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Cour suprême du Canada ...

Show text Show cached source Open source URL	Claude Joyal et Yves Leb{oe}uf, pour l'intimé.
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Cour suprême du Canada ...

Show text Show cached source Open source URL	Jacques Malb{oe}uf, c.r., pour l'appelant.
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º (v þÿ ÕÍÕœ. “— +,ù®0 x € Œ ˜ ¨ ° ¸ À È Ð Ø à è ö ä LexUM ü F œŠ ® Titre ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ þÿÿÿ] ^ _ ` a b c þÿÿÿe f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ € ‚ ƒ þÿÿÿ… † ‡ ˆ ‰ Š ‹ þÿÿÿ Ž ‘ ’ “ þÿÿÿýÿÿÿýÿÿÿ— þÿÿÿþÿÿÿþÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿR o o t E n t r y ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ À F psœN;"È ™ € D a t a ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ \ 1 T a b l e ÿÿÿÿ d ;? W o r d D o c u m e n t ÿÿÿÿ .¶ S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ „ D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ Œ C o m p O b j ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ j ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ þÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿ þÿ ÿÿÿÿ À F Document Microsoft Word MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 ô9²q

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, ÔÝ ÝÔ_ ÔÓ Ó„€Ú Ú1Ú Ú€„ ( ù*$ ¡ ¡ Ô CE Ô(( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ù|‚/— Y€m/Cqñ*[.p†0€Misc 3| x 3 ÿU ‹ÿ ÀÀÀ ( _ 3 î$ § § Ý ƒ ù*! ÝÔ CEUS. , ÔÔ € X Ø# X X X ÔÔ CFCE. , ÔÝ Ý ˜\ \ S C C P R I N T \ H P 4 0 5 0 _ L A W _ 1 7 9 , ü , , , , , ü 0 3# 3 7 = C I Q Y a g 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) i ) (š½ C E K Q W ] c i o A u t o L i s t 2 A . A . A . A . A . A . A . A . (Uf C E K Q W ] c i o A u t o L i s t 3 I . I . I . I . I . I . I . I .

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„ÛòzÓÏqO ñnè·®RË ÇxkUd&úŸ0)…|éN/¨–ÆË½¡§m Z 2³@) Ú£*áS œ}³ ¢J ì² % ^ d 0 5 U N 9 ^ ‡ N “ • 4 • © ¸ m º 0 ‡ Ñ # É X ! ) 1 u ) ž ž ž ž U N ž Æ ì ² 7 2 ² N ä æ æ æ æ 0Ù æ v v v v v v v v v v v v v N v x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Æ x > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > “ Æ > X – Ý ƒ \ó' ÝÔ CEUS. , ÔÔ € X ÝÃ X X X ÔÔ CFCE. , ÔÝ ÝÔ_ ÔÓ Ó„€Ú Ú1Ú Ú€„ ( ù*$ ¡ ¡ Ô CE Ô(( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r Z{‚/— Y€m/Cqñ*[.p†0€Misc 3| x 4 ÿU ‹ÿ ÀÀÀ ( _ 3\ó$ § § Ý ƒ ù*! ÝÔ CEUS. , ÔÔ € X ÝÃ X X X ÔÔ CFCE. , ÔÝ Ý ˜\ \ S C C P R I N T \ H P 4 0 5 0 _ L A W _ 1 7 9 , ü , , , , , ü 0 3# 3 7 = C I Q Y a g 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 i ) F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à ƒ L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 Ý ƒ ù*! ÝÔ CEUS. , ÔÔ € X ÝÃ X X X ÔÔ CFCE. , ÔÝ ÝÔ_ ÔÑ X ° ÑÒ Ü ° ÒÑ Ü ° ÑÒ ° ÒÓ ÓÓ Ì ÓÓ ÓÑ ÑÖ € ÿÿ ÖÔ ÔÔ CECF. , ÔÑ ý ÑÓ - Ü „ œ ø Ü 8 ô ÿÿ ° œX - ÓÔ_ ÔDesputeauxÔ_ Ô€ò òvó ó.€Ô_ Ô ditionsÔ_ Ô€Chouette€(1987)€inc.,€Ô ‡ X ÝÃ X X X ÝÃ ÔÔ USCE. , Ô[2003]€1€Ô_ ÔS.C.R.Ô_ Ô€178,€2003€SCC€Ô_ Ô17Ô # † X ÝÃ X X X ÝÃÀ # ÔÔ_ ÔÔ CE. , US. , ß ÔÐ Ü ÐÌò òLes€ ditions€Chouette€(1987)€inc.€and€Christine€Ô_ ÔLð ðHeureuxÔ_ Ôó óà€ x x Ð àò òAppellantsó óˆÐ 0 ÐÌÓ Óò òv.ó óÐ

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U[ N ^ % ¬ 0 Y ² # ! X , w @ „ 4 Ä Ø Æ ç Æ Æ s 0 u 9 Æ ® Æ t :M : 1 ‡ te Uf N ûe 1 u If 0 c ¾f ¾f N !g 0 w #g 1 s šg šg N h h 0 u h h U N „h 0 Òh 1 ‡ bi U N éi éi éi éi éi éi éi Ž 7j 7j Åj Åj Åj N Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj Ëj B Íj Íj Íj Íj Íj Íj Íj Íj Íj ^ êj êj B öj k m k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k 0 u ,k ,k ,k D + ¡k 0 K Ìk Ìk Ìk Ìk A © l l l l l l l l l ± Æ Àl 0 s †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m †m 0 @ ùm 0 X 9n 0 ` ‘n 0 b ñn 0 x So 0 d Ëo 0 V /p 0 V …p 0 b Ûp 0 V =q 0 V “q 0 r éq 0 ˆ [r 0 Œ ãr 0 Š os 0 ùs 0 d ‰t 0 H ít 0 ˜ 5u 0 Š Íu 0 „ Wv 0 V Ûv 0 š 1w 0 v Ëw 0 ˜ Ax 0 œ Ùx 0 z uy 0 ˜ ïy 0 † ‡z 0 œ { 0 Ž ©{ 0 Z 7| 0 V ‘| 0 T ç| 0 H ;} 0 j ƒ} 0 Z í} 0 h G~ 0 „ ¯~ 0 Ž 3 0 x Á 0 b 9€ 0 d ›€ 0 T ÿ€ 0 h S 0 Œ » 0 † G‚ 0 x Í‚ 0 ˜ Eƒ 0 n Ýƒ 0 € K„ K„ 0 t Ë„ 0 r ?… 0 X ±… 0 ` † 0 n i† 0 ‚ ×† 0 j Y‡ 0 t Ã‡ 0 r 7ˆ 0 j ©ˆ 0 f ‰ 0 d y‰ 0 Œ Ý‰ 0 p iŠ 0 p ÙŠ 0 ” I‹ 0 ” Ý‹ 0 j qŒ 0 l ÛŒ 0 l G 0 p ³ 0 r #Ž 0 j •Ž 0 l ÿŽ 0 l k 0 p × 0 r G 0 t ¹ 0 z -‘ 0 | §‘ 0 ~ #’ 0 t ¡’ 0 z “ 0 | “ 0 ~ ” 0 P ‰” 0 H Ù” 0 b !• 0 ` ƒ• 0 ` ã• 0 b C– ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X ( 1 É4$ ¡ ¡ Ô € X ]ú X X X ÔÔ CFUS.

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UL N ^ % ¬ 0 Y ² # ! X , w @ „ 4 Ä Ø Æ ç Æ Æ s 0 u 9 Æ ® Æ t : M B UV N F 0 1 ” 0 = Å 0 È 0 > Ê 0 Ê 0 ´ Ò 0 ´ † 0 a : 0 ´ › 0 ´ O 0 9 0 Ü 0 0 2 ¨ 0 ü Ú 0 : Ö 0 … ! 0 _ •! 0 ô! 0 k þ" 0 Ç i$ Ž 0& B * ¾& è& D 3 î& C !' N ;' 0 Ç =' 0 ç ) 0 6 ë) 0 !* 0 : )+ 0 h c+ 0 F Ë+ U 6 , U > G, U * …, N ¯, 0 u ±, 1 ‡ &- U N - 1 u û- N p. 0 c r. 0 w Õ. 7 2 L/ 7 2 ~/ 1 s °/ °/ °/ °/ °/ U N #0 #0 B q0 q0 q0 q0 q0 q0 q0 q0 q0 ^ Ž0 Ž0 B š0 ·0 m ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 ¹0 0 u Ð0 Ð0 Ð0 D + E1 0 K p1 p1 p1 p1 A © »1 »1 »1 »1 »1 »1 »1 »1 »1 ± Æ d2 0 s *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 *3 0 @ 3 0 X Ý3 0 ` 54 0 b •4 0 x ÷4 0 d o5 0 V Ó5 0 V )6 0 b 6 0 V á6 0 V 77 0 r 7 0 ˆ ÿ7 0 Œ ‡8 0 Š 9 0 9 0 d -: 0 H ‘: 0 ˜ Ù: 0 Š q; 0 „ û; 0 V 0 š Õ 0 v o= 0 ˜ å= 0 œ }> 0 z ? 0 ˜ “? 0 † +@ 0 œ ±@ 0 Ž MA 0 Z ÛA 0 V 5B 0 T ‹B 0 H ßB 0 j 'C 0 Z ‘C 0 h ëC 0 „ SD 0 Ž ×D 0 x eE 0 b ÝE 0 d ?F 0 T £F 0 h ÷F 0 Œ _G 0 † ëG 0 x qH 0 ˜ éH 0 n I 0 € ïI ïI 0 t oJ 0 r ãJ 0 X UK 0 ` K 0 n L 0 ‚ {L 0 j ýL 0 t gM 0 r ÛM 0 j MN 0 f ·N 0 d O 0 Œ O 0 p P 0 p }P 0 ” íP 0 ” Q 0 j R 0 l R 0 l ëR 0 p WS 0 r ÇS 0 j 9T 0 l £T 0 l U 0 p {U 0 r ëU 0 t ]V 0 z ÑV 0 | KW 0 ~ ÇW 0 t EX 0 z ¹X 0 | 3Y 0 ~ ¯Y 0 P -Z 0 H }Z 0 b ÅZ 0 ` '[ 0 ` ‡[ 0 b ç[ ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X ( 1 É4$ ¡ ¡ Ô € X ]ú X X X ÔÔ CFUS. , Ô ˜\ \ S C C P R I N T \ H P 4 0 5 0 _ L A W _ 1 7 9 , ü , , , , , ü 0 c : \ d a t a \ w p w i n 8 \ t e m p l a t e \ R E P O R T S \ H E A D F R E . W P T ' E ( ) D * + I , - D . D / E 0 Õ†r,W^%& 3| x 0 L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ‚ L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ƒ L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ( M 3å$ § § Ý ƒ É4! ÝÔ € X m— X X X ÔÔ CFUS. , ÔÝ Ý„ L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 … L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r 0 ÿÿ. N o r m a l ÿÿ: D e f i n i t i o n T G D ÿÿ: D e f i n i t i o n L Ó , ÓÓ ; 1 Ü ° Ü ` ¸ h À p È x Ð (#; Ó Ó ÓÓ 8 . ° ° ` ¸ h À p È x Ð (#8 Ó 8 ÿÿ6 D e f i n i t i o n ò òó ó ( ' z ÿÿ& H 1 ò òÔ ÔÔ ‡ ° ° ° Ô ó óÔ ÔÔ ‡ X X X Ô ( o ÿÿ& H 2 ò òÔ ‡ „ „ „ Ô ó óÔ ‡ X X X Ô ( o ÿÿ& H 3 ò òÔ ‡ ¼ ¼ ¼ Ô ó óÔ ‡ X X X Ô ( ÿÿ& H 4 ò òÔ ‡ X X X Ô ó óÔ ‡ X X X Ô ( o ÿÿ& H 5 ò òÔ ‡ ô ô ô

Cour suprême du Canada ...

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À la fin du XIXe siècle, les lois fédérales relatives à la chasse dans les Territoires non organisés prévoyaient qu'il était absolument interdit de chasser certaines espèces animales (le bison et le b{oe}uf musqué) afin d'assurer leur préservation et d'assurer aux Indiens un approvisionnement en gibier pour l'avenir.

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Before the turn of the century the federal game laws of the Unorganized Territories provided for a total ban on hunting certain species (bison and musk oxen) in order to preserve both the species and the supply of game for Indians in the future. See The Unorganized Territories' Game Preservation Act, 1894, S.C. 1894, c. 31, ss. 2, 4 to 8 and 26. Even then the advances in firearms and the more efficient techniques of hunting and trapping, coupled with the habitat loss and the over‑exploitation of game, (undoubtedly by Europeans more than by Indians), had made it essential to impose conservation measures to preserve species and to provide for hunting for future generations. Moreover, beginning in 1890, provision was made in the federal Indian Act for the Superintendent General to make the game laws of Manitoba and the Unorganized Territories applicable to Indians. See An Act further to amend "The Indian Act" chapter forty‑three of the Revised Statutes, S.C. 1890, c. 29, s. 10. A similar provision was in force in 1930. See Indian Act, R.S.C. 1927, c. 98, s. 69.

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Before the turn of the century the federal game laws of the Unorganized Territories provided for a total ban on hunting certain species (bison and musk oxen) in order to preserve both the species and the supply of game for Indians in the future. See The Unorganized Territories' Game Preservation Act, 1894, S.C. 1894, c. 31, ss. 2, 4 to 8 and 26. Even then the advances in firearms and the more efficient techniques of hunting and trapping, coupled with the habitat loss and the over-exploitation of game, (undoubtedly by Europeans more than by Indians), had made it essential to impose conservation measures to preserve species and to provide for hunting for future generations. Moreover, beginning in 1890, provision was made in the federal Indian Act for the Superintendent General to make the game laws of Manitoba and the Unorganized Territories applicable to Indians. See An Act further to amend "The Indian Act" chapter forty-three of the Revised Statutes, S.C. 1890, c. 29, s. 10. A similar provision was in force in 1930. See Indian Act, R.S.C. 1927, c. 98, s. 69.

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Show text Show cached source Open source URL	Jacques Malb{oe}uf, c.r., pour l'intervenant le procureur général du Canada.
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ÐÏ à¡± á > þÿ ’ ” þÿÿÿ ‘ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á @ ñ ¿ ‡ bjbjqäqä 4¢ Ž Ž ‰| { ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ˆ Ú Ú Ú š t l à à à ô \ \ \ 8 ” 4 È 4 ô uF ¶ ã ã ã ôE öE öE öE öE öE öE $ +G R }I z F à ã ã ã ã ã F à à Û /F õ2 õ2 õ2 ã æ à à ôE õ2 ã ôE õ2 õ2 R ˆ; * à à B ü PbP°àÝÈ \ É1 ^ ²A ôE EF 0 uF ÐA B ÷I '2 j ÷I B " ô ô à à à à ÷I à 4B À ã ã õ2 ã ã ã ã ã F F ô ô ø d ‘2 d ô ô ø Cour suprême du Canada R. c. N.M. Paterson and Sons Ltd., [1980] 2 R.C.S. 679 Date: 1980-12-18 Sa Majesté La Reine Appelante; et N.M. Paterson and Sons Limited Intimée. 1980: 15 octobre; 1980: 18 décembre. Présents: Le juge en chef Laskin et les juges Martland, Dickson, Estey, McIntyre, Chouinard et Lamer. EN APPEL DE LA COUR D’APPEL DU MANITOBA Preuve—Procédure criminelle—Contraignabilité des témoins—Compagnie accusée d’une infraction—Un dirigeant de la compagnie est-il un témoin contraignable aux instances de la poursuite?—Loi sur les grains du Canada, 1970-71-72 (Can.), chap. 7, art. 2(27), (32), 90(1)—Loi sur la preuve au Canada, S.R.C. 1970, chap. E-10, art. 5. L’intimée est accusée d’une infraction créée par la Loi sur les grains du Canada. Au procès, le substitut du procureur général a tenté de citer M. Lyle Ramsdell, gérant de l’élévateur de la compagnie intimée où l’infraction aurait été commise, comme témoin de la poursuite.

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ÐÏ à¡± á > þÿ † ˆ þÿÿÿ „ … ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á @ ñ ¿ d bjbjqäqä 4š Ž Ž Üt z ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ˆ Ú Ú Ú š t l à à à ô 8 P 4 „ 4 ô §6 ¶ Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ &6 (6 (6 (6 (6 (6 (6 $ ]7 R ¯9 | L6 à #! Ÿ Ÿ #! #! L6 à à Ä Ä Û a6 1# 1# 1# #! Ö à Ä à Ä &6 1# #! &6 1# 1# R Ä+ * à à N2 Ä ¸ P³ìøIÕÈ ù! ¦ î1 &6 w6 0 §6 2 B +: Ÿ" j +: N2 ô ô à à à à +: à f2 À Ÿ H ç ê 1# Ñ ¼ – Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ L6 L6 ô ô $ # ( ô ô Supreme Court of Canada R. v. N.M. Paterson and Sons Ltd., [1980] 2 S.C.R. 679 Date: 1980-12-18 Her Majesty The Queen Appellant; and N.M. Paterson and Sons Limited Respondent. 1980: October 15; 1980: December 18. Present: Laskin C.J. and Martland, Dickson, Estey, McIntyre, Chouinard and Lamer JJ. ON APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL FOR MANITOBA Evidence—Criminal procedure—Compellability of witnesses—Corporation charged with offence—Whether an officer of the corporation compellable witness at instance of the Crown—Canada Grain Act, 1970-71-72 (Can.), c. 7, ss. 2(27), (32), 90(1)—Canada Evidence Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. E-10, s. 5. The respondent was charged with an offence under the Canada Grain Act. At trial, Crown counsel attempted to call, as a witness on behalf of the Crown, Mr. Lyle Ramsdell, the manager of the respondent’s elevator where the alleged offence took place. Defence counsel objected that the witness was not compellable. He relied on the 1967 Manitoba Court of Appeal’s decision in R. v. Ettenhofer Painting & Decorating Ltd., [1967] 1 C.C.C. 386, where it was decided that the president of the corporation could not be called to give evidence against the corporation. It was then stated that the principle of criminal law that an individual accused cannot be compelled to give evidence on the hearing of a charge against him, applies equally to a body corporate. The provincial judge refused to compel Mr. Ramsdell to give evidence and acquitted the respondent for lack of proof. On appeal, the County Court judge held that he was bound by Ettenhofer and dismissed the appeal. Asked to reconsider its decision in Ettenhofer, the Court of Appeal stated that it was satisfied that the E

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