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3£ü~ ) ݌Р, È Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÓ Ü 4 „ Ü « ¸ [ ” •X Ü 4 „ Ü « ä —X Óà0 « àà ¸ à[ò òtraductionó ó]€Le€minist re€public€dit,€bien,€pourquoi€le€policierÐ \ ø Ðaurait-il€dit€que€les€ v nements€se€sont€d roul s€comme€il€les€a€relat s€ €laÐ ( Ä ÐCour€ce€matin?
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Ðmust€rely€on€their€background€knowledge€in€fulfilling€their€adjudicative€function.€€AsÐ Ô/p)4 ÐDavid€M.€Paciocco€and€Lee€Stuesser€write€in€their€book€ò òThe€Law€of€Evidenceó ó€(1996),Ð d Ðat€p.€277:Ý ƒ Ñý 9 ݌Рü ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÓ „ ÓÓ ÓÌÌò òIn€general,€the€trier€of€fact€is€entitled€simply€to€apply€common€sense€andÐ , È Ðhuman€experience€in€determining€whether€evidence€is€credible€and€inÐ ø ” Ðdeciding€what€use,€if€any,€to€make€of€it€in€coming€to€its€finding€of€fact.ó óÐ Ä ` Ð[Emphasis€in€original.]Ð  , ÐÓ ÓÌÓ „ ü ÓÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAt€the€same€time,€where€the€matter€is€one€of€identifying€and€applying€theÐ ô  Ðlaw€to€the€findings€of€fact,€it€must€be€the€law€that€governs€and€not€a€judgeð ðs€individualÐ Œ ( Ðbeliefs€that€may€conflict€with€the€law.€€Further,€notwithstanding€that€their€ownÐ $ À Ðinsights€into€human€nature€will€properly€play€a€role€in€making€findings€of€credibilityÐ ¼ X Ðor€factual€determinations,€judges€must€make€those€determinations€only€after€beingÐ T ð Ðequally€open€to,€and€considering€the€views€of,€all€parties€before€them.€€The€reasonableÐ ì ˆ Ðperson,€through€whose€eyes€the€apprehension€of€bias€is€assessed,€expects€judges€toÐ „ Ðundertake€an€open„minded,€carefully€considered,€and€dispassionately€deliberateÐ ¸ Ðinvestigation€of€the€complicated€reality€of€each€case€before€them.Ý ƒ Ñý ª ݌Р´ P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÖ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€axiomatic€that€all€cases€litigated€before€judges€are,€to€a€greater€orÐ ä € Ðlesser€degree,€complex.€€There€is€more€to€a€case€than€who€did€what€to€whom,€and€theÐ |! " Ðquestions€of€fact€and€law€to€be€determined€in€any€given€case€do€not€arise€in€a€vacuum.€Ð #° $ ÐRather,€they€are€the€consequence€of€numerous€factors,€influenced€by€the€innumerableÐ ¬$H & Ðforces€which€impact€on€them€in€a€particular€context.€€Judges,€acting€as€finders€of€fact,Ð D&à ( Ðmust€inquire€into€those€forces.€€In€short,€they€must€be€aware€of€the€context€in€whichÐ Ü'x!* Ðthe€alleged€crime€occurred.Ý ƒ ÑýÖ ñ ݌Рt) #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý. Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú42Ú ÚÛ € z * Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àJudicial€inquiry€into€the€factual,€social€and€psychological€context€withinÐ ¤,@&0 Ðwhich€litigation€arises€is€not€unusual.€€Rather,€a€conscious,€contextual€inquiry€hasÐ
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€€Devant€le€Tribunal,€les€parties€ont€pr sent €desÐ Ä&H & Ðversions€contradictoires€quant€aux€ v nements€qui€se€sont€d roul s€entre€lð ðincarc rationÐ \(à ( Ðde€M.€Roy€et€son€cong diement.€€Lð ðappelante€a€soutenu€que€cð ðest€la€conjointe€de€M.Ð ô)x!
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Ðan€inmate€for€a€position€that€was€to€start€at€the€end€of€his€or€her€sentence.€€Obviously,Ð Ô X Ðthose€examples€are€not€exhaustive.€€Other€circumstances€might€also€lead€a€court€toÐ l ð Ðconclude€that€the€employerð ðs€decision€cannot€reasonably€be€based€on€the€formal€reasonÐ ˆ Ðthat€it€alleges€as€justification€for€the€measure€imposed€on€the€employee.Ý ƒ % Ñýx> “> ݌Рœ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýDC Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€cases€where€the€sentence€of€imprisonment€affects€the€employeeð ðsÐ Ì P Ðavailability,€the€court€will€have€to€be€satisfied,€on€a€preponderance€of€evidence,€that€theÐ d è Ðactual€cause€was€the€conviction,€and€that€thò òó óe€fact€that€the€employee€was€not€available€wasÐ ü!€ Ðnot€cited€as€a€mere€pretext.Ý ƒ % ÑýDC _C ݌Р”# " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýiE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú52Ú ÚÛ € z 4 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àSome€authors€are€of€the€opinion€that€s.18.2€also€places€the€onus€on€theÐ Ä&H & Ðcomplainant€to€establish€that€there€is€no€connection€between€the€offence€and€theÐ \(à ( Ðemployment:€€M.€Caron,€ð ðLe€droit€ €lð ð galit €dans€la€ð ðnouvelleð ð€Charte€qu b coise€telleÐ ô)x!* Ðque€modifi e€par€le€projet€de€loi€86",€in€Service€de€la€formation€permanente,€Barreau€duÐ Œ+ #, ÐQu bec,€ò òLð ðinteraction€des€Chartes€canadienne€et€qu b coise€des€droits€et€libert s€de€laÐ $-¨$. Ðpersonneó ó€(1983„84),€cours€83,€115,€at€p.134.€€Others€take€the€opposite€position,€andÐ ¼.@&0 Ðplace€the€burden€of€establishing€a€connection€between€the€offence€and€the€employmentÐ T0Ø'2 Ðon€the€employer:€ò ò€St-Hubert€(Ville€de)€et€Syndicat€des€cols€bleus€de€la€Ville€de€St-HubertÐ | Ð(C.S.D.)ó ó,€[1998]€R.J.D.T.€525€(T.A.),€Brunelle,€ò òsupraó ó,€and€Dowd€and€Lefevbre,€ò òsupraó ó.€Ð ˜ ÐThese€differences€of€opinion€arise€out€of€the€drafting€of€s.18.2.Ý ƒ % ÑýiE „E ݌Р¬ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýOJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIt€seems€to€me€to€be€consistent€with€the€spirit€of€the€ò òQuebec€Charteró ó€andÐ Ü ` Ðwith€the€decisions€of€this€Court€to€place€the€burden€of€establishing€an€objectiveÐ t ø Ðconnection€between€the€offence€committed€and€the€position€held€or€applied€for€on€theÐ  Ðemployer.€€It€is€settled€law€under€s.20€of€the€ò òQuebec€Charter€ó óthat,€once€there€is€ò òprimaÐ ¤ ( Ðfacieó ó€evidence€of€discrimination,€the€burden€shifts€to€the€employer€to€prove,€on€aÐ
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ÔÐ è&à ( ÐÌÔ ÔÓ Ó(A)à0 œ àò òLe€proc s€devant€juryó ó€(pr sid €par€le€juge€Carruthers)Ó ÓÐ * #, œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà „ àÔ2 ÿÿ 2 ÔÚ Ú51Ú ÚÔ3 Ôà œ àL'action€en€dommages-int r ts€pour€libelle€a€ t €intent e€le€Ô' ø è&š+ Ô14d cembreÐ H-@&0 Ð1984.€€Le€proc s€tenu€devant€le€juge€Carruthers€et€un€jury€s'est€d roul €duÐ à.Ø'2 Ð3septembre€1991€au€3octobre€1991.€€Les€questions€pos es€au€jury€et€leurs€r ponsesÐ Ðont€ t €les€suivantes:Ð ˜ ÐÌ[ò òtraductionó ó]Ð Ð È Ðà@ í í " V àVERDICT€SP CIALˆÐ h ` Ðà@ $ $ % V àò òQUESTIONSó óˆÐ ø ÐÌà œ àA.ò òRelativement€au€d fendeur€Morris€Manningó óÐ 0 ( ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ à1.à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àLe€reportage€de€CBC€mentionnait-il€le€demandeur?Ó ÓÐ ` X ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àR.à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àOuiÐ  ˆ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ à2.à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àMorris€Manning€a-t-il€demand €ou€autoris €la€publication€de€l'avisÐ À ¸ Ðde€requ te€ €la€conf rence€de€presse,€ou€y€a-t-il€consenti?Ó ÓÐ Œ „ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àR.à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àOuiÐ ¼ ´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÔ& È Ôà œ àB.à0 ø àò òRelativement€aux€deux€d fendeursó óÐ ì"ä # ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ à3.à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àLes€propos€dont€on€se€plaint€dans€les€reportages€de€CFTO€et€deÐ & ' ÐÔ' È ì"_1 ÔCBC€du€17septembre€1984,€dans€l'article€du€Globe€&€Mail€duÐ è&à ( Ð18septembre€1984,€et€l'avis€de€requ te,€sont-ils€diffamatoires€ Ð ´'¬ ) Ðl' gard€du€demandeur?
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ÿ ÐÑ ° Ü Ñà œ àò òConstitutional€law€--€Charter€of€Rights€--€Application€--€Libel€andÐ Ðslander€--€Church€of€Scientology€commencing€criminal€contempt€proceedingsÐ   ˜ Ðagainst€Crown€attorney€--€Church's€counsel€and€representatives€holding€pressÐ 8 0 Ðconference€on€courthouse€steps€--€Counsel€reading€from€and€commenting€onÐ Ð È Ðallegations€in€contempt€motion€--€Contempt€allegations€subsequently€found€to€beÐ h ` Ðuntrue€--€Crown€attorney€bringing€action€for€damages€in€libel€--€Whether€CrownÐ ø Ðattorney's€action€for€damages€"government€action"€--€Whether€Charter€applies--Ð ˜  ÐCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€s.32(1).ó óÐ 0 ( ÐÌà œ àò òLibel€and€slander€--€Common€law€of€defamation€--€Canadian€Charter€ofÐ ` X ÐRights€and€Freedoms€--€Whether€common€law€of€defamation€complies€with€valuesÐ ø ð Ðunderlying€Charter€--€Whether€"actual€malice"€rule€should€be€adopted.ó óÐ  ˆ ÐÌà œ àò òLibel€and€slander€--€Defences€--€Qualified€privilege€--€Church€ofÐ À ¸ ÐScientology€commencing€criminal€contempt€proceedings€against€Crown€attorney--Ð X P ÐChurch's€counsel€and€representatives€holding€press€conference€on€courthouse€stepsÐ ð è Ð--€Counsel€reading€from€and€commenting€on€allegations€in€contempt€motion€--Ð ˆ € ÐContempt€allegations€subsequently€found€to€be€untrue€--€Crown€attorney€bringingÐ " " Ðaction€for€damages€in€libel€--€Whether€defence€of€qualified€privilege€available.ó óÐ ¸#° $ ÐÌà œ àò òLibel€and€slander€--€Damages€--€General€damages€--€AggravatedÐ è&à ( Ðdamages€--€Punitive€damages€--€Church€of€Scientology€commencing€criminalÐ €(x!* Ðcontempt€proceedings€against€Crown€attorney€--€Church's€counsel€andÐ * #, Ðrepresentatives€holding€press€conference€on€courthouse€steps€--€Counsel€readingÐ °+¨$. Ðfrom€and€commenting€on€allegations€in€contempt€motion€--€Contempt€allegationsÐ H-@&0 Ðsubsequently€found€to€be€untrue€--€Crown€attorney€bringing€action€for€damages€inÐ à.Ø'2 Ðlibel€--€Counsel€and€Church€found€jointly€liable€for€general€damages€--€ChurchÐ Ðfound€liable€for€aggravated€and€punitive€damages€--€Whether€cap€should€beÐ   ˜ Ðimposed€on€general€damages€in€defamation€cases€--€Whether€damage€awardsÐ 8 0 Ðshould€stand.ó óÐ Ð È ÐÌà œ àThe€appellant€M,€accompanied€by€representatives€of€the€appellantÐ ø ÐChurch€of€Scientology,€held€a€press€conference€on€the€courthouse€steps.€€M,€whoÐ ˜  Ðwas€wearing€his€barrister's€gown,€read€from€and€commented€upon€allegationsÐ 0 ( Ðcontained€in€a€notice€of€motion€by€which€Scientology€intended€to€commenceÐ È À Ðcriminal€con
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3£ ‹ 0‹ ݌Рü ˜ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àÔ # † X |ú X X X Ó( ƒ # ÔÔ ‡ X Ó( X X X |ú Ôà ø à[ò òtraductionó ó]€Le€minist re€public€dit,€bien,€pourquoi€le€policierÐ , È Ðaurait-il€dit€que€les€ v nements€se€sont€d roul s€comme€il€les€a€relat s€ €laÐ ø ” ÐCour€ce€matin?
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Ðon€trial.€Ð Ô/p)4 Ð‡à œ àò òPeró ó€La€Forest,€Lð ðHeureux„Dub ,€Gonthier€and€McLachlin€JJ.:€€Judges,Ð d Ðwhile€they€can€never€be€neutral€in€the€sense€of€being€purely€objective,€must€strive€forÐ ü ˜ Ðimpartiality.€€Their€differing€experiences€appropriately€assist€in€their€decision„makingÐ ” 0 Ðprocess€so€long€as€those€experiences€are€relevant,€are€not€based€on€inappropriateÐ , È Ðstereotypes,€and€do€not€prevent€a€fair€and€just€determination€based€on€the€facts€inÐ Ä ` Ðevidence.Ð \ ø ÐÌà œ àThe€apprehension€of€bias€must€be€a€reasonable€one€held€by€reasonableÐ Œ ( Ðand€right„minded€persons,€applying€themselves€to€the€question€and€obtaining€thereonÐ $ À Ðthe€required€information.€€The€reasonable€person€must€know€and€understand€theÐ ¼ X Ðjudicial€process,€the€nature€of€judging€and€the€community€in€which€the€alleged€crimeÐ T ð Ðoccurred.€€He€or€she€demands€that€judges€achieve€impartiality€and€will€be€properlyÐ ì ˆ Ðinfluenced€in€their€deliberations€by€their€individual€perspectives.€Finally,€theÐ „ Ðreasonable€person€expects€judges€to€undertake€an€open„minded,€carefully€consideredÐ ¸ Ðand€dispassionately€deliberate€investigation€of€the€complicated€reality€of€each€caseÐ ´ P Ðbefore€them.€Ð L è ÐÌà œ àJudicial€inquiry€into€context€provides€the€requisite€background€for€theÐ |! " Ðinterpretation€and€the€application€of€the€law.€An€understanding€of€the€context€orÐ #° $ Ðbackground€essential€to€judging€may€be€gained€from€testimony€from€expert€witnesses,Ð ¬$H & Ðfrom€academic€studies€properly€placed€before€the€court,€and€from€the€judgeð ðs€personalÐ D&à ( Ðunderstanding€and€experience€of€the€society€in€which€the€judge€lives€and€works.€€ThisÐ Ü'x!* Ðprocess€of€enlargement€is€a€precondition€of€impartiality.€A€reasonable€person,€farÐ t) #, Ðfrom€being€troubled€by€this€process,€would€see€it€as€an€important€aid€to€judicialÐ +¨$. Ðimpartiality.Ð ¤,@&0 Ðâ âÐ
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W ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àà Ü àLe€juge€de€premi re€instance€est€celui€qui,€bien€plus€que€nous€enÏCour€dð ðappel€plusieurs€ann es€plus€tard,€est€le€mieux€plac €pour€ valuerÏson€impact€r el,€concret€et€pratique€sur€le€jury,€en€tenant€compte€deÏlð ðatmosph re€g n rale€dans€laquelle€le€proc s€sð ðest€d roul ,€desÏcirconstances€propres€ €lð ðesp ce,€de€ce€quð ðil€a€pu€observer€durant€toutes€lesÏ tapes€du€proc s€et€de€la€r action€des€membres€du€jury€lors€de€sesÏcommentaires€sur€lð ðincident.
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ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¿_ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú108Ú ÚÛ € z l Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAs€indicated€above,€two€issues€were€raised€before€this€Court.€€The€firstÐ ð ˆ Ðissue€relates€to€the€circumstances€surrounding€jury€selection€in€this€case.€€The€secondÏissue€relates€to€the€tainted€transcripts€which€were€given€to€the€jury€during€theirÏdeliberations.€€In€my€view,€the€only€truly€debatable€issue€in€this€case€is€the€second€one.€ÏÝ ƒ % Ñý¿_ Ú_ ÝŒÌŒÝ Ýà « à1.à0 ø àò òThe€Circumstances€Surrounding€Jury€Selectionó óÐ è € ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýEb Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú109Ú ÚÛ € z m Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àI€shall€begin€by€discussing€briefly€the€first€issue,€which€the€Court€ofÐ #° $ ÐAppeal€refused€to€consider,€but€was€raised€Ô # † X Íö X X X Íö$\ # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö ÔagainÔ # † X Íö X X X Íö€c # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö Ô€before€us.€€Ô # † X Íö X X X ÍöÇc # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö ÔIt€relates€to€an€allegedÐ °$H & Ðdefect€in€the€jury€selection€process.€ñ F ñ€ñ F ñ€The€appellant€had€also€been€charged€with€theÏmurder€of€his€sister,€Bibi€Khan.€€The€appellant€had€originally€been€charged€and€triedÏon€the€two€counts€together,€and€was€convicted.€€After€a€decision€of€the€Manitoba€CourtÏof€Appeal€(ò òR.ó ó€ò òv.ó ó€ò òKhanó ó€(1996),€108€C.C.C.€(3d)€108)€raising€concerns€of€similar€factÐ +¨$. Ðevidence€set€the€convictions€aside,€the€two€counts€were€tried€separately.€€When€theÏcase€at€bar€was€tried,€the€appellant€had€already€been€convicted€separately€of€the€murderÏof€his€sister,€and€his€conviction€was€under€appeal.Ý ƒ % ÑýEb `b ݌РØ/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý g Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú110Ú ÚÛ € z n Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€alleged€problem€derives€from€the€fact€that€prospective€jurors€waitingÐ ˜ Ðto€be€selected€in€this€case€may€have€discussed€the€appellantð ðs€other€trial€for€the€murderÏof€his€sister.€The€appellant€submitted€that€prospective€jurors€were€not€instructed€ñ G ñto€ñ G ñnotñ H ñ€to€ñ H ñÏtalk€about€the€case€or€the€appellant€while€awaiting€jury€selection.€€Ô # † X Íö X X X Íö d # ÔÔ ‡ ! X Íö X X X Íö ÔDespite€the€fact€thatÐ È ` Ðthe€appellant€was€to€benefit€from€a€separate€trial€on€this€indictment,€it€was€revealed€byÏprospective€jurors€in€front€of€alreadyñ I ñ€ñ I ññ J ñ„ñ J ñselected€jurors€during€challenges€for€cause€thatÏthe€sisterð ðs€murder€case€had€been€discussed€in€the€jury€array.€€The€appellant€argues€thatÏthe€entire€panel€should€have€been€rejected€as€the€jurors€which€had€already€beenÏselected€were€tainted€by€these€comments.Ô # † X Íö X X ! X Íö(i # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö Ô€It€is€further€argued€that€this
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€€Deux€des€coffres€et€toute€la€marijuana€avaient€disparu.Ý ƒ % PD I 1I ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % PDÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % PD M Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Û]Ý Ýà p àLorsque€la€police€a€fouill €la€ferme,€il€a€sembl €quð ðun€gros€camion€ou€autre€v hiculeÐ t Ðautomobile€avait€roul €dans€lð ðall e,€mais€aucune€empreinte€de€pneu€distinctive€nð ða€pu€ tre€identifi e.
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Ða€drug€dealer€and€an€enforcer.€€The€police€interviewed€the€appellant€and€intercepted€his€privateÐ ° Ðcommunications.€€The€appellant€denied€knowing€of€the€shipment.€€He€admitted€having€been€to€theÐ ì ˆ Ðfarm€on€earlier€occasions€but€denied€going€there€around€the€time€when€the€victim€disappeared.€Ý ƒ % PDÙI ôI ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % PDÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % PD¹L Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ € z Û]Ý Ýà p àOver€a€period€of€several€months,€the€appellant€gave€information€and€alibis€to€the€policeÐ t Ðthat€he€later€admitted€were€false.€€However,€on€January€19,€2000,€on€the€eve€of€trial,€the€appellantÐ L è Ðentered€into€a€Limited€Immunity€Agreement€with€the€police.€€In€it€he€promised€to€cooperate€fullyÐ $ À Ðwith€the€investigation€and€to€show€police€the€location€of€the€victimð ðs€body,€which€he€said€he€hadÐ ü ˜ Ðburied€in€order€to€assist€Bill€Wall€who€was€the€ð ðrealð ð€murderer.€€In€return,€the€Crown€agreed€that€theÐ Ô p Ðappellant€would€not€be€charged€with€first€degree€murder€in€connection€with€the€death.€The€body€wasÐ ¬ H Ðnever€found,€despite€the€instructions€given€by€the€appellant€and€extensive€police€searching.€€Bill€WallÐ „ Ðdenied€any€involvement.€€The€Crown€continued€with€the€first€degree€murder€charge.Ý ƒ % PD¹L ÔL ݌Р\ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % PDÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % PD Q Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Û]Ý Ýà p àThe€appellantð ðs€statement€of€January€19,€2000€was€generally€consistent€with€hisÐ "¨ Ðtestimony€at€trial.€€He€said€that€he€and€Bill€Wall€had€discussed€for€many€months€a€plan€to€steal€theÐ ä#€ ÐSkolos€marijuana€using€a€gun€to€secure€ð ðco„operationð ð.€€He€claimed€to€have€met€Bill€Wall€byÐ ¼%X " Ðcoincidence€on€November€23,€who€told€him€that€the€plan€was€ð ða€goð ð€that€night.€€Wall€told€him€theÐ ”'0!$ Ðmarijuana€had€arrived€at€the€Skolos€farm€and€that€he€and€an€associate€were€going€to€go€and€get€it.€Ð l) #& ÐThe€appellant€was€not€going€to€participate€in€the€rip„off,€according€to€Wall,€but€they€would€all€meetÐ D+à$( Ðtogether€later€that€night.€Ý ƒ % PD Q Q ݌Р-¸&* ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % PDÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % PD–T Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Û]Ý Ýà p àThe€appellant€testified€that€when€Bill€Wall€eventually€arrived€with€two€trunks€ofÐ
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á ݌Рü ˜ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌà0 « àÓ Óà ¸ à[ò òtraductionó ó]€Le€minist re€public€dit,€bien,€pourquoi€le€policierÐ , È Ðaurait-il€dit€que€les€ v nements€se€sont€d roul s€comme€il€les€a€relat s€ €laÐ ø ” ÐCour€ce€matin?
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ÐIn€the€face€of€such€evidence,€we€respectfully€disagree€with€the€views€of€our€colleaguesÐ Ô/p)4 ÐCory€and€Major€JJ.€that€there€was€no€evidence€on€which€Judge€Sparks€could€haveÐ d Ðfound€ð ðracially€motivatedð ð€overreaction€by€the€police€officer.€Ý ƒ Ñý V -V ݌Рü ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý~[ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú56Ú ÚÛ € z 8 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àWhile€it€seems€clear€that€Judge€Sparks€ò òdid€not€in€factó ó€relate€the€officerð ðsÐ ” 0 Ðprobable€overreaction€to€the€race€of€the€appellant€R.D.S.,€it€should€be€noted€that€ifÐ , È ÐJudge€Sparks€ò òhadó ó€chosen€to€attribute€the€behaviour€of€Constable€Stienburg€to€theÐ Ä ` Ðracial€dynamics€of€the€situation,€she€would€not€necessarily€have€erred.€€As€a€memberÐ \ ø Ðof€the€community,€it€was€open€to€her€to€take€into€account€the€well„known€presence€ofÐ ô  Ðracism€in€that€community€and€to€evaluate€the€evidence€as€to€what€occurred€againstÐ Œ ( Ðthat€background.Ý ƒ Ñý~[ ™[ ݌Р$ À ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÎ^ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú57Ú ÚÛ € z 9 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThat€Judge€Sparks€recognized€that€police€officers€ò òsometimesó ó€overreactÐ T ð Ðwhen€dealing€with€non„white€groups€simply€demonstrates€that€in€making€herÐ ì ˆ Ðdetermination€in€this€case,€she€was€alive€to€the€well„known€racial€dynamics€that€mayÐ „ Ðexist€in€interactions€between€police€officers€and€visible€minorities.€€As€found€byÐ ¸ ÐFreeman€J.A.€in€his€dissenting€judgment€at€the€Court€of€Appeal€(1995),€145€N.S.R.Ð ´ P Ð(2d)€284,€at€p.€294:Ý ƒ ÑýÎ^ é^ ݌РL è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àThe€case€was€racially€charged,€a€classic€confrontation€between€aÐ |! " Ðwhite€police€officer€representing€the€power€of€the€state€and€a€black€youthÐ H"ä # Ðcharged€with€an€offence.€€Judge€Sparks€was€under€a€duty€to€be€sensitive€toÐ #° $ Ðthe€nuances€and€implications,€and€to€rely€on€her€own€common€senseÐ à#| % Ðwhich€is€necessarily€informed€by€her€own€experience€and€understanding.€Ó  a ÓÐ ¬$H & œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý°c Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú58Ú ÚÛ € z : Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àGiven€these€facts,€the€question€is€whether€a€reasonable€and€right„mindedÐ Ü'x!* Ðperson,€informed€of€the€circumstances€of€this€case,€and€knowledgeable€about€the€localÐ t) #, Ðcommunity€and€about€Canadian€ò òCharteró ó€values,€would€perceive€that€the€reasons€ofÐ +¨$. ÐJudge€Sparks€would€give€rise€to€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€bias.€€In€our€view,€theyÐ ¤,@&0 Ðwould€not.€€The€clear€evidence€of€prejudgment€required€to€sustain€a€reasonableÐ
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€€La€premi re€infraction€a€ t €commise€en1986,Ð  ( Ðau€moment€o €lð ðaccus € tait€ g €de29ans.€€La€plaignante,€alors€ g e€de16ans,€avait€ t Ïplac e€chez€lð ðaccus €par€les€services€sociaux.€€Elle€dormait€sur€le€canap €du€salon€lorsqueÏlð ðaccus €est€entr €chez€lui€en€ tat€dð ð bri t .€€Il€a€d fait€le€pantalon€de€la€plaignante.€ÏCelle-ci€sð ðest€retourn e€sur€le€ventre€et€a€essay €de€sð ðenfoncer€dans€le€canap ,€feignantÏde€dormir.€€Il€lui€a€enlev €son€jeans,€a€commenc € €lð ðembrasser€sur€les€fesses€et€lui€aÏintroduit€partiellement€le€p nis€dans€le€vagin.€€Elle€serrait€les€jambes,€œqu›ð ðil€essayaitÏdð ð carter.€€Finalement,€il€a€dit€ð ðTu€es€trop€difficileð ð€et€il€a€roul €sur€le€plancher,€o €il€sð ðestÐ ¸ P Ðendormi.€€La€deuxi me€infraction€a€ t €commise€en1993,€au€moment€o €lð ðaccus € taitÏ g €de36ans.€€La€plaignante€ tait€ g e€de14ans€et€gardait€les€enfants€de€lð ðaccus .€€ElleÏ tait€ tendue€sur€le€ventre€et€sð ð tait€endormie€sur€un€divan-lit.€€Quand€elle€sð ðest€r veill eÏau€milieu€de€la€nuit,€son€sous-v tement€ tait€descendu€et€lð ðaccus € tait€sur€elle,€et€luiÏfrottait€le€dos€dð ðune€main€et€les€fesses€de€lð ðautre€main.€€Il€lui€a€ galement€fait€desÏattouchements€au€bassin€et€au€vagin.€€Elle€a€cri €et€sð ðest€enfuie€de€la€maison.€€Le€juge€quiÏa€inflig €la€peine€a€conclu€que€ni€lð ðune€ni€lð ðautre€des€agressions€nð ð tait€une€agressionÏsexuelle€grave€„„Ô ‡ X m± X X X m± Ô€assortie€dð ðune€peine€de€trois€ans€comme€point€de€d partÔ # † X m± X X X m± # Ô€„„€au€sens€queÐ x) #, Ðla€cour€dð ðappel€de€la€province€a€donn € €cette€expression€dans€des€affaires€ant rieures,Ïet€il€a€inflig €une€peine€de€12€mois€de€d tention€pour€la€premi re€infraction€et€une€peineÏconcurrente€de€six€mois€pour€la€deuxi me€infraction.
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Ðà œ àò òCriminal€law€--€Sentencing€--€Appeals€--€Applicable€standard€of€review€ofÐ a Ðsentencing€decisions.ó óÐ ˜ ÐÌà œ àò òCriminal€law€--€Sentencing€--€Sexual€assault€--€Starting-point€approach.ó óÐ 0 È ÐÌà œ àThe€accused€pleaded€guilty€to€two€counts€of€sexual€assault,€contrary€to€s.271Ïof€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó.€€The€first€offence€occurred€in€1986€when€the€accused€was€29.€€TheÐ ø  Ðcomplainant,€a€16-year-old€girl,€had€been€placed€in€the€accused's€home€by€SocialÏServices.€€She€was€asleep€on€the€living€room€couch€when€the€accused€came€homeÏintoxicated.€€He€undid€her€pants.€€The€complainant€turned€over€on€her€stomach€and€triedÏto€press€herself€into€the€couch,€pretending€to€be€sleeping.€€He€took€off€her€jeans,€startedÏto€kiss€her€buttock€area€and€partially€penetrated€her€vagina€with€his€penis.€€She€had€herÏlegs€pressed€together€and€he€was€trying€to€get€them€apart.€Finally,€he€said€"You're€tooÏdifficult"€and€rolled€onto€the€floor€where€he€fell€asleep.€The€second€offence€occurred€inÏ1993€when€the€accused€was€36.€€The€complainant€was€a€14-year-old€babysitter€for€theÏaccused's€family.€€She€had€fallen€asleep€on€her€stomach€on€a€hide-a-bed.€€She€woke€upÏin€the€middle€of€the€night;€her€underwear€was€pulled€down€and€the€accused€was€on€topÏof€her,€rubbing€her€back€with€one€hand€and€her€buttocks€with€the€other.€€He€also€touchedÏher€pelvis€and€vaginal€areas.€€She€screamed€and€fled€the€house.€€The€sentencing€judgeÏfound€that€neither€of€the€two€assaults€was€a€major€sexual€assault,€as€defined€in€past€casesÏby€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€the€province,€with€a€starting-point€sentence€of€three€years,€andÏimposed€a€sentence€of€12€months€in€custody€for€the€first€offence€and€six€months€for€theÏsecond,€to€be€served€concurrently.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€allowed€the€Crown's€appeal.ρThe€court€found€that€the€sexual€assaults€were€major€ones€and€sentenced€the€accused€to€ÏÔ ‡ X m± X X X m± Ôfour€years€in€custody€for€the€first€offence€and,€considering€the€global€effect€of€theÐ ¨,@&0 Ðsentences,€to€one€year€for€the€second,€to€be€served€consecutively.Ô # † X m± X X X m±[ # ÔÐ @.Ø'2 ÐÐ Ø/p)4 ÐÔ& ` Ôà œ àò òHeldó ó€(Ô ‡ X m± X X X m± ÔLa€Forest,€Lð ðHeureux-Dub ,€Gonthier€and€McLachlin€JJ.Ô # † X m± X X X m±— # Ô€dissenting):Ð h ÐThe€appeal€should€be€allowed.ÌÌà œ àò òPeró ó€Lamer€C.J.€and€Sopinka,€Cory,€Iacobucci€and€Major€JJ.:€€Ô ‡ X m± X X X m± ÔThe€CourtÔ' ` h s Ô€ofÐ 0 È ÐAppealð ðs€decision€is€inconsistent€with€the€deference€that€is€owed€to€sentencing€judges€byÏappellate€courts.€Ô #
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Ða€eu€lieu€entre€lð ðindicateur€et€lð ðaccus ,€ils€nð ðauront€pas€pour€effet€deÐ š$ " Ðtransformer€lð ðindicateur€en€un€repr sentant€de€lð ð tat€aux€fins€de€lð ð changeÐ f%Ö # Ðen€cause.€€Ce€nð ðest€que€si€les€liens€entre€lð ðindicateur€et€lð ð tat€sont€tels€queÐ 2&¢ $ Ðlð ð change€entre€lð ðindicateur€et€lð ðaccus €sð ðest€d roul €de€fa onÐ þ&n % Ðessentiellement€diff rente,€que€lð ðindicateur€devra€ tre€consid r €comme€unÐ Ê': & Ðrepr sentant€de€lð ð tat€aux€fins€de€lð ð change.€€Par€cons quent,€je€suis€dð ðavisÐ –( !' Ðdð ðadopter€le€simple€crit re€suivant:€€Lð ð change€entre€lð ðaccus €et€lð ðindicateurÐ b)Ò!( Ðaurait-il€eu€lieu,€de€la€m me€fa on€et€sous€la€m me€forme,€nð ðeðE ðt€ t Ð .*ž") Ðlð ðintervention€de€lð ð tat€ou€de€ses€repr sentants?
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Ðprivacy€regarding€the€contents€of€his€locker.€€His€privacy€was€invaded€by€the€securityÐ Ô)D"+ Ðguards.€€The€guards€then€placed€his€belongings€back€in€the€locker.€€€The€appellantð ðsÐ l+Ü#- Ðreasonable€expectation€of€privacy€was€continuous.€€Just€because€the€security€guardsÐ -t%/ Ðviolated€his€privacy€once€does€not€mean€that€any€subsequent€violations€will€beÐ œ. '1 Ðpermissible.€€The€conduct€of€the€police€ð" ð€opening€of€a€locked€locker€over€which€theÐ 40¤(3 Ðappellant€still€had€lawful€control€and€taking€possession€of€its€contents€ò òð" ðó ó€constitutedÐ  Ða€ð ðsearchð ð€within€the€meaning€of€s.€8€as€well€as€a€ð ðseizureð ð,€the€essence€of€which€is€theÐ ( ˜ Ðð ðtaking€of€a€thing€from€a€person€by€a€public€authority€without€that€personð ðs€consentð ð:Ð À 0 Ðò òR.€v.€Dymentó ó,€[1988]€2€S.C.R.€417,€at€p.€431,€ò òperó ó€La€Forest€J.Ð X È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýã Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú34Ú ÚÛ € z " Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThis€Court€has€held€that€in€certain€circumstances,€the€mere€ð ðtransfer€ofÐ ˆ ø Ðcontrolð ð€of€evidence€from€a€private€citizen€to€police€can€constitute€a€seizure€within€theÐ  Ðmeaning€of€s.€8.€€Inò ò€Dymentó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€La€Forest€J.€said,€at€p.€435:€Ý ƒ % Ñýã šã ݌Р¸ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àIf€I€were€to€draw€the€line€between€a€seizure€and€a€mere€finding€ofÐ è X Ðevidence,€I€would€draw€it€logically€and€purposefully€at€the€point€at€whichÐ ´ $ Ðit€can€reasonably€be€said€that€the€individual€had€ceased€to€have€a€privacyÐ € ð Ðinterest€in€the€subject„matter€allegedly€seized.Ó ÓÐ L ¼ « Ð « Ð ÐÌIn€this€case,€it€cannot€reasonably€be€said€that€the€appellant€had€ceased€to€have€a€privacyÐ | ì Ðinterest€in€the€contents€of€his€locker.€€The€subsequent€conduct€of€the€police€should€beÐ „ Ðconsidered€a€seizure€within€the€meaning€of€s.€8.€I€see€no€basis€for€holding€that€aÐ ¬ Ðpersonð ðs€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€as€to€the€contents€of€a€rented€and€locked€busÐ D ´ Ðdepot€locker€is€destroyed€merely€because€a€private€individual€(such€as€a€security€guard)Ð Ü!L ! Ðinvades€that€privacy€by€investigating€the€contents€of€the€locker.€€The€intervention€ofÐ t#ä # Ðthe€security€guards€does€not€relieve€the€police€from€the€ò òHunter€ó órequirement€of€priorÐ %| % Ðjudicial€authorization€before€seizing€contraband€uncovered€by€security€guards.€€ToÐ ¤& ' Ðconclude€otherwise€would€amount€to€a€ð ðcircumvention€of€the€warrant€requirementð ðÐ
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€€Au€contraire,€nous€estimons€quð ðelles€traduisent€uneÐ Œ ( Ðappr ciation€tout€ €fait€appropri e€des€faits€mis€en€preuve€ainsi€que€du€contexte€dansÐ $ À Ðlequel€lð ðaffaire€sð ðest€d roul e,€contexte€connu€du€juge€Sparks€ainsi€que€de€tout€membreÐ ¼ X Ðbien€inform €de€la€collectivit .
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Ðis€flawed.Ý ƒ Ñýy’ ”’ ݌РÔ/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý]– Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àTrial€judges€have€to€base€their€findings€on€the€evidence€before€them.€€ItÐ ü ˜ Ðwas€open€to€the€appellant€to€introduce€evidence€that€this€police€officer€was€racist€andÐ ” 0 Ðthat€racism€motivated€his€actions€or€that€he€lied.€€This€was€not€done.€€For€the€trialÐ , È Ðjudge€to€infer€that€based€on€her€general€view€of€the€police€or€society€is€an€error€of€law.€Ð Ä ` ÐFor€this€reason€there€should€be€a€new€trial.Ý ƒ Ñý]– x– ݌Р\ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý÷˜ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€addition€to€not€being€based€on€the€evidence,€the€trial€judgeð ðs€commentsÐ Œ ( Ðhave€been€challenged€as€giving€rise€to€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€bias.€€The€test€forÐ $ À Ðfinding€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€bias€has€challenged€courts€in€the€past.€€It€isÐ ¼ X Ðinterchangeably€expressed€as€a€ð ðreal€danger€of€bias,ð ð€a€ð ðreal€likelihood€of€bias,ð ð€aÐ T ð Ðð ðreasonable€suspicion€of€biasð ð€and€in€several€other€ways.€€An€attempt€at€a€newÐ ì ˆ Ðdefinition€will€not€change€the€test.€€Lord€Denning€M.R.€captured€the€essence€of€theÐ „ Ðinquiry€in€his€judgment€in€ò òMetropolitan€Properties€Co.€v.€Lannonó ó,€[1969]€1€Q.B.€577Ð ¸ Ð(C.A.),€at€p.€599:Ý ƒ Ñý÷˜ ™ ݌Р´ P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à[I]n€considering€whether€there€was€a€real€likelihood€of€bias,€the€court€doesÐ ä € Ðnot€look€at€the€mind€of€the€justice€himself€or€at€the€mind€of€the€chairmanÐ ° L ! Ðof€the€tribunal,€or€whoever€it€may€be,€who€sits€in€a€judicial€capacity.€€ItÐ |! " Ðdoes€not€look€to€see€if€there€was€a€real€likelihood€that€he€would,€or€did,€inÐ H"ä # Ðfact€favour€one€side€at€the€expense€of€the€other.€€The€court€looks€at€theÐ #° $ Ðimpression€which€would€be€given€to€other€people.€€Even€if€he€was€asÐ à#| % Ðimpartial€as€could€be,€nevertheless€if€right„minded€persons€would€thinkÐ ¬$H & Ðthat,€in€the€circumstances,€there€was€a€real€likelihood€of€bias€on€his€part,Ð x% ' Ðthen€he€should€not€sit.€€And€if€he€does€sit,€his€decision€cannot€stand:€seeÐ D&à ( Ðò òReg.ó ó€vò ò.€Hugginsó ó;€and€ò òRex€ó óv.€ò òSunderland€Justicesó ó,€ò òperó ó€Vaughan€WilliamsÐ '¬ ) ÐL.J.€€Nevertheless€there€must€appear€to€be€a€real€likelihood€of€bias.€Ð Ü'x!* ÐSurmise€or€conjecture€is€not€enough:€see€ò òReg.€ó óv.ò ò€Camborne€Justiceó ó,€ò òExÐ ¨(D"+ Ðparte€Pearceó ó,€and€ò òReg.ó ó€vò ò.€Nailsworth€Licensing€Justicesó ó,€ò òEx€parte€Birdó ó.€Ð t) #, ÐThere€must€be€circumstances€from€which€a€reasonable€man€would€think€itÐ @*Ü#- Ðlikely€or€probable€