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  Biographie – ZHEEWEGONA...  

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En 1781, ce dernier alla trafiquer à Gloucester House, mais il n’y revint pas avant 1783 ; cette année-là, il signala que l’épidémie de petite vérole de 1781–1782 avait emporté un certain nombre de membres de sa bande, de même que beaucoup d’Indiens au sud-ouest du lac Saint-Joseph.

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He is first mentioned by John Kipling, chief trader at Gloucester House (Washi Lake, Ont.), who reported in 1780 that Zheewegonab was on his way to Albany with three canoes. Kipling’s later remark that the Indian was pleased with the treatment he received there may indicate that Zheewegonab had been dealing with Montreal-based traders during the 1770s. In 1781 he traded at Gloucester House, but did not appear there again until 1783, when he reported that the smallpox epidemic of 1781–82 had killed a number of his band members, as well as many Indians southwest of Lake St Joseph.

  Biographie – ESTCOURT, ...  

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Au cours des derniers mois de 1838 et en 1839, en plus de remplir ses tâches régimentaires, Estcourt dirigea les travaux d’arpentage des routes, surtout ceux de la route Cayuga, depuis Niagara Falls jusqu’à London. Constatant le piètre état de cette route, il le signala aux autorités militaires.

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for Halifax. After their arrival in June, they proceeded to La Prairie, Lower Canada, where the 43rd was temporarily stationed, and then in July travelled via the Ottawa River, the Rideau Canal, and Lake Ontario to the Niagara frontier in Upper Canada. In August they settled at Lundy’s Lane, not far from regimental headquarters at Drummondville (Niagara Falls). During the latter part of 1838 and in 1839, besides fulfilling his regimental duties, Estcourt busied himself conducting road surveys, particularly of the Cayuga Road from Niagara Falls to London, the poor condition of which he drew to the attention of military authorities. He and Caroline also engaged in the social life of the Niagara frontier, participating in sleighing parties, visiting Toronto on occasion, and sketching local scenery, particularly Niagara Falls. In late summer 1839 he was ordered to rejoin the depot companies of the 43rd at Portsmouth, England, and by September the couple had left the Canadas.

  Biographie – DAVIES, si...  

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Dès son premier discours aux Communes – prononcé à peine ses malles défaites –, il se signala par sa détermination à s’en prendre à n’importe quel député des premiers bancs du gouvernement conservateur.

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In 1882, when public hostility to him had receded, Davies was elected to the House of Commons for Queens, which he would represent until 1896, when he was returned for Queens West. Beginning with his maiden speech in the house, delivered almost before he had unpacked, he established a reputation for his willingness to take on any of the Conservative government’s front-benchers. He also advanced in the inner circles of his party. He faithfully supported Edward Blake*, and after Wilfrid Laurier* became leader in 1887, he emerged as Laurier’s Maritimes lieutenant and a trusted strategy adviser, particularly on the Manitoba school question, where he felt his Island experience gave him special competence. Elected president of the Maritime Provinces Liberal Association in 1893, he was responsible for organizing the region for the 1896 election, which brought the Liberals to power.

  Biographie – KETCHUM, S...  

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Toutefois, en 1835, le missionnaire anglican Adam Elliot* le trouva dans le canton de Mono où, signala-t-il, il avait « déjà fondé plusieurs écoles du dimanche et enseigné le catéchisme anglican à plus de cent personnes ».

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In 1820 Ketchum secured a land grant in Mono Township, near the present Orangeville, and over the years he added considerably to his holdings there. He was still living on Yonge St in 1830, when he signed a petition to incorporate a turnpike company, and in 1831 was still buying land there. In 1835, however, Anglican missionary Adam Elliot* found him at Mono, noting that he had already “formed several Sunday Schools, and instructed above a hundred persons in the Church catechism.” In his new home, indeed, Ketchum soon outdid his previous efforts in church extension. In 1837 he built a log church on his own land that was the precursor of St Mark’s, Orangeville, and local tradition credits him with the foundation of at least half a dozen Anglican churches in the area. He also made several large gifts of land to the church, for purposes ranging from the support of theological students to the foundation of a “Sailors’ Home.”

  Biographie – McCARTHY, ...  

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Cependant, après avoir parcouru l’ouest de l’Ontario au début de 1894, l’organisateur de la ligue, William G. Fee, signala que le programme avait été diffusé dans plusieurs circonscriptions et que l’avenir s’annonçait fort bien.

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McCarthy vowed to take an independent stand on the cross-benches, where his actions in the 1893 session were at odds with the government on the two most important issues before the house, schools and tariff reform. By the end of the session that spring, encouraged by widespread support, McCarthy had founded the Equal Rights League, a third party based upon his familiar themes. Its planks supported tariff reform and opposed any coercion of the provinces in matters of language or education. They constituted the McCarthyite defence against French Canadian encroachments on the true nationalization of Canada and expressly denied that confederation promised French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians an equal share in the new western domain.

  Biographie – LANGMAN, E...  

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Il semble que certains griefs des marchands étaient fondés, car le successeur de Langman, Walter Price, trouva la mission mal tenue ; il signala que les morts n’avaient pas été ensevelis et qu’il n’y avait pas de vases sacrés pour l’administration des sacrements.

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By 1781 the new Anglican church in St John’s, whose construction Langman had initiated in 1758, possessed a large porch, a tower for five bells, and a handsome clock, the gift of Governor Richard Edwards. Langman, however, was in ill health: years of missionary work and cold weather had left him stricken with gout. Moreover, in 1784 several merchants again complained about his behaviour, and this, together with Langman’s letters about his gout, led to his dismissal in January 1784. Some of the merchants’ complaints seem to have been justified, since Walter Price, Langman’s successor, reported finding the mission neglected, with the dead unburied and no plate for the sacrament. Langman died in St John’s shortly after his dismissal.

  Biographie – EVANS, THO...  

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Evans rejoignit le 8e régiment au début de 1798 et se signala tout particulièrement à l’attention de ses supérieurs par sa conduite comme lieutenant et comme adjudant au cours de la campagne d’Égypte en 1801.

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Evans rejoined the 8th Regiment early in 1798 and won special recognition for his services as lieutenant and adjutant during the Egyptian campaign of 1801. On 19 Nov. 1803, while serving at Gibraltar, he purchased his captaincy – an advancement influenced by the patronage of the Duke of Kent [Edward Augustus*] and Evans’ commanding officer, Colonel Gordon Drummond*. Shortly after Drummond’s promotion to major-general on 1 Jan. 1805, Evans was seconded to his staff as aide-de-camp. He served the first half of 1808 with the 8th, but by August he was in Quebec, again seconded to Drummond, now second in command in British North America. Evans was later military secretary to Drummond until the general’s recall in the summer of 1811. At that time Captain Evans was posted to Upper Canada as brigade-major to Major-General Isaac Brock*.

  Biographie – FITZGERALD...  

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Francis Joseph Fitzgerald, signala-t-on avec raison, avait commis plusieurs fautes : il avait été trop confiant, n’avait pas engagé un guide autochtone, avait réduit les rations et n’avait pas rebroussé chemin dès qu’il avait vu que Carter ne trouvait pas la piste.

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Fitzgerald was rightly criticized for overconfidence, failing to take a native guide, reducing rations, and not turning back sooner when Carter was unable to find the trail. Time, however, has blurred these failings of the Lost Patrol, as it became known, and Fitzgerald and his men are largely remembered for their heroic struggle to survive. Following the tragedy, Commissioner Perry issued instructions for emergency caches of food to be left along the route from Dawson to Fort McPherson, and for all patrols by the police over routes unknown to them to be accompanied by experienced guides.

  Biographie – WELLS, EMM...  

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Dans sa nécrologie, le Morning Chronicle de Halifax signala qu’elle « croyait fermement en l’Israël britannique et étudiait les écrits prophétiques », mais ne parla nullement de sa production littéraire.

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Dickson reputedly wrote children’s stories as well as adult fare, but she seems to have disappeared from literary view in the late 1890s. Active in St Paul’s Church in Halifax and in charitable pursuits until she became an invalid towards the end of her life, she died in 1926, three years after her husband. Her obituary in the Halifax Morning Chronicle described her as “a firm believer in British Israel, and a student of the prophetic writings,” but made no mention of her literary output. Yet the lively dialogue, humorous play, and intelligence of her heroine in Miss Dexie all reflect her considerable adeptness at writing popular fiction.

  Biographie – OUTRAM, si...  

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Son grand-père paternel, le lieutenant-général James Outram, avait reçu un titre de baronet pour conduite exceptionnelle pendant la révolte des cipayes. Son père se signala aussi dans l’armée. Dans sa carrière de ministre du culte, James manifesta son dynamisme.

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Public distinction marked the family legacy that James Outram inherited. His paternal grandfather, Lieutenant-General James Outram, was created a baronet for outstanding service in the Indian Mutiny, and his father also distinguished himself in the military. Outram’s clerical career reveals the extent of his own drive. A graduate of Pembroke College, Cambridge (ba 1888, ma 1893), he was ordained deacon in 1889 and priest in 1890. He was curate of Holy Trinity Church in Hampstead (London) and then of Thorpe in Norfolk; from 1896 he was vicar of St Peter’s, Ipswich. In 1900 he suffered a mental breakdown from overwork.

  Biographie – PIPES, WIL...  

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Celui-ci affirmait que la préservation des forêts pouvait être « assurée par la loi aussi efficacement que par l’éducation populaire », ce que Pipes s’employa à réfuter en 1908. L’année suivante, comme Wilcox l’accusait d’avoir retardé l’inventaire forestier de la province qu’il avait promis de faire, il signala quelles étapes préliminaires avaient été franchies.

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As commissioner of crown lands Pipes had to meet headlong Charles Smith Wilcox, a persistent critic of the department. In 1908 he sought to refute Wilcox’s notion that the preservation of the forests could be “brought about by law as effectively as it could be by the education of the people.” The next year he denied Wilcox’s charges that he had delayed a promised survey of the province’s forests, pointing out the preliminary steps already taken. After the session he went on two trips, largely in connection with the survey. On the second he died suddenly in Boston of a heart attack or stroke.

  Biographie – DUVAL, EDM...  

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En tant que directeur de cette école modèle, qui fut pendant presque 20 ans le seul établissement de formation des maîtres après l’incendie de la Fredericton Normal School en 1850, et aussi en tant qu’inspecteur des écoles à partir de 1858, Duval signala sans cesse ce problème de salaire dans ses rapports officiels.

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Duval’s efforts to raise the standards of life were not limited to formal education. As a young man he is said to have worked for the benefit of the Jews of East London. He was an active Christian, gaining a licence to preach from the Germain Street Baptist Church of Saint John in 1870. In the last years of his life he worked hard to improve the deplorable lot of the Negroes in Saint John, not through missionary zeal, as might have been expected, but by trying to induce the spirit and practice of self-help.

  Biographie – DAVIES, si...  

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Il fut reçu au barreau en Angleterre en 1866 et, après un séjour au cabinet juridique de Thomas Chitty à Londres, admis l’année suivante au barreau de l’île. Cet homme de belle apparence, à la pensée structurée, se signala bientôt par ses dons d’orateur et son adresse remarquable au cricket.

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Of Huguenot background, Louis Davies’s paternal grandfather was born in Wales and came to the Island about 1812. Louis was educated at Charlottetown’s Central Academy and Prince of Wales College, and he subsequently read law at the Inner Temple in London. He was called to the bar in England in 1866 and, after a stint in the London law office of Thomas Chitty, on the Island a year later. Handsome and articulate, he quickly established a reputation as an orator and a first-rate cricket player. It was rumoured that his father, as the Island’s colonial secretary in 1869, invited his son to become solicitor general. In any event, young Davies did serve in that capacity in 1870 and 1872.

  FR:Biography – WITHROW,...  

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Chef d’un groupe de fidèles à l’église Metropolitan de Toronto, prédicateur occasionnel et membre assidu de la Conférence, Withrow prit toujours une part active à l’œuvre pastorale de l’Église méthodiste du Canada, qui naquit de la fusion de 1874. Cependant, il se signala surtout comme directeur des publications, rédacteur en chef et auteur, et comme membre de la bureaucratie dont son Église était alors en train de se doter.

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A class leader in the Metropolitan Church in Toronto, an occasional preacher, and a faithful member of conference, Withrow was always an active participant in the pastoral work of the Methodist Church of Canada, the body that resulted from the union of 1874. His principal roles were, however, as an editor and writer and as an influential figure in the church’s emerging bureaucracy. Here he made a significant contribution to the well-being of his beloved Methodist community and to the development of English-Canadian literary culture.

  Biographie – OSLER, sir...  

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À McGill, il manifesta de grandes aptitudes intellectuelles. Non seulement se classa-t-il premier à l’examen final, mais, signe annonciateur de ses réalisations futures, il reçut un prix spécial pour sa thèse, dont on signala l’originalité.

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In Bovell and Howard, Osler had the good fortune to have advisers who exemplified the best in functional, day-to-day, unrehearsed humanism and in humane care for the sick. Their example undoubtedly strengthened his own natural inclinations. This humanistic tradition is important in explaining the respected position which Osler continues to hold today as a role model for students. He proved to be a fine scholar at McGill, as shown by his coming first in the final examination. Even more important, particularly as a forecast of accomplishments to come, was the award of a special prize for his thesis, which was distinguished for its originality.

  Biographie – HUGUES, KA...  

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Elle ravala donc sa colère et son amertume et se mit en route pour l'Australie. En février 1921, le journal catholique de Melbourne, l'Advocate, signala sa présence. Dans les mois suivants, comme elle l'avait fait au Canada, elle prit contact avec des militants locaux, réunit des groupes irlandais disparates et lança en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande des ligues pour l'autodétermination.

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Bitter and angry, and firmly convinced that she was being punished by the establishment, as personified by R. B. Van Horne, for her advocacy of Irish independence, but lacking resources to mount a legal challenge, Hughes headed to Australia. In February 1921 the Melbourne Catholic paper, the Advocate, reported her presence. In the following months Hughes, using the Canadian model, made contact with local activists, united disparate Irish groups, and successfully launched self-determination leagues in Australia and New Zealand.

  Biographie – BLAKE, SAM...  

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L’organisme, rebaptisé Church Association of the Diocese of Toronto en 1873 à la suite d’une réorganisation, se signala surtout en fondant en 1877 la Protestant Épiscopal Divinity School (futur Wycliffe College), contrepartie évangélique du Trinity College, qui était ritualiste [V. James Paterson Sheraton*].

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In 1869 Blake and other prominent Toronto Anglicans had founded the Evangelical Association, a low-church lobby against clerical and high-church domination of the diocese of Toronto. The most significant achievement of the association, which was reorganized as the Church Association in 1873, was the establishment in 1877 of the Protestant Episcopal Divinity School (later renamed Wycliffe College) as an evangelical response to the high-church teachings of Trinity College [

  Biographie – BLACKBURN,...  

Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source	Blackburn se signala, soit dans le journalisme, soit dans la politique, par sa conviction qu’il importait de discuter rationnellement des problèmes et par sa certitude que tout ce que Toronto pouvait faire, London le pouvait aussi bien.
Comparer pages textesComparer pages HTMMontrer URL avec texte sourceMontrer URL avec langue cibleDéfinir biographi.ca comme domaine prioritaire	Josiah Blackburn was one of the most important newspapermen of his day. He was also politically influential, whether as a supporter of George Brown, Sandfield Macdonald, or John A. Macdonald. His journalism and politics were both characterized by a conviction that rational discussion of the issues was important, and the belief that anything Toronto could do London could do as well.

  Biographie – COCHRAN, W...  

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Mais lors d’une réunion du conseil d’administration, le 12 octobre 1789, Inglis signala que l’archevêque n’avait pas trouvé les personnes en question ; le conseil décida donc d’offrir la direction à Cochran.

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In 1821 Cochran, on the advice of physicians, travelled to the United States “in the hopes of removing a serious complaint in his chest.” The following year, though “far from well,” he returned to Nova Scotia and resumed his duties as professor and clergyman. That age was beginning to take its toll was evident in his reports to the SPG, which became more sporadic and less detailed. In October 1831 he resigned his appointments in the college. He died in Windsor on 4 Aug. 1833 and was buried in the Old Parish Burying Ground. One of his sons, James Cuppaidge*, was a prominent Anglican clergyman in Nova Scotia. Another, Andrew William*, served as civil secretary to three governors of Lower Canada – Sir George Prevost*, Sir John Coape Sherbrooke, and Lord Dalhousie – and also sat on the Executive Council of that province.

  Biographie – ANDERSON, ...  

Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source	Le père de James Anderson fut officier dans l’armée avant de diriger une plantation en Inde ; il rentra en Angleterre en 1817 et émigra dans le Haut-Canada en 1831. Parmi les membres de cette famille, on trouve le général sir James Outram, qui se signala en Inde, et le lieutenant-colonel Alexander Seton, un des héros du naufrage du
Comparer pages textesComparer pages HTMMontrer URL avec texte sourceMontrer URL avec langue cibleDéfinir biographi.ca comme domaine prioritaire	James Anderson’s father was first a military officer, then ran a plantation in India; he returned to England in 1817 and immigrated to Upper Canada in 1831. Relatives of the family included General Sir James Outram, who won renown in India, and Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Seton, one of the heroes in the sinking of the

  Biographie – STAUNTON, ...  

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Les instructions faisaient mention de variations délicates dans les prix payés pour les fourrures ; il semble que Staunton sut s’acquitter de sa tâche de manière satisfaisante, et lorsqu’il fut rappelé en 1715, ce fut à sa propre requête, car on lui avait refusé l’augmentation sollicitée. En 1716, toutefois, son successeur, Thomas McCliesh signala que les hommes indisciplinés d’Albany avaient fait ce qu’ils avaient voulu de Staunton.

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With the treaty of Utrecht and the reoccupation of York, Albany lost some of its importance, but it remained the company’s main post for opposing the French coureurs de bois from the south. Staunton, made chief factor there in 1714, was instructed to “trade hard” with Indians from the north so that they would take their furs to York, but to entice Indians from the south away from French traders and draw over trade from the Eastmain River. These orders involved delicate variations in the prices paid for furs, but Staunton appears to have given satisfaction, and when he was recalled in 1715 it was at his own request since a raise in pay had been rejected. In 1716, however, his successor, Thomas McCliesh, reported that the unruly men at Albany had done what they liked with Staunton.

  Biographie – CRISAFY, A...  

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Antoine se signala particulièrement en 1692 lorsque le gouverneur de Callière lui confia le commandement des troupes de Sault-Saint-Louis. Il réussit par ruse à déjouer les tentatives de 800 Iroquois qui avaient formé le projet de détruire la colonie française.

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Antoine distinguished himself particularly in 1692, when Governor Callière entrusted him with the command of the troops at Sault-Saint-Louis. By using guile he succeeded in thwarting the attempts of 800 Iroquois who had made plans to destroy the French colony. After this exploit Callière’s friendship for Crisafy never faltered. In 1696, at the time of Buade* de Frontenac’s expedition against the Iroquois, Crisafy, with Captain Raymond Blaise Des Bergères, was made responsible for guarding the recently constructed fort of Onondaga, where the boats, supplies, and ammunition required for the expedition were located.

  Biographie – NORTON, JO...  

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Sheaffe signala dans ses dépêches « la judicieuse position qu’avaient prise Norton et les Indiens qui l’accompagnaient ». Le 20 octobre, une semaine après la bataille, Sheaffe honora Norton en lui décernant le « grade de capitaine des Indiens confédérés », celui-là même que Joseph Brant avait eu pendant la Révolution américaine.

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Sheaffe mentioned in his dispatches “the judicious position which Norton and the Indians with him had taken.” One week after the battle, on 20 October, Sheaffe honoured Norton by appointing him “to the Rank of Captain of the Confederate Indians” – the same rank that Joseph Brant had held during the American revolution. Sir George Prevost*, governor-in-chief of British North America, congratulated Norton upon his courage and perseverance, with advice “to keep up and increase the numbers of a description of Force so truly formidable to their Enemies and so capable of sustaining the good cause in which we are engaged.”

  Biographie – HASSALL, T...  

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Il accompagna les explorateurs jusqu’au lac Athabasca, où Back signala que, « puisqu’il n’était pas habitué à parler sa langue maternelle, il n’était pas tout à fait apte à conduire un groupe pour la première fois parmi les Indiens ».

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Two years later he was engaged as interpreter for the Arctic expedition of Commander George Back*. Hassall travelled with the expedition as far as Lake Athabasca, where Back reported that “being unaccustomed to speak his native tongue, he was not altogether adapted for the first introduction of a party amongst the Indians.” Hassall remained at Fort Resolution (N.W.T.) and Fort Reliance and rejoined the expedition in the spring of 1834 for its return to Norway House (Man.).

  Biographie – JACKSON, J...  

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Au cours de sa dernière année à Long Point, Jackson signala que 102 fidèles s’étaient ajoutés aux 404 membres que sa communauté comptait en 1819, et, à Westminster, le nombre d’adhérents passa de 356 à 475.

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Jackson was popular among the church’s followers. John Saltkill Carroll*, a colleague, said that he “was certainly one of the most attractive preachers of that day,” an assessment reflected in the success he enjoyed. During his last year at Long Point he reported an increase of 102 members from the 404 recorded in 1819, and at Westminster membership grew from 356 to 475. It was at this time, however, that conflict arose between Jackson and the church’s leaders, including William Case, and a major part of the 1822 session of the Genesee Conference was spent debating his status. A motion to expel him was reduced to a temporary suspension of his ministry and a reproof from the presiding bishop. Despite the questions raised about his temperament and style of ministry he was ordained a preacher in 1824 and reassigned to the Westminster circuit the following year.

  Biographie – ELLIOT, RO...  

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Elliot exerça de l’influence au Bureau de commerce jusqu’à ce que la maladie qui devait l’emporter, probablement une affection cardiaque, l’empêche de participer aux réunions. Il se signala aussi par l’insistance avec laquelle il réclama du gouvernement la formation d’une commission ferroviaire.

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Elliot further demonstrated public-spiritedness and broad horizons as the first president of the Canadian Manufacturers’ Association, member of the Toronto Harbour Trust, director for some years of the Toronto Industrial Exhibition, and president of the Toronto Rowing Club and of the St George’s Society. He also belonged to the National Club, a large, continuing luncheon club that was a bastion of the new Liberals (Reform party), whom he supported. “A strong believer in mutual fire insurance,” Elliot served among the officers of the Fire Insurance Exchange Corporation. He and his family were active members of Jarvis Street Baptist Church, referred to in a contemporary guide as “the chief Baptist basilica” in Toronto.

  Biographie – GARRY, NIC...  

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Après la fusion de la Hudson’s Bay Company et de la North West Company, il avait compris que les opérations unifiées de traite devaient être menées avec efficacité et que, pour réussir, il fallait dans une certaine mesure se concilier les anciens membres de la North West Company, sur qui reposait une grande partie des opérations de traite à l’intérieur des terres. Content de l’influence de Garry et de la perspicacité avec laquelle il traitait ces questions, Williams signala en 1821 que « la satisfaction générale, la confiance et l’unanimité » régnaient.

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In 1822 Garry became deputy governor of the HBC. His role in the company from this date is obscure, although he does seem to have been interested in trade with Russia and China and in religious affairs. He was still deputy governor in July 1835 when, declared of unsound mind, he was relieved of his functions. He died 21 years later, never having recovered his sanity. During his mission to North America in 1821 Nicholas Garry had proven himself a tactful and humane diplomat. In his handling of the HBC–NWC merger, he had seized upon the company’s need for efficiency in the unified trade and realized that success lay in accommodating to a certain degree the former NWC men who would be counted upon to conduct much of the inland business. Pleased with Garry’s shrewdness and influence in handling these matters, in 1821 Williams reported “universal satisfaction, confidence, and unanimity.” In September Simpson noted that “our old opponents no longer received us as enemies but met us as aquaintances which I think will soon assume the character of Friendship. . . . Mr. Garry’s handsome and impartial conduct acted like Majick in removing all sort of jealousy, he was open and easy of access with the nicest observance of strict honor integrity and impartiality and so different in all these respects from his travelling companion Mr. Simon McGillivray.” The new HBC fort built at the Red River settlement in 1822 was named Fort Garry (Winnipeg) to commemorate Garry’s visit of 1821.

  Biographie – ISBISTER, ...  

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, à l’automne de 1745. Joseph signala que son frère « était tombé malade, frappé de délire et d’une sorte de folie [...] et saisi de frayeur ». En réalité, William, par suite de l’abus continuel de l’alcool, avait perdu la raison et menacé de faire sauter Henley avec de la poudre à canon.

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The loneliness of the site and the fear of an Indian or French attack on the little garrison may have contributed to William’s attack of delirium tremens in the fall of 1745. Joseph reported that his brother was “taken ill with light-headedness and a sort of frenzy . . . got a fright.” In fact, through continual drinking William had lost his senses and threatened to blow up Henley with gunpowder. His men had overpowered him and brought him handcuffed to Albany, where he talked like a madman all night. When he recovered, Joseph sent him back to Henley.

  Biographie – KEEFER, FR...  

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Par exemple, en tant que secrétaire de la Liberal-Conservative Association of West Algoma, il signala en 1891 au premier ministre du pays, sir John Alexander Macdonald*, qu'une nouvelle investiture de Simon James Dawson* ne serait pas bien accueillie.

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After settling in Port Arthur, Keefer had also immersed himself in politics. As secretary of the Liberal-Conservative Association of West Algoma, for example, he advised Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald* in 1891 that feelings were against the renomination of Simon James Dawson*. Seeking election himself in 1908, he was defeated by James Conmee*. He eventually sat as the Unionist-Conservative mp for Port Arthur and Kenora from 1917 to 1921.

  Biographie – FULLARTINE...  

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Ses connaissances et son expérience du commerce de la fourrure et de la vie sur la terre de Rupert furent sûrement précieuses aux membres de la direction qui ne s’étaient jamais aventurés dans les parages du détroit d’Hudson. Jusqu’à sa mort à Newington Green, dans le Middlesex, en octobre 1738, Fullartine se signala par son travail consciencieux au sein du comité.

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Fullartine was welcomed home by the committee on 2 Oct. 1711. By the time the general court was held on 27 November following, he had acquired enough HBC stock to allow for his election to the committee. His first-hand knowledge and experience of the fur trade and of life in Rupert’s Land were undoubtedly invaluable to his fellow members who never had ventured through Hudson Strait. Fullartine was a conscientious HBC committee member for many years until his death, in October 1738, at Newington Green, Middlesex.

  FR:Biography – LYMBURNE...  

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Lymburner demeura en Angleterre après 1791 car il souffrait d’une « affection de type asthmatique – pour laquelle on lui signala que le terrible froid des hivers canadiens était extrêmement [...] nocif ».

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Lymburner remained in England after 1791 with a “Complaint of an Asthmatic Nature – for which he was informed the severe cold of the winters in Canada was extremely . . . pernicious.” While recovering there, he took every opportunity to tender to government his views on Lower Canadian affairs. His paper on the Anglo-American tensions of 1793, which typically had no evident effect, did illustrate his grasp of the complex relationship between commerce and transatlantic diplomacy. In 1799 he returned to Quebec. Having ignored a warning from Dorchester in 1794 to attend the Executive Council or resign, he attempted to take his place in July but on a unanimous motion was ignominiously barred for non-attendance. His petitions to Britain in protest proved fruitless.

  Biographie – LUXTON, WI...  

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Le journal ne manquait jamais de relever les indices d’erreur ou de perfidie de la part du cabinet ; par exemple, il signala le fait que celui-ci octroyait des subventions à la Compagnie du chemin de fer canadien du Pacifique pour le prolongement de lignes secondaires tout en fermant les yeux sur la complicité qui semblait exister entre cette société et la Northern Pacific Railroad Company pour maintenir le fret artificiellement haut.

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soon turned against it as well, reporting every sign of cabinet backsliding and perfidy, such as giving the CPR grants for the extension of branch lines while choosing to ignore its apparent collusion with the Northern Pacific Railroad to keep freight rates artificially high. As for the emerging controversy over the Manitoba school question, the fighting editor, with more perception than discretion, characterized it as a fraudulent diversion of public indignation onto Franco-Manitoban Catholics, designed to distract voters from the Greenway government’s surrender to the railway barons.

  FR:Biography – STROBRID...  

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En février 1826, l’ingénieur en chef Francis Hall signala dans son compte rendu aux commissaires du canal que la construction du brise-lames avait déjà coûté à elle seule presque la moitié du montant prévu dans le contrat original pour le projet au complet.

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Throughout 1825 dredging machinery was used to dig the cut down to the specified 12 feet. It only remained to complete the two piers and install the decking and handrails. However, disquieting reports were surfacing about Strobridge’s ability to complete the project. The superintendent engineer, Francis Hall, reported to the canal commissioners in February 1826 that the construction of the breakwater alone had already cost nearly one-half the original contract price for the whole project. According to Hall, the breakwater on Lake Ontario faced such strong currents and waves that its construction had proved “hazardous and expensive, beyond all calculations.” Nevertheless, Strobridge had used the weather to his advantage and during the winter of 1825–26 he had had stone hauled across the frozen lake to the work site. Eventually, he overcame the engineering difficulties in constructing the piers and breakwater.

  Biographie – PETERS, MA...  

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Une de ses ambitions était de former une association du même genre au Canada. En 1913, elle signala au National Council of Women que cette idée était très populaire, mais la volonté d’y donner suite mourut avec elle.

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Both before and after she and Evelyn sold the family hotel Mabel travelled widely promoting playgrounds. In one year alone, 1912–13, she visited Ottawa, Toronto, Hamilton, London, Walkerville (Windsor), Ont., and Moncton, N.B., and attended the annual meeting of the National Council of Women in Montreal. Her travels in the United States brought her into contact with Jane Addams, a key social activist in Chicago, and with members of the Playground Association of America, of which she was an early member (1907) and a member of the national council (1907–8). In 1908 she served as an honorary vice-president of the association’s congress in New York. One of her ambitions was to form a Canadian association similar in mandate to the PAA. In 1913 she reported to the National Council of Women that there was strong support for the proposal, but the drive behind the idea died with her.

  Biographie – NELLES, RO...  

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Bien qu’élevé dans la foi luthérienne au sein de la communauté palatine germanophone de la colonie de New York, Nelles devint un membre important de la congrégation anglicane de Grimsby et contribua à la construction de son église. Son fils Abram* se signala à titre de missionnaire de l’Église d’Angleterre auprès des Indiens des Six-Nations.

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After the war he remarried and briefly returned to public life. In February 1814 he had been elected to the assembly for 1st Lincoln and Haldimand to replace the expelled Joseph Willcocks*. He held the seat until 1820; while he attended parliament, his son Henry managed the family mills. This separation has bequeathed to us a rare collection of touching love-letters between husband and wife. Robert Nelles (over the years the spelling gradually regularized to Nelles) was enormously proud of his military record and continued to take a great deal of interest in militia affairs. In 1822 he was rewarded with a promotion to colonel of his regiment. He scandalized and angered his neighbours with the unblushing favouritism of his appointments. For 20 or more years most of the officers in his regiment were members of the Nelles family. This situation aroused jealousy and resentment not only in the county but also within the Nelles family. In 1822 Robert promoted his son-in-law, but his brother William claimed seniority and marred the annual militia parade by beating his rival with a stick.

  Biographie – MARLATT, W...  

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Le Victoria Daily Times signala que « en s’occupant de questions ouvrières » elle avait « prouvé sa capacité d’organisation pendant l’été des deux dernières années » lorsqu’elle coordonna l'affectation d'ouvrières à la cueillette de fruits sur le continent.

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In December 1918 the provincial Department of Labour made plans to open a labour bureau in Victoria. The bureau, one of a province-wide network of employment offices, was a result of a provincial-dominion conference held on 19–23 Nov. 1918; the federal government agreed to pay half of all operating costs of the provincial bureaux. The Victoria office, advertised in local papers as being “at the service of all persons seeking employment and of employers seeking help,” opened in January 1919. It consisted of a male and a female department. The provincial government appointed Marlatt to head the female department on 7 Feb. 1919. The Victoria Daily Times pointed out that “in dealing with labor matters,” she had “proved her organizing ability during the summer of the two last years” when she organized female labourers to pick fruit on the mainland.

  Biographie – REID, JOHN...  

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Cependant, pour les élections générales de septembre, Borden avait besoin de Reid, qui accepta avec enthousiasme d’apporter son concours. Trois jours avant le scrutin, ce dernier signala à Borden : « quant à l’est de l’Ontario […] je crois sincèrement que tous ceux que nous avons maintenant sont sûrs ».

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Borden, however, needed him for the general election in September, and Reid responded eagerly. Three days before the contest he reported to Borden that “as to Eastern Ontario . . . I honestly believe everyone we now have is safe.” Whereas the Conservatives had won 48 Ontario seats in 1908, they now captured 73, including 20 of the 24 in Reid’s charge, and the Conservatives claimed power. Under pressure from Francis Cochrane*, who had taken over from Albert Edward Kemp as chief organizer for Ontario and was about to become minister of railways and canals, Borden rewarded Reid with the Ministry of Customs, but only after a stern lecture on loyalty. Rich in patronage potential, Customs was the third largest ministry after Railways and Canals and the Post Office. More important, in the days before direct taxation, it was responsible for collecting most of the government’s revenue.

  FR:Biography – WIMAN, E...  

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Wiman se signala surtout à l’attention des Canadiens en préconisant, à compter de 1887, une union commerciale avec les États-Unis. Il souhaitait que les deux pays abolissent leurs droits de douane mutuels, élèvent une barrière tarifaire entre eux et le reste du monde et mettent en commun leurs recettes douanières pour les redistribuer en fonction de leur population.

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His most prominent Canadian venture was the promotion from 1887 of a commercial union of Canada and the United States. The scheme involved the abolition of tariffs between the two nations, the creation of a common tariff against the rest of the world, and the pooling of the customs revenues of both countries and their distribution on the basis of population. Commercial union was supported in the United States by some prominent businessmen of the protectionist persuasion (among them Samuel J. Ritchie, with whom Wiman shared interests in Canadian resources) and by a few members of Congress from states bordering on Canada. In the dominion the scheme won the backing of farmers’ groups in Ontario, several Liberal papers, and some leading figures in the Liberal party, including Sir Richard John Cartwright* and John Charlton. Thrice defeated in elections on the tariff question, the party was desperately looking for a new trade policy in 1887–88. However, the political implications of commercial union – the thin end of the wedge of annexation – troubled many members. In 1888 the party embraced unrestricted reciprocity, but in 1891 the Conservatives, charging that this policy was treasonous, defeated the Liberals yet again.

  Biographie – SAUNDERS, ...  

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William Saunders fut l’un des derniers autodidactes en sciences naturelles qui se signala au Canada. Il n’avait pourtant rien d’un amateur. Il était bien un professionnel en ce sens qu’il gagnait sa vie en tant que scientifique.

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Although Saunders was one of the last of the self-taught natural scientists to rise to prominence in Canada, he was no amateur. He was a professional in the sense that he earned his living as a scientist. As an agriculturist, he made significant contributions to the settlement of the northwest and his work in establishing the experimental farms qualifies him as a pioneer of research and development in Canada.

  Biographie – RUTHERFORD...  

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Toutefois, Rutherford se signala surtout par son action contre la tuberculose bovine. Ce mal suscitait l’inquiétude à cause du risque qu’il représentait pour les humains, non pour les bêtes, et ces craintes avaient rapproché les vétérinaires des médecins et des bactériologistes.

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But it is Rutherford’s work on the eradication of bovine tuberculosis that was his most important contribution. The threat to humans, not cattle, had focused attention on this disease and brought veterinarians into the realm of medical doctors and bacteriologists. (Rutherford claimed to have known of the interrelationship between bovine and human tuberculosis before its announcement in 1882 by Robert Koch, discoverer of the tuberculosis bacilli and the tuberculin for testing.) Rutherford’s personal concern, which dated back to his days at Bow Park, had been reinforced when his son died as an infant from tuberculosis contracted from contaminated milk, before the family left Portage la Prairie. His attack was three-pronged, the major thrust being his attempt to control the disease within the nation’s herds, as a program initiated by McEachran. It had become apparent by the late 1890s that the testing of general herds, the slaughter of infected cattle, and compensation were simply not feasible in Canada. Programs of this nature had been set up in various American states but had failed and all cost more than the Canadian government could afford. In 1894 McEachran established compulsory testing for imported pure-bred breeding cattle, which were considered the primary vectors. Such stock had to undergo quarantine at government stations; cattle that reacted were destroyed without compensation. Breeders opposed this program. Bovine tuberculosis and its transmission were still not well understood, the test gave ambiguous results, McEachran had acted in an autocratic way, and slaughter caused huge financial hardship. As a result the pure-bred cattle associations repeatedly demanded the cessation of testing. When Koch, in a controversial turnabout in 1901, claimed (wrongly) that the bovine form was not contagious to man, breeders became even more adamant.

  Biographie – DOW, JEAN ...  

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Dans ses premières années, la docteure Dow avait pratiqué des interventions chirurgicales simples, pour soigner par exemple des cataractes ou des morsures de loup, mais, au fil des ans, elle était passée à des traitements obstétriques compliqués et à l'usage des rayons X. Selon le docteur William McClure, elle se signala surtout en luttant contre le kala-azar, parasitose qui se transmet par piqûre d'un phlébotome et qui décimait les enfants du nord de la Chine.

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Dow's practice had grown from simple surgery for such problems as cataracts and wolf bites to complicated obstetric treatments and X-rays. Her foremost achievement, with Dr William McClure, was her work on the microbe causing kala-azar, the sandfly-transmitted disease that decimated the children of north China. During the famine of 1920–21 she was credited with saving 400 expectant mothers and children. For her heroic services the Chinese government gave her a medal. She was held in the "highest esteem" too by her mission, as much for her physical and spiritual beauty and strong "womanhood" as for her medical skill.

  Biographie – McKINNON, ...  

Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source	de New York signala les exploits accomplis aux jeux de Brooklyn par « le célèbre athlète de Hamilton » dans des épreuves comme le lancer du marteau, du poids de 56 livres et de la pierre ainsi que dans une épreuve consistant à lancer le tronc d’un jeune mélèze.
Comparer pages textesComparer pages HTMMontrer URL avec texte sourceMontrer URL avec langue cibleDéfinir biographi.ca comme domaine prioritaire	reported the exploits of “the celebrated athlete from Hamilton” in events such as throwing the hammer and the 56-pound weight, putting the stone, and tossing the caber in the games held at Brooklyn. In August 1876 he won the North American championship at Charlottetown; he repeated his performance at Philadelphia the following year, and then retired.

  Biographie – THOMPSON, ...  

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Le régiment combattit pour la première fois à Paardeberg (Perdeberg) du 18 au 27 février 1900. En cette occasion, Thompson se signala par le courage avec lequel il porta assistance à ses camarades. Le 18, il resta sept heures en terrain découvert, à comprimer une veine jugulaire du simple soldat James L. H. Bradshaw pour éviter l’hémorragie.

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In October 1900 Thompson returned to Canada because of complications resulting from sunstroke. He went back to South Africa the next year as a lieutenant in the South African Constabulary, a position he kept less than a year before accepting employment with DeBeers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley. In Cape Town he married Bertha Alexander, whom he had met in Canada in 1898 and who had sailed to South Africa to join him. Thompson’s stay with DeBeers was also brief. When he suffered a fatal attack of appendicitis in 1908 he was in Buffalo, N.Y.

  Biographie – BOWELL, si...  

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Au moment où il quitterait la milice, en 1874, il serait lieutenant-colonel dans le 49th (Hastings) Battalion of Rifles. Au fil de ces décennies, Bowell se signala également au sein de l’ordre d’Orange, auquel il avait adhéré en 1842.

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determination of duties meant that invoices could be, and often were, deliberately understated. The Customs Act clearly laid down that the invoiced value had to be based on fair market price in the country of origin. The board of appraisers reported to Bowell that its actions provoked grumblings and some enmity from importers, but customs was like that. As the board’s secretary, Charles Belford*, noted, “The ‘ignorant impatience of taxation’ is not confined to the thoughtless or the uneducated.”

  Biographie – CARVELL, F...  

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Ni en public ni en privé, il n’abandonnait son sérieux. Même aux yeux de ses amis, il semblait ne pas avoir beaucoup le sens de l’humour ni savoir profiter de la vie. Comme le signala son propre journal, le Carleton Sentinel, il « ne savait pas jouer ».

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Carvell had been a stern, combative man in public life, a man who took pleasure in punishing, withering criticism of his enemies. For all but a few he was aloof from supporters and colleagues and feared by his opponents. In his family life he was a sympathetic, loving, and generous husband and father, and he was passionately interested in his farm and cattle. Neither in public nor in private did he lose his serious demeanour. He seemed, even to friends, devoid of a strong sense of humour and the enjoyment of life. As his own newspaper, the Carleton Sentinel, observed, Frank Carvell “did not know how to play.”

  Biographie – BAIRD, NIC...  

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Nicol Hugh Baird se signala avant tout par sa participation à l’aménagement des premiers réseaux de canaux et de routes du Haut et du Bas-Canada. Ses travaux furent le plus souvent d’envergure régionale, mais il eut quand même l’occasion de contribuer au creusage ou à l’amélioration de grandes voies navigables comme les canaux Rideau, Trent et Welland.

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Baird’s most significant contribution lies in the development of early canal and road systems in Upper and Lower Canada. Associated most frequently with local works, he none the less had the opportunity to contribute to the development of major navigation systems such as the Rideau, Trent, and Welland canals. Until some time in the early 1840s he had access to those in office, who appear to have sought and respected his opinions about public works. Baird’s other, and perhaps greater, contribution is the volume of the historical record he left. Its completeness offers a rare opportunity to study early engineering in Canada.

  Biographie – ARNOLDI, D...  

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À la fin de 1835, Beaubien, dans une lettre au chef du parti patriote, Louis-Joseph Papineau*, signala la nomination d’Arnoldi au poste de juge de paix en ces mots : « ne pouvons nous pas dire que l’administration dernière leur a adjoint de ces

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Other incidents were to cause the leaders of the assembly to doubt Arnoldi’s sincerity. For example, his appointment by the governor as doctor to the Montreal jail in 1833 and his commission as a justice of the peace appeared suspect to many. Consequently the assembly seized upon the death of a prisoner, which it attributed to the “culpable negligence” of the jailer and Arnoldi, as a pretext to request that he be dismissed as prison doctor. Relations between Arnoldi and his former allies deteriorated. Beaubien, in a letter written to Louis-Joseph Papineau*, the head of the Patriote party, at the end of 1835, commented on Arnoldi’s appointment as a justice of the peace: “Can we not say that the last administration took on some of those

  Biographie – NISBET, TH...  

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Thomas Nisbet se signala sur la scène publique et commerciale de Saint-Jean, mais c’est à titre d’ébéniste qu’on se souvient de lui aujourd’hui. Son entreprise était bien gérée et productive ; ses meubles étaient élégants, ses matériaux de premier choix, ses artisans qualifiés.

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Thomas Nisbet was prominent in both the public and the commercial life of Saint John, but it is as a cabinet-maker that he is remembered today. He ran a well-managed and productive furniture business employing stylish designs, excellent materials, and good workmanship. That he had superior ability is illustrated by the labelled pieces which have survived. Among the more important of these are a sofa-table, writing-sewing stand, and sofa at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, card-tables and a writing stand at the New Brunswick Museum in Saint John, a chest of drawers at the Beaverbrook Art Gallery and a chair and drop-leaf table at the York-Sunbury Historical Society Museum, both in Fredericton, and a card-table and desk at Kings Landing Historical Settlement, near Fredericton.

  Biographie – ANDRÉ DE L...  

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Ce n’est qu’en 1741 que la belle Louise-Catherine se signala de nouveau. Déjà âgée de 32 ans, elle réussit à séduire le cœur d’un jeune officier, René-Ovide Hertel* de Rouville, plus jeune qu’elle de onze ans.

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The Hertels went to live at Trois-Rivières, and of their marriage five children were born. Because of ill health Mme Hertel was unable, after the capitulation of Montreal in 1760, to follow her husband to France where, almost ruined, he was looking for employment. In 1763 he returned to Trois-Rivières and carried on the small business which Mme Hertel had set up to make a living during the sombre years of her husband’s absence. She lived for only three more years.

  Biographie – MARTER, GE...  

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Le chef des conservateurs, William Ralph Meredith*, laissait une latitude relative aux membres du parti, et Marter, qui était méthodiste, se signala par de vigoureuses prises de position en faveur de la prohibition.

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William Caven; D’Alton McCarthy*] he was associated with his party’s strong Protestant element. His leader, William Ralph Meredith, allowed party members considerable initiative and Marter a Methodist, established himself as a vigorous exponent of prohibition. In 1893 he introduced a bill barring the retail sale of liquor, but it was supplanted by a government measure requiring a court ruling on provincial jurisdiction in the matter. Marter was also one of the first legislators to advocate, in 1894, discontinuing the maintenance of Government House in the name of public economy. Like Meredith, he was critical of the Liberal government of Sir Oliver Mowat for enhancing the privileges of the separate schools. Finally, he placed new emphasis on improving party organization and canvassing at the constituency level.

  Biographie – PLUMB, JOS...  

Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source	de Toronto, Thomas Charles Patteson*, signala Plumb à l’attention de sir John Alexander Macdonald* dès 1872, le présentant comme une acquisition utile mais parfois déroutante pour le parti. Plumb entra en politique lors des élections générales de janvier 1874, en partie par respect désintéressé pour Macdonald, après le scandale du Pacifique.
Comparer pages textesComparer pages HTMMontrer URL avec texte sourceMontrer URL avec langue cibleDéfinir biographi.ca comme domaine prioritaire	, Thomas Charles Patteson*, as a useful though at that time erratic acquisition for the party. Plumb entered politics in the general election of January 1874, partly out of chivalrous regard for Macdonald after the Pacific Scandal. He was elected for the county of Niagara but the election was voided. In a new election on 22 December Plumb was successful.

  Biographie – MIMIY (Gab...  

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La Hudson’s Bay Company reconnaissait Coté comme le principal chef de la région de la rivière du Cygne ; c’est en cette qualité qu’on le signala aux fonctionnaires du gouvernement canadien Alexander Morris, David Laird* et William Joseph Christie* qui, en septembre 1874, se rendirent au fort Qu’Appelle (Fort Qu’Appelle) pour conclure un traité avec les Indiens de la région.

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Coté was recognized by the HBC as the principal chief of the Swan River area, and was reported as such to the government officials, Alexander Morris, David Laird*, and William Joseph Christie*, who came to Fort Qu’Appelle to make treaty with the Indians of the area in September 1874. The commissioners subsequently regarded Coté as the principal leader of all the Saulteaux; however, neither the Quill Lakes nor the Qu’Appelle River Saulteaux recognized him as their spokesman or leader, a point they made clear at the council. In fact, these groups distrusted Coté because of his relationship with the HBC and his willingness to cooperate with government officials. At the opening of the treaty negotiations the Qu’Appelle River Saulteaux allegedly threatened Coté’s life and then confined him to his tent in order to make the government aware of their dissatisfaction over the sale in 1870 of Rupert’s Land by the HBC to the Canadian government. They saw this land as belonging to the Indians, and one of their chiefs, Paskwaw, demanded that the money paid to the HBC by the Canadian government be turned over to the Indians. The treaty commissioners explained that the Canadian government recognized the right of the Indians to the land and wanted to make a treaty that would deal justly with their claims. However, the commissioners further explained that the HBC also possessed rights to the land and that the government had to deal as justly with the company as it did with the Indians. The Saulteaux apparently found this answer satisfactory, and Coté was permitted to sign Treaty no.4, but only on behalf of his own band.

  Biographie – STRANGE, T...  

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Durant les mois de féroce combat qui menèrent à la chute de Lucknow le 21 mars 1858, il se signala suffisamment pour avoir droit à quatre citations et à une promotion au grade de capitaine en septembre.

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After his recovery he served for a time at Nassau in the Bahamas before returning to England in 1856. His luck was better in 1857 when the next crisis arose. Strange was in the first group of reinforcements rushed to India when the East India Company’s Bengal army mutinied. He arrived in Calcutta on 11 Oct. 1857 and proceeded quickly to Benares (Varanasi), the headquarters for suppression of the rebellion. Here he was a willing, if not enthusiastic, participant in the gruesome executions of some mutineers who were tied to the mouths of cannon and literally blown away. More conventional service followed. He did well enough in the months of savage fighting that led up to the fall of Lucknow on 21 March 1858 to receive four mentions in dispatches and promotion to captain in September. He participated in mopping up operations until exhaustion brought on a severe attack of fever. Following his recovery he served in the Punjab for two years. In 1861 he took a six-month leave and embarked on a remarkable walking tour through the Himalayas from Tibet to Kashmir, most of the way on his own. The next year he married Maria Elinor at Simla. Marriage and the imminent arrival of the couple’s first child precipitated a return to England.

  Biographie – CABOT, SÉB...  

Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source	en y indiquant la latitude par une double gradation. Cabot appuya Gutiérrez et signala de nombreuses erreurs relevées dans la
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  Biographie – AUBRY, NIC...  

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Vers le 15 juin 1604, Aubry se signala par l’aventure qui lui arriva à la baie Sainte-Marie (N.-É.). Dans une promenade à travers bois avec plusieurs autres, il perdit son épée. Abandonnant le groupe pour aller la chercher, il s’égara et on ne put le retrouver, malgré les recherches des Français et des Indiens.

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Champdoré, who had come from Sainte-Croix to fish near Île Longue, noticed him on the shore of the Baie Française (Bay of Fundy), waving his hat and his handkerchief at the end of a pole. The young ecclesiastic had kept himself alive on sorrel and on berries found in the woods. It took him some while to recover from these privations, and he returned to France either in 1604 or in 1605. Nicolas Aubry was still living in 1611, and maintained a keen interest in Canadian affairs.

  Biographie – BYNG, JOHN...  

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Selon les instructions reçues, Byng avait recueilli les détails statistiques se rapportant à la pêche à la morue et au saumon, ainsi que des renseignements sur la manière de vivre de la population locale. Il signala la présence sur l’île de nombreux « papistes » irlandais, surtout à Ferryland, qui étaient paisibles et satisfaits.

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As instructed Byng had collected statistical details on the cod and salmon fisheries and information on the living conditions of the local population. He reported there were many Irish “papists” on the island, mainly at Ferryland, who were peaceable and contented. The appointment of justices of the peace had been of great service in the island; the complaints of certain merchants in the west of England that the justices exceeded their powers seemed to be without foundation. He had heard of no murders or felonies. In general Byng seems to have been most conscientious in his administration of Newfoundland.

  Biographie – TATE, HENR...  

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Beynon, dont le prestige d’anthropologue autochtone ne fait aucun doute, résuma la question en termes plus positifs dans une lettre à Barbeau le 19 mars 1918 : « [Tate] n’avait pas la pleine confiance de tous ses informateurs [...] ni d’argent pour les payer. En dépit de cela, il semble s’être bien tiré d’affaire. » Beaucoup plus tard, le 8 mars 1954, dans une lettre à l’anthropologue Philip Drucker, Beynon signala combien

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Tate presumably acquired his middle name when he was adopted by his maternal grandfather, the influential chief Arthur Wellington Clah, as “sister’s son,” a move of undoubted significance in the Tsimshian matrilineal system, though the precise motivation in this case is unknown. One important consequence is known, however: it was through Clah’s receiving a letter from Boas (who had been given Clah’s name by a Kwakiutl consultant, George Hunt*) and his passing it on to Tate that the fruitful connection was made between the famous anthropologist in New York City and his resourceful Tsimshian informant. Tate rose to the opportunity for employment and wrote out about 2,000 pages of narratives in the next ten years.

  Biographie – NAFZIGER, ...  

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Par la suite, Christian Nafziger et les colons allemands se plaignirent au commissaire des Terres de la couronne, Peter Robinson, qui en janvier 1830 chargea l’arpenteur Samuel Street Wilmot d’inspecter toute la concession puis de faire rapport sur la valeur des terres et le nombre d’habitants habilités à présenter une offre d’achat. Le mois suivant, Wilmot signala que 55 « colons hollandais fort industrieux et paisibles », venus d’Allemagne et de Pennsylvanie, avaient défriché en tout 1 197 acres de terre.

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In 1828 the 150-acre sections of the block were transferred to King’s College, the provincially supported university, which set a high price on the land. Christian Nafziger and the German settlers subsequently complained to the commissioner of crown lands, Peter Robinson, who in January 1830 instructed the surveyor Samuel Street Wilmot to inspect the block and report on land values and the number of inhabitants entitled to consideration. The following month Wilmot reported that 55 “very industrious and peaceable Dutch settlers” from Germany and Pennsylvania had cleared 1,197 acres. He recommended that the 150-sections should be sold at reasonable prices to the original settlers who had fulfilled the conditions of their grants and that speculators should be compelled to give up their land within the settlement. Confusion evidently remained, for in 1832 the issue of the deed to Nafziger’s 150-acre section was complicated by the college’s title.

  Biographie – FLOQUET, P...  

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Avant 1775, au moment où il eut la malchance de se trouver mêlé aux affaires politiques, rien ne le signala spécialement à l’attention du public ; mais, pendant l’occupation de Montréal par les Américains, en 1775–1776, ses rapports plus ou moins fréquents avec eux le compromirent à la fois aux yeux des autorités anglaises et à ceux de Mgr Briand, qui avait fait appel à la loyauté du clergé et du peuple canadien.

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In a letter of 15 June 1776 to Bishop Briand, who was threatening to place him under an interdict, Floquet gave an explanation for the actions thought rash: he did not like the Quebec Act and had said so too bluntly; by dealing tactfully with the Bostonnais he thought he could protect his

  Biographie – LAVELL, MI...  

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Il signala en 1882 « la précision » avec laquelle ce dernier s’acquittait de ses fonctions de même que « l’attention et les soins que re[cevaient] tous ceux qui av[aient] besoin de son assistance professionnelle ».

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Lavell earned high praise from James George Moylan who, as inspector of penitentiaries for the federal government, remarked in 1882 on “the exact manner” in which he discharged his duties and on “the care and attention which all receive who require his professional aid.” Moylan also noted that Lavell’s “precautions . . . successfully prevented the inroad of dangerous or infectious diseases.” Lavell credited the success of the penitentiary in avoiding epidemics to the emptying of sewers by convicts and to a program of vaccination. Tuberculosis was a serious cause of death, but in general the death rate at the penitentiary was exceptionally low. In his 1881 report Moylan had noted only two deaths, a suicide and a drowning. He found it remarkable that not a single death had occurred from natural causes. This was remarkable indeed, given the enfeebled condition of many convicts on admission and the physical state of the institution, with its small cage-like cells and poor sewage facilities, circumstances which Lavell found appalling. To promote the health of inmates Lavell emphasized a program of constant vigilance, medical attention, relatively good food and clothing, and a regimen of regular work. He also expressed increasing concern about the growing number of weak-minded and “imbeciles” at the penitentiary.

  Biographie – BURNS, ROB...  

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Il aida les comités de secours aux personnes atteintes par la famine : ceux d’Irlande en 1846 et ceux des Highlands en 1847. Il se signala aussi longtemps dans les œuvres missionnaires antiesclavagistes, centrées sur les Noirs.

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On his arrival in Canada West in 1845, Burns had been appalled by the dearth of public schooling. Primarily to improve the quality of the students entering Knox College to study theology, he founded in 1845 the Toronto Academy to teach English, Latin, philosophy, and rhetoric; he also served as chairman of its board of directors. He advocated a non-sectarian, state-supported educational system extending from elementary school to university, but he did not fear that such a system would result in “non-Christian” education because the state which would run the schools would be controlled by a Christian society. In 1848 the

  Biographie – PARKHURST,...  

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Le journaliste torontois Hector Willoughby Charlesworth* – qui serait, après Parkhurst, le critique canadien le plus écouté – signala en 1924 que, tout au long de sa carrière, celui-ci s'était montré « capable de traiter les détails techniques lucidement, et d'une manière accessible au profane ».

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Contemporaries declared Parkhurst to be "the dean of Canadian critics," a distinction earned for several reasons. John Daniel Logan, in a review of Canadian critics, noted that Parkhurst practised a "technico-literary" type of criticism, a blend of technical commentary with "general aesthetic and artistic appeal, spiced with humanized comments on the charms, mannerisms, idiosyncrasies, or personality of a soloist, and on the display of dexterous musicianship." Hector Willoughby Charlesworth*, the Toronto journalist who succeeded Parkhurst as Canada's leading critic, pointed out in 1924 that throughout his career Parkhurst had demonstrated an "ability to deal with technical detail lucidly, and in a manner that the layman could understand." Parkhurst's early reviews that criticized many aspects of performances gave way to a style of writing that encouraged most artists, but still provided clear clues to the reader about the quality of each performance. After Parkhurst's death in 1924, Augustus Stephen Vogt, principal of the Toronto Conservatory of Music and founder of the Toronto Mendelssohn Choir, summed up the views of many performers: "He was one of the most erudite and sympathetic of Canadian critics. To the end he retained his fine literary style, and his critical judgment was at all times highly respected by the profession and by the musical public."

  Biographie – GRANT, ALE...  

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Qualifiant l’action de Hunter de violation du « premier et du plus constitutionnel des privilèges » de la chambre, celle-ci insista pour que l’argent fût restitué au trésor provincial. Lorsqu’elle signala l’affaire à Grant, celui-ci déclara que, d’après ses recherches, le gouverneur n’avait pas reçu d’autorisation pour cette affectation de fonds, et il fit restituer la somme.

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Although he was still one of the targets of Weekes’s railing at the fall assizes at Niagara in 1806, old age was taking its toll and his participation in public affairs was rapidly declining. In 1807 Gore, apparently acting on the assumption that Grant wished to be relieved, appointed François Baby* to succeed him as county lieutenant. The old man was gracious and thanked the lieutenant governor for his consideration “in easing me from the great Fatigues and trouble attendant on the situation.” When he found out that he had acted in error, Gore issued. a new commission for Grant on 17 December. Grant remained good-natured about the affair and wrote that, “Mrs Grant was so glad at my being Superseded . . . I suppose she will be displeased now.” He rarely attended council, pleading by way of explanation “my advanced age – and infirmities.” In January 1812 a report on the state of the marine by Captain Andrew Gray bluntly recommended that Grant be superannuated on the grounds that “he cannot be of any service; but may possibly do harm, by standing in the way of others.” He retired on 30 March of that year and was replaced by George Benson Hall*.

  Biographie – HARRIS, JO...  

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Il soutint l'engagement de sa première femme, Susan Elizabeth Smith, dans des organismes voués aux arts, à l'assistance sociale, à la protection des animaux, à l'aide aux hôpitaux et à la formation des infirmières, mais lui-même se signala surtout dans les sports et les cercles maçonniques.

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Ever entrepreneurial, Harris became a director of several local businesses and he frequently invested in mining ventures, land, rental properties, and agricultural enterprises, both in Canada and abroad. Some endeavours were profitable, others failed; none made him exceptionally wealthy, but he had a comfortable lifestyle. Among other activities, Harris became a justice of the peace in 1883. He supported the involvement of his first wife, Susan, in arts, social and animal welfare, hospital aid, and nursing organizations, but he was most prominent in sports and masonic circles. He planned many racecourses, laid out the Winnipeg Industrial Exhibition grounds, and often was a timer, judge, or referee at horse-racing, track, and other sporting events. Avidly interested in baseball, he helped run a local amateur league and a professional club, the Winnipeg Maroons. A long-time adherent of the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons, he served as a master and deputy master.

  Biographie – GRAVES, TH...  

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Il signala aussi que l’officier de marine qui assumait les fonctions de gouverneur était en position de faiblesse à cause de son inexpérience de l’administration civile, de l’absence de conseillers désintéressés et de la courte durée de son mandat : « le premier été, le gouverneur n’est pas censé connaître quoi que ce soit de ce qui fait l’objet de ses responsabilités ; le deuxième, il a conservé précieusement un tas de rapports incompatibles et contradictoires concernant les coutumes et l’intérêt du pays, qui lui ont été présentés exactement dans le sens des préoccupations de ceux qui les préparent ; le troisième été, comme il commence à connaître quelque peu les gens et à faire la part du vrai et du faux, il est rejeté et on n’entend plus parler de lui de sorte que, malgré ses bonnes dispositions et la peine qu’il se donne, on ne peut attendre grand-chose de lui ».

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In December 1764 Graves was appointed to command a squadron dispatched to investigate merchants’ complaints against the governors of British forts on the west coast of Africa. On his return he commanded a succession of warships, mostly in home waters. He sat briefly in parliament in 1775 as member for East Looe in Cornwall, but neither spoke nor voted. The American revolution brought Graves to active service once more. In 1779 he served in Vice-Admiral John Byron*’s fleet in the West Indies, in 1780 he was in the Channel fleet commanded by Sir Charles Hardy*, and in July 1781 he succeeded Mariot Arbuthnot* as commander-in-chief of the North American squadron. In September he failed to break the French naval blockade of the British army at Yorktown, Va, and its surrender followed in October. Inevitably, Graves was criticized, but the French fleet was superior and probably only a commander of Nelsonian talents could have dislodged it. Upon leaving the North American command in November, Graves went to the West Indies. After the battle of the Saintes he sailed for England in July 1782 in charge of a motley squadron composed mainly of prizes. Many sank in a storm, and his flagship the

  Biographie – SUTHERLAND...  

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En 1796, il fut nommé chef de poste à Brandon House et il s’y rendit le 13 septembre. En avril de l’année suivante, toutefois, on signala qu’il était « très malade », et il mourut au cours de ce mois.

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The endeavours of the inland traders were carefully noted by the London committee. In 1792 it informed the chief of Albany that, being particularly pleased with “the conduct and assiduity” of Sutherland, it was appointing him to the Albany council. That same year Sutherland, who was by now earning £40 with a £10 gratuity annually, built Eschabitchewan House on Lake Burdingno (Ball Lake, Ont.), and the next year he established Portage de l’Isle on the Winnipeg River near its junction with the English River (Ont.). He took charge of Osnaburgh in October 1794 at a salary of £70 per annum. Despite strong competition from the Canadian pedlars, he managed to secure a good share of the trade. In 1796 he was appointed master of Brandon House and arrived there on 13 September. By April of the next year, however, he was reported “very sick” and died the same month. He left an estate that consisted of £1, 050 in consolidated Bank of England annuities.

  Biographie – DORION, PI...  

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C’est ainsi que dans son rapport de 1835–1836 il signala qu’à Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade on enseignait l’anglais, le français, l’arithmétique, la tenue de livres, la géométrie, et « que le maître [était] très capable ».

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To administer the school laws of the period the assembly in 1831 had formed a standing committee on education and schools, which was to receive the annual reports of the members of the house who had been named visitors, or inspectors, of the schools in their ridings. Dorion took his task as visitor seriously. In his report for 1835–36, for example, he indicated that in Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade, English, French, arithmetic, bookkeeping, and geometry were taught, noting that “the school teacher is very competent.” Similarly he saw to the purchase of books for impoverished pupils. He also concerned himself with the school timetable and even complained that there were too many holidays.

  Biographie – WEBSTER, E...  

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Toutefois, Ella Bronson se signala principalement en tant que fondatrice et administratrice de l'Ottawa Maternity Hospital. Inauguré en 1895 sous sa présidence, avec un conseil d'administration entièrement féminin, l'hôpital fonctionna jusque vers 1925, soit jusqu'à son intégration au Civic Hospital.

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AO, RG 22-354, 12212-310. ...Commonwealth of Virginia, Dept. of Health, Div. of vital records (Richmond), Marriage certificate, Norfolk, 8 Sept. 1874. ...NA, MG 9, D7-35, 113; MG 27, I, B5, 8–10; MG 28, I 32; I 37, 1–2; III 26, 719. ...North York Public Library (Toronto), Canadiana Coll., Ontario Geneal. Soc. Library coll., cemetery transcripts, Beechwood Cemetery (Ottawa), sect.50: 44. ...Ottawa Citizen, October 1899, 12 Feb. 1925. ...Ottawa Evening Journal, October 1896, October 1898, November 1908, May 1909, February 1910, June 1912, December 1918, November 1922, 12 Feb. 1925. ...Ottawa Free Press, June 1899. ...S. A. Cook, “A helping hand and shelter: Anglo-Protestant social service agencies in Ottawa, 1880–1910” (ma thesis, Carleton Univ., Ottawa, 1987). ...R. P. Gillis, “E. H. Bronson and corporate capitalism: a study in Canadian business thought and action, 1880–1910” (ma thesis, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ont., 1975). ...N. E. S. Griffiths, The splendid vision: centennial history of the National Council of Women of Canada, 1893–1993 (Ottawa, 1993). ...Protestant Orphans' Home, Annual report (Ottawa), 1864–1925 (copies in City of Ottawa Arch.). [These reports reveal that secondary sources are wrong in claiming Ella Hobday Webster was known for her work with this home; it was her mother-in-law and sister-in-law who were involved in its management. s.a.c.]§.

  Biographie – WHYMPER, F...  

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Il fit son travail consciencieusement, mais son compte rendu des circonstances dans lesquelles, peu avant son départ de la région, des Amérindiens avaient tué des cantonniers [V. Klatsassin*], attira plus l’attention que ses dessins. Ceux-ci ne passèrent quand même pas inaperçus. Whymper avait su rendre de « magnifiques glaciers » ainsi que « les méandres de la piste et [... ses] formidables obstacles », signala le

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Robert Brown*]. Of wiry build, he accepted the rigours of an expedition which covered much of the southern part of the island. An exhibition of 33 of his drawings from the exploration was held in Victoria in November 1864. In 1865 Whymper joined the Russian-American Telegraph project, which intended to construct a telegraph line linking the United States and Europe through British Columbia, Alaska, and Siberia. As its artist he went to Norton Sound (Alas.) during the summer and then crossed to Petropavlovsk (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii, Russia). Following a winter in San Francisco, he again set out for Petropavlovsk and subsequently travelled around the Gulf of Anadyr (Andayrsky Zaliv, Russia). Near the end of October 1866 he crossed to Mikhailovski (St Michael) on Norton Sound, and after a winter at Nulato he ascended the Yukon River to Fort Yukon, where he received news of the successful laying of a transatlantic telegraph cable [

  Biographie – DOUTRE, JO...  

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Si Doutre ne figurait pas parmi les 11 membres de l’institut que les électeurs envoyaient siéger au parlement, il se signala par le rôle qu’il joua dans la « convention » organisée par l’institut sur l’abolition de la tenure seigneuriale.

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Meanwhile the bishops had come down hard on the Institut Canadien. Following the publication of Bishop Bourget’s three pastoral letters on 10 March, 30 April, and 31 May 1858, 138 members resigned from the institute to set up a rival society, the Institut Canadien-Français. The bishop of Montreal vigorously rejected the free-thinking opinions of the leading members of the Institut Canadien, singling out Doutre and his brother-in-law Charles Daoust in particular.

  Biographie – SALUSBURY,...  

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Il mentionna également les critiques ouvertes des marchands concernant la partialité des juges, notamment de Charles Morris*, et signala que « les affaires du gouvernement ne sauraient se maintenir si on devait constamment céder aux caprices » des marchands.

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John Salusbury was descended from a prominent Welsh family. He was educated at Whitchurch School (probably in Wales) and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he obtained the ma degree in 1728. For several years after his graduation he seems to have led a carefree life in England. Some time before 1737 he returned to Wales and became a captain in the militia, probably through the influence of his cousin, Sir Robert Cotton. He married Sir Robert’s sister, Hester, in 1739, and though she brought a small fortune to the marriage, Salusbury, through poor management of the family finances, was unable to keep himself out of debt. Finally, under the patronage of the Earl of Halifax, then head of the Board of Trade, he attempted to re-establish himself financially through a colonial venture. On 21 June 1749 Salusbury arrived at Chebucto (Halifax, N.S.) in the suite of Governor Edward Cornwallis* and was sworn in on 14 July as a member of the new council of Nova Scotia along with Paul Mascarene, Edward How, John Gorham, and others. As register and receiver of rents, at a salary of 20 shillings per day, he was responsible for parcelling out land in Halifax and its environs and supervising its allocation to settlers.

  Biographie – ZIMMERMAN,...  

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Même s’il dut demander que l’échéance des travaux inscrite à son contrat soit reportée, il se signala, selon Francis Hincks*, comme « un des entrepreneurs les plus doués et qui réussissait le mieux [parmi ceux] que le gouvernement avait employés jusqu’alors ».

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In his role of railway promoter and contractor, embarking on the beginning of what many believed to be a golden age of progress and prosperity, Zimmerman quickly displayed a flair for publicity and showmanship. He organized free rides on the completed portion of the Great Western track out of Hamilton by day and lavish entertainments for prominent businessmen and politicians by night. Construction, however, was slow and in 1852 Oswald and Zimmerman were unable to complete the eastern division by the time specified in their contract. On the advice of Benedict the railway company nevertheless offered them a bonus of £17,500 if the work was finished by September 1853. Despite missing this extended deadline by two months, the firm was voted a bonus of £11,250 for “early completion,” even though the line was in such an unfinished state on opening in November that the engine of the train carrying a group of dignitaries from Hamilton to Zimmerman’s home at Niagara Falls fell off the track when loose rails gave way. Zimmerman’s firm undoubtedly profited handsomely from the Great Western contract, which permitted extra charges above the agreed price per mile on the approval of the chief engineer, who, until his dismissal in November 1852 for grossly underestimating the cost of the work, was Zimmerman’s friend Benedict.

  Biographie – CARTWRIGHT...  

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Dans l’ensemble toutefois, cette transaction foncière se classa parmi les moins lucratives qu’il ait réalisées, car il revendit la plupart de ses propriétés de Winnipeg avant qu’elles ne prennent de la valeur au début des années 1890. Durant une bonne partie de sa vie, Cartwright fut aussi courtier en investissements, occupation « excitante » mais « précaire », signala-t-il après l’avoir abandonnée.

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He had begun his political career in 1863 as a Tory when he defeated the sitting Conservative in Lennox and Addington in a “factionalized and intensely local contest.” He was a loyal back-bencher in Macdonald’s party and spent much of his time acquainting himself with party management. Playing a role familiar to many 19th-century Ontario politicians, he carried the “oil-can” of patronage to reward Conservative loyalists in his riding. Throughout his Tory years he had an amicable relationship with Macdonald, corresponding with him about party matters and the distribution of appointments. He treated his sojourn on the back-benches as a form of apprenticeship, but he was not a silent supporter of the Conservatives. In a pattern that would become familiar to both friends and enemies in the House of Commons, he was a vigorous and outspokenly partisan mla. From his earliest days, there was a strong streak of independence about Cartwright: not for him the customary role of a back-bencher who always toed the party line. In legislative debate in 1864 over the state of the Canadian militia, for example, he forcefully argued that neither John A. nor John Sandfield Macdonald*, the co-premier who had started to reform the militia in 1863, had come up with an adequate plan for the colony’s defence. Cartwright pushed for the establishment of a “regular first class militia” of 50,000 to 100,000 men who would be drilled for six months and then put on reserve. Such a force, he reasoned, would be cheaper and more effective than the existing system, which called men away from their occupations for brief periods of drill.

  Biographie – MYATT, JOS...  

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En 1709, John Fullartine eut à défendre le fort Albany contre les Français. Myatt se signala au cours de l’attaque, sans doute comme canonnier, fonction pour laquelle il s’engagea plus tard, en 1714. Il fut un employé compétent et digne de confiance.

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Myatt, who came from Cheshire, England, joined the HBC as a landsman in May 1708 signing a contract for four years at £10 per annum for the first year with annual increases of £2. He distinguished himself (perhaps as a gunner, a position he contracted for in 1714) when John Fullartine commanded the defence of Albany against a French attack in 1709. Myatt was a competent, trustworthy servant, and in 1714–15, having become conversant with the Indian languages, he traded for the HBC on the East Main. His wages were raised but because his terms were so high he was recalled in 1719.

  Biographie – UNIACKE, R...  

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Binney sentit tout le poids de l’opposition d’Uniacke et l’influence qu’il exerçait sur les jeunes membres du clergé de Halifax, lorsque le vieux pasteur bourru et dévot refusa obstinément de faire partie du synode diocésain, sous prétexte que ce geste donnerait trop de pouvoir à l’évêque, qui, de surcroît, était un évêque anglo-catholique. Uniacke se signala par ses bonnes œuvres mais, au moment de sa mort, il était aussi irréductible partisan de l’immobilisme qu’il avait été ardent avocat du changement dans sa jeunesse.

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Uniacke’s evangelical fervour and low church predilections can best be illustrated by his relations with the exclusivist Bishop John Inglis and his Tractarian successor, Bishop Hibbert Binney*. Uniacke defied Inglis by supporting, joining, and actively directing evangelical Anglican organizations, especially the Colonial Church Society (subsequently the Colonial and Continental Church Society) and such interdenominational associations as the British and Foreign Bible Society. Binney felt the weight of Uniacke’s opposition and influence over the junior clergy in Halifax, when the crusty, pious old rector stubbornly refused to join the diocesan synod on the ground that it would give too much power to the bishop, and an Anglo-Catholic bishop at that. Uniacke died noted for his good works but as steadfastly opposed to change as he had been a force for change in his youth.

  Biographie – CARTWRIGHT...  

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En outre, si Cartwright ne douta jamais de ses propres talents politiques, il reconnaissait en 1869 ne pas avoir l’expérience ni l’ancienneté nécessaires pour détenir ce portefeuille et venir d’une région déjà bien représentée au cabinet par Macdonald et Alexander Campbell. Il signala sa rupture avec les conservateurs en siégeant à titre d’indépendant jusqu’en 1873.

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John Lorn McDougall*] – but the difficulty went beyond internal control. The depression of the 1870s was depleting public revenue and there was widespread dissatisfaction with the government’s apparent inability to devise concrete solutions to the country’s woes. Manufacturers in central Canada, complaining of American protectionism on the one hand and American dumping of cheap goods on the Canadian market on the other, were a particular problem for Cartwright. They sought tariff protection; his advocacy of freer trade, and reliance on statistical data rather than information interpreted by lobbyists, did little to endear him to them. The tariff issue came to a head in February 1876 when, responding to Cartwright’s budget speech, Charles Tupper called for a “national policy” of tariff protection. Protectionism, Cartwright huffed in return, was anti-British; it violated the imperial policy of free trade and would impose duties on British imports. A so-called “national policy” would also inflict long-range damage on British manufacturers and threaten to create permanent ill feeling between Canada and Britain. More than that, he argued, “the introduction of a high protective tariff . . . would tend to enrich a few, but it would diminish in the long run the wealth and comfort of the many.” It was a decisive moment. After struggling with the tariff issue since before confederation, the Liberals and Conservatives defined the approaches that they would defend for decades to come. The Liberals now stood as advocates of tariffs for revenue purposes only and for freer trade with the United States; the Conservatives emerged as the patrons of protectionism and the champions of Canadian manufacturers.

  FR:Biography – TUYLL VA...  

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Taylor désapprouvait vivement les exigences de la compagnie et, en 1838, il signala à Jones que « l’autocrate de Russie ne pourrait pas placer ses plus méprisables vassaux dans une position plus désespérée [et plus] dégradante que celle que la Canada Company a[vait] réservée au baron van Tuyll ».

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It seems apparent that neither baron had any practical idea of the costs of the improvements which each contracted to make. Vincent had few problems in paying off the purchase price by August 1841, but it was minor compared to the improvements, which would nearly overwhelm his resources. Taylor was highly critical of the company’s demands and informed Jones in 1838 that “the Russian Autocrat could not place his meanest vassals in a more helpless degrading position than the Canada Company have placed the Baron de Tuyll.” The cost of forfeiture would be “about twenty times the original value of the purchase, and the purchase money to boot.” Such, Taylor concluded, “is the contemplated reward for improving a Wilderness!!”

  Biographie – BENSON, WI...  

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En 1858, il immigra à Montréal où il fit la connaissance d’un Anglais, Thomas Aspden, qui lui signala qu’aucune usine d’amidon n’existait au Canada, même si ce produit était utilisé aussi bien dans la fabrication de textiles que dans les foyers, pour la préparation des aliments et pour le blanchissage.

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William Thomas Benson was educated in Kendal. In 1848 he began a career as a manufacturer of chemicals and entered into partnership with William Blythe, a Scot from whom he apparently received training in chemistry. Their firm, located in Accrington, produced chemicals used in finishing and dyeing textiles. Benson lived in Manchester and was probably in charge of the firm’s business and sales office there. In 1858 he immigrated to Montreal where he met an Englishman, Thomas Aspden, who pointed out to Benson that there was no starch factory in Canada, even though starch was being used in the manufacture of textiles as well as in households, in food, and for laundry. Benson and Aspden, as partners, established a starch factory in 1858 in the village of Edwardsburg (Cardinal), Canada West, a site that offered excellent facilities for water-power and for transportation by water and rail to the markets of Montreal and Toronto. In 1860 Aspden left the firm which then became W. T. Benson, Canada Starch Works, though it was usually known as either W. T. Benson and Company or the Canada Starch Works. Benson managed the firm himself until 1865, when it was incorporated as the Edwardsburg Starch Company, a joint stock company in which he initially held 59 per cent of the shares and was managing director. The president of the company was Walter Shanly*, engineer and railway builder; other prominent original shareholders were Charles John Brydges, Peter Redpath*, and William Workman. Benson ceased being managing director in 1875, when he took a two-year leave of absence because of ill health, but he retained the vice-presidency until his death. In 1875 also, the company increased its capital stock, reducing Benson’s holding to 40 per cent.

  FR:Biography – WHITE, A...  

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Son ascension sociale, qui accompagna sa réorientation professionnelle, se confirma à la génération suivante : son fils Andrew devint marchand à Montréal et sa fille Mary épousa l’ingénieur Nicol Hugh Baird*. White ne se signala par aucune réalisation particulière.

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Andrew White, like his former partners McKay and Redpath, successfully made the occupational transition from skilled artisan to businessman at a time when strong expansion in the construction industry in Montreal and the transportation sector of the colonial economy offered excellent opportunities to men of technical skill, initiative, and business acumen. White’s rise in social rank, which accompanied the occupational shift, was consolidated in the next generation; for his son, Andrew, became a merchant in Montreal and his daughter Mary married the engineer Nicol Hugh Baird*. White does not stand out for any single achievement. Rather, he is significant as a member of a group of aggressive Montreal businessmen who, through their technical knowledge and skills, advanced significantly the early development of Canada’s transportation network.

  Biographie – ALLARD, OV...  

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Allard était au nombre de ceux qui construisirent le fort Hope pendant l’hiver de 1848–1849 et, une fois encore, il fut chargé de s’occuper du magasin. Il y demeura au moins jusqu’au 2 juin 1850, date où il signala à Yale qu’il allait « bientôt manquer de tous les articles de commerce ».

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When the Fraser River gold rush began in the spring of 1858, Governor James Douglas sent Allard to reopen Fort Yale, which had been abandoned on the completion of Fort Hope nearly ten years before. Now an experienced man was again needed there to trade with the Indians and avert clashes with the miners pouring into the area. Allard remained at Yale until 1864, when business had so far declined that he was sent to take charge at Fort Langley. There he spent the remaining ten years of his life, looking after the affairs of the HBC farm and trading with the Indians for salmon, cranberries, and furs. He seems to have given satisfaction in this post, though he never attained a rank higher than that of clerk. Presumably his lack of education held him back. His letters are ungrammatical, and he admitted to his supervisors in Victoria that he did not feel himself competent to open a new set of books, for “your system of accounts confuses me much.”

  Biographie – JAMES, PHI...  

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Malheureusement, à cause du manque de prédication et de soutien communautaire, plusieurs d’entre eux avaient perdu leur foi ; un peu plus tard, cependant, il signala que la plupart étaient en voie de « recouvrer leur perte » et semblaient « se diriger à pleines voiles vers le paradis ».

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James was first assigned to Cobourg, which received many Bible Christian immigrants before they passed through to other destinations. In 1842 he moved on to the circuit in Darlington and Whitby townships, another area with a large number of West Country immigrants, and returned to the Cobourg circuit in 1844. Two years later he was sent to Mitchell to minister to Bible Christians who had moved to the Huron Tract on the southeast shore of Lake Huron. By 1848, with the help of the Reverend Arthur Doble, James had gathered a circuit which extended 50 to 60 miles one way and 40 to 50 in the other, an area covering 12 townships. He found that 30 of the first 38 members of his congregation were English-born, and that some 11 or 12 had been Bible Christians in the old country. Unfortunately, for the want of Christian preaching and fellowship, many had fallen away from their faith; however, after a short time, he reported that most were “repairing their loss” and appeared “to be in full sail for Port Glory.” The Huron Tract, with some of the worst roads in the province, made heavy physical demands upon him. Doble, writing in 1849, said, “I learn from the people that he has laboured very hard among them, more than his strength would rightly admit. He seems to be failing.” But despite the concerns of his congregations, James reported that lay help was difficult to obtain because it was hard to persuade the people of their duty to sacrifice just one hour to attend to the business of the church.

  Biographie – HAVEN, JEN...  

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Le gouverneur et les moraves reçurent avec satisfaction les résultats de l’expédition menée par Haven. Palliser signala que « l’on pourrait tirer bon profit de cet homme l’année prochaine » ; de leur côté, les moraves jugèrent qu’une mission au Labrador était possible et même nécessaire.

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Haven spent the summer of 1764 at the strait. As a result of long conversations with the Inuit, he was able to provide Palliser with a detailed report on the situation there and an accurate analysis of the factors underlying the outbreaks of violence. Both the governor and the Moravians welcomed the results of Haven’s expedition: Palliser reported that “good use may be made of this Man next Year”; the Moravians decided that a Labrador mission could, and should, be established. In 1765, under Palliser’s auspices, Haven returned to the strait on a ship commanded by Francis Lucas*. He was accompanied by three other Moravians, one of whom, Christian Larsen Drachart, could also speak the Inuit language. The Moravians wanted primarily to find a site for a mission house, but because Palliser had decided to use them as interpreters to assist in making a form of treaty with the Inuit, their freedom of movement was restricted. Angered by Palliser’s attitude, the Moravian authorities decided that there would be no further expeditions to Labrador until they were given the land grants there for which they had applied in February 1765. Both Palliser and the Board of Trade were unwilling to make the grants, and it seemed that an impasse had been reached. Haven spent 1766 and 1767 in Moravian settlements at Fulneck and Zeist (Netherlands).