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Keybot 2 Résultats  www.whale-watching-label.com  Page 4
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В тесной связи с рядом международных проектов по программе АТОК, выполненных в 1990-х годах в различных акваториях глубокого океана на трассах протяженностью до нескольких тысяч километров, в тематике работ ИПФ нашло отражение сравнительно новое направление в НЧ-акустике океана, связанное с изучением явлений лучевого и волнового хаоса при сверхдальнем распространении звука в океане.
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In close connection with a number of international projects under the ATOC program performed in the 1990s in various water areas of the deep ocean along the paths of up to several thousand kilometers, the IAP RAS started a relatively new exploration trend in low-frequency ocean acoustics, associated with studying the effects of beam and wave chaos in megameter acoustic paths in the deep ocean. The studies performed by the team headed by A. L. Virovlyansky statistically described the chaotic beam dynamics and its manifestations in the variations of the mode structure of the field in the underwater sound channel at distances of 1000 km or more. The IAP RAS scientists employed the developed approach to formulate a quantitative theory for the effect of clustering of the sound pulses arriving at an observation point along numerous chaotic beam paths. Warming (on the average) or, on the contrary, cooling of ocean water leads to the corresponding trend in changes of the arrival times of individual clusters, which can be recorded against relatively short-term fluctuations (primarily, seasonal ones).
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Теоретические и экспериментальные исследования по этой тематике в значительной степени связаны с быстрым развитием физики нелинейных волновых явлений в целом, и становление нелинейной акустики шло параллельно с развитием в ИПФ РАН нелинейной оптики и нелинейной физики плазмы.
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A large series of experimental and theoretical studies, many of which were the pioneering ones, was carried out at the IAP RAS to identify the physical mechanisms of a strong (anomalous) acoustic nonlinearity of media having an inhomogeneous microstructure. As a result, high-sensitivity nonlinear acoustic methods for nondestructive control and testing, methods for their industrial application, and appropriate diagnostic instrument prototypes have been developed (V. E. Nazarov, L. A. Ostrovsky, I. A. Soustova, A. M. Sutin, V. Yu. Zaitsev, I. Yu. Belyaeva, A. V. Radostin, L. A. Matveev, and V. V. Kazakov). The physical and rheological models of microinhomogeneous media elaborated at the IAP RAS show that the presence of even very low concentrations of highly compressible defects (e.g., cracks) leads to a strong increase in nonlinearity of the material with an almost constant value of the linear elastic moduli. This basic property can be used for an early (at the stage of initiation) detection of such defects in the samples and engineering constructions, while the conventional linear methods of acoustic testing almost fail. An application of these results, tested in the industrial environment, can be the technology of fatigue crack detection in the axles of railway wheel sets, which was developed in collaboration with the Nizhny Novgorod Branch of the Research Institute of Railway Transport.