Ñýyt ”t ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àÔ # † X s X X X s Vu # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[ò òtraductionó ó]€Ô # † X s X X X s Hy # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[Les€membres€de€la€Commission]€ont€tout€ce€quð ðil€faut,€surÐ H ¸ Ðle€plan€de€lð ðexp rience,€pour€d terminer€comment€la€Loi€peut€le€mieuxÐ „ Ðassurer€une€ volution€continue€et€coh rente€des€objectifs€quð ðelle€vise.€€Je€nð ðaiÐ à P Ðaucune€raison€de€douter€quð ðils€ont€toute€la€comp tence€voulue€pour€trancherÐ ¬ Ðles€diverses€questions€que€la€mesure€l gislative€est€destin e€ €leur€soumettre.Ó y ÓÐ x è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌò òÔ& È ÔLe€probl me€dont€ tait€saisie€la€Commissionó óÔ CECF. , ÔÐ ¨" " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý#| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , û{ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s y # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLa€Loi€contient€trois€dispositions€qui€interdisent€les€poursuites€judiciaires.€Ô' È ¨"Á{ ÔÐ Ø%H & ÐLð ðarticle44€supprime€le€dr
W ݌Р * #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€third€aspect€of€the€system,€the€injury€fund,€also€comes€under€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðauthority€of€the€Board.€The€Board€has€the€responsibility€to€maintain€the€fund€and€collectÐ h/Ø'2 Ðassessments€from€employers.€It€establishes€classes€of€industries€(s.€121(1)),€and€canÐ  Ðsubdivide€those€classes€according€to€the€hazard€they€present€(s.€121(2)).€The€Board€thenÐ ( ˜ Ðassesses€employers€in€each€class€a€percentage€of€their€pay„roll€that€it€considers€sufficientÐ À 0 Ðto€pay€for€injuries€to€workers€in€industries€in€that€class€(s.€135(1)).€There€are€provisionsÐ X È Ðallowing€for€additional€assessments€on€employers€who€have€fatal€accidents€(s.€135.1).€Ý ƒ % Ñý¾ ٠݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òThe€Expertise€of€the€Boardó óÐ  ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý• Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€expertise€of€workersð ð€compensation€boards€was€recognized€early€on.€InÐ P À Ðò òDominion€Cannersó ó,€Idington€J.€noted€at€p.€53€that:Ý ƒ % Ñý• ° ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àThe€past€experience€of€the€members€of€the€board,€no€doubt€wasÐ ˆ Ðsufficient€guide€and€we€should€at€least€give€them€credit€therefor,€andÐ ä T Ðknowledge,€by€this€time,€of€the€Act,€superior,€I€imagine,€to€ours.Ð ° œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ ø ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýH Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAt€the€time€that€the€application€under€s.€168€was€heard,€the€Board€wasÐ à P Ðcomposed€of€at€least€three€members€appointed€by€the€Lieutenant€Governor€in€Council€(s.Ð x è Ð13(1)).€€The€chairman€was€appointed€from€among€the€members€by€the€LieutenantÐ !€ ÐGovernor€in€Council€(s.€14(1)).€€The€members€held€office€at€pleasure,€except€for€theÐ ¨" " Ðchairman,€who€was€appointed€for€five€years€and€was€eligible€for€reappointment€(s.€15).€Ð @$° $ ÐAs€it€stands€today,€the€Board€has€a€maximum€of€five€full„time€members,€including€aÐ Ø%H & Ðchairperson€and€an€even€number€of€members,€half€of€whom€represent€employers€and€halfÐ p'à ( Ðof€whom€represent€workers€(s.€13(1)).€The€employer€representatives€are€chosen€from€aÐ )x!* Ðlist€of€names€submitted€by€employer€associations,€and€the€worker€representatives€areÐ  * #, Ðchosen€from€a€list€of€names€submitted€by€labour€organizations€(s.€13(1.1)).€TheÐ 8,¨$. Ðchairperson€holds€office€for€five€years€and€may€be€reappointed;€the€other€members€holdÐ Ð-@&0 Ðoffice€for€four€years€and€may€be€reappointed€(s.€15).€In€addition€to€the€specific€powersÐ h/Ø'2 Ðdescribed€above,€the€Act€imposes€on€the€Board€the€general€duty€of€treating€workers€a
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