|
|
Alates 1990ndate aastate keskpaigast on heroiini salakaubana Euroopasse toimetatud üha sagedamini mööda „Siiditeed” Kesk-Aasia, Kaspia mere ja Vene Föderatsiooni, Valgevene või Ukraina kaudu (Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Euroopa teabevõrgu riikide teabekeskuste aruanded, 2004; UNODC, 2003a; CND, 2005; INCB, 2005).
|
|
|
Heroin consumed in the EU is predominantly manufactured in Afghanistan (increasingly) or along trafficking routes for opium, notably in Turkey (UNODC, 2003a; INCB, 2005), and enters Europe by two major trafficking routes. The historically important Balkan route continues to play a crucial role in heroin smuggling. Following transit through Pakistan, Iran and Turkey, the route then diverges into a southern branch, through Greece, the former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Albania, part of Italy, Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia–Herzegovina, and a northern branch, through Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Austria. The INCB (2005) reports that, in 2003, the northern branch of the Balkan route became the dominant one for heroin trafficking. Since the mid-1990s, heroin has increasingly been smuggled to Europe through the ‘Silk route’ via Central Asia, the Caspian Sea and the Russian Federation, Belarus or Ukraine (Reitox national reports, 2004; UNODC, 2003a; CND, 2005; INCB, 2005). Although these routes are the most important, several countries in eastern and western Africa and the Americas have made seizures of heroin destined for Europe in 2003 (CND, 2005; INCB, 2005).
|