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  161 Knooppunt Singapore...  
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Havens vormden de knooppunten van de koloniale rijken. Voor de Britten was Singapore misschien wel het belangrijkste. Het werd in 1819 door Sir Stamford Raffles (1781-1826) voor de East India Company gesticht en groeide snel, mede doordat het het Nederlandse monopolie in de regio doorbrak.
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Harbours were the hubs of colonial empires. Singapore may have been the most important one for the British. Founded in 1819 by Sir Stanford Raffles (1781-1826) for the East India Company, it grew rapidly, in part because it broke the Dutch monopoly in the region. Goods were transhipped here from smaller Asian ships (such as the Chinese junks on the picture postcard) to large European ocean liners and vice versa. There was a huge demand for labour, and the labour movement often found fertile ground for organizing here.
  Communistisch Rusland |...  
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De Februari-revolutie van 1917 leek aanvankelijk een regering naar West-Europees model aan de macht te brengen, maar de October-revolutie later dat jaar, een staatsgreep van de bolsjevieken onder leiding van Lenin en Trotski, gaf de geschiedenis een andere wending (90). Dit gebeurde temidden van de gebeurtenissen aan het einde van de Eerste Wereldoorlog, waarbij na het Russische ook de Duitse, Habsburgse en Ottomaanse rijken ineenstortten.
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The February Revolution of 1917 seemed at first to place a West European-style government in power, but the October Revolution later that year, a coup by the Bolsheviks under the aegis of Lenin and Trotsky, entirely changed the course of events (90). This happened at the end of the First World War, when the collapse of the Russian Empire was followed by that of the German, Habsburg, and Ottoman ones. Amid the massive confusion, without even the slightest prospect of stability, severe unrest ensued in several places. In Hungary the first communist government outside Russia was briefly in power (91-92). In Russia overt and bitter civil war raged for many years, with drastic consequences for millions of people (93-95).
  Oost-Europa | Wereldver...  
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De precaire staten die na de Eerste Wereldoorlog tussen Duitsland en Rusland waren ontstaan, werden na de Tweede grotendeels tot Sovjet-koloniën. In de Koude Oorlog werd het beeld geschapen van een onoverbrugbare tegenstelling tussen twee 'Rijken van het Kwaad', die elkaar door hun kernwapens in evenwicht hielden.
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Posthumus is likely to have thought along the same lines and, like his contemporaries in the West, to have been fascinated by the great Russian writers from the nineteenth century and especially by the revolutions of 1905 and 1917 and their consequences. These reinforced the bipolar mindset, both within the labour movement, which had to embrace or reject communism, and between the new Soviet Union and the old Europe, which remained the scene of ongoing turbulence. The authoritarian domestic changes under Stalin further heightened the tensions. The precarious states that emerged between Germany and Russia after the First World War largely became Soviet satellites following the Second World War. In the Cold War, the contrast seemed insurmountable between two ‘Empires of Evil,’ which used their nuclear arsenal to keep each other in check. Interpretation of the past was an important factor.
  Revoluties in Europa | ...  
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De revoluties die in 1848 behalve Frankrijk ook vele Italiaanse, Duitse en Habsburgse landen overspoelden, lieten zien dat sociale en nationale problemen vaak onontwarbaar met elkaar verbonden waren (27-29). Dit bleef de hele negentiende eeuw door het geval en drukte zijn stempel nog op de door de Eerste Wereldoorlog ingeleide val van de grote Osmaanse, Russische, Habsburgse en Duitse rijken.
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Although for a long time (and perhaps mainly in retrospect) the course of events in Great Britain seemed to be more gradual, the radical element was omnipresent. In acquiring the Kashnor collection, the IISH obtained a major pamphlet collection documenting this longstanding tradition that extended from the English Civil War in the mid-seventeenth century through Chartism, which shook the very foundations of the country nearly two centuries later (25-26). The revolutions of 1848, which occurred not only in France but also in many Italian, German, and Habsburg countries, revealed that social and national problems were often inextricably linked (27-29). This remained the case throughout the nineteenth century and also had an impact on the collapse instigated by the First World War of the great Ottoman, Russian, Habsburg, and German Empires. In Germany the end of the war led to a new revolutionary wave, with the Bavarian Soviet Republic of April 1918 as one of the highlights (30).