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Ðdð ðaccusations€dð ðinfraction€en€mati re€de€drogue€port es€contre€lð ðaccus €--€Minist reÏpublic€invoquant€le€privil ge€relatif€aux€indicateurs€de€police€pour€refuser€de€faire€droitÏ €la€requ te€de€lð ðaccus €visant€ €obtenir€la€production€de€la€fiche€de€lð ðinformationÏcommuniqu e€--€Le€juge€du€proc s€a„t„il€commis€une€erreur€en€ordonnant€la€productionÏde€la€fiche€r vis e€de€lð ðinformation€communiqu e€par€lð ðindicateur?

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U N ^ % ¬ 0 Y ² n n y y w @ ç 4 ' ; 1 m J ~ · 0 u 5 0 c ª 1 m U N ‚ U N Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð 0 u “ 0  ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ U N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) U N w w w w B Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å B â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Æ ÿ 0  Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å 0 @ R 0 X ’ 0 ` ê 0 b J 0 x ¬ 0 d $ 0 V ˆ 0 V Þ 0 b 4 0 V – 0 V ì 0 r B 0 ˆ ´ 0 Œ 0 Š È 0  R 0 d â 0 H F 0 ˜ Ž 0 Š &! 0 „ °! 0 V 4" 0 š Š" 0 v $# 0 ˜ š# 0 œ 2$ 0 z Î$ 0 ˜ H% 0 † à% 0 œ f& 0 Ž ' 0 Z ' 0 V ê' 0 T @( 0 H ”( 0 j Ü( 0 Z F) 0 h  ) 0 „ * 0 Ž Œ* 0 x + 0 b ’+ 0 d ô+ 0 T X, 0 h ¬, 0 Œ - 0 †  - 0 x &. 0 ˜ ž. 0 n 6/ 0 € ¤/ 0 j $0 0 t Ž0 0 r 1 0 X t1 0 ` Ì1 0 n ,2 0 ‚ š2 0 j 3 0 t †3 0 r ú3 0 j l4 0 f Ö4 0 d 0 Œ  5 0 p ,6 0 p œ6 0 ” 7 0 ”  7 0 j 48 0 l ž8 0 l 9 0 p v9 0 r æ9 0 j X: 0 l Â: 0 l .; 0 p š; 0 r 0 t | 0 z ð 0 | j= 0 ~ æ= 0 t d> 0 z Ø> 0 | R? 0 ~ Î? 0 P L@ 0 H œ@ 0 b ä@ 0 ` FA 0 ` ¦A 0 b B ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X ( 1 É $ ¡ ¡ Ô € X ]ú X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , Ôg : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ h e a d e n g . w p t g : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ r e a s e n g . w p t E D D D  |r"õÅ"ð ð ñ ñ 3| x #-e 3 7 = C I Q Y a g ­ ­ 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) t Ý ƒ ýÜ' ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ ÝÓ Ó„€Ú Ú1Ú Ú€„ ( M 3ýÜ$ § § Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý ( ; 3»$ ´ ´ Ô2 -e ÔÚ Ú0Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 à & Y 3 7 ; A G O W _ e ³ ³ 1 a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) ( @ ø Ð Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( M 3ýÜ$ © © Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý H F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r d üÿ P P d 1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 B J Ž2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ìà X àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o

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Ðdð ðaccusations€dð ðinfraction€en€mati re€de€drogue€port es€contre€lð ðaccus €--€Minist reÏpublic€invoquant€le€privil ge€relatif€aux€indicateurs€de€police€pour€refuser€de€faire€droitÏ €la€requ te€de€lð ðaccus €visant€ €obtenir€la€production€de€la€fiche€de€lð ðinformationÏcommuniqu e€--€Le€juge€du€proc s€a„t„il€commis€une€erreur€en€ordonnant€la€productionÏde€la€fiche€r vis e€de€lð ðinformation€communiqu e€par€lð ðindicateur?

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U N ^ % ¬ 0 Y ² n n y y w @ ç 4 ' ; 1 m J ~ · 0 u 5 0 c ª 1 m U N ‚ U N Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð 0 u “ 0  ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ U N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) U N w w w w B Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å B â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Æ ÿ 0  Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å 0 @ R 0 X ’ 0 ` ê 0 b J 0 x ¬ 0 d $ 0 V ˆ 0 V Þ 0 b 4 0 V – 0 V ì 0 r B 0 ˆ ´ 0 Œ 0 Š È 0  R 0 d â 0 H F 0 ˜ Ž 0 Š &! 0 „ °! 0 V 4" 0 š Š" 0 v $# 0 ˜ š# 0 œ 2$ 0 z Î$ 0 ˜ H% 0 † à% 0 œ f& 0 Ž ' 0 Z ' 0 V ê' 0 T @( 0 H ”( 0 j Ü( 0 Z F) 0 h  ) 0 „ * 0 Ž Œ* 0 x + 0 b ’+ 0 d ô+ 0 T X, 0 h ¬, 0 Œ - 0 †  - 0 x &. 0 ˜ ž. 0 n 6/ 0 € ¤/ 0 j $0 0 t Ž0 0 r 1 0 X t1 0 ` Ì1 0 n ,2 0 ‚ š2 0 j 3 0 t †3 0 r ú3 0 j l4 0 f Ö4 0 d 0 Œ  5 0 p ,6 0 p œ6 0 ” 7 0 ”  7 0 j 48 0 l ž8 0 l 9 0 p v9 0 r æ9 0 j X: 0 l Â: 0 l .; 0 p š; 0 r 0 t | 0 z ð 0 | j= 0 ~ æ= 0 t d> 0 z Ø> 0 | R? 0 ~ Î? 0 P L@ 0 H œ@ 0 b ä@ 0 ` FA 0 ` ¦A 0 b B ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X ( 1 É $ ¡ ¡ Ô € X ]ú X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , Ôg : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ h e a d e n g . w p t g : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ r e a s e n g . w p t E D D D  |r"õÅ"ð ð ñ ñ 3| x #-e 3 7 = C I Q Y a g ­ ­ 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) t Ý ƒ ýÜ' ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ ÝÓ Ó„€Ú Ú1Ú Ú€„ ( M 3ýÜ$ § § Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý ( ; 3»$ ´ ´ Ô2 -e ÔÚ Ú0Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 à & Y 3 7 ; A G O W _ e ³ ³ 1 a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) ( @ ø Ð Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( M 3ýÜ$ © © Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý H F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r d üÿ P P d 1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 B J Ž2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ìà X àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o

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€Lð ðintim e€nð ða€pasÐ ˆ Ðinterjet €appel€devant€la€commission€dð ðappel€en€mati re€d'am nagement€(ð ðcommissionð ð)Ð ¸ Ðet,€bien€quð ðelle€ait€cess €lð ðexploitation€litigieuse,€elle€a€n glig €de€remettre€les€lieux€dansÏleur€ tat€original,€ce€qui€lui€aurait€occasionn €une€d pense€dð ðenviron€45€500€$Ô # † X ½ X X X ½c # Ô.

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Ý ƒ % ÑýûC ^D ݌Р"€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý I Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€et€la€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Manitoba€ont€toutes€lesÐ 4%° $ Ðdeux€conclu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ Ì&H & Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch.44€(ð ð€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€ð ð),€dans€lð ðensemble,€et€son€art.€16,€enÐ d(à ( Ðparticulier,€nð ðexc daient€pas€la€comp tence€de€la€l gislature€de€la€province€et€ne€violaientÐ ü)x!* Ðpas€non€plus€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó.€€Les€appelants€ont,€par€la€suite,Ð ”+ #, Ðcontest €la€Loi€devant€notre€Cour€en€faisant€valoir€que€lð ðart.€16,€qui€vise€express ment€laÐ ,-¨$. Ðville€de€Winkler,€viole€lð ðal.2ò òbó ó),€lð ðart.7€et€le€par.15(1)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó.€€Ils€ont€aussi€pr tenduÐ Ä.@&0 Ðque€cette€loi€exc de€la€comp tence€du€gouvernement€provincial€du€fait€quð ðelle€empi teÐ \0Ø'2 Ðsur€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel.€€LeÐ „ Ð31octobre2002,€la€Cour€a€rejet €leur€pourvoi€dans€une€d cision€unanime,€dont€voici€lesÐ ˜ Ðmotifs.Ý ƒ % Ñý I 7I ݌Р´ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔII.ò òLes€faitsÐ ä ` Ðó óÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‹N Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Corporation€des€loteries€du€Manitoba€(ð ðCLMð ð)€est€lð ðorganismeÐ  Ðresponsable€de€Ô' ` ä UN Ôlð ðexploitation€des€loteries€ð" ð€y€compris€les€ALV€ð" ð€dans€la€province.€€ElleÐ ¬ ( Ðconclut€avec€des€ð ð€exploitants€de€site€ð ð€des€accords€visant€lð ðinstallation€dð ðALV€dans€leursÐ D À Ð tablissements.€€Lð ðexploitant€du€site€touche€alors€un€pourcentage€des€recettes€g n r es€parÐ Ü X Ðles€ALV.€€Les€ALV€demeurent,€cependant,€la€propri t €de€la€CLM€qui,€aux€termes€deÐ t ð Ðlð ðaccord€dð ðexploitation€de€site,€peut€les€retirer€ €tout€moment€sans€avoir€ €justifier€sonÐ ˆ Ðgeste.Ý ƒ % Ñý‹N ¦N ݌Р¤ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý R Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€appelants,€David€et€EloisaSiemens,€sont€les€seuls€actionnaires€de€Sie-CorÐ Ô P ÐProperties€Inc.,€qui€a€acquis€le€Winkler€Inn€en€1993.€€Ils€ont€d pens €une€sommeÐ l è Ðconsid rable€pour€r nover€et€agrandir€cet€ tablissement,€et€ont€fait€valoir€que€la€pr senceÐ "€ Ðdes€ALV€avait€jou €un€rð= ðle€important€dans€leur€d cision€dð ðinvestir.

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ÐResidence€in€Winkler€is€not€an€analogous€ground,€as€there€is€nothing€to€suggest€thatÐ Ô P Ðresidents€there€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€they€suffer€from€any€sort€ofÐ l è Ðprejudice.€€Moreover,€the€legislation€does€not€discriminate€against€the€appellants€in€anyÐ "€ Ðsubstantive€sense.€€Winkler€residents€were€singled€out€in€s.16€because€theirs€was€theÐ œ# " Ðonly€municipality€to€have€already€held€a€plebiscite.€€There€was€no€harm€to€dignity.€€TheÐ 4%° $ Ðpurpose€of€s.16€was€to€respect€the€will€of€the€Winkler€residents€as€expressed€in€thatÐ Ì&H & Ðplebiscite.€€The€section€does€not€affect€the€right€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLTÐ d(à ( Ðplebiscite€under€the€Act€and€they€may€initiate€a€plebiscite€to€reinstate€VLTs€in€theirÐ ü)x!* Ðcommunity.Ð ”+ #, Ðâ âÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òÔ& È Ôâ âCases€Citedó óÐ „ ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó óò òR.€v.€Furtneyó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€89;ò òó óÔ' È „ ú$ Ô€ò òLaw€v.€Canada€(Minister€ofÐ ´ 0 ÐEmployment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€497;€ò òó óò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó ó€(1882),€7Ð L È ÐApp.€Cas.€829;ò ò€ó óò òAttorney-General€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]Ð ä ` ÐA.C.€193;€ò òó óò òHaig€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€2€S.C.R.€995;ò òó óò ò€distinguished:€€ó óò òJohnson€v.€AttorneyÐ | ø ÐGeneral€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127;ò ò€Re€The€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27Ð  ÐMan.€R.€1;ò ò€referred€to:€€ó óò òR.€v.€Big€M€Drug€Mart€Ltd.ó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1985]€1€S.C.R.€295;€ò òEdmontonÐ ¬ ( ÐJournal€v.€Albertaó ó€ò ò(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1989]€2€S.C.R.€1326ò òó ó;€ò òR.€v.€Wholesale€TravelÐ D À ÐGroup€Inc.ó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€154ò òó ó;€ò òThomson€Newspapers€Co.€v.€Canada€(AttorneyÐ Ü X ÐGeneral)ó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.€877ò òó ó;€ò ò€Kitkatla€Band€v.€British€Columbia€(Minister€of€SmallÐ t ð ÐBusiness,€Tourism€and€Culture)ó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.€146,€2002€SCC€31;ò òó ó€ò òOð ðGrady€v.Ð ˆ ÐSparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804;€ò òRoss€v.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5;ò òó óÐ ¤ Ðò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.€v.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.Ð

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= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a1’ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝLe€pr sent€appel€porte€sur€lð ðinterpr tation€et€lð ðapplication€de€lð ðart. €3155€ò òC.c.Q.€ó ópour€laÐ 8 ˆ Ðreconnaissance€dð ðun€jugement€rendu€en€Ontario€en€mati re€de€recours€collectif.

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= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a  Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThis€appeal€concerns€the€interpretation€and€application€of€art.3155€ò òC.C.Q.Ô' è ° P Ôó ó€with€regardÐ À Ðto€the€recognition€of€a€judgment€rendered€in€a€class€proceeding€in€Ontario.€€I€prefer€to€characterizeÐ ˜ è Ðthat€judgment€as€an€external€rather€than€a€foreign€one,€despite€the€language€used€in€the€ò òCivil€CodeÐ p À Ðof€Qu becó ó.€€In€essence,€the€dispute€between€the€parties€raises€threeissues.€€First,€can€a€Quebec€courtÐ H ˜ Ðhearing€an€application€for€recognition€of€an€external€judgment€take€account€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforumÐ p Ðnonconveniensó ó?€€Next,€did€the€Ontario€Superior€Court€of€Justice€adhere€to€the€fundamentalÐ ø H Ðprinciples€of€procedure?€€If€there€were€defects,€did€they€entail€a€contravention€of€the€fundamentalÐ Ð Ðprinciples€of€civil€procedure€within€the€meaning€of€art.3155(3)€ò òC.C.Q.ó ó?€€Finally,€did€the€applicationÐ ¨ ø Ðfor€authorization€in€Quebec€and€the€application€for€certification€in€Ontario€give€rise€to€a€situation€ofÐ € Ð Ðò òlispendensó ó?Ý ƒ % a  / ݌РX ¨ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a7” Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€discussion€of€these€issues€will€also€require€some€comment€on€the€issue€ofÐ $X " Ðinterprovincial€judicial€comity€in€the€conduct€of€interprovincial€class€actions.€€Although€the€outcomeÐ à%0!$ Ðof€this€appeal€does€not€depend€on€the€resolution€of€this€last€issue,€it€is€one€that€now€seems€likely€toÐ ¸' #& Ðaffect€the€conduct€of€class€actions€involving€two€or€more€Canadian€provinces,€as€well€as€relationsÐ )à$( Ðbetween€the€superior€courts€of€different€provinces.€€It€therefore€merits€some€thought,€as€can€be€seenÐ h+¸&* Ðfrom€the€problems€or€reactions€it€appears€to€have€provoked€in€this€case.Ý ƒ % a7” R” ݌Р@-(, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü ˜ A

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€EnÐ Ä Ðparticulier,€comme€le€pr cise€le€par. €3155(1),€le€tribunal€qu b cois€doit€constater€que€le€tribunal€deÐ œ ì Ðlð ð tat€dont€provient€le€jugement€avait€comp tence€sur€la€mati re. €Le€titre€quatri me€ dicte€alors€auxÐ t Ä Ðart.

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= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % aM˜ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€appellant€submits€that€none€of€the€provisions€of€art.3155€ò òC.C.Q.ó ó€stood€in€the€wayÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€its€application€for€recognition€in€Quebec€and€that€the€Quebec€Superior€Court€should€thereforeÐ ` Ðhave€recognized€the€judgment€of€the€Ontario€Superior€Court€of€Justice.€€According€to€theÐ è 8 ÐCorporation,€the€Quebec€court€could€not€raise€the€application€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforumÐ À Ðnonconveniens€ó óby€the€Ontario€court€as€an€issue.€€The€Corporation€adds€that€the€notices€given€inÐ ˜ è ÐQuebec€were€consistent€with€the€fundamental€principles€of€procedure.€€Finally,€it€denies€that€theÐ p À Ðconditions€for€ò òlispendensó ó€were€met.Ý ƒ % aM˜ h˜ ݌РH ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % aÚ› Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€respondent€relies€primarily€on€the€judgment€of€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal€on€theÐ ø H Ðthreeissues€being€discussed.€€He€also€alleges€that€the€Ontario€proceedings€were€conducted€in€aÐ Ð Ðmanner€inconsistent€with€international€public€order,€which€the€appellant€disputes.€€This€argumentÐ ¨ ø Ðneed€not€be€considered€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case.€€Finally,€the€Attorney€General€of€CanadaÐ € Ð Ðhas€intervened€on€the€issue€of€the€application€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforum€nonconveniens€ó óin€theÐ X ¨ Ðprocedure€for€the€recognition€of€judgments€rendered€in€the€provinces€of€Canada.€€Before€consideringÐ 0"€ Ðthese€questions,€I€believe€it€will€be€helpful€to€summarize€the€rules€governing€the€recognition€ofÐ $X " Ðexternal€judgments€by€Quebec€courts€under€the€ò òCivil€Code€of€Qu becó ó.Ý ƒ % aÚ› õ› ݌Рà%0!$ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ ¸' #& ÐÔ& ˆ Ôâ âÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü À ˜ ä —X Ü H „ Ü ˜ ä —X 9 ÓB.à0 ” àò òLegal€Framework€for€the€Judicial€Recognition€of€External€Judgmentsó óÐ ° ” (#” (# ÐÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü ˜ ä —X Ü H „ Ü À ˜ ä —X 9 ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a#¡ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€rules€on€the€international€jurisdiction€of€Quebec€authorities€and€theÔ' ˆ ° %  Ô€recognition€ofÐ ` ° Ðforeign€or€external€judgments€are€found,€respectively,€in€TitleThree€(arts.3134€to€3154)€andÐ 8 ˆ ÐTitleFour€(arts.3155€to€3168)€of€BookTen€of€the€ò òCivil€Code€of€Qu becó ó€on€private€international€law.€Ð ` ÐThe€twotitles€are€closely€related.€€I€will€come€back€to€this€in€the€course€of€my€analysis.Ý ƒ % a#¡ >¡ ݌Рè 8 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a¦£ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝIn€substance,€TitleThree€sets€out€general€rules€and€specific€rules€for€identifying€theÐ ˜ è Ðconnecting€factors€that€will€give€Quebec€authorities€jurisdi

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Ðm canisme€exclusif€et€global€de€r glement€des€diff rends€en€mati re€deÐ )x! * Ðtravail,€particuli rement€dans€le€contexte€du€pr sent€pourvoi.Ó Zâ ÓÐ Ô)D"+ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýkê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€Ô_ Ôlð ðesp ce,Ô_ Ô€je€Ô_ Ônð ðaiÔ_ Ô€aucun€doute€que€nous€sommes€en€pr sence€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€ð ðr gimeÐ -t%/ Ðl gislatif€complet€destin € €r gir€tous€les€aspects€du€rapport€entre€les€parties€dans€le€cadreÐ œ.

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Ðdispute€resolution€and€the€jurisdiction€of€the€ordinary€courts,€not€theÐ )x!* Ðrelationship€between€statutory€dispute€resolution€and€the€courts.€€TheÐ Ô)D"+ Ðconcern€that€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€may€jeopardize€theÐ  * #, Ðcomprehensive€dispute€resolution€process€contained€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relationsÐ l+Ü#- Ðlegislation€is€one€that€arises€in€this€latter€situation€as€well.€€Allowing€partiesÐ 8,¨$. Ðto€disputes€which,€by€their€very€nature,€are€those€contemplated€and€regulatedÐ -t%/ Ðby€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€legislation,€to€have€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€would€fly€in€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðface€of€the€demonstrated€intention€of€Parliament€to€provide€an€exclusive€andÐ œ. '1 Ðcomprehensive€mechanism€for€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€dispute€resolution,€particularly€in€theÐ h/Ø'2 Ðcontext€of€the€present€case.Ó ;I ÓÐ 40¤(3 « Ð « Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý‡P Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€this€case,€I€have€no€doubt€that€we€are€dealing€with€a€ð ðcomprehensiveÐ  Ðstatutory€scheme€designed€to€govern€all€aspects€of€the€relationship€of€the€parties€in€aÐ ( ˜ ÐÔ_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€settingð ð:€€see€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.721.€€It€is€clear€that€theÐ À 0 Ðò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó€creates€an€exclusive€and€comprehensive€mechanism€for€the€settlement€ofÐ X È Ðdisputes€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€cases€by€requiring€that€all€grievances€be€submitted€toÐ ð ` Ðarbitration€exclusively.€€Adopting€a€model€other€than€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€inÐ ˆ ø Ðthis€case€would€undermine€the€comprehensiveness€of€the€scheme,€and€would€be€contraryÐ  Ðto€the€Ô_ Ôlegislatureð ðsÔ_ Ô€intention.Ý ƒ Ñý‡P ¢P ݌Р¸ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôà « à(iii)ò òTrend€in€the€Case€Lawó óÐ è X ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý8U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€thiÔ' È è èT Ôs€case,€where€there€is€an€exclusivity€clause€and€a€comprehensive€andÐ ˆ Ðexclusive€scheme€for€the€settlement€of€disputes,€adopting€the€exclusive€jurisdictionÐ ° Ðmodel€is€consistent€with€the€decisions€of€this€Court€in€ò òRegina€Policeó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€ò òWeberó ó,Ð H ¸ Ðò òsupraó ó,€and€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó.€€The€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal,€too,€has€onÐ à P Ðnumerous€occasions€applied€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€to€collective€agreementsÐ x è Ðsubject€to€Ô_ ÔQuebecð ðsÔ_ Ô€ò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó:€see,€for€example,€ò òÔ_ ÔLatulippeÔ_ Ô€v.€Commission€Ô_ ÔscolaireÔ_ ÔÐ !€ Ðde€la€Jeune„Loretteó ó,€[2001]€Ô_ ÔR.J.D.T.Ô_ Ô€26;€ò òÔ_ ÔMayvilleÔ_ Ô€v.€Union€Ô_ ÔcanadienneÔ_ Ô€des€Ô_ ÔtravailleursÔ_ ÔÐ ¨" " Ðen€communication€

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ó óÓ öè ÓÐ Ô)D"+ 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýrê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àTroisi mement,€les€appelants€font€valoir€que€trois€principes€importants,Ð -t%/ Ðmaintes€fois€appliqu s€par€notre€Cour€dans€ses€d cisions€relatives€ €la€ò òCharteó ó,€appuientÐ œ. '1 Ðlð ðabolition€ou,€dans€lð ðalternative,€lð ðassouplissement€de€lð ðobligation€de€justification€duÐ 40¤(3 Ðcontre-interrogatoire€prescrite€dans€ò òGarofolió ó.€€Ces€principes€sont€les€suivants:Ð  Ðlð ðimportance€reconnue€dð ðun€droit€g n ral€de€contre-interroger;€la€norme€moinsÐ ( ˜ Ðrigoureuse€g n ralement€applicable€ €la€recevabilit €de€la€preuve€de€la€d fense;€laÐ À 0 Ðn cessit €de€garantir€lð ðacc s€au€r gime€de€r paration€pr vu€par€la€ò òCharteó ó.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýrê ê ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý î Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àPersonne€ne€conteste€la€pertinence€de€ces€principes,€tant€ €lð ð gard€de€laÐ ˆ ø Ðformulation€dð ðune€norme€appropri e€en€mati re€de€droit€au€contre-interrogatoire€quð ð Ð  Ðlð ð gard€de€lð ðapplication€de€cette€norme.€€Cependant,€le€droit€de€lð ðaccus € €une€auditionÐ ¸ ( Ðde€la€preuve€doit€ tre€examin €dans€son€contexte.€Il€doit€ galement€ tre€mis€en€balanceÐ P À Ðavec€les€int r ts€oppos s,€dont€la€n cessit €de€veiller€ €ne€pas€entraver€le€processusÐ è X Ðjudiciaire€criminel€par€de€longues€proc dures€qui€nð ðaident€en€rien€ €la€r solution€desÐ € ð Ðquestions€pertinentes.€€Comme€je€lð ðexplique€plus€loin,€lð ðargumentation€des€appelantsÐ ˆ Ðne€tient€pas€compte€de€facteurs€contextuels€importants.€€Dans€le€contexte€dð ðuneÐ ° Ðaudience€en€r vision€dont€lð ðobjet€est€limit ,€jð ðestime€que€lð ðobligation€dð ðobtenir€laÐ H ¸ Ðpermission€de€contre-interroger€un€d posant,€prescrite€dans€ò òGarofolió ó,€ tablit€un€justeÐ à P Ð quilibre€entre€ces€int r ts€oppos s.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý î 0î ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ó3.2à0 4 àò òFacteurs€contextuels€pertinentsó óÐ ¨" " 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý ô Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLe€premier€facteur€contextuel€omis€dans€lð ðargumentation€des€appelants€aÐ Ø%H & Ðd j € t €mentionn €ð" ð€il€sð ðagit€du€droit€ €une€communication€compl te.

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ÓÐ !€ « Ð « Ð ÐÌMcLachlin€J.€further€noted€how€difficult€it€is€for€the€trial€judge€to€restrict€the€scope€ofÐ @$° $ Ðcross„examination:Ð Ø%H & ÐÌÓ Óà0 « àAttempts€to€restrict€the€scope€of€cross-examination€are€notoriously€fallible.Ð )x!* ÐSince€effective€cross-examination€usually€depends€on€considerable€latitudeÐ Ô)D"+ Ðin€questioning,€a€restricted€cross-examination€may€be€of€little€value.Ð  * #, ÐMoreover,€it€is€often€difficult€to€predict€when€a€particular€question€willÐ l+Ü#- Ðevoke€a€response€that€trenches€on€a€prohibited€area.€[p.€1485]Ó ‘" ÓÐ 8,¨$. « Ð « Ð Ðâ âÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¼$ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àFinally,€as€aptly€argued€by€the€intervener€the€Attorney€General€of€BritishÐ  Ðâ âColumbia,€a€requirement€that€the€defence€meet€a€threshold€test€of€some€sort€beforeÐ ( ˜ Ðengaging€in€cross„examination,€pursuing€a€specific€line€of€inquiry,€or€eliciting€evidenceÐ À 0 Ðin€support€of€a€full€answer€and€defence€is€not€an€anomaly€within€the€criminal€justiceÐ X È Ðsystem.€€To€state€but€a€few€examples:€€hearsay€evidence,€although€sought€to€be€elicitedÐ ð ` Ðby€the€defence,€must€meet€the€requirements€of€necessity€and€reliability;€proposedÐ ˆ ø Ðexpert€evidence€must€meet€the€criteria€set€out€in€ò òR.€v.€Mohanó ó,€[1994]€2€S.C.R.€9;€accessÐ  Ðto€or€cross„examination€on€matters€protected€by€solicitor„client€privilege€must€meet€theÐ ¸ ( Ðrequirements€of€the€ð ðinnocence€at€stakeð ð€exception;€cross„examination€on€aÐ P À Ðcomplainantð ðs€sexual€history€is€prohibited€unless€it€meets€the€test€under€s.€276(1)€ofÐ è X Ðthe€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó;€third„party€records€in€respect€of€certain€offences€listed€underÐ € ð Ðs.278.2€must€be€shown€to€be€likely€relevant€to€an€issue€at€trial€or€to€the€competenceÐ ˆ Ðof€a€witness€to€testify€before€they€will€be€produced;€ò òó ódefences€must€have€an€ð ðair€ofÐ ° Ðrealityð ð€to€them€before€they€are€put€to€the€jury.€€In€this€case,€the€defence€must€simplyÐ H ¸ Ðmake€a€show€of€likely€relevance€on€a€material€issue€before€the€court.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý¼$ ×$ ݌Рà P ÐŒÝ Ý€ÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ ÔÝ ‚ 0 Ñý²+ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€conclusion,€I€am€of€the€view€that€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement€isÐ !€ Ðentirely€consistent€with€ò òCharter€ó óprinciples.€€There€is€no€need€to€revisit€ò òGarofoli€ó óasÐ ¨" " Ðcontended€by€the€appellants.€€Indeed,€I€am€of€the€view€that€it€would€be€unwise€to€Ð @$° $ Ðpermit€cross„examination€of€the€affiant€as€of€right.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý²+ ì+ ݌РØ%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ô

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Ðtr s€diff rente€et€tr s€lib rale€en€mati re€dð ðinterpr tation€et€dð ðapplication€de€lð ðart. 743.6.€Ð Ô P ÐSelon€ces€arr ts,€le€juge€qui€d termine€la€peine€nð ða€pas€ €se€demander€sð ðil€existe€desÐ l è Ðcirconstances€exceptionnelles€avant€dð ðordonner€lð ðaugmentation€du€temps€dð ð preuve.

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ÐFor€example,€soon€after€the€predecessor€to€s.€743.6€came€into€force,€comments€to€thisÐ Ô P Ðeffect€were€made€by€Fish€J.A.€of€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òDankyió ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€376,Ð l è Ðand€by€Griffiths€J.A.€of€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òGouletó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€65.€€TheirÐ "€ Ðviews€had€a€significant€influence€on€later€judgments€which€repeatedly€took€up€the€sameÐ œ# " Ðtheme€of€the€exceptional€nature€of€the€provision.€€I€did€so€myself,€while€on€the€QuebecÐ 4%° $ ÐCourt€of€Appeal€in€ò òBoulanger€v.€La€Reineó ó,€[1995]€R.J.Q.€1975,€at€p.1978,€where€IÐ Ì&H & Ðcharacterized€it€as€[ò òtranslationó ó]€ð ðan€exceptional€measureð ð.€€(See€also€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òFergusonó óÐ d(à ( Ð(1995),€64€B.C.A.C.€211;€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òSmithó ó€(1995),€37€C.R.€(4th)€360€(Ont.€Ct.€(Gen.€Div.));Ð ü)x!* Ðò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òOsborne€ó ó(1996),€110€C.C.C.€(3d)€161€(Ont.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.€Nash„Levyó ó€(1998),€207Ð ”+ #, ÐN.B.R.€(2d)€45€(C.A.);€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òTraverseó ó€(1998),€126€C.C.C.€(3d)€462€(Man.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.ó óÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òDemedeirosó ó,€[1999]€O.J.€No.€1523€(QL)€(C.A.).)Ý ƒ % Ñý©¬ Ĭ ݌РÄ.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýv³ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOther€appellate€decisions€adopted€what€appears€to€be€a€significantly€differentÐ „ Ðand€broader€approach€to€the€interpretation€and€application€of€s.€743.6.€€According€toÐ ˜ Ðthese€decisions,€a€sentencing€judge€does€not€have€to€look€for€unusual€circumstancesÐ ´ 0 Ðbefore€ordering€delayed€parole.€€The€judge€has€been€granted€discretionary€power€to€beÐ L È Ðused€in€the€appropriate€circumstances,€where€consideration€of€the€relevant€sentencingÐ ä ` Ðfactors€justifies€its€exercise.€€The€Alberta€Court€of€Appeal€summarized€the€gist€of€thisÐ | ø Ðjurisprudential€approach€in€the€following€manner:Ý ƒ % Ñýv³ ‘³ ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àThis€court€has€previously€had€occasion€to€consider€the€scope€of€s.€743.6€inÐ D À Ðò òR.€v.€Matwiyó ó€.€.€.€(1996),€.€.€.€105€C.C.C.€(3d)€251€(C.A.).€This€court€did€notÐ Œ Ðimpose€on€trial€judges€a€requirement€that€they€satisfy€themselves€that€theÐ Ü X Ðcircumstances€were€ð ðextraordinaryð ð€or€ð ðunusualð ð€or€ð ðparticularlyÐ ¨ $ Ðaggravatingð ð€so€as€to€permit€such€an€order€to€be€made.€The€point€made€byÐ t ð ÐMr.€Justice€Iacobucci€in€ò òR.€v.€Shropshireó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€with€respect€to€what€is€nowÐ @ ¼ Ðs.€745.4€applies€with€equal€force€to€this€section.€There€is€nothing€in€s.€743.6Ð ˆ Ðwhich€indicates€that€it€is€a€condition€precedent€to€its€exercise€that€either€theÐ

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Ðlð ðassur €avait€ t €plus€prudent,€ou€encore€quð ðune€m saventure€ tait€raisonnablementÐ Ô P Ðpr visible€au€sens€du€droit€en€mati re€de€responsabilit €d lictuelle. €€De€m me,€un€d c sÐ l è Ðnon€voulu€nð ðest€pas€ð ð€non€accidentel€ð ð€du€seul€fait€que€la€victime€exer ait€une€activit Ð "€ Ðdangereuse€ou€risqu e€au€moment€o €il€est€survenu.€€Comme€notre€Cour€lð ða€soulign Ð œ# " Ðdans€lð ðarr t€ò òCanadian€Indemnityó ó,€pr cit ,€p.

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Ðunexpected.€€The€two€phrases€have€essentially€the€same€meaning.Ý ƒ % Ñýüh i ÝŒÐ Ô P ÐŒÝ ÝÌBò ò.ó ó€€ò òWhat€Constitutes€Death€by€Accidental€Means?ó óÐ "€ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý k Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€brings€us€to€the€central€question.€€What€constitutes€death€by€ð ðaccidentalÐ 4%° $ Ðmeansð ð?€€As€Spence€J.€pointed€out€in€ò òMutual€of€Omaha€Insurance€Co.€v.€Statsó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1978]Ð Ì&H & Ð2S.C.R.€1153,€at€p.€1164,€the€word€ð ðaccidentð ð€is€ð ðan€ordinary€word€to€be€interpreted€inÐ d(à ( Ðthe€ordinary€language€of€the€peopleð ð.€€Hence,€as€the€British€Columbia€Court€of€AppealÐ ü)x!* Ðemphasized€in€the€case€at€bar,€we€must€focus€on€the€ordinary€personð ðs€understanding€ofÐ ”+ #, Ðthe€phrase,€and€on€ð ðwhether€in€ordinary€and€popular€language€the€event€as€it€happenedÐ ,-¨$. Ðâ âwould€be€described€as€an€accidentð ð€(para.€26).€€Only€in€this€way€can€the€reasonableÐ Ä.@&0 Ðexpectations€of€both€the€insured€and€insurer€be€protected.€€We€must€therefore€inquire€howÐ „ Ðthe€phrase€ð ðdeath€by€accidental€meansð ð€is€used€in€ordinary€language.Ý ƒ % Ñý k »k ݌Р˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAs€a€starting€point,€we€note€that€the€accidental€nature€of€a€particular€meansÐ L È Ðof€death€depends,€in€ordinary€parlance,€on€the€consequences€that€the€ò òinsuredó ó€had€or€didÐ ä ` Ðnot€have€in€mind.€€When€we€speak€of€an€ð ðaccidentalð ð€means€of€death,€we€normally€haveÐ | ø Ðin€mind€a€situation€in€which€someoneð ðs€action€has€had€results€that€this€person€did€notÐ  Ðintend€or€expect.€Unintentional€or€unexpected€death€is€seen€as€accidental;€intentional€orÐ ¬ ( Ðexpected€death€as€non„accidental.€€In€ò òCanadian€Indemnity€Co.€v.€Walkem€Machinery€&Ð D À ÐEquipment€Ltd.ó ó,€[1976]€1€S.C.R.€309,€at€pp.€315„16,€Pigeon€J.€explained€the€termÐ Ü X Ðð ðaccidentð ð€with€reference€to€ò òHalsburyó ó€(vol.€22,€3rd€ed.)€as€ð ðò òany€unlooked€for€mishap€orÐ t ð Ðoccurrenceó óð ð€(emphasis€in€original).€€Similarly,€in€ò òStatsó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,ò ò€ó óat€p.€1164,€this€Court,€ò òperó óÐ ˆ ÐSpence€J.€quoted€Lord€Macnaghtenð ðs€comment€in€ò òFentonó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€p.€448,€that€ð ðtheÐ ¤ Ðexpression€ð ðaccidentð ð€is€used€in€the€popular€and€ordinary€sense€of€the€word€as€denotingÐ

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'1 Ðinterm diaires€une€responsabilit €en€la€mati re€freinerait€manifestement€cette€croissanceÐ 40¤(3 Ðet€ce€d veloppement,€lesquels€ont€permis€la€cr ation€de€lð ðÔ_ U U Ôant m moireÔ_ U U Ô.€La€CommissionÐ  Ða€signal €que,€au€d but,€le€recours€ €lð ðInternet€pour€la€transmission€dð ðð§ ðuvres€musicalesÐ ( ˜ Ð tait€limit €par€Ô_ U U Ôð ðlaÔ_ U U Ô€n cessit €dð ðavoir€une€largeur€de€bande€relativement€grande€pourÐ À 0 Ðtransmettre€des€fichiers€Ô_ U U Ôaudioð ðÔ_ U U Ô€(p.€4).€Cet€obstacle€technique€a€pu€ tre€contourn €gr ceÐ X È Ðnotamment€aux€Ô_ U U Ôð ðant m moiresÔ_ U U ÔÔ_ U U ԁð ð.Ô_ U U Ô€La€Commission€a€dit€( €la€p.€14)€que€Ô_ U U Ôð ð[l]aÔ_ U U Ô€mise€enÐ ð ` Ðant m moire€r duit€le€coðE ðt€de€livraison€des€donn es€en€permettant€lð ðemploi€dð ðune€largeurÐ ˆ ø Ðde€bande€plus€Ô_ U U Ôpetite.ð ðÔ_ U U Ô€Les€progr s€techniques€fulgurants€dans€le€domaine€deÐ  Ðlð ðinformatique€et€la€chute€rapide€du€coðE ðt€support €par€le€consommateur€tiennent€de€laÐ ¸ ( Ðl gende.€Le€professeur€Takach€a€r v l €une€donn e€renversante:€si€lð ðindustrie€automobileÐ P À Ðavait€pu€obtenir€le€m me€rapport€rendement-prix€que€le€secteur€des€microprocesseurs,Ð è X Ðune€automobile€coðE ðterait€aujourdð ðhui€moins€de€cinq€dollars€et€pourrait€parcourir€250€000Ð € ð Ðmilles€avec€un€seul€gallon€dð ðessence;€voir€Ô_ U U ÔTakachÔ_ U U Ô,ò ò€op.€Ô_ U U ÔcitÔ_ U U Ô.ó ó,€p.€21.€Lð ðalin a€2.4(1)ò òbó ó)€traduitÐ ˆ Ðla€volont €du€l gislateur€que€se€poursuive€cet€essor€anim €par€lð ðesprit€dð ðentreprise€malgr Ð ° Ðses€effets€accessoires€sur€les€titulaires€de€droits€dð ðauteur.Ý ƒ % Ñýˆû £û ݌РH ¸ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý' Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú115Ú ÚÛ € z s Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àDe€lð ðavis€de€la€Commission,€les€moyens€Ô_ U U Ôð ðn cessairesÔ_ U U ÔÔ_ U U ԁð ðÔ_ U U Ô€au€sens€de€lð ðal.Ð x è Ð2.4(1)ò òbó ó)€sont€ceux€qui€nð ðont€aucune€incidence€sur€le€contenu€et€qui€sð ðimposent€pourÐ !

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Ðcommunication€in€that€medium€of€telecommunication€would€not€be€practicable€or,€in€allÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprobability,€would€not€have€occurredð ð.€€This€is€a€high€eligibility€test€which€could€inhibitÐ l+Ü#- Ðdevelopment€of€more€efficient€means€of€telecommunication.€€SOCAN€and€othersÐ -t%/ Ðrepresenting€copyright€owners€would€always€be€able€to€argue€that€whatever€the€advancesÐ œ. '1 Ðin€the€future,€a€telecommunication€could€still€have€been€practicable€using€the€oldÐ 40¤(3 Ðtechnology,€and€that€one€way€or€the€other€the€telecommunication€would€ð ðin€allÐ  Ðprobabilityð ð€have€occurred.€€In€my€view,€with€respect,€Evans€J.A.€has€placed€the€bar€tooÐ ( ˜ Ðhigh.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý5Q PQ ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý+V Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú114Ú ÚÛ € z r Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àParliament€has€decided€that€there€is€a€public€interest€in€encouragingÐ ð ` Ðintermediaries€who€make€telecommunications€possible€to€expand€and€improve€theirÐ ˆ ø Ðoperations€without€the€threat€of€copyright€infringement.€€To€impose€copyright€liabilityÐ  Ðon€intermediaries€would€obviously€chill€that€expansion€and€development,€as€the€historyÐ ¸ ( Ðof€caching€demonstrates.€€In€the€early€years€of€the€Internet,€as€the€Board€found,€itsÐ P À Ðusefulness€for€the€transmission€of€musical€works€was€limited€by€ð ðthe€relatively€highÐ è X Ðbandwidth€required€to€transmit€audio€filesð ð€(p.€426).€€This€technical€limitation€wasÐ € ð Ðaddressed€in€part€by€using€ð ðcachesð ð.€€As€the€Board€noted,€at€p.€433:€€ð ðCaching€reducesÐ ˆ Ðthe€cost€for€the€delivery€of€data€by€allowing€the€use€of€lower€bandwidth€than€wouldÐ ° Ðotherwise€be€necessary.ð ð€€The€velocity€of€new€technical€developments€in€the€computerÐ H ¸ Ðindustry,€and€the€rapidly€declining€cost€to€the€consumer,€is€legendary.€€Professor€TakachÐ à P Ðhas€unearthed€the€startling€statistic€that€if€the€automobile€industry€was€able€to€achieve€theÐ x è Ðsame€performance„price€improvements€as€has€the€computer€chip€industry,€a€car€todayÐ !€ Ðwould€cost€under€five€dollars€and€would€get€250,000€miles€to€the€gallon€of€gasoline:€seeÐ ¨" " ÐÔ_ ÔTakachÔ_ Ô,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€21.€€Section€2.4(1)(ò òbó ó)€reflects€Parliamentð ðs€priority€that€thisÐ @$° $ Ðentrepreneurial€push€is€to€continue€despite€any€incidental€effects€on€copyright€owners.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý+V FV ݌РØ%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¸] Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú115Ú ÚÛ € z s Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€Boardð ðs€view,€the€means€ð ðnecessaryð ð€under€s.2.4(1)(ò òbó ó)€were€meansÐ )x!* Ðthat€were€content€neutral€and€were€necessary€to€maximize€the€economy€and€cost„Ð

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745.4.€Ý ƒ % Ñý¿é Úé ݌Р"€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýWï Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àð ð€cette€ tape,€comme€lð ðexige€la€loi,€apr s€avoir€accord €la€priorit €auxÐ 4%° $ Ðfacteurs€de€lð ðeffet€dissuasif€et€de€la€r probation€dans€lð ðexamen€de€lð ðensemble€des€crit resÐ Ì&H & Ðet€des€principes€applicables€en€mati re€de€d termination€de€la€peine,€le€tribunal€doitÐ d(à ( Ðd cider€si€cette€sanction€additionnelle€sð ðimpose€au€regard€des€ l ments€de€preuve€soumisÐ ü)x!

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Ðapplied€in€a€routine€manner.€€The€power€should€not€be€exercised€in€a€mechanical€orÐ Ô P Ðautomatic€way,€nor€invoked€in€connection€with€every€jail€term€imposed€for€an€offenceÐ l è Ðcovered€by€s.€743.6.€€The€judge€must€once€again€apply€the€sentencing€factors.€€In€this€partÐ "€ Ðof€the€process,€however,€the€addition€of€s.€743.6(2)€requires€that,€in€the€course€of€thisÐ œ# " Ðsecond€balancing,€priority€be€given€to€the€factors€of€general€and€specific€deterrence,€andÐ 4%° $ Ðof€denunciation.€€The€other€factors€remain€relevant,€but,€to€the€extent€of€any€conflict,Ð Ì&H & Ðsubordinated€to€those€identified€by€Parliament.€€It€is€worth€noting€that€Parliament€has€notÐ d(à ( Ðgiven€priority€to€these€specific€factors€in€the€application€of€s.€745.4.€Ó ã¾ ÓÓ ÓÝ ƒ % Ñý]Æ xÆ ÝŒÐ ü)x!* ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýaË Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àò òó óAt€this€stage,€having€given€priority€to€the€factors€of€deterrence€andÐ ,-¨$. Ðdenunciation€as€required€by€law,€and€having€duly€considered€all€the€criteria€andÐ Ä.@&0 Ðprinciples€relevant€to€sentencing,€based€on€the€evidence€at€the€sentencing€hearing€and€atÐ \0Ø'2 Ðtrial,€the€court€must€arrive€at€its€conclusion€as€to€whether€this€additional€punishment€isÐ „ Ðrequired.€€The€prosecution€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€it€is.€€The€judge€mustÐ ˜ Ðsatisfy€himself€or€herself€that€the€order€is€needed€to€reflect€the€objectives€of€sentencing,Ð ´ 0 Ðwith€awareness€of€the€special€weight€ascribed€by€Parliament€to€the€social€imperatives€ofÐ L È Ðdenunciation€and€deterrence.€€Nevertheless,€at€the€end€of€this€intellectual€process,€theÐ ä ` Ðsentencing€decision€must€remain€alive€to€the€nature€and€position€of€delayed€parole€inÐ | ø Ðcriminal€law€as€a€special,€additional€form€of€punishment.€€Hence€it€should€not€be€orderedÐ  Ðwithout€necessity,€in€a€routine€way.€€This€idea€is€acknowledged€by€Griffiths€J.A.€of€theÐ ¬ ( ÐOntario€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òGouletó ó€(p.€65).€€It€is€this€aspect€of€s.€743.6€that€explains€theÐ D À Ðdevelopment€of€the€jurisprudential€current€emphasizing€its€exceptional€nature.€€The€otherÐ Ü X Ðstream€of€jurisprudence,€which€shies€away€from€using€the€vocabulary€of€an€ð ðexceptionalÐ t ð Ðmeasureð ð,€does€not€seem,€in€practice,€to€have€applied€s.€743.6€€in€a€different€manner.€Ð ˆ ÐNone€of€these€judgments€has€suggested€that€a€delayed€parole€order€should€be€consideredÐ ¤ Ðan€ordinary€measure,€to€be€applied€in€the€normal€course;€they€agree€that€it€should€beÐ

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ÐÌNò òoó ó€du€greffe:24351.Ð l ¼ ÐÌ1997:€€œ11›€mars;€1997:€€26€juin.ÌÌÓ ÓPr sents:€Les€juges€LaForest,€Lð ðHeureux-Dub ,€Sopinka,€Gonthier,€Cory,€Iacobucci€etÏMajor.Ó ÓÌÌÔ& È Ôen€appel€de€la€cour€dð ðappel€f d raleÌÌà œ àò òDroit€maritime€--€Saisie€de€cargaison€--€Dommages-int r ts€--€SaisieÔ' È È ( Ô€ill galeÐ ø"H & Ð--€Propri taire€de€la€cargaison€d posant€un€cautionnement€pour€obtenir€la€mainlev eÏde€la€saisie€de€la€cargaison€--€Saisie€et€engagement€pris€en€mati re€de€cautionnementÏannul s€par€la€œsuite€--›€Le€propri taire€de€la€cargaison€a-t-il€droit€ €desÏdommages-int r ts€pour€la€perte€dð ðint r ts€r sultant€du€d pð= ðt€dð ðun€œcautionnement?€--›ÏLe€propri taire€de€la€cargaison€a-t-il€droit€ €des€dommages-int r ts€pour€saisie€ill galeÏde€la€cargaison€en€lð ðabsence€de€mauvaise€foi€ou€de€n gligence€grave€de€la€part€de€laÏâ âpartie€saisissante?€€œ--›€R gles€de€la€Cour€f d rale,€C.R.C.,€ch.663,€r gles€344,€1003.ó óÐ .p)4 ' Ðà œ àLð ðintim e€nð ða€pas€pr sent €une€cargaison€pour€chargement€sur€le€navire€deÏâ âlð ðappelante€aux€dates€qui€avaient€ t €convenues.

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Ðcommencing€an€action€ò òin€rem€ó óagainst€the€cargo€and€an€action€ò òin€personamó ó€against€theÐ a Ðrespondent,€alleging€breach€of€contract.€€It€then€proceeded€to€have€the€respondentð ðs€cargoÏarrested,€pursuant€to€Rule€1003€of€the€ò òFederal€Court€Rulesó ó.€€The€respondent€secured€theÐ ˜ 0 Ðrelease€of€its€cargo€on€bail,€by€posting€security€in€the€amount€of€$80,000.€€ApproximatelyÏ20€months€later,€the€respondent€successfully€brought€a€motion€to€strike€out€theÏappellantð ðs€statement€of€claim€in€the€ò òin€remó ó€action€and€to€set€aside€the€arrest€of€the€cargoÐ ` ø Ðand€the€security€undertaking.€The€appellant€continued€its€action€ò òin€personamó ó.€€TheÐ ø  Ðrespondent€counterclaimed€for€damages€arising€out€of€the€arrest€of€the€cargo.€€The€trialÏjudge€allowed€the€appellantð ðs€claim€for€breach€of€contract€and€dismissed€the€respondentð ðsÏcounterclaim.€€On€appeal,€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€set€aside€the€judgment,€dismissedÏthe€breach€of€contract€action€and€awarded€the€respondent€€$36,650€in€damages€for€theÏwrongful€arrest€of€the€cargo,€compensating€the€respondent€for€the€loss€of€interest€incurredÏas€a€result€of€posting€security€and€for€the€loss€of€use€of€working€capital.€€The€appellantÏappealed€to€this€Court€solely€on€the€issue€of€the€damages€for€wrongful€arrest.Ô # † X ‹ X X X ‹ý # ÔÐ ¸ ÐÌÔ& È Ôà œ àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€allowed€in€part.Ð P è ÐÌà œ àÔ ‡ X ‹ X X X ‹ ÔThe€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€did€not€err€in€awarding€damages€for€theÔ' È P Ë Ô€loss€ofÐ €! " Ðinterest€incurred€as€a€result€of€posting€securityÔ # † X ‹ X X X ‹7 # Ô.€€Rule€344€of€the€ò òFederal€Court€Rulesó óÐ #° $ Ðgives€that€court€full€discretionary€power€over€the€payment€of€costs€of€all€parties€involvedÏin€the€proceedings.€€An€award€of€costs€may€include€those€expenses€which€arise€directlyÏfrom€maintaining€the€security€provided€in€order€to€obtain€the€release€of€the€arrestedÏproperty.€€The€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€erred,€however,€in€awarding€damages€for€the€lossÏof€use€of€working€capital€under€the€heading€ð ðdamages€for€wrongful€arrestð ð.€€€A€court€mayÏonly€award€damages€for€wrongful€arrest€where€the€arresting€party€acts€with€either€badÏâ âfaith€or€gross€negligence.€€Ô ‡ X ‹ X X X ‹ ÔHere,€there€is€no€evidence€that€the€appellant€acted€with€eitherÔ # † X ‹ X X X ‹š # Ô.Ð @.Ø'2 ÐAny€change€to€extend€the€scope€of€the€common„law€liability€rule€for€maritime€arrestÏshould€be€made€by€Parliament,€not€the€courts.Ìâ âÌò òCases€Citedó óÐ 0 È ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó ó€ò òÔ ‡ X ‹ X X

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” Ð ” Ð Ðó óÌò òà0 ” àà Ü àConvention€relative€au€statut€des€r fugi só ó,€R.T.€Can. €1969€nò òoó ó6,€pr ambule,€art. 33.Ð Ü,t&0 ” Ð ” Ð Ðò òÓ ÓÔ ‡ X ­‡ X X X ­‡ ÔÌà0 ” àà Ü àConvention€sur€la€protection€physique€des€mati res€nucl airesó ó€(1980). Ô # † X ­‡ X X X ­‡iX # Ôò òÐ x.

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Ð‡Ó * Ü , ‚X Î ä —X ÿÿ ° œX * Óà Î àò òConstitutional€law€ð" ð€Charter€of€Rights€ð" ð€Fundamental€justice€ð" ðÐ h ÐImmigration€ð" ð€Deportation€ð" ð€Risk€of€torture€ð" ð€Whether€deportation€of€refugeeÏfacing€risk€of€torture€contrary€to€principles€of€fundamental€justice€ð" ð€CanadianÏCharter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€s.€7€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.€I-2,€s.Ï53(1)(b).ÌÌà Î àConstitutional€law€ð" ð€Charter€of€Rights€ð" ð€Fundamental€justice€ð" ðÏVagueness€ð" ð€Whether€terms€ð ðdanger€to€the€security€of€Canadað ð€and€ð ðterrorismð ð€inÏdeportation€provisions€of€immigration€legislation€€unconstitutionally€vague€ð" ðÏCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€s.€7€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.ÏI-2,€ss.€19(1),€53(1)(b).ÌÌà Î àConstitutional€law€ð" ð€Charter€of€Rights€ð" ð€Freedom€of€expression€ð" ðÏFreedom€of€association€ð" ð€Whether€deportation€for€membership€in€terroristÏorganization€infringes€freedom€of€association€and€freedom€of€expression€ð" ð€CanadianÏCharter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€ss.€2(b),€2(d)€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.€I-2,Ïss.€19(1),€53(1)(b).ÌÌà Î àConstitutional€law€ð" ð€Charter€of€Rights€ð" ð€Fundamental€justice€ð" ðÏProcedural€safeguards€ð" ð€Immigration€ð" ð€Convention€refugee€facing€risk€of€torture€ifÏdeported€ð" ð€Whether€procedural€safeguards€provided€to€Convention€refugee€satisfyÏrequirements€of€fundamental€justice€ð" ð€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€s.Ï7€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.€I-2,€s.€53(1)(b).ÌÌà Î àAdministrative€law€ð" ð€Judicial€review€ð" ð€Ministerial€decisions€ð" ð€ÏStandard€of€review€ð" ð€Immigration€ð" ð€Deportation€ð" ð€Approach€to€be€taken€inÏreviewing€decisions€of€Minister€of€Citizenship€and€Immigration€on€whether€refugeeð ðsÐ Ø/p)4 Ðpresence€constitutes€€danger€to€security€of€Canada€and€whether€refugee€facesÏsubstantial€risk€of€torture€upon€deportation€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.€I-2,Ïs.€53(1)(b).Ìó óÌà Î àThe€appellant€is€a€Convention€refugee€from€Sri€Lanka€who€has€applied€forÏlanded€immigrant€status.€€In€1995,€the€Canadian€government€detained€him€andÏcommenced€deportation€proceedings€on€security€grounds,€based€on€the€opinion€of€theÏCanadian€Security€Intelligence€Service€that€he€was€a€member€and€Ô_ ÔfundraiserÔ_ Ô€of€theÏLiberation€Tigers€of€Tamil€Ô_ ÔEelamÔ_ Ô,€an€organization€alleged€to€be€€engaged€in€terroristÏactivity€in€Sri€Lanka,€and€whose€members€are€also€subject€to€torture€in€Sri€Lanka.€€TheÏFederal€Court,€Trial€Division€

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€€Par€cons quent,€affirmer€queÐ  , Ðlð ðentreprise€de€lð ðemployeur€a€cr €ou€sensiblement€accru€le€risque€de€perp tration€deÐ ( Ä Ðlð ðacte€d lictueux€ne€revient€pas€ €dire€quð ðun€employeur€raisonnable€aurait€dðE ð€pr voir€leÐ À \ Ðpr judice€au€sens€traditionnel€du€droit€en€mati re€de€n gligence,€ce€qui€le€rendraitÐ X ô Ðresponsable€de€sa€propre€n gligence.

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Ðliability€ceases€to€flow:€€ò òPoland€v.€John€Parr€and€Sonsó ó,€[1927]€1€K.B.€236€(C.A.)€(notingÐ Ô/p)4 Ðthat€the€question€is€often€one€of€degree).€€As€Prosser€and€Keeton€sum€up€Ô ‡ X |ä X X X |ä Ô(ò òProsser€andÐ d ÐKeeton€onó ó€ò òthe€Law€of€Tortsó ó€(5th€ed.€1984),€at€pp.€500„501)Ô # † X |ä X X X |ä$ # Ô,€when€the€harm€is€connectedÐ ü ˜ Ðto€the€employment€enterprise:Ý ƒ % Ñýbý }ý ݌Р” 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÓ ÓÌà0 œ àThe€losses€caused€by€the€torts€of€employees,€which€as€a€practical€matter€areÐ ø ” Ðsure€to€occur€in€the€conduct€of€the€employerð ðs€enterprise,€are€placed€uponÐ Ä ` Ðthat€enterprise€itself,€as€a€required€cost€of€doing€business.€€They€are€placedÐ  , Ðupon€the€employer€because,€having€engaged€in€an€enterprise,€which€will€onÐ \ ø Ðthe€basis€of€all€past€experience€involve€harm€to€others€through€the€torts€ofÐ ( Ä Ðemployees,€and€sought€to€profit€by€it,€it€is€just€that€he,€rather€than€theÐ ô  Ðinnocent€injured€plaintiff,€should€bear€them;€and€because€he€is€better€able€toÐ À \ Ðabsorb€them,€and€to€distribute€them,€through€prices,€rates€or€liabilityÐ Œ ( Ðinsurance,€to€the€public,€and€so€to€shift€them€to€society,€to€the€community€atÐ X ô Ðlarge.Ð $ À œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÌÌÓ T ÓÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà œ àÝ ÝThe€connection€between€the€tort€and€the€employment€is€broad.€€To€say€theÐ T ð Ðemployerð ðs€enterprise€created€or€materially€enhanced€the€risk€of€the€tortious€act€isÐ ì ˆ Ðtherefore€different€from€saying€that€a€reasonable€employer€should€have€foreseen€the€harmÐ „ Ðin€the€traditional€negligence€sense,€making€it€liable€for€its€own€negligence.€€As€FlemingÐ ¸ Ðexplains€(ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€422):Ý ƒ % Ñý 2 ݌Р´ P ÐŒÝ Ý€€Ó ÓÐ L è ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àPerhaps€inevitably,€the€familiar€notion€of€foreseeability€can€here€be€seenÐ ä € Ðonce€more€lurking€in€the€background,€as€undoubtedly€one€of€the€manyÐ ° L ! Ðrelevant€factors€is€the€question€of€whether€the€unauthorised€act€was€a€normalÐ |! " Ðor€expected€incident€of€the€employment.€€But€one€must€not€confuse€theÐ H"ä # Ðrelevance€of€foreseeability€in€this€sense€with€its€usual€function€on€aÐ #° $ Ðnegligence€issue.€€We€are€not€here€concerned€with€attributing€fault€to€theÐ à#| % Ðmaster€for€failing€to€provide€against€foreseeable€harm€(for€example€inÐ ¬$H & Ðconsequence€of€employing€an€incompetent€servant),€but€with€the€measure€ofÐ x% ' Ðrisks€that€may€fairly€be€regarded€as€typical€of€the€enterprise€in€question.€€ò òTheÐ D&à ( Ðinquiry€is€directed€not€at€foreseeability€of€risks€from€specific€conduct,€but€atÐ '¬ )

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Ða€eu€raison€de€d cider€quð ðil€y€a€mati re€ €arbitrage€du€fait€que€les€droits€et€obligationsÐ 8 Ô Ðsubstantiels€pr vus€par€la€ò òLNEó ó€sont€incorpor s€dans€la€convention€collective.Ô' þ j fÆ ÔÝ ƒ % ÑýÆ ªÆ ݌РРl ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýQÊ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àJe€souligne€en€outre€que€la€Commission€ontarienne€des€droits€de€laÐ ¦ B Ðpersonne€est€intervenue€en€lð ðesp ce€afin€de€sð ðassurer€que€sa€comp tence€ne€soit€pasÐ > Ú Ð cart e€parce€que€lð ðemploy e€l s e€est€assujettie€ €une€convention€collective€ €lð ð gardÐ Ö!

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Ðand€other€employment„related€statutes.€€ò òó óIf€the€terms€of€the€collective€agreement€are€inÐ d Ðconflict€with€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Codeó ó,€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Code€ó ówill€prevail.€€ApplyingÐ ü ˜ Ðthis€reasoning€to€the€facts€of€this€case,€Morden€J.A.€found€that€the€right€of€the€employerÐ ” 0 Ðunder€the€collective€agreement€to€discharge€a€probationary€employee€ð ðfor€any€reasonÐ , È Ðsatisfactory€to€the€employerð ð€is€in€direct€conflict€with€s.€5(1)€of€the€ò òHuman€RightsÐ Ä ` ÐCodeó ó.€€He€concluded€that€Article€8.06€should€be€read€down€not€to€include€the€powerÐ \ ø Ðto€discharge€for€discriminatory€reasons.Ý ƒ % ÑýGž bž ݌Рô  ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýp£ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€end,€however,€Morden€J.A.€chose€not€to€rely€on€the€precedingÐ Ê f Ðanalysis€for€the€purpose€of€disposing€of€the€appeal.€€His€reasoning€was€that€he€felt€thatÐ b þ Ðthe€requirement€of€an€express€conflict€between€the€statute€and€the€collective€agreementÐ ú – Ðcould€involve€some€incongruity.€€In€his€view,€the€requirement€of€a€direct€conflictÐ ’ . Ðbetween€the€statute€and€the€agreement€would€have€the€incongruous€result€that€anÐ * Æ Ðarbitrator€will€find€the€dispute€arbitrable€and€resolve€it€on€the€basis€of€the€externalÐ Â ^ Ðstatute€where€the€parties€have€said€something€inconsistent€with€the€statute,€but€notÐ Z ö Ðwhere€they€have€said€nothing€at€all€on€the€matter.€€Noting€that€this€feature€of€s.Ð ò Ž Ð48(12)(j)€results€in€some€uncertainty€regarding€the€scope€of€its€application,€MordenÐ Š & ÐJ.A.€chose€not€to€resolve€the€matter€on€this€basis.Ý ƒ % Ñýp£ ‹£ ݌Р""¾ " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý ¨ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àInstead,€Morden€J.A.€decided€the€matter€with€reference€to€the€ò òEmploymentÐ ø%” & ÐStandards€Actó óÔ ‡ / X %a X X X %a Ô€(ð ðò òESAó óð ð)ò òÔ # † X %a X X / X %a © # Ôó ó,€which€he€considered€to€be€a€much€firmer€ground.€€Morden€J.A.Ð ',!( Ðfirst€noted€that€s.€44€of€the€ò òESA€ó óprovides€that€an€employer€shall€not€dismiss€anÐ ()Ä"* Ðemployee€because€the€employee€takes€pregnancy€leave€or€parental€leave.€€He€thenÐ À*\$, Ðnoted€that€under€s.€64.5(1)€of€the€ò òESAó ó€the€terms€and€conditions€of€the€Act€areÐ X,ô%. Ðenforceable€ò òó óagainst€the€employer€as€if€they€were€a€part€of€the€collective€agreement.€€InÐ ð-Œ'0 Ðview€of€the€direct€incorporation€of€the€ò òESA€ó óinto€the€collective€agreement,€Morden€J.A.Ð ˆ/$)2 Ðfound€that€the€Board€had€jurisdiction€to€consider€whether€the€dismissal€of€Ms.€Oð ðBrienÐ d Ðwas€inconsistent€with€s.€44

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ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýLP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àò òLa€juge€Ô_ ÔAbellaÔ_ Ôó óð" ð€Il€y€a€plus€de25€ans,€la€Cour€a€d clar €constitutionnelÐ l+Ü#- Ðun€programme€f d ral-provincial€de€production€et€de€commercialisation€des€ð§ ðufs.€Ð -t%/ ÐAndr Ô_ ÔPellandÔ_ Ô,€ leveur€de€poulets€du€Qu bec,€dont€la€production€est€assujettie€ €unÐ œ. '1 Ðprogramme€similaire,€demande€le€r examen€de€la€constitutionnalit €du€programme.Ý ƒ % ÑýLP gP ݌Р40¤(3 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôò òContexteó óÐ ( ˜ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý S Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àDans€lð ðarr t€de€principe€quð ðelle€a€rendu€en1978,€maintenant€appel Ô' È ( ÛR Ô€ð ðò òRenvoiÐ X È Ðsur€les€ð§ ðufsó óð ð€(ò òRenvoi€relatif€ €la€Loi€sur€lð ðorganisation€du€march €des€produitsÐ ð ` Ðagricolesó ó,€[1978]€2Ô_ ÔR.C.S.Ô_ ԁ1198),€la€Cour€Ó Ì Óa€unanimement€confirm €la€constitutionnalit Ð ˆ ø Ðdð ðun€programme€national€de€commercialisation€agricole€que€le€Parlement€et€les€provincesÐ ` Ð Ðont€ labor €conjointement€ €la€suite€de€lð ð volution€de€la€jurisprudence€de€la€Cour.€Ð 8 ¨ ÐDepuis,€le€ò òRenvoi€sur€les€ð§ ðufsó ó€est€devenu€la€r f rence€en€mati re€de€programmeÐ € Ðf d ral-provincial€de€commercialisation.Ý ƒ % Ñý S &S ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÖV Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àApr s€le€prononc €de€la€d cision€dans€le€ò òRenvoi€sur€les€ð§ ðufsó ó,€leÐ ˜ Ðgouvernement€f d ral€et€les€provinces€ont€conclu,€en€1978,€lð ðò òAccord€f d ral-provincialÐ p à Ðrelatif€ €la€mise€en€place€dð ðun€syst me€global€de€commercialisation€du€poulet€au€CanadaÐ H ¸ Ðó ó(ð ðAccord€f d ral-provincialð ð).Ý ƒ % ÑýÖV ñV ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Y Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àPour€assurer€une€commercialisation€efficace€des€poulets€et€unÐ Ð#@ Ðapprovisionnement€r gulier€de€ce€produit€au€consommateur€canadien,€lð ðAccordÐ ¨% " Ðf d ral-provincial€vise€ € tablir€un€r gime€de€r glementation€harmonieux€dans€lequelÐ €'ð $ Ðsont€incorpor es€les€comp tences€l gislatives€des€deux€ordres€de€gouvernement.

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ÐÓ Óà0 ` àà Œ àThe€view€of€the€four€judges€in€the€ò òOntario€Reference€ó ówas€that€the€factÐ Ðthat€a€transaction€took€place€wholly€within€a€province€did€not€necessarilyÐ å Ì Ðmean€that€it€was€thereby€subject€solely€to€provincial€control.€€TheÐ ± ˜ Ðregulation€of€some€such€transactions€relating€to€products€destined€forÐ } d Ðinterprovincial€trade€could€constitute€a€regulation€of€interprovincial€tradeÐ I 0 Ðand€be€beyond€provincial€control.Ð ü ` Ð ` Ð ÐÓ 5¿ ÓÓ ÓÌà0 ` àà Œ àWhile€I€agree€with€the€view€of€the€four€judges€in€theò ò€Ontario€Referenceó óÐ ­ ” Ðthat€a€trade€transaction,€completed€in€a€province,€is€not€necessarily,€by€thatÐ y ` Ðfact€alone,€subject€only€to€provincial€control,€I€also€hold€the€view€that€ò òtheÐ E , Ðfact€that€such€a€transaction€incidentally€has€some€effect€upon€a€companyÐ ø Ðengaged€in€interprovincial€trade€does€not€necessarily€prevent€its€beingÐ Ý Ä Ðsubject€to€such€controló ó.Ð ©  ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà Œ àI€agree€with€the€view€of€Abbott€J.,€in€the€ò òOntario€Referenceó ó,€that€eachÐ A ( Ðtransaction€and€each€regulation€must€be€examined€in€relation€to€its€ownÐ ô Ðfacts.€.€.€.€ò òThey€did€not€purport€directly€to€control€or€to€restrict€such€trade.€Ð Ù À ÐThere€was€no€evidence€that,€in€fact,€they€did€control€or€restrict€it.€€The€mostÐ ¥ Œ Ðthat€can€be€said€of€them€is€that€they€had€some€effect€upon€the€cost€of€doingÐ q X Ðbusiness€in€Quebec€of€a€company€engaged€in€interprovincial€trade,€and€that,Ð = $ Ðby€itself,€is€not€sufficient€to€make€them€invalid.ó ó€€[Emphasis€added;€pp.€253„Ð ð Ð54.]Ó ‰Á ÓÐ Õ ¼ ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÕÆ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThis€analysis€underlies€the€concern€expressed€by€Laskin€C.J.€in€the€ò òEggÐ ì ÐReferenceó ó,€and€it€arises€whenever€there€is€overlapping€jurisdiction.€Ó 9 Ü , ‚X ` ø Ü Œ 8 ô Ü , ‚X ` „, ô 9 ÓLaws€enacted€underÐ  „ Ðthe€jurisdiction€of€one€level€of€government€often€overflow€into€or€have€incidentalÐ 5 Ðimpact€on€the€jurisdiction€of€the€other€governmental€level.€That€is€why€a€reviewingÐ Í ´ Ðcourt€is€required€to€focus€on€the€core€character€of€the€impugned€legislation,€as€thisÐ e L ! ÐCourt€did€in€ò òCarnationó ó;€ò òAttorney„General€for€Manitoba€v.€Manitoba€Egg€and€PoultryÐ ý!ä # ÐAssnó ó.,€[1971]€S.C.R.€689;€the€ò òEgg€Referenceó ó;€ò òCanadian€Industrial€Gas€&€Oiló ó€ò òLtd.€v.Ð •#| % ÐGovernment€of€Saskatchewanó ó,€[1978]€2€S.C.R.€545;€ò òó óandò ò€Central€Canada€Potashó ó€ò òCoó ó.Ð -% ' Ðò òv.€Government€of€Saskatchewanó ó,€[1979]€1€S.C.R.€42.Ý ƒ % ÑýÕÆ ðÆ ÝŒÐ Å&¬ )

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€€Deuxi mement,€la€loi€interdit€ð ðtousð ð€les€droits€dð ðactionÐ Ô)D"+ Ðlorsque€les€travailleurs€sont€bless s€au€cours€de€leur€emploi,€sans€aucune€exception€pourÐ l+Ü#- Ðles€actions€fond es€uniquement€sur€des€motifs€non€li s€ €lð ðemploi.€€Troisi mement,€cetteÐ -t%/ Ðâ âth orie€permettrait€aux€travailleurs€bless s€dð ðintenter€des€actions€contre€leur€employeurÐ œ. '1 Ðpour€un€autre€motif€de€responsabilit ,€ce€qui€irait€ €lð ðencontre€de€lð ðobjet€de€la€l gislationÐ  Ðen€mati re€dð ðaccidents€du€travail.Ý ƒ % Ñý½µ ص ݌Р( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôò òLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€de€la€Saskatchewanó ó€(1993),€115€Ô_ ÔSaskÔ_ Ô.€R.€111Ô CECF. , ÔÐ X È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý½» Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , •» ÔÔ # † X s X X X s ‰¶ # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLe€juge€Ô_ ÔScheibelÔ_ Ô€a€statu €que€la€Commission€avait€conclu€ €juste€titre€queÔ' È X » ÔÐ ˆ ø ÐPro„Crane,€Ô_ ÔSaskPowerÔ_ Ô€et€le€gouvernement€ taient€des€employeurs€dont€les€travailleursÐ  Ðparticipaient€directement€ €une€industrie.€€Il€a€d cid €que,€vu€quð ðune€industrie€est€uneÐ ¸ ( Ðentreprise€de€tout€genre,€ce€que€le€gouvernement€fait€constitue€son€industrie.€€En€lð ðesp ce,Ð P À Ðlð ðindustrie€du€gouvernement€consistait€ €appliquer€des€normes€d'hygi ne€et€de€s curit Ð è X Ðau€travail.€€Si€les€faits€all gu s€par€les€intim s€sont€v ridiques,€ils€ont€alors€ t €bless s€ Ð € ð Ðla€suite€dð ðune€omission€relative€ €cette€industrie,€et€le€gouvernement€ tait€donc€vis €parÐ ˆ Ðla€LoiÔ CECF. , Ô.Ý ƒ % Ñý½» Ø» ݌Р° ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýNÀ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , À ÔÔ # † X s X X X s ‰¼ # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔAu€sujet€de€la€norme€de€contrð= ðle,€le€juge€Ô_ ÔScheibelÔ_ Ô€a€conclu€que,€du€fait€queÐ à P Ðla€Commission€est€assujettie€ €une€clause€privative€Ô # † X s X X X s Á # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ôv ritableÔ # † X s X X X s  # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô,€le€crit re€de€contrð= ðle€estÐ x è Ðcelui€du€caract re€manifestement€d raisonnable.€€Il€a€jug €quð ðon€nð ðavait€pas€prouv €queÐ !€ Ðla€d cision€de€la€Commission€ tait€manifestement€d raisonnable,€ni€que€la€CommissionÐ ¨" " Ðavait€exc d €sa€comp tence.

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/ Ð / Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(c)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àadministration€of€the€compensation€schemes€and€adjudication€ofÐ Ô)D"+ Ðclaims€handled€by€an€independent€commission,€andÐ  * #, / Ð / Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(d)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àcompensation€to€injured€workers€provided€quickly€without€courtÐ 8,¨$. Ðproceedings.Ð -t%/ / Ð / Ð ÐÌâ âÓ éî ÓÐ œ. '1 ÐI€would€note€that€these€four€principles€are€interconnected.€For€instance,€security€ofÐ  Ðâ âpayment€is€assured€by€the€existence€of€an€injury€fund€that€is€maintained€throughÐ ( ˜ Ðcontributions€from€employers€and€administered€by€an€independent€commission,€theÐ À 0 ÐWorkersð ð€Compensation€Board.€The€principle€of€quick€compensation€without€the€needÐ X È Ðfor€court€proceedings€similarly€depends€upon€the€fund€and€the€adjudication€of€claims€byÐ ð ` Ðthe€Board.€The€principle€of€no„fault€recovery€assists€the€goal€of€speedy€compensation€byÐ ˆ ø Ðreducing€the€number€issues€that€must€be€adjudicated.€The€bar€to€actions€is€not€ancillaryÐ  Ðto€this€scheme€but€central€to€it.€If€there€were€no€bar,€then€the€integrity€of€the€systemÐ ¸ ( Ðwould€be€compromised€as€employers€sought€to€have€their€industries€exempted€from€theÐ P À Ðrequirement€of€paying€premiums€toward€an€insurance€system€that€did€not,€in€fact,€provideÐ è X Ðthen€with€any€insurance.Ð € ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý8ö Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€cases€also€support€the€conclusion€that€the€legislature€intended€to€commitÐ ° Ðexclusively€to€the€Board€the€question€of€whether€the€statutory€bar€applied.€€In€ò òDominionÐ H ¸ ÐCanners€Ltd.€v.€Costanzaó ó,€[1923]€S.C.R.€46,€Duff€J.€(as€he€then€was)€found€that€theÐ à P Ðproper€inference€from€provisions€similar€to€the€ones€in€issue€here€was€that€the€authorityÐ x è Ðto€pass€on€the€issue€was€solely€vested€in€the€Board.€He€commented,€at€p.€54:Ý ƒ % Ñý8ö Sö ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àThe€autonomy€of€the€board€is,€I€think,€one€of€the€central€features€of€theÐ @$° $ Ðsystem€set€up€by€the€Workmenð ðs€Compensation€Act.€One€at€least€of€theÐ %| % Ðmore€obvious€advantages€of€this€very€practical€method€of€dealing€withÐ Ø%H & Ðthe€subject€of€compensation€for€industrial€accidents€is€that€the€waste€ofÐ ¤& ' Ðenergy€and€expense€in€legal€proceedings€and€a€canon€of€interpretationÐ p'à ( Ðgoverned€in€its€application€by€refinement€upon€refinement€leading€toÐ

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€€Il€soutient€que€les€dispositions€l gislatives€et€r glementaires€de€la€provinceÐ ì \ Ðen€mati re€de€commercialisation€ne€peuvent€sð ðappliquer€quð ð €la€production€de€pouletsÐ Ä 4 Ðdestin s€aux€march s€du€Qu bec€et€non€ €la€production€de€poulets€r serv sÐ œ Ðexclusivement€aux€march s€interprovinciaux.Ý ƒ % Ñý Š /Š ݌Рt ä ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý™ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àM.

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Ðmarketing€scheme€at€issue€here€are€s.€91(2),€which€confers€jurisdiction€over€trade€andÐ Ðcommerce€to€the€federal€government,€and€s.92(10),€which€gives€provincialÐ ± ˜ Ðgovernments€jurisdiction€over€local€works€and€undertakings.Ý ƒ % ÑýwË ’Ë ÝŒÐ I 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý˜Ï Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú33Ú ÚÛ € z ! Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àAs€previously€indicated,€once€the€national€quota€for€chicken€production€isÐ y ` Ðdivided€among€the€provinces,€a€producer€must€be€allotted€an€individual€productionÐ ø Ðquota€in€order€to€produce€chicken€in€the€province.€Chicken€producers€within€eachÐ ©  Ðprovince€receive€only€one€individual€marketing€and€production€quota.€Ý ƒ % Ñý˜Ï ³Ï ݌РA ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÑÑ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú34Ú ÚÛ € z " Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` à€The€provincial€chicken€regulation€expresses€quotas€in€square€meters€of€barnÐ q X Ðspace,€clearly€tying€quotas€to€physical€production€ò òwithinó ó€Quebec.€The€quota€assignedÐ ð Ðto€each€producer€in€a€province€does€not€distinguish€between€what€can€be€marketedÐ ¡ ˆ Ðwithin€the€province€and€what€can€be€marketed€extraprovincially;€rather,€the€decisionÐ 9 Ðwhether€to€market€internally€or€externally€is€up€to€each€producer€once€he€or€she€obtainsÐ Ñ ¸ Ðthe€proper€licences€(ò òCanadian€Chicken€Licensing€Regulationsó ó,€SOR/81„517).€Ð i P ÐQuebecð ðs€chicken€producers€are€free€to€market€their€products€intraprovincially,Ð è Ðextraprovincially€or€in€some€combination€of€the€two,€so€long€as€they€do€not€exceedÐ ™ € Ðtheir€individual€quotas.Ý ƒ % ÑýÑÑ ìÑ ÝŒÐ 1! " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýñÕ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThe€only€requirements€imposed€on€provincial€producers€wishing€to€exportÐ a$H & Ðtheir€product€are€that€they€obtain€a€marketing€and€production€quota€from€the€F d rationÐ ù%à ( Ðand€a€licence€from€the€federal€body.€A€producer€may€not€engage€in€the€marketing€ofÐ ‘'x!* Ðchicken€in€interprovincial€or€export€trade€without€the€appropriate€licence.€The€licensingÐ )) #, Ðrequirement,€however,€is€not€onerous.€On€receipt€of€a€valid€application,€the€federalÐ Á*¨$. Ðbody€is€required€to€issue€a€licence.€For€its€part,€the€producer€is€required€to€abide€by€theÐ Y,@&0 Ðâ âapplicable€laws€and€to€make€regular€reports€detailing€its€extraprovincial€sales.€TheÐ ñ-Ø'2 Ðamount€of€chicken€that€a€producer€may€export€is€not€specified€on€the€licence€and€is,€inÐ Ðtheory,€limited€solely€by€the€quota€amount€assigned€by€the€F d ration.Ý ƒ % ÑýñÕ Ö ÝŒÐ ± ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý`Ú Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àIt€is€important€to€stre

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Ðpermette€que€des€craintes€et€des€propensions€irrationnelles€faussent€lð ðapplicationÐ h Ô Ðl gitime€des€conditions€ tablies€en€la€mati re. €€Il€nð ðest€pas€n cessaire€de€sð ðappuyer€surÐ l Ðla€jurisprudence€ou€la€doctrine€pour€affirmer€que€les€r actions€ motives€de€gens€malÐ ˜ Ðinform s€sont€ext rieures€ €notre€syst me€de€mise€en€libert €sous€caution.Ý ƒ % Ñý ê #ê ݌Р0 œ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýÿî Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú109Ú ÚÛ € z m Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà µ àComme€nous€lð ðavons€vu,€lð ðintim e€a€ nonc €plusieurs€motifs€particuliersÐ #r Ðde€refuser€la€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€qui€pourraient€relever€de€lð ðð ðadministration€deÐ ž$ " Ðla€justiceð ð.€€Bien€quð ðil€soit€possible€de€consid rer€que€certains€de€ces€motifs€favorisentÐ 6&¢ $ Ðle€bon€fonctionnement€du€syst me€de€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€(comme,€parÐ Î': & Ðexemple,€refuser€la€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€pour€prot ger€lð ðaccus €lui„m me),€laÐ f)Ò!( Ðcapacit €de€donner€un€ou€deux€exemples€isol s€de€cas€o €le€refus€dð ðaccorder€la€mise€enÐ þ*j#* Ðlibert €sous€caution€peut€ tre€justifi €pour€dð ðautres€motifs€que€ceux€ num r s€ €lð ðal.ò òaó ó)Ð –, %, Ðâ âou€ €lð ðal.€ò òbó ó)€ne€saurait€justifier€le€libell €g n ral€de€lð ðal.515(10)ò òcó ó).€€Le€l gislateur€peutÐ ..š&. Ðl gif rer€de€mani re€ €inclure€ces€motifs€pr cis€sð ðil€le€juge€n cessaire,€mais€tel€nð ðest€pasÐ ” Ðlð ðobjet€de€la€disposition€en€cause€dans€la€pr sente€affaire.ò òÝ ƒ % Ñýÿî ï ݌Р, ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌó óÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý"ô Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú110Ú ÚÛ € z n Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà µ àEn€r sum ,€m me€si,€dans€dð ðautres€circonstances,€lð ðon€pourrait€consid rerÐ n Ðque€les€facteurs€ num r s€ €lð ðal.

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Ðforth.Ð Ô* %, ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÂt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú103Ú ÚÛ € z g Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àConsequently,€I€am€of€the€view€that€this€Courtð ðs€holding€in€ò òCanadianÐ ª.Ø(0 ÐBroadcasting€Corp.€v.€New€Brunswick€(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1996]€3€S.C.R.€480Ð B0p*2 Ð(ð ðò òCBCó óð ð),€namely€that€the€phrase€ð ðproper€administration€of€justiceð ð€provided€anÐ Ò Ðintelligible€standard€by€which€a€presiding€judge€could€exclude€members€of€the€publicÐ j ˜ Ðfrom€criminal€proceedings,€cannot€be€used€to€support€a€similar€conclusion€in€the€caseÐ 0 Ðat€bar.€€The€Courtð ðs€holding€in€ò òCBC€ó ówas€based€on€its€conclusion€that,€in€the€context€ofÐ š È Ðs.€486(1)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€the€phrase€ð ðproper€administration€of€justiceð ð€engagedÐ 2 ` Ðspecific€fundamental€values€such€as€the€ability€of€courts€to€control€their€own€processÐ Ê ø Ðin€furtherance€of€the€rule€of€law,€and€the€power€of€courts€to€regulate€the€publicity€ofÐ b  Ðtheir€proceedings€in€order€to€protect€the€innocent€and€safeguard€privacy€interests:€€see€Ð ú ( Ðò òCBCó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€paras.€36„43.€€By€engaging€these€specific€values,€the€phrase€ð ðproperÐ ’ À Ðadministration€of€justiceð ð,€in€the€context€of€s.€486(1),€provided€an€ð ðintelligible€standardÐ * X Ð...€according€to€which€the€judiciary€[could]€exercise€the€discretion€conferredð ð:€€ò òCBCó ó,Ð Â ð Ðat€para.€59.€ò ò€ó óIn€contrast,€as€I€have€stated,€I€can€find€no€parallel€values€engaged€by€theÐ Z ˆ Ðphrase€ð ðmaintain€confidence€in€the€administration€of€justiceð ð,€as€it€is€found€in€s.Ð ò Ð515(10)(ò òcó ó).€€The€mere€fact€that€this€phrase€is€well€known€does€not€serve€to€endow€itÐ Š ¸ Ðwith€an€intrinsic€legitimacy.€€On€the€contrary,€the€proper€approach€is€to€examine€theÐ " P Ðphrase€in€its€statutory€context€and€in€light€of€the€specific€values€engaged:€€ò òCBCó ó,€atÐ º è Ðpara.€36.€€In€the€context€of€s.€515(10)(ò òcó ó),€the€phrase€ð ðmaintain€confidence€in€theÐ R € Ðadministration€of€justiceð ð€fails€to€engage€any€legitimate€specific€values€and€thus€doesÐ ê " Ðnot€provide€the€judiciary€with€an€ð ðintelligible€standardð ð.Ý ƒ % ÑýÂt Ýt ݌Р‚"° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýt~ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú104Ú ÚÛ € z h Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àBy€enacting€s.€515(10)(ò òcó ó),€Parliament€has€essentially€revived,€albeit€withÐ X&† ( Ðmore€elaborate€wording,€the€old€ð ðpublic€interestð ð€ground€that€this€Court€struck€downÐ ð' "* Ðin€ò òMoralesó ó.€€In€ò òRe€Powers€and€The€Queen€ó ó(1972),€9€C.C.C.€(2d)€533€(Ont.€H.C.),€atÐ ˆ)¶#, Ðpp.€544„45,€the€ð ðpublic€interestð ð€ground€was€defi

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160,€il€y€a€saisie€chaque€fois€que€lð ð tat€prend,€sans€leÐ Œ ( Ðconsentement€dð ðun€citoyen,€un€bien€appartenant€ €ce€dernier€et€ €lð ð gard€duquel€il€a€uneÐ $ À Ðattente€raisonnable€en€mati re€de€respect€de€la€vie€priv e.

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Ðrespondent€that€they€were€treating€his€consent€as€a€blanket€consent€to€the€useÐ /¤(3 Ðof€the€sample€in€relation€to€other€offences€in€which€he€might€be€a€suspect.€Ð Ô/p)4 ÐI€express€no€opinion€on€the€question€of€whether€there€would€have€been€aÐ d Ðseizure€if€the€intention€of€the€police€to€use€the€sample€in€respect€of€theÐ 0 Ì Ð[earlier]€assault€case,€and€the€subsequent€appropriation€of€the€sample€for€thatÐ ü ˜ Ðpurpose,€did€not€exist€until€some€time€after€the€seizure€of€the€blood€for€useÐ È d Ðin€the€[later]€case.€...Ð ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àThe€degree€of€awareness€of€the€consequences€of€the€waiver€of€the€s.8Ð , È Ðright€required€of€an€accused€in€a€given€case€will€depend€on€its€particularÐ ø ” Ðfacts.€€Obviously,€it€will€not€be€necessary€for€the€accused€to€have€a€detailedÐ Ä ` Ðcomprehension€of€every€possible€outcome€of€his€or€her€consent.€€However,Ð  , Ðhis€or€her€understanding€should€include€the€fact€that€the€police€are€alsoÐ \ ø Ðplanning€to€use€the€product€of€the€seizure€in€a€different€investigation€fromÐ ( Ä Ðthe€one€for€which€he€or€she€is€detained.Ó % ÓÐ ô  œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌThus€the€general€principle€to€be€taken€from€ò òBordenó ó€is€that€the€scope€of€a€valid€consentÐ $ À Ðmay€be€limited€by€the€extent€of€the€accusedð ðs€knowledge€and€the€information€given€toÐ ¼ X Ðthe€accused€as€to€the€consequences€of€giving€his€consent.€€The€majority€specifically€leftÐ T ð Ðopen€the€issue€raised€by€the€appellant€in€this€case.Ð ì ˆ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýN, Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú86Ú ÚÛ € z V Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€noteworthy€that€both€Lamer€C.J.€(Gonthier€J.€concurring)€and€McLachlinÐ ¸ ÐJ.€expressed€an€opinion€on€this€issue€in€ò òobiteró ó.€€As€Lamer€C.J.€stated,€at€pp.153-54:Ý ƒ % ÑýN, i, ݌Р´ P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àWhile€I€do€not€think€it€necessary€or€desirable€to€deal€with€the€broaderÐ ä € Ðquestion€of€what€is€required€for€a€valid€consent,€I€agree€with€Iacobucci€J.€thatÐ ° L ! Ðthe€individual€must€be€told€about€the€anticipated€purpose€known€to€theÐ |! " Ðpolice€when€the€consent€is€requested.Ð H"ä # œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àHowever,€in€agreeing,€ò òI€would€not€wish€to€be€taken€as€accepting€theÐ à#| % Ðgeneral€proposition€that€the€consent,€once€validly€given€in€the€criminal€lawÐ ¬$H & Ðcontext,€constrains€the€uses€that€may€be€made€of€the€sample€or€the€results€ofÐ x% ' Ðanalysis€thereofó ó.€€Such€an€approach€runs€the€risk€of€consideringÐ D&à ( Ðinvestigations€and€consents€to€searches€and€seizures€in€watertightÐ '¬ ) Ðcompartments.€€[Emphasis€added.]Ó Õ- ÓÐ Ü'x!* œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌMcLachlin€J.

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€€Par€cons quent,€la€conclusion€du€ConseilÐ Œ ( Ðque€le€cong diement€discriminatoire€dð ðun€employ € €lð ðessai€est€mati re€ €arbitrageÐ $ À Ðnð ðest€pas€manifestement€d raisonnable€et€doit€ tre€confirm e.Ô CECF.

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Ðcollective€agreement€and€falls€squarely€within€the€Boardð ðs€jurisdiction.€€Accordingly,Ð Ô/p)4 Ðthe€Boardð ðs€finding€that€the€discriminatory€discharge€of€a€probationary€employee€isÐ d Ðarbitrable€is€not€patently€unreasonable€and€should€be€upheld.Ð ü ˜ ÐÌà œ àEven€if€there€was€no€basis€on€which€to€conclude€that€the€alleged€violationÐ , È Ðof€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Code€ó óis€arbitrable,€the€application€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€of€theÐ Ä ` Ðò òESA€ó óleads€to€the€conclusion€that€the€subject€matter€of€Oð ðs€grievance€is€arbitrable.€€TheÐ \ ø Ðjoint€effect€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€is€that€each€collective€agreement€is€deemed€to€containÐ ô  Ða€provision€that€prohibits€the€discharge€of€a€probationary€employee€because€she€tookÐ Œ ( Ðor€intends€to€take€pregnancy€leave.€€Thus,€the€subject€matter€of€Oð ðs€grievance€clearlyÐ $ À Ðconstitutes€a€dispute€that€arises€under€a€collective€agreement€over€which€the€Board€hasÐ ¼ X Ðjurisdiction.€€Ð T ð ÐÌà œ àIt€was€not€improper€for€the€Court€of€Appeal€to€take€into€account€the€factÐ „ Ðthat€the€substantive€rights€and€obligations€of€the€ò òESA€ó óare€incorporated€directly€intoÐ ¸ Ðeach€collective€agreement.€€The€finding€under€review€is€not€the€Boardð ðs€finding€thatÐ ´ P Ðs.5(1)€of€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Code€ó óis€enforceable€against€the€employer,€but€its€findingÐ L è Ðthat€Oð ðs€grievance€is€arbitrable.€€If€the€Court€of€Appeal€had€upheld€the€DivisionalÐ ä € ÐCourtð ðs€decision€to€reverse€the€arbitration€award€without€taking€into€account€theÐ |! " Ðpotential€impact€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€of€the€ò òESAó ó,€it€would€arguably€have€committedÐ #° $ Ðan€error€of€law.€Ð ¬$H & ÐÌà œ àThe€Union€was€not€bound€by€its€prior€decision€not€to€seek€enforcement€ofÐ Ü'x!* Ðs.44€of€the€ò òESAó ó€at€the€initial€hearing.€€The€purpose€of€s.64.5(4)€of€the€ò òESAó ó€is€not€toÐ t) #, Ðbind€a€union€to€such€a€prior€decision,€but,€rather,€to€affirm€the€principle€that€anÐ +¨$. Ðemployee€to€whom€a€collective€agreement€applies€is€not€entitled€to€file€or€maintain€aÐ ¤,@&0 Ðcomplaint€under€the€Act.€Ð

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734€et€735:Ð ` ü ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àCet€examen€de€la€jurisprudence€mð ðam ne€ €tirer€les€conclusionsÐ  , Ðsuivantes€quant€ €lð ð tat€actuel€du€droit€en€mati re€de€preuve€de€faitsÐ \ ø Ðsimilaires€au€Canada.

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Ðwas€used€to€prove€identity,€made€this€point€clear€(at€p.367):Ý ƒ % Ñýú ݌РÔ/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àIn€similar€fact€cases€it€is€not€sufficient€to€establish€that€the€accused€is€aÐ ü ˜ Ðmember€of€an€abnormal€group€with€the€same€propensities€as€the€perpetrator.€Ð È d ÐThere€must€be€some€further€distinguishing€feature.€€Accordingly,€if€the€crimeÐ ” 0 Ðwas€committed€by€someone€with€homosexual€tendencies,€it€is€not€sufficientÐ ` ü Ðto€establish€that€the€accused€is€a€practising€homosexual€or€indeed€hasÐ , È Ðengaged€in€numerous€homosexual€acts.€€The€tendered€evidence€must€tend€toÐ ø ” Ðshow€that€there€was€some€striking€similarity€between€the€manner€in€whichÐ Ä ` Ðthe€perpetrator€committed€the€criminal€act€and€such€evidence.Ó ÓÐ  , œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌSee€also€ò òR.€v.€Scopellitió ó€(1981),€63€C.C.C.€(2d)€481€(Ont.€C.A.),€at€p.496,€ò òperó ó€MartinÐ À \ ÐJ.A.€(evidence€of€propensity€is€not€admissible€ð ðunless€the€propensity€is€so€highlyÐ X ô Ðdistinctive€or€unique€as€to€constitute€a€signatureð ð).Ð ð Œ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýf# Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú44Ú ÚÛ € z , Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àBecause€similar€fact€evidence€is€admitted€on€the€basis€of€an€objectiveÐ ¼ Ðimprobability€of€coincidence,€the€evidence€necessarily€derives€its€probative€value€fromÐ ¸ T Ðthe€degree€of€similarity€between€the€acts€under€consideration.€€The€probative€value€must,Ð P ì Ðof€course,€significantly€outweigh€the€prejudice€to€the€accused€for€the€evidence€to€beÐ è „ Ðadmissible.€€See€ò òB.€(C.R.)ó ó,€ò òsupraó ó.€€However,€the€majority€in€ò òB.€(C.R.)ó ó,€ò òó óat€pp.732-33,Ð € Ðrejected€the€proposition€that€the€evidence€must€show€a€ð ðstriking€similarityð ð€between€theÐ ´ Ðacts€in€question€in€order€for€the€evidence€to€have€the€requisite€probative€value.€€I€agreeÐ ° L ! Ðthat€the€requirement€of€ð ðstriking€similarityð ð€needs€to€be€qualified.€€This€point€is€carefullyÐ H"ä # Ðmade€in€ò òR.€v.€P.ó ó,€[1991]€3€All€E.R.€337€(H.L.),€where€the€accused€was€charged€with€theÐ à#| % Ðrape€of€both€his€daughters€and€with€committing€incest€with€them.€€The€counts€were€triedÐ x% ' Ðtogether,€and€the€evidence€of€both€daughters€was€admitted€in€relation€to€each€count€toÐ '¬ ) Ðprove€the€commission€of€the€crime€(at€p.348):Ý ƒ % Ñýf# # ݌Р¨(D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àWhen€a€question€of€the€kind€raised€in€this€case€arises€I€consider€that€theÐ Ø+t%/ Ðjudge€must€first€decide€whether€there€is€material€upon€which€the€jury€wouldÐ ¤,@&0 Ðbe€entitled€to€conclude€that€the€evidence€of€one€victim,€about€what€occurredÐ p- '1 Ðto€that€victim,€is€s

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H.19Ð ü"˜ ÐÓ ñº ÓÌà0 œ àà ø àà œ àà ø àà œ àà ø àò ò5€ó ó€(1)€€Toute€personne€a€droit€ €un€traitement€ gal€en€mati re€dð ðemploi,Ð &¢ " Ðsans€discrimination€fond e€sur€la€race,€lð ðascendance,€le€lieu€dð ðorigine,€laÐ Ò&n # Ðcouleur,€lð ðorigine€ethnique,€la€citoyennet ,€la€croyance,€le€sexe,Ð ž':!

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ÐÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àà ø àò ò48.€ó ó(1)€€Ô USCE. , ÔÔ # † X %a X X / X %aöz # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔEvery€collective€agreement€shall€provide€for€the€final€andÐ d Ðbinding€settlement€by€arbitration,€without€stoppage€of€work,€of€allÐ 0 Ì Ðdifferences€between€the€parties€arising€from€the€interpretation,€application,Ð ü ˜ Ðadministration€or€alleged€violation€of€the€agreement,€including€anyÐ È d Ðquestion€as€to€whether€a€matter€is€arbitrable.Ô # † X %a X X # X %a | # ÔÔ ‡ / X %a X X X %a ÔÔ CE. , US. , à{ ÔÐ ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ô Ô ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ , È ÐÌà0 œ àà ø à(12)€€Ô USCE. , ÔÔ # † X %a X X / X %aæ} # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔAn€arbitrator€or€the€chair€of€an€arbitration€board,€as€the€case€mayÐ Ä ` Ðbe,€has€power,Ð  , œ Ð œ Ð Ðà œ àÌà œ àà0 ø à(a)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€require€any€party€to€furnish€particulars€before€or€during€aÐ ( Ä Ðhearing;Ð ô  8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø à(b)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€require€any€party€to€produce€documents€or€things€that€mayÐ Œ ( Ðbe€relevant€to€the€matter€and€to€do€so€before€or€during€theÐ X ô Ðhearing;Ð $ À 8 Ð 8 Ð Ðà œ àà0 ø àÐ ø Ð ø Ð Ðà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(c)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€fix€dates€for€the€commencement€and€continuation€ofÐ ¼ X Ðhearings;Ó S ÓÐ ˆ $ 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(d)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€summon€and€enforce€the€attendance€of€witnesses€and€toÐ ¼ Ðcompel€them€to€give€oral€or€written€evidence€on€oath€in€theÐ ì ˆ Ðsame€manner€as€a€court€of€record€in€civil€cases;€andÓ S ÓÐ ¸ T 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(e)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€administer€oaths€and€affirmations,Ô # † X %a X X # X %aÀ~ # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔÔ CE. , US. , ‹~ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÐ P ì 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌÔ # † X %a X X # X %aíƒ # ÔÔ CE. , US. , &„ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a Ôà0 œ àand€an€arbitrator€or€an€arbitration€board,€as€the€case€may€be,€has€power,Ó S ÓÐ Ž * œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(f)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€accept€the€oral€or€written€evidence€as€the€arbitrator€or€theÐ &  Ðarbitration€board,€as€the€case€may€be,€in€its€discretion€considersÐ ò Ž Ðproper,€whether€admissible€in€a€court€of€law€or€not;ò òÓ S ÓÐ ¾ Z 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌó óÓ S Óà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(g)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€enter€any€premises€where€work€is€being€done€or€has€beenÐ V!ò ! Ðdone€by€the€employees€or€in€which€the€employer€carries€onÐ ""¾ " Ðbusiness€or€where€anything€is€taking€place€or€has€taken€placeÐ î"Š # Ðconcerning€any€of€the€differences€submitted€to€the€arbitrator€orÐ º#V $ Ðthe€arbitration€board,€and€inspect€and€view€any€work,€material,Ð †$" % Ðmachinery,€appliance€or€article€therein,€and€interrogate€anyÐ R%î & Ðperson€respec

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€€La€distinction€entre€un€employ €et€unÏentrepreneur€ind pendant€est€utile€non€seulement€en€mati re€de€responsabilit €du€faitÏdð ðautrui€mais€aussi€lorsquð ðil€sð ðagit€dð ðappliquer€diverses€lois€sur€lð ðemploi,€de€d terminerÏsi€une€action€pour€cong diement€injustifi €peut€ tre€intent e,€dð ð tablir€des€cotisationsÏen€mati re€dð ðimpð= ðt€sur€le€revenu€ou€de€taxe€dð ðaffaires,€de€dresser€lð ðordre€de€collocationÏdans€le€cas€o €un€employeur€devient€insolvable€ou€dð ðappliquer€des€droits€contractuelsÏ(Flannigan,€ò òloc.€cit.ó ó,€p.25).

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, ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ E ÓÓ L € Uf ( 3 L ÓÝ ‚ 3£ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 3£Â> ÝÔ2 Uf ÔÚ ÚIÚ Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 4 àÝ Ýò òFactsó óÝ ƒ 3£Â> í> ݌Рe$H & 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý•? Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àThe€respondent,€671122€Ontario€Limited,€formerly€Design€DynamicsÐ •'x!* ÐLimited€(ð ðDesignð ð),€was€Canadian€Tire€Corporationð ðs€principal€supplier€of€syntheticÏsheepskin€car€seat€covers€for€30€years.€€Canadian€Tire€was€the€party€in€the€position€ofÏstrength€in€the€relationship.€€This€is€so€as€it€represented€more€than€60€percent€of€theÏCanadian€seat€cover€market€and,€by€1983,€was€Designð ðs€largest€customer€accountingÏfor€over€50€percent€of€its€sales.Ý ƒ % Ñý•? °? ݌Р/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýBB Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àIn€June€1984,€Design€lost€Canadian€Tireð ðs€business.€€Robert€Summers,€theÐ µ ˜ Ðhead€of€Canadian€Tireð ðs€automotive€division,€advised€Design€that€another€company,Ïthe€appellants€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€and€Sagaz€Industries€Inc.€(collectivelyÏð ðSagazð ð),€would€be€replacing€Design€as€Canadian€Tireð ðs€seat€cover€supplier.€€Sagaz€isÏa€Florida€corporation€and€the€appellant,€Joseph€Kavana,€is€its€president.€€SagazÏIndustries€Inc.€continues€to€supply€Canadian€Tire€and€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€isÏinactive.Ý ƒ % ÑýBB ]B ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý E Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àSummers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€supply€relationship€with€Design€inÐ u X Ðfavour€of€Sagaz€because€of€bribery€in€the€form€of€a€ð ðkickbackð ð€scheme.€€Sagaz€retainedÏAmerican€Independent€Marketing€Inc.€(ð ðAIMð ð),€a€New€York€corporation,€to€assist€inÏmarketing€Sagazð ðs€seat€covers€to€Canadian€Tire.€€AIM€was€owned€and€controlled€byÏStewart€Landow.€€It€was€later€determined€that€Summers€accepted€a€bribe€from€LandowÏand€AIM€in€relation€to€the€Sagaz€seat€cover€contract.€€Specifically,€SummersÏincorporated€a€sham€corporation,€International€Marketing€Consultants€(ð ðIMCð ð),€toÏreceive€the€bribery€money.€€Summers€employed€a€surrogate,€Anthony€Brathwaite,€asÏa€token€manager€of€IMC.€€Brathwaite€was€the€puppet€of€Summers€who€received€all€theÏprofits€of€IMC.€€Summers€entered€into€an€agreement€with€Landow€whereby€LandowÏ(through€AIM)€would€pay€Summers€(through€IMC)€two€percent€of€all€sales€by€SagazÏto€Canadian€Tire€of€synthetic€seat€covers€in€order€to€ensure€the€sales€occurred.€€As€aÏresult€of€the€bribe,€Summers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€relationship€with€Design.Ý ƒ % Ñý E 6E ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý&J Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ €

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Ðpreuve€applicable€en€mati re€civile€ou€selon€celle€applicable€en€mati re€criminelle,€et€siÐ Ô/p)4 Ðla€norme€civile€sð ðappliquait,€y€aurait-il€atteinte€aux€principes€de€justice€fondamentaleÐ d Ð(art.7)€et€au€droit€ €la€pr somption€dð ðinnocence€(al.11ò òdó ó))€garantis€par€la€ò òCharteÐ ü ˜ Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?

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Ðà œ àDuring€the€investigation€of€the€second€murder,€the€accused€refused€to€provideÐ d Ðâ âsamples€for€DNA€testing.€€Cigarette€butts€belonging€to€him,€however,€were€taken€afterÐ ü ˜ Ðhis€police€interview,€analysed€as€to€DNA€composition€and€found€to€match€the€semenÐ ” 0 Ðfraction€taken€from€the€second€victim.€€The€scalp€and€pubic€hairs€taken€from€the€accusedÐ , È Ðduring€the€first€murder€investigation€were€analysed€as€to€DNA€composition€and€foundÐ Ä ` Ðto€match€the€analysis€of€the€cigarette€butts€and€the€semen.€The€accused€was€arrested€andÐ \ ø Ðcharged€with€the€first€degree€murder€of€the€second€victim€and€then€re-arrested€andÐ ô  Ðcharged€with€the€first€degree€murder€of€the€first€victim€as€well.Ð Œ ( ÐÌà œ àDefence€counsel€twice€unsuccessfully€applied€to€sever€the€two€murder€countsÐ ¼ X Ðin€the€indictment,€before€the€trial€and€at€the€end€of€a€lengthy€ò òvoir€direó ó.€€Counsel€alsoÐ T ð Ðobjected€to€the€admissibility€of€the€samples€taken€and€used€by€the€police€for€DNAÐ ì ˆ Ðanalysis€and€the€DNA€evidence€itself.€€The€evidence€was€ruled€admissible.€€A€juryÐ „ Ðconvicted€the€accused€on€both€counts.€€His€appeal€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€was€dismissed.Ð ¸ ÐÌà œ àTwo€principal€issues€arose€here.€€First,€whether€a€jury,€to€draw€conclusionsÐ L è Ðfrom€similar€fact€evidence,€was€to€be€satisfied€on€a€civil€or€criminal€standard€of€proofÐ ä € Ðthat€the€same€person€committed€the€acts€in€question,€and€if€the€civil€standard€applied,Ð |! " Ðwhether€the€principles€of€fundamental€justice€(s.7)€and€the€right€to€be€presumed€innocentÐ #° $ Ð(s.11(ò òdó ó))€in€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó€would€be€offended.€€€Second,Ð ¬$H & Ðdid€the€admission€into€evidence€of€hair€samples€obtained€by€consent€for€one€policeÐ D&à ( Ðinvestigation€and€used€in€connection€with€the€separate€later€investigation€offend€theÐ Ü'x!* Ðaccusedð ðs€right€to€be€free€from€unreasonable€search€and€seizure€guaranteed€in€ss.7€andÐ t) #, Ð8€of€the€ò òCharteró ó?Ð +¨$. Ðâ âÐ ¤,@&0 ÐÔ& Ôâ âà œ àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€dismissed.Ð d ÐÌà œ àIn€considering€whether€similar€fact€evidence€should€be€admitted€the€basicÐ ” 0 Ðquestion€to€be€determined€is€whether€the€probative€value€outweighs€the€prejudicial€effect.Ð , È ÐTherefore,€in€cases€where€identity€is€at€issue€and€the€accused€is€shown€to€have€committedÐ Ä ` Ðacts€with€a€striking€similarity€to€the€alleged€crime€the€jury€is€not€asked€to€infer€from€theÐ \ ø Ðaccusedð ðs€habits€or€disposition€that€he€or€she€is€the€type€of€person€who€would€co

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€€La€distinction€entre€un€employ €et€unÏentrepreneur€ind pendant€est€utile€non€seulement€en€mati re€de€responsabilit €du€faitÏdð ðautrui€mais€aussi€lorsquð ðil€sð ðagit€dð ðappliquer€diverses€lois€sur€lð ðemploi,€de€d terminerÏsi€une€action€pour€cong diement€injustifi €peut€ tre€intent e,€dð ð tablir€des€cotisationsÏen€mati re€dð ðimpð= ðt€sur€le€revenu€ou€de€taxe€dð ðaffaires,€de€dresser€lð ðordre€de€collocationÏdans€le€cas€o €un€employeur€devient€insolvable€ou€dð ðappliquer€des€droits€contractuelsÏ(Flannigan,€ò òloc.€cit.ó ó,€p.25).

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, ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ E ÓÓ L € Uf ( 3 L ÓÝ ‚ 3£ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 3£Â> ÝÔ2 Uf ÔÚ ÚIÚ Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 4 àÝ Ýò òFactsó óÝ ƒ 3£Â> í> ݌Рe$H & 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý•? Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àThe€respondent,€671122€Ontario€Limited,€formerly€Design€DynamicsÐ •'x!* ÐLimited€(ð ðDesignð ð),€was€Canadian€Tire€Corporationð ðs€principal€supplier€of€syntheticÏsheepskin€car€seat€covers€for€30€years.€€Canadian€Tire€was€the€party€in€the€position€ofÏstrength€in€the€relationship.€€This€is€so€as€it€represented€more€than€60€percent€of€theÏCanadian€seat€cover€market€and,€by€1983,€was€Designð ðs€largest€customer€accountingÏfor€over€50€percent€of€its€sales.Ý ƒ % Ñý•? °? ݌Р/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýBB Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àIn€June€1984,€Design€lost€Canadian€Tireð ðs€business.€€Robert€Summers,€theÐ µ ˜ Ðhead€of€Canadian€Tireð ðs€automotive€division,€advised€Design€that€another€company,Ïthe€appellants€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€and€Sagaz€Industries€Inc.€(collectivelyÏð ðSagazð ð),€would€be€replacing€Design€as€Canadian€Tireð ðs€seat€cover€supplier.€€Sagaz€isÏa€Florida€corporation€and€the€appellant,€Joseph€Kavana,€is€its€president.€€SagazÏIndustries€Inc.€continues€to€supply€Canadian€Tire€and€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€isÏinactive.Ý ƒ % ÑýBB ]B ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý E Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àSummers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€supply€relationship€with€Design€inÐ u X Ðfavour€of€Sagaz€because€of€bribery€in€the€form€of€a€ð ðkickbackð ð€scheme.€€Sagaz€retainedÏAmerican€Independent€Marketing€Inc.€(ð ðAIMð ð),€a€New€York€corporation,€to€assist€inÏmarketing€Sagazð ðs€seat€covers€to€Canadian€Tire.€€AIM€was€owned€and€controlled€byÏStewart€Landow.€€It€was€later€determined€that€Summers€accepted€a€bribe€from€LandowÏand€AIM€in€relation€to€the€Sagaz€seat€cover€contract.€€Specifically,€SummersÏincorporated€a€sham€corporation,€International€Marketing€Consultants€(ð ðIMCð ð),€toÏreceive€the€bribery€money.€€Summers€employed€a€surrogate,€Anthony€Brathwaite,€asÏa€token€manager€of€IMC.€€Brathwaite€was€the€puppet€of€Summers€who€received€all€theÏprofits€of€IMC.€€Summers€entered€into€an€agreement€with€Landow€whereby€LandowÏ(through€AIM)€would€pay€Summers€(through€IMC)€two€percent€of€all€sales€by€SagazÏto€Canadian€Tire€of€synthetic€seat€covers€in€order€to€ensure€the€sales€occurred.€€As€aÏresult€of€the€bribe,€Summers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€relationship€with€Design.Ý ƒ % Ñý E 6E ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý&J Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ €

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€Evansó ó,€[1993]€3€R.C.S.€653,€il€a€ t Ð $ À Ðjug €quð ðune€conclusion€de€fait€pr liminaire€d terminant€lð ðutilisation€dð ðun€ l ment€deÐ ¼ X Ðpreuve€est€normalement€assujettie€ €la€norme€de€preuve€applicable€en€mati re€civile,€queÐ T ð Ðla€conclusion€soit€tir e€par€le€juge€du€proc s€ €lð ð tape€de€lð ðadmissibilit €ou€par€le€jury€auÐ ì ˆ Ðd but€de€ses€d lib rations.

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Ðstandard€of€proof€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€will€govern€the€juryð ðs€determinationÐ d Ðwhether€one€person€must€have€committed€both€acts.Ý ƒ % ÑýRÔ mÔ ÝŒÐ ü ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¢Ø Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú74Ú ÚÛ € z J Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellant€argues€that€because€similar€fact€evidence€carries€with€it€theÐ , È Ðdanger€of€prejudicial€misuse€by€the€trier,€a€high€standard€of€proof€should€be€imposed€asÐ Ä ` Ða€precondition€of€its€use.€€However,€the€danger€that€a€jury€will€misuse€similar€factÐ \ ø Ðevidence€by€engaging€in€the€prohibited€line€of€reasoning€is€avoided€by€the€strict€test€forÐ ô  Ðadmissibility€which€ensures€that€the€evidence€is€sufficiently€probative€to€outweigh€theÐ Œ ( Ðrisk€of€prejudicial€misuse,€coupled€with€a€cautionary€instruction€against€making€improperÐ $ À Ðuse€of€the€evidence.€€These€safeguards€ensure€that€the€evidence€is€possessed€of€legitimateÐ ¼ X Ðprobative€value€before€it€reaches€the€trier€of€fact€and€that€the€jury€will€appreciate€its€trueÐ T ð Ðrelevance.€€Depriving€the€jury€of€resort€to€proper€use€of€the€evidence€once€it€has€beenÐ ì ˆ Ðadmitted€would€do€nothing€to€guard€against€its€improper€use.Ý ƒ % Ñý¢Ø ½Ø ݌Р„ ÐŒÝ ÝÔ °Ÿ ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýˆÝ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú75Ú ÚÛ € z K Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€this€basis,€the€correct€approach€to€a€consideration€of€similar€fact€evidenceÐ ´ P Ðby€a€jury€is€the€ð ðcumulativeð ð€or€ð ðpoolingð ð€approach.€€Thus,€as€a€general€rule€whereÐ L è Ðsimilar€fact€evidence€is€adduced€to€prove€identity,€the€jury€should€be€instructed€that€onceÐ ä € Ðthey€have€concluded€that€there€is€sufficient€likelihood€that€the€same€person€committedÐ |! " Ðthe€alleged€similar€acts,€they€may€consider€all€the€evidence€relating€to€the€similar€acts€inÐ #° $ Ðconsidering€whether€the€accused€is€guilty€of€the€act€in€question.Ý ƒ % ÑýˆÝ £Ý ݌Р¬$H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÔ& ” Ôà œ à2.à0 ø àò òUse€of€Evidence€Underlying€a€Prior€Acquittal€as€Similar€Fact€EvidenceÐ Ü'x!* Ðin€a€Subsequent€Proceeding€Against€the€Same€Accusedó óÓ ·à ÓÐ ¨(D"+ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¸á Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú76Ú ÚÛ € z L Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àFinally,€the€appellant€relies€upon€cases€in€which€the€Crown€was€prohibitedÔ' ” Ü'Éà ÔÐ Ø+t%/ Ðfrom€adducing€as€similar€fact€evidence€in€a€subsequent€trial€of€the€same€accused,Ð p- '1 Ðtestimony€given€in€proceedings€in€which€the€accused€was€acquitted.€€See,€e.g.,€ò òR.€v.Ð /¤(3 ÐCullenó ó€(1989),€52€C.C.C.€(3d)€459€(Ont.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.€Verneyó ó€(1993),€87€C.C.C.€(3d)€363Ð d Ð(Ont.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.€M.€(R.A.)ó ó€(1994),€94€C.C.C.€(3d)€459€(Man

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Ð t €tr s€influenc €par€les€m thodes€de€la€common€law€en€raison€de€lð ð tablissement€dð ðuneÐ Ô)D"+ Ðstructure€judiciaire€et€de€m thodes€de€conduite€des€proc s€d riv es€du€mod leÐ l+Ü#- Ðbritannique,€comme€de€lð ðadoption€formelle€du€droit€de€la€preuve€anglais€en€mati reÐ -t%/ Ðcommerciale,€avant€la€fin€du€18ò òeó ó€si cle,€ainsi€que€le€rappelle€Walton€(F.€P.€Walton,€ò òLeÐ œ. '1 Ðdomaine€et€lð ðinterpr tation€du€Code€civil€du€Bas„Canadaó ó€(1980),€p.€47;€voir€aussiÐ 40¤(3 ÐJ.E.C.€Brierley€et€R.A.Macdonald,ò ò€Quebec€Civil€Law€:€An€Introduction€to€QuebecÐ  ÐPrivate€Lawó ó€(1993),€p.€687„689).€Ý ƒ Ñý:ä Uä ݌Р( ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý`í Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€premi res€dispositions€l gislatives€qu b coises€sur€le€secretÐ X È Ðprofessionnel€t moignent€de€cette€influence€de€la€common€law.€€En€effet,€les€textesÐ ð ` Ðl gislatifs€adopt s€au€19ò òeó ó€si cle€abordaient€le€secret€professionnel€comme€un€probl meÐ ˆ ø Ðde€proc dure,€en€reconnaissant,€ €lð ðinstar€de€la€common€law,€lð ðexistence€dð ðun€privil geÐ  Ðprot geant€le€client€contre€la€divulgation€des€communications€intervenues€entre€lui€et€sonÐ ¸ ( Ðconseiller€juridique.€€Les€articles€275€duò ò€Code€de€proc dure€civileó ó€de€1867€et€332€deÐ P À Ðcelui€de€1897€ont€employ €cette€technique€(A.€Cardinal,€ð ð€Quelques€aspects€modernesÐ è X Ðdu€secret€professionnel€de€lð ðavocat€ð ð€(1984),€44€ò òR.€du€B.ó ó€237,€p.€246).€€Selon€cet€auteur,Ð € ð Ðla€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Qu bec€aurait€dð ðailleurs€utilis €cette€m me€m thode€pour€reconnað3 ðtreÐ ˆ Ðlð ðexistence€du€ð ðò òlitigation€privilegeó óð ð,€destin € €prot ger€la€confidentialit €des€documentsÐ ° Ðpr par s€pour€un€avocat€dans€la€perspective€dð ðun€proc s€en€cours€ou€appr hend ,€en€droitÐ H ¸ Ðde€la€preuve€du€Qu bec€au€d but€du€20ò òeó ó€si cle€(Cardinal,€ò òloc.cit.ó ó,ò ò€ó óp.266;ò ò€Montreal€StreetÐ à P ÐRailway€Co.€c.€Feigleman€ó ó(1912),€22€B.R.€102,€p.118).€€Ainsi,€avant€de€se€pr occuperÐ x è Ðdu€contenu€du€secret€professionnel,€le€l gislateur€qu b cois€sð ðest€satisfait€de€lui€accorderÐ !€ Ðune€protection€judiciaire,€rattach e€aux€exigences€du€proc s€civil€contradictoire.Ý ƒ Ñý`í {í ݌Р¨" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý°ô Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àUne€m thode€diff rente,€ax e€celle„l €sur€la€cr ation€dð ðune€obligation€auÐ Ø%H & Ðsilence€dð ðo €d coulait€un€droit€ €sa€protection,€nð ðest€apparue€que€plus€tard€dans€des€loisÐ p'à ( Ðsur€lð ðorganisation€de€professions€comme€celle€dð ðavocat,€de€notaire€ou€de€m dec

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ÐR gie€and€the€government€concerning€theÐ ˜! 2 Ðproject?ð ðÐ 1 ' % d"Ô 3 1 ÐÓ ¥Š ÓÓ ‡‹ ÓÌò òó óÔ*‹ ƒ f H h « d « d d d Ü d d Ü [ d d [ d H e Ü Ð Ü Ð ‹ ÔÔ, d d ÔÔ, Ü d d ÔÔ, [ d d ÔÔ+ ÔÐ ? 5 ø$h 5 ø$h  7@ 23. ‰ 7@ ‰‹ ‹? ÐÔ_ ÔÓ Ó23.Ô_ ÔÐ G = 8 \%Ì 6 7@ 23. 7@ ‹ ‹G ÐGeorges€Boss Ð \%Ì 7 ÐOct.€22,€1998Ð (&˜ 8 ÐEng.€UGB„18Ð ' ô&d 9 ‹ ‹' ÐÓ Ó(A)€Give€the€names€of€persons€consultedÐ \%Ì : Ðfrom€December€7,€1995€to€March€18,€1996Ð (&˜ ; Ðbefore€coming€to€the€decision€to€resiliate€theÐ ô&d Ðcontracts.€Ð À'0 = ÐÌ(B)€Provide€all€documents€pertaining€to€theÐ X)È!? Ðproject€that€were€received€by€Mr.€Boss €orÐ $*”"@ Ðany€other€member€of€the€Ô_ ÔR gieÔ_ Ôð ðs€executiveÐ ð*`#A Ðcommittee.Ð 1 ' % ¼+,$B 1 ÐÓ ,Ž ÓÓ  ÓÌÌò òó óÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ ÓÝ ‚ % Ñý?‘ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€appellant€objected€to€each€of€these€questions€on€the€grounds€that€theyÐ è/X(F Ðwere€covered€by€immunity€from€disclosure,€one€of€the€components€of€professionalÐ  Ðsecrecy€under€Quebec€civil€law.€€Questions€19€and€23(B)€appear€to€raise€the€issue€of€theÐ ( ˜ Ðapplication€of€the€immunity€from€disclosing€documents€prepared€for€the€purposes€of€aÐ À 0 Ðtrial,€which€corresponds€to€the€common€law€concept€of€litigation€privilege€(J.€Sopinka,Ð X È ÐS.€N.€Lederman€and€A.€W.€Bryant,ò ò€The€Law€of€Evidence€in€Canadaó ó€(2nd€ed.€1999),€atÐ ð ` Ðpp.€745„46;€J.„C.€Royer,ò ò€La€preuve€civileó ó€(3rd€ed.€2003),€at€pp.€868„72).€€The€SuperiorÐ ˆ ø ÐCourt€dismissed€the€objections€to€these€two€questions.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€rendered€aÐ  Ðmore€subtly€qualified€decision.€€It€upheld€the€objection€in€part,€ruling€that€the€trial€judgeÐ ¸ ( Ðshould€have€examined€the€documents€before€rendering€a€decision.€€The€appellant€stillÐ P À Ðmaintains€that€the€Superior€Court€should€have€upheld€the€objection€without€reviewingÐ è X Ðthe€documents.€€The€respondent€had€no€objections€to€the€solution€adopted€by€the€CourtÐ € ð Ðof€Appeal.€With€respect€to€the€other€questions€still€in€issue,€the€objections€were€rejectedÐ ˆ Ðunreservedly.€€Nevertheless,€the€respondent€still€argues€that€the€presence€of€a€third€party,Ð ° Ða€facilitator€who€chaired€the€meeting€of€December2,€1995,€amounted€to€an€impliedÐ H ¸ Ðwaiver€of€professional€secrecy.Ý ƒ % Ñý?‘ f‘ ݌Рà P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýw˜ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAs€general€and€preliminary€as€these€questions€may€have€appeared,€we€mustÐ !€ Ðnow€clarify€the€content€ascribed€to€them€by€the€respondent€since€the€outset€of€this€matter.€Ð ¨" " ÐIn€this€action€for€damages,

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Ðpas€dð ðattente€raisonnable€en€mati re€de€vie€priv e.Ý ƒ % Ñýor Šr ݌Р. Ì&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ 0¯(2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý x Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú60Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà i àPour€plus€de€commodit ,€je€r p te€ici€lð ðobservation€formul e€par€leÐ S ÐjugeSopinka€ €la€p.

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ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‡3 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú56Ú ÚÛ € z 8 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àA€justified€concern€about€the€advance€of€surveillance€technology€wasÐ l+Ü#- Ðexpressed€by€Abella€J.A.,€at€para.€63:Ý ƒ % Ñý‡3 ¢3 ݌Р-t%/ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ œ. '1 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àIn€my€view,€there€is€an€important€distinction€between€observations€that€areÐ  Ðâ âmade€by€the€naked€eye€or€even€by€the€use€of€enhanced€aids,€such€asÐ \ Ì Ðbinoculars,€which€are€in€common€use,€and€observations€which€are€theÐ ( ˜ Ðproduct€of€technology.Ó ÓÐ ô d œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñým6 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú57Ú ÚÛ € z 9 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€was€also€a€key€element€in€the€decision€of€the€U.S.€Supreme€Court€inÐ $ ” Ðò òKylloó ó€in€which€the€majority€judgment,€written€by€Scalia€J.,€concluded€(at€p.€40):Ý ƒ % Ñým6 ˆ6 ݌Р¼ , ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àWhere,€as€here,€the€Government€uses€a€device€ò òthat€is€not€in€general€publicÐ ì \ Ðuseó ó,€to€explore€details€of€the€home€that€would€previously€have€beenÐ ¸ ( Ðunknowable€without€physical€intrusion,€the€surveillance€is€a€ð ðsearchð ð€andÐ „ ô Ðis€presumptively€unreasonable€without€a€warrant.€[Emphasis€added.]Ó ÓÐ P À œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýž9 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú58Ú ÚÛ € z : Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àScalia€J.€does€not€elaborate€on€what€he€means€by€ð ða€device€that€is€not€inÐ € ð Ðgeneral€public€useð ð€and€the€dissenters€suggested€such€a€standard€is€unworkable€(ò òKylloó ó,Ð ˆ Ðò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€47).€€On€the€evidence€here,€FLIR€imaging€does€ò ònot€ó ódisclose€ð ðdetails€of€theÐ ° Ðhomeð ð,€as€has€already€been€discussed.€€The€terms€ð ðtechnologyð ð€or€ð ða€device€that€is€notÐ H ¸ Ðin€general€public€useð ð€(or€Abella€J.A.ð ðs€reference€to€ð ðenhanced€aids€..€.which€are€inÐ à P Ðcommon€useð ð,€at€para.€63)€are€vague€and€take€in€a€lot€of€territory.€€The€argument,Ð x è Ðpresumably,€is€that€if€an€area€of€our€lives€is€already€exposed€to€surveillance€byÐ !€ Ðcommonly€available€ð ðtechnologyð ð€such€as€binoculars,€we€can€have€no€reasonableÐ ¨" " Ðò òcontinuingó ó€expectation€of€privacy€in€that€respect.€€This€may€be€true,€but€what€is€the€testÐ @$° $ Ðfor€ð ðgeneral€public€useð ð?€€In€my€view,€the€issue€is€not€whether€FLIR€technology€putsÐ Ø%H & Ðthe€police€ò òinsideó ó€the€home,€because€it€does€not,€or€whether€FLIR€is€in€general€ò òpublicÐ p'à ( Ðó óuse€(it€is€not),€but€rather€the€nature€and€quality€of€the€information€ò òaboutó ó€activities€inÐ )x!* Ðthe€home€that€the€police€are€able€to€obtain.€€The€evidence€is€that€a€FLIR€image€of€heatÐ  * #, Ðemanations€is,€on€its€own,€as€Abella€J.A.€acknowledged,€ð ðmeani

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€€Il€faut€donc€r futer€toute€affirmation€selonÐ ³ ` Ðlaquelle€la€diminution€de€lð ðattente€ò òsubjective€ó óen€mati re€de€vie€priv e€se€traduiraÐ C ð Ðautomatiquement€par€une€diminution€correspondante€de€la€protection€constitutionnelle.

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Ðhouse€under€surveillance€was€the€respondentð ðs€home.Ý ƒ % ÑýYæ tæ ݌РÔ)D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(3)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òDid€the€Respondent€Have€a€ò òSubjective€ó óExpectation€of€Privacy€in€theÐ -t%/ ÐSubject€Matter€of€the€FLIR€Image?ó óÐ Ð-@&0 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ ÓÐ h/Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý1é Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondent€did€not€testify€on€the€ò òvoir€direó ó€on€his€s.€24(2)€applicationÐ  Ðto€exclude€the€evidence,€but€in€my€view€it€may€be€presumed€unless€the€contrary€isÐ ( ˜ Ðshown€in€a€particular€case€that€information€about€what€happens€ò òinsideó ó€the€home€isÐ À 0 Ðregarded€by€the€occupants€as€private.€€Such€an€expectation€is€rooted€in€the€ancient€lawÐ X È Ðof€trespass€and€finds€its€modern€justification€in€the€intimacies€of€personal€and€familyÐ ð ` Ðlife.€€This€is€the€approach€adopted€by€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€and,€so€far€as€it€goes,Ð ˆ ø ÐI€agree€with€it.Ý ƒ % Ñý1é Lé ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŠì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Crown€takes€the€position€that€the€escape€of€heat€from€ò òoutsideó ó€a€home,Ð P À Ðlike€the€escape€of€smoke€from€a€fireplace€chimney€or€cooking€odours€from€a€kitchenÐ è X Ðfan,€represents€the€ò òvoluntaryó ó€exposure€of€information.€€Thus,€the€Crown€argues,€theÐ € ð Ðrespondent€could€have€had€no€reasonable€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€in€theÐ ˆ Ðinformation€obtained€in€the€FLIR€overflight.€€The€raw€information,€to€the€extent€it€wasÐ ° Ðdiscernible€to€the€naked€eye,€had€been€abandoned€to€the€public€domain€inÐ H ¸ Ðcircumstances€where€casual€observers€or€passers„by€were€under€no€obligation€to€keepÐ à P Ðthe€information€confidential.Ý ƒ % ÑýŠì ¥ì ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý@ð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€true€that€a€person€can€have€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ ¨" " Ðwhat€he€or€she€knowingly€exposes€to€the€public,€or€to€a€section€of€the€public,€orÐ @$° $ Ðabandons€in€a€public€place€(ò òR.€v.€Boersmaó ó,€[1994]€2€S.C.R.€488;€ò òStillmanó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€atÐ Ø%H & Ðpara.€62,€ò òper€ó óCory€J.,€and€at€para.€226,€ò òper€ó óMcLachlin€J.€(as€she€then€was),€dissenting;Ð p'à ( Ðò òEvansó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€50,€ò òperó ó€Major€J.,€concurring;€ò òBaron€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€1€S.C.R.Ð )x!* Ð416,€at€p.€453;€ò òDymentó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€435;€and€ò òR.€v.€Monneyó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€652,€atÐ  * #, Ðpara.€45).Ý ƒ % Ñý@ð [ð ݌Р8,¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýåó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€I€do€not€think€it€can€be€said€that

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ÓÔ& È ÔC.à0 àò òLa€question€de€savoir€si€le€droit€et€la€preuve€ tayent€les€dommages-int r tsÐ  Ðaccord s€par€le€juryó óÐ \ Ì Ð Ð ÐÓ ^ ÓÌÓ 3 Ü , ‚X ` Œ ‰X Ü , ‚X ` Œ ‰X 3 ÓÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýd_ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú52Ú ÚÛ € z 4 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àUn€certain€nombre€de€questions€se€posent€relativement€auxÔ' È  f^ ÔÐ À 0 Ðdommages-int r ts.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýd_ _ ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌà0 ` àÔ& ` Ô(1)à Œ àò òPreuve€du€pr judiceó óÐ ˆ ø ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý a Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àLð ðappelante€a€fait€t moigner€CaraBrown,€ €titre€dð ðexperte€en€mati re€deÐ ¸ ( ÐÔ' ` ˆ ­` Ôdommages-int r ts.

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} L X k I ÓÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý– Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐv # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔThere€was€evidence€that€the€University€had€breached€these€duties€throughÐ ˆ ø Ðthe€negligence€of€its€employees.€€The€task€of€the€reviewing€court€is€not€to€agree€orÐ  Ðdisagree€with€the€juryð ðs€conclusions,€but€just€to€satisfy€itself€that€there€was€evidence€onÐ ¸ ( Ðwhich€the€jury,€properly€instructed,€could€reasonably€conclude€as€it€did.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐI # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔThe€issue€forÐ P À Ðthe€jury€was€the€failure€of€her€professors€even€to€ò òseek€ó ófrom€the€appellant€an€explanationÐ è X Ðof€a€missing€footnote€before€embarking€on€a€course€of€action€fraught€with€danger€forÐ € ð Ðher€hoped„for„career.Ý ƒ ` Ñý– ± ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐ # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAs€might€be€expected,€the€recollections€of€events€of€the€various€participantsÐ H ¸ Ðdiffered.€€There€was€no€suggestion€that€any€of€the€respondents€had€acted€in€bad€faith.Ý ƒ ` Ñý¾ ٠݌Рà P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý@ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€jury€clearly€concluded€that€Professor€Bella€should€have€done€what€bothÐ !€ ÐProfessor€Dempster€and€officials€at€CPS€recommended,€namely€check€out€the€ð ðfootnoteÐ ¨" " Ðissueð ð€with€the€appellant€before€proceeding€on€a€course€of€action,€in€concert€withÐ @$° $ ÐDr.Rowe,€based€on€nothing€more€than€speculation.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãО # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔProfessor€Karen€Mitchell€(who,€asÐ Ø%H & Ðsessional€lecturer,€also€taught€the€appellant)€told€the€jury€it€was€not€uncommon€forÐ p'à ( Ðstudents€to€make€errors€in€footnoting.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐZ # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔProfessor€Dempster€testified€that€in€ProfessorÐ )x!* ÐBellað ðs€position,€in€writing€to€the€appellant,€she€ð ðwould€have€made€reference€toÐ  * #, Ðappendix€A,€a€clear€referenceð ð.Ý ƒ ` Ñý@ [ ݌Р8,¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñýª Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLooking€at€the€broader€duty,€the€jury€heard€that€Professor€Dempster€told€theÐ  Ðâ âappellant,€in€effect,€that€she€was€unfit€to€be€a€social€worker.€€The€jury€must€haveÐ ( ˜ Ðconcluded€that€Professor€Dempster€knew€of€Professor€Bellað ðs€speculation€thatÐ À 0 ÐAppendix€A€was€autobiographical,€but€failed€to€check€the€facts€before€delivering€aÐ X È Ðjudgment€on€the€appellantð ðs€career€prospects.€Ý ƒ ` Ñýª Š݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐc # ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ `

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€€Le€pr sident€occupe€son€poste€pendant€cinq€ans€et€peut€ treÐ Ô)D"+ Ðrenomm € €ce€poste;€les€autres€membres€occupent€leur€poste€pendant€quatre€ans€etÐ l+Ü#- Ðpeuvent€ tre€renomm s€ €leur€poste€(art.15).€€En€plus€des€pouvoirs€particuliers€d critsÐ -t%/ Ðci-dessus,€la€Loi€impose€ €la€Commission€lð ðobligation€g n rale€de€traiter€les€travailleursÐ œ. '1 Ðet€les€personnes€ €leur€charge€de€mani re€juste€et€raisonnable€(par.21.1(1)).€€LaÐ 40¤(3 ÐCommission€est€assist e€dans€son€travail€par€de€nombreux€professionnels€ayant€ €leurÐ  Ðt te€un€directeur€g n ral€qui€est€lð ðadministrateur€principal€de€la€Commission.€€LaÐ ( ˜ ÐCommission€ tablit€et€publie€ galement€des€directives€dð ðorientation€(par.21.1(2)).Ô CECF. , ÔÝ ƒ % Ñý§k Âk ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýyt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , -t ÔÔ_ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s „l # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLaÔ_ Ô€composition€et€les€pouvoirs€de€la€Commission€ainsi€que€la€dur e€desÐ ð ` Ðfonctions€de€ses€membres€montrent€bien€quð ðelle€poss de€une€expertise€vraimentÐ ˆ ø Ðconsid rable€en€mati re€de€traitement€de€tous€les€aspects€du€r gime€dð ðindemnisation€desÐ  Ðaccidents€du€travail.€€Non€seulement€la€Commission€poss de-t-elle€une€expertise€couranteÐ ¸ ( Ðen€mati re€de€traitement€des€demandes€dð ðindemnisation,€dð ð tablissement€des€taux€deÐ P À Ðcotisation€et€de€promotion€de€la€s curit €au€travail,€mais€encore€elle€poss de€uneÐ è X Ðexpertise€pour€ce€qui€est€dð ðassurer€que€le€respect€des€objectifs€de€la€Loi.€€Comme€le€faitÐ € ð Ðremarquer€le€juge€Ô_ ÔWakelingÔ_ Ô€dans€ses€motifs€de€dissidence,€ €la€p.€301:Ý ƒ % Ñýyt ”t ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àÔ # † X s X X X s Vu # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[ò òtraductionó ó]€Ô # † X s X X X s Hy # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[Les€membres€de€la€Commission]€ont€tout€ce€quð ðil€faut,€surÐ H ¸ Ðle€plan€de€lð ðexp rience,€pour€d terminer€comment€la€Loi€peut€le€mieuxÐ „ Ðassurer€une€ volution€continue€et€coh rente€des€objectifs€quð ðelle€vise.€€Je€nð ðaiÐ à P Ðaucune€raison€de€douter€quð ðils€ont€toute€la€comp tence€voulue€pour€trancherÐ ¬ Ðles€diverses€questions€que€la€mesure€l gislative€est€destin e€ €leur€soumettre.Ó y ÓÐ x è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌò òÔ& È ÔLe€probl me€dont€ tait€saisie€la€Commissionó óÔ CECF. , ÔÐ ¨" " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý#| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , û{ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s y # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLa€Loi€contient€trois€dispositions€qui€interdisent€les€poursuites€judiciaires.€Ô' È ¨"Á{ ÔÐ Ø%H & ÐLð ðarticle44€supprime€le€dr

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W ݌Р * #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€third€aspect€of€the€system,€the€injury€fund,€also€comes€under€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðauthority€of€the€Board.€The€Board€has€the€responsibility€to€maintain€the€fund€and€collectÐ h/Ø'2 Ðassessments€from€employers.€It€establishes€classes€of€industries€(s.€121(1)),€and€canÐ  Ðsubdivide€those€classes€according€to€the€hazard€they€present€(s.€121(2)).€The€Board€thenÐ ( ˜ Ðassesses€employers€in€each€class€a€percentage€of€their€pay„roll€that€it€considers€sufficientÐ À 0 Ðto€pay€for€injuries€to€workers€in€industries€in€that€class€(s.€135(1)).€There€are€provisionsÐ X È Ðallowing€for€additional€assessments€on€employers€who€have€fatal€accidents€(s.€135.1).€Ý ƒ % Ñý¾ ٠݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òThe€Expertise€of€the€Boardó óÐ  ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý• Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€expertise€of€workersð ð€compensation€boards€was€recognized€early€on.€InÐ P À Ðò òDominion€Cannersó ó,€Idington€J.€noted€at€p.€53€that:Ý ƒ % Ñý• ° ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àThe€past€experience€of€the€members€of€the€board,€no€doubt€wasÐ ˆ Ðsufficient€guide€and€we€should€at€least€give€them€credit€therefor,€andÐ ä T Ðknowledge,€by€this€time,€of€the€Act,€superior,€I€imagine,€to€ours.Ð ° œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ ø ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýH Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAt€the€time€that€the€application€under€s.€168€was€heard,€the€Board€wasÐ à P Ðcomposed€of€at€least€three€members€appointed€by€the€Lieutenant€Governor€in€Council€(s.Ð x è Ð13(1)).€€The€chairman€was€appointed€from€among€the€members€by€the€LieutenantÐ !€ ÐGovernor€in€Council€(s.€14(1)).€€The€members€held€office€at€pleasure,€except€for€theÐ ¨" " Ðchairman,€who€was€appointed€for€five€years€and€was€eligible€for€reappointment€(s.€15).€Ð @$° $ ÐAs€it€stands€today,€the€Board€has€a€maximum€of€five€full„time€members,€including€aÐ Ø%H & Ðchairperson€and€an€even€number€of€members,€half€of€whom€represent€employers€and€halfÐ p'à ( Ðof€whom€represent€workers€(s.€13(1)).€The€employer€representatives€are€chosen€from€aÐ )x!* Ðlist€of€names€submitted€by€employer€associations,€and€the€worker€representatives€areÐ  * #, Ðchosen€from€a€list€of€names€submitted€by€labour€organizations€(s.€13(1.1)).€TheÐ 8,¨$. Ðchairperson€holds€office€for€five€years€and€may€be€reappointed;€the€other€members€holdÐ Ð-@&0 Ðoffice€for€four€years€and€may€be€reappointed€(s.€15).€In€addition€to€the€specific€powersÐ h/Ø'2 Ðdescribed€above,€the€Act€imposes€on€the€Board€the€general€duty€of€treating€workers€a

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€€Il€faudra€alorsÐ \ ø Ðappliquer€la€norme€de€preuve€en€mati re€criminelle€dans€ces€circonstances€afin€deÐ ô  Ðgarantir€le€respect€de€lð ðexigence€selon€laquelle,€dans€une€poursuite€criminelle,€Ô # † X k¬ X X X k¬ P # ÔÔ ‡ X k¬ X X X k¬ ÔchaqueÐ Œ ( Ð l ment€essentielÔ # † X k¬ X X X k¬ R # ÔÔ ‡ X k¬ X X X k¬ Ô€doit€ tre€prouv €hors€de€tout€doute€raisonnable.

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Ðacquittal,€is€irrevocably€deemed€to€have€been€found€conclusively€in€favourÐ /¤(3 Ðof€the€accused.€...Ó {ë ÓÐ Ô/p)4 œ Ð œ Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýxð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú78Ú ÚÛ € z N Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€principle€enunciated€in€ò òGrdicó ó€is€fundamental€to€our€system€of€justice.€Ð d ÐIt€seeks€to€ensure€that€an€accused€need€not€repeatedly€defend€himself€against€the€sameÐ ü ˜ Ðallegations.€€Nevertheless,€in€certain€circumstances,€the€fact€of€an€accusedð ðs€priorÐ ” 0 Ðacquittal€may€have€relevance€to€an€ultimate€issue€in€a€subsequent€trial.€For€example,€inÐ , È Ðò òR.€v.€Ollisó ó,€[1900]€2€Q.B.€758,€the€accused€was€charged€with€obtaining€money€by€falseÐ Ä ` Ðpretences.€€He€had€obtained€funds€in€exchange€for€a€cheque€that€was€later€dishonoured.€Ð \ ø ÐThe€accused€was€acquitted€at€his€first€trial€on€the€basis€that€when€he€gave€the€cheque€toÐ ô  Ðthe€complainant,€he€expected€to€receive€funds€to€cover€it.€€The€accused€was€later€againÐ Œ ( Ðindicted€with€obtaining€money€by€false€pretences,€and€at€his€second€trial€the€CrownÐ $ À Ðadduced€the€evidence€of€the€first€complainant€as€relevant€to€the€accusedð ðs€guilty€state€ofÐ ¼ X Ðmind.€€The€court€held€that€the€evidence€was€properly€admissible.€€As€Widgery€J.€statedÐ T ð Ðin€ò òG.€(an€infant)€v.€Coltartó ó,€[1967]€1€All€E.R.€271€(Q.B.),€at€p.276:Ý ƒ % Ñýxð “ð ÝŒÐ ì ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à...€it€may€well€happen€that€evidence€relating€to€the€charge€giving€rise€to€theÐ ¸ Ðacquittal€will€be€called€on€the€subsequent€charge,€but,€if€it€is€so€called,€it€willÐ è „ Ðbe€called€because€it€has€relevance€to€the€subsequent€charge€ò òquiteÐ ´ P Ðindependently€of€any€question€whether€the€accused€was€guilty€or€innocentÐ € Ðon€the€first€chargeó ó.€[Emphasis€added.]Ó 3ö ÓÐ L è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌOn€the€basis€of€this€reasoning,€the€evidence€of€the€prior€acquittal€in€ò òOllisó ó€was€correctlyÐ |! " Ðadmitted.€€It€was€admitted€to€prove€intent.€€Even€if€the€accused€was€acquitted€of€the€firstÐ #° $ Ðcharge,€the€fact€that€he€had€been€tried€on€similar€charges€once€before€went€to€hisÐ ¬$H & Ðknowledge€of€wrongdoing€irrespective€of€his€guilt€on€the€first€charge.€€The€fact€of€hisÐ D&à ( Ðprior€trial€and€acquittal€could€be€admitted€for€this€limited€purpose,€but€would€of€courseÐ Ü'x!* Ðrequire€a€careful€instruction€from€the€trial€judge.€€Yet,€in€most€situations,€it€will€be€unfairÐ t) #, Ðand€inappropriate€to€admit€the€evidence€underlying€the€prior€acquittal€as€similar€factÐ +¨$. Ðevidence€in€a€subsequent€trial€of€the€same€accused.Ð ¤,@&0 Ðâ âÐ

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€€Il€faut€donc€r futer€toute€affirmation€selonÐ ³ ` Ðlaquelle€la€diminution€de€lð ðattente€ò òsubjective€ó óen€mati re€de€vie€priv e€se€traduiraÐ C ð Ðautomatiquement€par€une€diminution€correspondante€de€la€protection€constitutionnelle.

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Ðhouse€under€surveillance€was€the€respondentð ðs€home.Ý ƒ % ÑýYæ tæ ݌РÔ)D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(3)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òDid€the€Respondent€Have€a€ò òSubjective€ó óExpectation€of€Privacy€in€theÐ -t%/ ÐSubject€Matter€of€the€FLIR€Image?ó óÐ Ð-@&0 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ ÓÐ h/Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý1é Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondent€did€not€testify€on€the€ò òvoir€direó ó€on€his€s.€24(2)€applicationÐ  Ðto€exclude€the€evidence,€but€in€my€view€it€may€be€presumed€unless€the€contrary€isÐ ( ˜ Ðshown€in€a€particular€case€that€information€about€what€happens€ò òinsideó ó€the€home€isÐ À 0 Ðregarded€by€the€occupants€as€private.€€Such€an€expectation€is€rooted€in€the€ancient€lawÐ X È Ðof€trespass€and€finds€its€modern€justification€in€the€intimacies€of€personal€and€familyÐ ð ` Ðlife.€€This€is€the€approach€adopted€by€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€and,€so€far€as€it€goes,Ð ˆ ø ÐI€agree€with€it.Ý ƒ % Ñý1é Lé ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŠì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Crown€takes€the€position€that€the€escape€of€heat€from€ò òoutsideó ó€a€home,Ð P À Ðlike€the€escape€of€smoke€from€a€fireplace€chimney€or€cooking€odours€from€a€kitchenÐ è X Ðfan,€represents€the€ò òvoluntaryó ó€exposure€of€information.€€Thus,€the€Crown€argues,€theÐ € ð Ðrespondent€could€have€had€no€reasonable€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€in€theÐ ˆ Ðinformation€obtained€in€the€FLIR€overflight.€€The€raw€information,€to€the€extent€it€wasÐ ° Ðdiscernible€to€the€naked€eye,€had€been€abandoned€to€the€public€domain€inÐ H ¸ Ðcircumstances€where€casual€observers€or€passers„by€were€under€no€obligation€to€keepÐ à P Ðthe€information€confidential.Ý ƒ % ÑýŠì ¥ì ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý@ð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€true€that€a€person€can€have€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ ¨" " Ðwhat€he€or€she€knowingly€exposes€to€the€public,€or€to€a€section€of€the€public,€orÐ @$° $ Ðabandons€in€a€public€place€(ò òR.€v.€Boersmaó ó,€[1994]€2€S.C.R.€488;€ò òStillmanó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€atÐ Ø%H & Ðpara.€62,€ò òper€ó óCory€J.,€and€at€para.€226,€ò òper€ó óMcLachlin€J.€(as€she€then€was),€dissenting;Ð p'à ( Ðò òEvansó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€50,€ò òperó ó€Major€J.,€concurring;€ò òBaron€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€1€S.C.R.Ð )x!* Ð416,€at€p.€453;€ò òDymentó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€435;€and€ò òR.€v.€Monneyó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€652,€atÐ  * #, Ðpara.€45).Ý ƒ % Ñý@ð [ð ݌Р8,¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýåó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€I€do€not€think€it€can€be€said€that

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Ðassoci e€ €la€propri t €priv e€et€la€possession€de€cette€propri t €constituait€une€protectionÐ Ô)D"+ Ðcontre€les€intrus.€€Si€les€droits€de€propri t €priv e€ taient€respect s€et€que€les€rideaux€desÐ l+Ü#- Ðmaisons€ taient€tir s€(ou€les€ponts„levis€des€ch teaux,€lev s),€les€mandataires€du€roiÐ -t%/ Ðpouvaient€observer€ €distance,€mais€ils€ne€disposaient€dð ðaucun€moyen€de€savoir€ce€quiÐ œ. '1 Ðse€passait€ €lð ðint rieur.€€La€protection€offerte€par€les€droits€de€propri t €a€diminu € Ð 40¤(3 Ðmesure€que€la€technologie€a€progress .€€Lð ð coute€ lectronique,€par€exemple,€peut€ treÐ  Ðmise€en€ð§ ðuvre€ €distance€sans€intrusion€physique.€€Les€images€FLIR€peuvent€ tre€prisesÐ ( ˜ Ðdð ðun€avion.€€Les€tribunaux€ont€h sit € €accepter€lð ðid e€que€lð ðaire€de€protection€de€la€vieÐ À 0 Ðpriv e€doit€r tr cir€ €mesure€que€la€technologie€se€d veloppe.€€Ils€ont€plutð= ðt€reconnu€queÐ X È Ðles€droit€en€mati re€de€propri t €priv e€servaient,€dans€une€certaine€mesure,€de€v hiculeÐ ð ` Ðau€droit€ €la€vie€priv e€que€conf rait€ €lð ðorigine€la€propri t €dð ðun€bien€et,€par€cons quent,Ð ˆ ø Ð €mesure€quð ðaugmentait€la€capacit €technique€de€lð ð tat€de€fureter,€lð ðid e€dð ðune€aire€de€vieÐ  Ðpriv e€prot g e€sð ðest€pr cis e€et€d velopp e.€€Cð ðest€ainsi€que€notre€Cour€a€adopt ,€dansÐ ¸ ( Ðlð ðarr t€ò òHunter€c.€Southamó ó,€pr cit ,€le€point€de€vue€selon€lequel€lð ðart.8€ð ðprot ge€lesÐ P À Ðpersonnes€et€non€les€lieuxð ð€(p.159).€€Voir€ galement€ò òR.€c.€Thompsonó ó,€[1990]Ð è X Ð2R.C.S.1111,€p.1142.Ý ƒ % ÑýxŠ “Š ݌Р€ ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓA.à0 ž àò òLa€recherche€dð ðun€ quilibreó óÐ ° ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ë’ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¹“ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€m me€temps,€la€vie€ conomique€et€sociale€cr e€des€demandesÐ à P Ðconcurrentes.€€Les€citoyens€tiennent€ €leur€vie€priv e,€mais€ils€veulent€ galement€ treÐ x è Ðprot g s.€€La€r pression€du€crime€et€la€s curit €sont€des€pr occupations€l gitimes€toutÐ !€ Ðaussi€valables.€€Ainsi,€lð ðart.8€de€la€ò òCharteó ó€reconnað3 ðt€la€validit €des€fouilles,€perquisitionsÐ ¨" " Ðet€saisies€ò ònon€abusivesó ó.€€Il€faut€ tablir€un€ quilibre,€comme€le€jugeDickson€lð ða€indiqu Ð @$° $ Ðdans€ò òHunter€c.€Southamó ó,€pr cit ,€€p.159„160:Ý ƒ % Ñý¹“ Ô“ ݌РØ%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « à...€il€faut€appr cier€si,€dans€une€situation€donn e,€le€droit€du€public€de€neÐ )x!* Ðpas€ tre€importun €par€le€gouvernement€doit€c der€le€pas€au€droit€duÐ Ô)D"+ Ðgouvernement€de€sð ðimmisce

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Ðnecessarily€enjoys€s.8€protection.Ý ƒ % Ñý0± K± ݌РÔ)D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý½³ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú27Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€distinction€between€informational€and€territorial€privacy€is€of€someÐ -t%/ Ðassistance€in€drawing€the€ð ðreasonablenessð ð€line€in€the€factual€situation€before€theÐ œ. '1 ÐCourt.€€Whereas€Abella€J.A.€treated€the€FLIR€imaging€as€ò òequivalentó ó€to€a€search€ò òofó ó€theÐ 40¤(3 Ðhome,€and€thus€ð ðworthy€of€the€stateð ðs€highest€respectð ð€(para.€33),€I€think€it€is€moreÐ  Ðaccurately€characterized€as€an€external€search€for€information€ò òaboutó ó€the€home€whichÐ ( ˜ Ðmay€or€may€not€be€capable€of€giving€rise€to€an€inference€about€what€was€actually€goingÐ À 0 Ðon€inside,€depending€on€what€other€information€is€available.Ý ƒ % Ñý½³ س ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýP· Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àMoreover,€because€I€emphasize€the€informational€aspect,€my€focus€is€onÐ ˆ ø Ðthe€quality€of€information€that€FLIR€imaging€can€actually€deliver,€whereas€Abella€J.A.,Ð  Ðlooking€to€safeguard€the€home,€looked€more€to€the€ð ðtheoretical€capacityð ð€of€the€FLIRÐ ¸ ( Ðtechnology.€€For€example,€her€reasons€include€the€prediction€that€ð ð[t]he€nature€of€theÐ P À Ðintrusiveness€is€subtle€but€almost€Orwellian€in€its€theoretical€capacityð ð€(para.€79).Ý ƒ % ÑýP· k· ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý º Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú29Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€my€view,€with€respect,€the€reasonableness€line€has€to€be€determined€byÐ ˆ Ðlooking€at€the€information€generated€by€ò òexisting€ó óFLIR€technology,€and€then€evaluatingÐ ° Ðits€impact€on€a€reasonable€privacy€interest.€€If,€as€expected,€the€capability€of€FLIR€andÐ H ¸ Ðother€technologies€will€improve€and€the€nature€and€quality€of€the€information€hereafterÐ à P Ðchanges,€it€will€be€a€different€case,€and€the€courts€will€have€to€deal€with€its€privacyÐ x è Ðimplications€at€that€time€in€light€of€the€facts€as€they€then€exist.Ý ƒ % Ñý º 1º ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý7½ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àCounsel€for€the€respondent€of€course€views€these€matters€somewhatÐ @$° $ Ðdifferently.€€He€points€to€the€observation€of€La€Forest€J.€in€ò òR.€v.€Wongó ó,€[1990]€3€S.C.R.Ð Ø%H & Ð36,€a€case€dealing€with€surveillance€by€ò òvideoó ó€camera,€at€pp.€43„44:Ý ƒ % Ñý7½ R½ ݌Рp'à ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àIn€ò òDuarteó ó€[[1990]€1€S.C.R.€30],€this€Court€held€that€unauthorizedÐ  * #, Ðelectronic€ò òaudioó ó€surveillance€violates€s.€8€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€It€would€beÐ l+Ü#- Ðwrong€to€limit€the€implications€of€th

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€€Le€pr sident€occupe€son€poste€pendant€cinq€ans€et€peut€ treÐ Ô)D"+ Ðrenomm € €ce€poste;€les€autres€membres€occupent€leur€poste€pendant€quatre€ans€etÐ l+Ü#- Ðpeuvent€ tre€renomm s€ €leur€poste€(art.15).€€En€plus€des€pouvoirs€particuliers€d critsÐ -t%/ Ðci-dessus,€la€Loi€impose€ €la€Commission€lð ðobligation€g n rale€de€traiter€les€travailleursÐ œ. '1 Ðet€les€personnes€ €leur€charge€de€mani re€juste€et€raisonnable€(par.21.1(1)).€€LaÐ 40¤(3 ÐCommission€est€assist e€dans€son€travail€par€de€nombreux€professionnels€ayant€ €leurÐ  Ðt te€un€directeur€g n ral€qui€est€lð ðadministrateur€principal€de€la€Commission.€€LaÐ ( ˜ ÐCommission€ tablit€et€publie€ galement€des€directives€dð ðorientation€(par.21.1(2)).Ô CECF. , ÔÝ ƒ % Ñý§k Âk ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýyt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , -t ÔÔ_ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s „l # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLaÔ_ Ô€composition€et€les€pouvoirs€de€la€Commission€ainsi€que€la€dur e€desÐ ð ` Ðfonctions€de€ses€membres€montrent€bien€quð ðelle€poss de€une€expertise€vraimentÐ ˆ ø Ðconsid rable€en€mati re€de€traitement€de€tous€les€aspects€du€r gime€dð ðindemnisation€desÐ  Ðaccidents€du€travail.€€Non€seulement€la€Commission€poss de-t-elle€une€expertise€couranteÐ ¸ ( Ðen€mati re€de€traitement€des€demandes€dð ðindemnisation,€dð ð tablissement€des€taux€deÐ P À Ðcotisation€et€de€promotion€de€la€s curit €au€travail,€mais€encore€elle€poss de€uneÐ è X Ðexpertise€pour€ce€qui€est€dð ðassurer€que€le€respect€des€objectifs€de€la€Loi.€€Comme€le€faitÐ € ð Ðremarquer€le€juge€Ô_ ÔWakelingÔ_ Ô€dans€ses€motifs€de€dissidence,€ €la€p.€301:Ý ƒ % Ñýyt ”t ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àÔ # † X s X X X s Vu # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[ò òtraductionó ó]€Ô # † X s X X X s Hy # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[Les€membres€de€la€Commission]€ont€tout€ce€quð ðil€faut,€surÐ H ¸ Ðle€plan€de€lð ðexp rience,€pour€d terminer€comment€la€Loi€peut€le€mieuxÐ „ Ðassurer€une€ volution€continue€et€coh rente€des€objectifs€quð ðelle€vise.€€Je€nð ðaiÐ à P Ðaucune€raison€de€douter€quð ðils€ont€toute€la€comp tence€voulue€pour€trancherÐ ¬ Ðles€diverses€questions€que€la€mesure€l gislative€est€destin e€ €leur€soumettre.Ó y ÓÐ x è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌò òÔ& È ÔLe€probl me€dont€ tait€saisie€la€Commissionó óÔ CECF. , ÔÐ ¨" " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý#| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , û{ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s y # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLa€Loi€contient€trois€dispositions€qui€interdisent€les€poursuites€judiciaires.€Ô' È ¨"Á{ ÔÐ Ø%H & ÐLð ðarticle44€supprime€le€dr

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W ݌Р * #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€third€aspect€of€the€system,€the€injury€fund,€also€comes€under€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðauthority€of€the€Board.€The€Board€has€the€responsibility€to€maintain€the€fund€and€collectÐ h/Ø'2 Ðassessments€from€employers.€It€establishes€classes€of€industries€(s.€121(1)),€and€canÐ  Ðsubdivide€those€classes€according€to€the€hazard€they€present€(s.€121(2)).€The€Board€thenÐ ( ˜ Ðassesses€employers€in€each€class€a€percentage€of€their€pay„roll€that€it€considers€sufficientÐ À 0 Ðto€pay€for€injuries€to€workers€in€industries€in€that€class€(s.€135(1)).€There€are€provisionsÐ X È Ðallowing€for€additional€assessments€on€employers€who€have€fatal€accidents€(s.€135.1).€Ý ƒ % Ñý¾ ٠݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òThe€Expertise€of€the€Boardó óÐ  ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý• Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€expertise€of€workersð ð€compensation€boards€was€recognized€early€on.€InÐ P À Ðò òDominion€Cannersó ó,€Idington€J.€noted€at€p.€53€that:Ý ƒ % Ñý• ° ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àThe€past€experience€of€the€members€of€the€board,€no€doubt€wasÐ ˆ Ðsufficient€guide€and€we€should€at€least€give€them€credit€therefor,€andÐ ä T Ðknowledge,€by€this€time,€of€the€Act,€superior,€I€imagine,€to€ours.Ð ° œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ ø ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýH Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAt€the€time€that€the€application€under€s.€168€was€heard,€the€Board€wasÐ à P Ðcomposed€of€at€least€three€members€appointed€by€the€Lieutenant€Governor€in€Council€(s.Ð x è Ð13(1)).€€The€chairman€was€appointed€from€among€the€members€by€the€LieutenantÐ !€ ÐGovernor€in€Council€(s.€14(1)).€€The€members€held€office€at€pleasure,€except€for€theÐ ¨" " Ðchairman,€who€was€appointed€for€five€years€and€was€eligible€for€reappointment€(s.€15).€Ð @$° $ ÐAs€it€stands€today,€the€Board€has€a€maximum€of€five€full„time€members,€including€aÐ Ø%H & Ðchairperson€and€an€even€number€of€members,€half€of€whom€represent€employers€and€halfÐ p'à ( Ðof€whom€represent€workers€(s.€13(1)).€The€employer€representatives€are€chosen€from€aÐ )x!* Ðlist€of€names€submitted€by€employer€associations,€and€the€worker€representatives€areÐ  * #, Ðchosen€from€a€list€of€names€submitted€by€labour€organizations€(s.€13(1.1)).€TheÐ 8,¨$. Ðchairperson€holds€office€for€five€years€and€may€be€reappointed;€the€other€members€holdÐ Ð-@&0 Ðoffice€for€four€years€and€may€be€reappointed€(s.€15).€In€addition€to€the€specific€powersÐ h/Ø'2 Ðdescribed€above,€the€Act€imposes€on€the€Board€the€general€duty€of€treating€workers€a

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Ðque€les€associations€sportives€jouissent€des€avantages€fiscaux€d coulant€du€statut€dð ðð§ ðuvre€deÐ ° Ðbienfaisance,€le€l gislateur€est€mieux€plac €que€les€tribunaux€pour€d cider€en€la€mati re. €€JeÐ ì ˆ Ðsignale,€ €cet€ gard,€quð ðau€Royaume-Uni€la€[ò òtraductionó ó]€ð ðpromotion€du€sport€amateurð ð€a€ t Ð Ä ` Ðreconnue€comme€fin€de€bienfaisance€par€le€l gislateur€(ò òCharities€Act€2006€ó ó(R.„U.),€2006,€ch.

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Ðcreated€under€any€law€in€force€in€Canada,€that€is€resident€in€Canada€and€thatÐ Ø ( Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# à(ò òaó ó)à ¿ àis€a€person€described€in€paragraph€149(1)(ò òló ó),€andÐ ° Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# à(ò òbó ó)à ¿ àhas,€as€its€primary€purpose€and€its€primary€function,€the€promotion€of€amateurÐ ˆ Ø Ðathletics€in€Canada€on€a€nation-wide€basis,Ð t Ä Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# àthat€has€applied€to€the€Minister€in€prescribed€form€for€registration,€that€has€beenÐ L œ Ðregistered€and€whose€registration€has€not€been€revoked€under€subsection€168(2);Ð 8 ˆ Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# àà p àð ðregistered€charityð ð€at€any€time€means€Ð ` Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# à(ò òaó ó)à ¿ àa€charitable€organization,€private€foundation€or€public€foundation,€within€theÐ è 8 Ðmeanings€assigned€by€subsection€149.1(1),€that€is€resident€in€Canada€and€was€eitherÐ Ô $ Ðcreated€or€established€in€Canada,€orÐ À Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# à(ò òbó ó)à ¿ àa€branch,€section,€parish,€congregation€or€other€division€of€an€organizationÐ ˜ è Ðor€foundation€described€in€paragraph€(ò òaó ó),€that€is€resident€in€Canada€and€was€eitherÐ „ Ô Ðcreated€or€established€in€Canada€and€that€receives€donations€on€its€own€behalf,Ð p À Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# àthat€has€applied€to€the€Minister€in€prescribed€form€for€registration€and€that€is€at€thatÐ H!˜ Ðtime€registered€as€a€charitable€organization,€private€foundation€or€public€foundation;Ð 4"„ Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌÓ Ó...Ð $\ " ÐÓ Ü’ ÓÓ ÓÌò òÔ # † X 7‰ X X X 7‰+Y # ÔÔ CFCE. , ÔInterpretation€Actó ó,€R.S.C.€1985,€c.€I-21Ô CE. , CF. , K“ ÔÐ Ð& "% ÐÌÓ Óà0 p àà Ì àò ò8.1ó óà ¿ àBoth€the€common€law€and€the€civil€law€are€equally€authoritative€andÐ €*Ð%) Ðrecognized€sources€of€the€law€of€property€and€civil€rights€in€Canada€and,€unlessÐ p+À&* Ðotherwise€provided€by€law,€if€in€interpreting€an€enactment€it€is€necessary€to€refer€to€aÐ \,¬'+ Ðprovinceð ðs€rules,€principles€or€concepts€forming€part€of€the€law€of€property€and€civilÐ H-˜(, Ðrights,€reference€must€be€made€to€the€rules,€principles€and€concepts€in€force€in€theÐ ° Ðprovince€at€the€time€the€enactment€is€being€applied.Ó ÓÐ œ ì p (#p (# ÐÌà p àò òAppeal€dismissed€with€costs.Ð L œ Ðó óÌà p àò òSolicitors€for€the€appellant:€€Fasken€Martineau€DuMoulin,€Vancouver.ó óÐ ü L ÐÌà p àò òSolicitor€for€the€respondent:€€Attorney€General€of€Canada,€Ottawa.ó óÐ ¬ ü ÐÌà p àò òSolicitors€for€the€intervener:€Worton€Hunter€&€Callaghan,€Edmonton;€Gowling,€Lafleur,Ð \ ¬ ÐHenderson,€Toronto;€Miller€Thomson,

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€€En€cons quence,€la€Cour€sup rieure€nð ða€commisÐ Ô)D"+ Ðaucune€erreur€lorsquð ðelle€sð ðest€d clar e€incomp tente€pour€connað3 ðtre€du€litige€par€le€motifÐ l+Ü#- Ðque€lð ðarbitre€de€griefs€avait€une€comp tence€exclusive€en€la€mati re.€Ý ƒ 0 Ñý®¬ ɬ ݌Р-t%/ ÐŒÝ ÝÌà « à(ii)à0 " àò òLe€monopole€de€la€repr sentation€syndicaleó óÐ 40¤(3 " Ð " Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÏ° Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú56Ú ÚÛ € z 8 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àPar€ailleurs,€le€fait€dð ðattribuer€le€statut€de€repr sentant€ €lð ðintim €Bisaillon,Ð  Ðsð ðil€ tait€fait€droit€ €sa€requ te€en€autorisation€de€recours€collectif,€serait€incompatibleÐ ( ˜ Ðavec€les€mandats€l gaux€de€repr sentation€que€le€ò òCode€du€travailó ó€accorde€aux€neufÐ À 0 Ðsyndicats€accr dit s€repr sentant€les€salari s€de€Concordia.

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ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýŒ0 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àWhen€a€grievance€arbitrator€finds€it€impossible€to€resolve€a€dispute€or€a€partÐ l+Ü#- Ðof€a€dispute€because€he€or€she€does€not€have€jurisdiction€over€the€parties,€the€ordinaryÐ -t%/ Ðcourts€retain€jurisdiction€over€the€dispute€(Gagnon,€at€p.547).€€Such€situations€are€likelyÐ œ. '1 Ðto€arise€where€the€grievance€arbitrator€cannot€claim€to€have€authority€over€personsÐ 40¤(3 Ðconsidered€to€be€third€parties€in€relation€to€the€collective€agreement€and€cannot€renderÐ  Ðdecisions€against€them.€€However,€there€is€nothing€to€prevent€thirdparties€fromÐ ( ˜ Ðvoluntarily€and€expressly€submitting€to€a€grievance€arbitratorð ðs€jurisdiction,€therebyÐ À 0 Ðbestowing€jurisdiction€upon€him€or€her:€ò òCanadian€Union€of€Public€Employees€v.Ð X È ÐCanadian€Broadcasting€Corp.ó ó,€[1992]€2€S.C.R.€7.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýŒ0 §0 ݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÖ4 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€inherent€limits€on€their€ò òin€personam€ó ójurisdiction€do€not€mean€thatÐ  Ðgrievance€arbitrators€have€to€ensure€that€their€decisions€have€no€effect€on€thirdparties.Ð ¸ ( ÐIt€is€possible€for€thirdparties€who€do€not€belong€to€the€bargaining€unit,€such€as€companyÐ P À Ðmanagers,€to€be€directly€or€indirectly€affected€by€an€arbitration€award.€€However,€theseÐ è X Ðthirdparties€will€not€be€legally€bound€by€the€award:€ò òSyndicat€des€professionnelles€etÐ € ð Ðprofessionnels€du€gouvernement€du€Qu bec€v.€Paquet€(Coll ge€dð ðenseignement€g n ralÐ ˆ Ðet€professionnel€r gional€de€Lanaudi re€et€Syndicat€des€professionnelles€etÐ ° Ðprofessionnels€du€gouvernement€du€Qu bec,€section€locale8)ó ó,€[2005]€Q.J.€No.678€(QL),Ð H ¸ Ð2005€QCCA€109,€at€para.40.€€As€we€shall€see,€the€mere€fact€that€the€same€issue€arisesÐ à P Ðin€the€collective€agreements€of€several€different€bargaining€units€with€a€single€employerÐ x è Ðdoes€not€oust€the€jurisdiction€of€the€grievance€arbitrator€in€favour€of€the€ordinary€courts.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÖ4 ñ4 ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ( Ôà œ à(iii)à0 Ü àò òResidual€Jurisdiction€of€the€Superior€Courtó óÐ @$° $ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¢: Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú42Ú ÚÛ € z * Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àGrievance€arbitrators€have€very€broad€powers,€both€explicit€and€implicit,€soÐ p'à ( Ðas€to€be€able€to€grant€any€remedies€needed€to€implement€the€collective€agreement:€see,ò òÐ )x!* Ðinter€aliaó ó,€s.100.12€ò òL.C.ó ó€and€R.P.Gagnon,€L.LeBel€and€P.Verge,€ò òDroit€du€travailó óÐ  * #, Ð(2nded.€1991),€at€p.710.€€Despite€this€broad€arbitral€jurisdictio

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