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Ð €des€groupes€non€blancs. €€Elle€a€ensuite€affirm ,€dans€son€appr ciation€du€t moignageÐ Ô/p)4 Ðrendu€par€le€policier€en€question,€que€ces€facteurs€lð ðamenaient€ €conclure€ €ð ðun€ tatÐ d Ðdð ðesprit€suspectð ð.

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” Ð ” Ð ÐÓ ÓÓ ? Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X ” œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ? ÓÐ /¤(3 Ðà œ àAPPEAL€from€a€judgment€of€the€Nova€Scotia€Court€of€Appeal€(1995),Ð d Ð145€N.S.R.€(2d)€284,€418€A.P.R.€284,€102€C.C.C.€(3d)€233,€45€C.R.€(4th)€361,Ð ü ˜ Ðdismissing€an€appeal€from€a€judgment€of€the€Nova€Scotia€Supreme€Court€(TrialÐ ” 0 ÐDivision),€[1995]€N.S.J.€No.€184€(QL),€allowing€an€appeal€from€acquittal€by€SparksÐ , È ÐF.C.J.€with€oral€reasons€December€2,€1994,€with€supplementary€written€reasons,Ð Ä ` Ð[1994]€N.S.J.€No.€629€(QL).€€Appeal€allowed,€Lamer€C.J.€and€Sopinka€and€Major€JJ.Ð \ ø Ðdissenting.Ð ô  ÐÌà œ àò òBurnley€A.€Jonesó ó€and€ò òDianne€Pothieró ó,€for€the€appellant.Ð $ À ÐÌà œ àò òRobert€E.€Lutesó ó,ò ò€Q.C.ó ó,€for€the€respondent.Ð T ð ÐÌà œ àò òYola€Grant€ó óandò ò€Carol€Allenó ó,€for€the€interveners€the€Womenð ðs€LegalÐ „ ÐEducation€and€Action€Fund€and€the€National€Organization€of€Immigrant€and€VisibleÐ ¸ ÐMinority€Women€of€Canada.Ð ´ P ÐÌà œ àò òApril€Bureyó ó,€for€the€interveners€the€African€Canadian€Legal€Clinic,€theÐ ä € ÐAfro„Canadian€Caucus€of€Nova€Scotia€and€the€Congress€of€Black€Women€of€Canada.Ð |! " ÐÌà œ àThe€reasons€of€Lamer€C.J.€and€Sopinka€and€Major€JJ.€were€delivered€byÐ ¬$H & ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý²s Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àò òMajor€J.ó ó€(dissenting)€„„€I€have€read€the€reasons€of€Justices€Lð ðHeureux„Ð Ü'x!* ÐDub €and€McLachlin€and€those€of€Justice€Cory€and€€respectfully€disagree€with€theÐ t) #, Ðconclusion€they€reach.Ý ƒ Ñý²s Ís ݌Р+¨$. ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý[u Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellant€(accused)€R.D.S.€was€a€young€person€charged€with€assaultÐ

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€€La€Cour€dð ðappel€infirme€cetteÐ d Ðconstatation€de€fait,€mais€les€juges€majoritaires€rejettent€lð ðappel€parce€que€lð ðabsence€deÐ ü ˜ Ðterrain€nð ðest€pas€imputable€ €la€municipalit €et€que€celle-ci€nð ða€aucune€obligation€positiveÐ ” 0 Ðde€pr server€la€libert €de€religion.Ð , È ÐÌà œ àò òArr tó ó€(les€juges€Major,€Ô_ ÔBastaracheÔ_ Ô,€Ô_ ÔLeBelÔ_ Ô€et€Ô_ ÔDeschampsÔ_ Ô€sont€dissidents):LeÐ \ ø Ðpourvoi€est€accueilli.Ð ô  ÐÌà œ àò òLaó ó€juge€en€chef€Ô_ ÔMcLachlinÔ_ Ô€et€les€juges€Ô_ ÔIacobucciÔ_ Ô,€Ô_ ÔBinnieÔ_ Ô,€Ô_ ÔArbourÔ_ Ô€et€Ô_ ÔFishÔ_ ԁ:Ð $ À ÐEn€appr ciant€le€bien-fond €des€demandes€de€modification€de€zonage€pr sent es€par€laÐ ¼ X ÐCongr gation,€la€municipalit €sð ðacquittait€dð ðune€fonction€que€lui€avait€d l gu e€leÐ T ð Ðl gislateur.

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€€Elles€traduisaient€une€appr ciation€judicieuse€des€faits€admis€enÐ $ À Ðpreuve€ainsi€que€du€contexte€dans€lequel€lð ðaffaire€sð ðest€produite,€ce€contexte€ tant€connuÐ ¼ X Ðdu€juge€ainsi€que€de€tout€membre€bien€inform €de€la€collectivit .

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Ðalleged€bias€must€be€reasonable€and€the€apprehension€of€bias€itself€must€also€beÐ Ô/p)4 Ðreasonable€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case.€€Further€the€reasonable€person€must€be€anÐ d Ðinformed€person,€with€knowledge€of€all€the€relevant€circumstances,€including€theÐ ü ˜ Ðtraditions€of€integrity€and€impartiality€that€form€a€part€of€the€background€and€apprisedÐ ” 0 Ðalso€of€the€fact€that€impartiality€is€one€of€the€duties€the€judges€swear€to€uphold.€€TheÐ , È Ðreasonable€person€should€also€be€taken€to€be€aware€of€the€social€reality€that€forms€theÐ Ä ` Ðbackground€to€a€particular€case,€such€as€societal€awareness€and€acknowledgement€ofÐ \ ø Ðthe€prevalence€of€racism€or€gender€bias€in€a€particular€community.€The€jurisprudenceÐ ô  Ðindicates€that€a€real€likelihood€or€probability€of€bias€must€be€demonstrated€and€that€aÐ Œ ( Ðmere€suspicion€is€not€enough.€The€existence€of€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€biasÐ $ À Ðdepends€entirely€on€the€facts.€€The€threshold€for€such€a€finding€is€high€and€the€onus€ofÐ ¼ X Ðdemonstrating€bias€lies€with€the€person€who€is€alleging€its€existence.€The€test€appliesÐ T ð Ðequally€to€all€judges,€regardless€of€their€background,€gender,€race,€ethnic€origin,€orÐ ì ˆ Ðany€other€characteristic.Ð „ ÐÌà œ àThe€requirement€for€neutrality€does€not€require€judges€to€discount€theirÐ ´ P Ðlife€experiences.€Whether€the€use€of€references€to€social€context€is€appropriate€in€theÐ L è Ðcircumstances€and€whether€a€reasonable€apprehension€of€bias€arises€from€particularÐ ä € Ðstatements€depends€on€the€facts.€€A€very€significant€difference€exists€between€cases€inÐ |! " Ðwhich€social€context€is€used€to€ensure€that€the€law€evolves€in€keeping€with€changes€inÐ #° $ Ðsocial€reality€and€cases,€such€as€this€one,€where€social€context€is€apparently€beingÐ ¬$H & Ðused€to€assist€in€determining€an€issue€of€credibility.Ð D&à ( ÐÌà œ àConsideration€of€whether€the€existence€of€anti-black€racism€in€society€is€aÐ t) #, Ðproper€subject€for€judicial€notice€would€be€inappropriate€here€because€an€intervenerÐ +¨$. Ðand€not€the€appellant€put€forward€the€argument€with€respect€to€judicial€notice.Ð ¤,@&0 Ðâ âÐ

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€€Dans€le€pr sent€pourvoi,€ilÏsð ðagit€de€d terminer€si€le€juge€du€proc s€a€commis€une€erreur€en€prenant€en€consid rationÏla€d claration€faite€par€lð ðaccus €au€psychiatre€lorsquð ðil€a€appr ci €la€cr dibilit €du€premierÏconform ment€ €lð ðÔ_ ÔalÔ_ Ô.

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ÐÔ_ & Ô‡à œ àThe€accused€went€to€a€police€station€and,€after€he€was€cautioned€and€hisÏconstitutional€rights€were€read,€made€a€statement€to€the€police€in€which€he€admitted€toÏengaging€in€various€acts€of€a€sexual€nature€with€his€young€cousin.€€The€accused€wasÏsubsequently€charged,€and€a€court€ordered€an€assessment€of€his€mental€condition€underÏs.672.11(ò òaó ó)€and€(ò òbó ó)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó.€€During€this€assessment,€the€accused€made€anÐ È ` Ðincriminating€admission€(the€ð ðprotected€statementð ð)€to€the€psychiatrist€when€the€latterÏasked€him€to€explain€the€out-of-court€statement€he€had€made€to€the€police.€€The€defenceÏrequested€a€second€assessment.€€Both€psychiatristsð ð€reports€noted€the€accusedð ðs€limitedÏmental€capacity,€but€nevertheless€concluded€that€he€was€fit€to€stand€trial.€€The€reportsÏalso€indicated€that€the€accused€was€very€accommodating€toward€those€in€authority€andÏthat€his€answers€were€unreliable€in€an€anxiety-producing€situation.€€At€trial,€followingÏthe€victimð ðs€testimony,€the€Crown€sought€to€introduce€the€accusedð ðs€out-of-courtÏstatement.€€Based€on€the€psychiatric€assessments,€the€trial€judge€ruled€it€inadmissible.€ÏThe€accused€later€testified€and€denied€any€sexual€activity€with€the€victim.€€The€CrownÏthen€cross-examined€him€on€his€ð ðprotected€statementð ð€under€s.672.21(3)(ò òfó ó)€of€the€ò òCodeó ó.€Ð ¸ P ÐSection672.21(3)€lists€a€few€exceptions€to€the€general€principle€that€protected€statementsÏare€inadmissible€in€evidence,€in€particular€para.(ò òfó ó),€which€provides€that€such€a€statementÐ è € Ðis€admissible€for€the€purpose€of€challenging€the€credibility€of€the€accused€where€his€orÏher€testimony€is€inconsistent€with€the€protected€statement.€€In€the€opinion€of€the€trialÏjudge,€the€debate€turned€entirely€on€the€credibility€of€the€witnesses.€€Citing€the€accusedð ðsÏlack€of€credibility,€and€preferring€the€victimð ðs€version€of€the€facts,€he€found€the€accusedÏguilty.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€allowed€the€accusedð ðs€appeal€and€ordered€a€new€trial.€€TheÏcourt€stated€that€the€trial€judge€had€erred€in€using€the€protected€statement€against€theÏaccused€to€challenge€his€credibility.€ÌÌà œ àò òHeldó ó€€(Lð ðHeureux-Dub ,€Gonthier€and€McLachlin€JJ.€dissenting):€€TheÐ @.Ø'2 Ðappeal€should€be€dismissed.Ð Ø/p)4 Ð‡à œ àò òPeró ó€Lamer€C.J.€and€Cory,€Iacobucci,€Major,€Bastarache€and€Binnie€JJ.:€€TheÐ h Ðaccusedð ðs€admission€to€the€psychiatrist€is€a€protected€statement€within€the€meaning€ofÏs.672.21€of€the€ò òCodeó ó.€€Assuming€the€first

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€€Bien€que€lð ðexp rience€de€la€vie€dð ðun€juge€soit€unÐ T ð Ð l ment€important€de€son€aptitude€ €comprendre€le€comportement€humain,€ €soupeser€laÐ ì ˆ Ðpreuve€et€ €appr cier€la€cr dibilit ,€elle€ne€peut€se€substituer€ €la€preuve.

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Ðà œ àThe€individualistic€nature€of€a€determination€of€credibility€and€itsÐ d Ðâ âdependence€on€intangibles€such€as€demeanour€and€the€manner€of€testifying€€requiresÐ ü ˜ Ðthe€judge,€as€trier€of€fact,€to€be€particularly€careful€and€to€appear€to€be€neutral.€€WhenÐ ” 0 Ðmaking€findings€of€credibility€a€judge€should€avoid€making€any€comment€that€mightÐ , È Ðsuggest€that€the€determination€of€credibility€is€based€on€generalizations€or€stereotypesÐ Ä ` Ðrather€than€on€the€specific€demonstrations€of€truthfulness€or€untrustworthiness€thatÐ \ ø Ðhave€come€from€the€particular€witness€during€the€trial.€€At€the€commencement€of€theirÐ ô  Ðtestimony€all€witnesses€should€be€treated€equally€without€regard€to€their€race,€religion,Ð Œ ( Ðnationality,€gender,€occupation€or€other€characteristics.€€It€is€only€after€an€individualÐ $ À Ðwitness€has€been€tested€and€assessed€that€findings€of€credibility€can€be€made.Ð ¼ X ÐÌà œ àSituations€where€there€is€no€evidence€linking€the€generalization€to€theÐ ì ˆ Ðparticular€witness€might€leave€the€judge€open€to€allegations€of€bias€on€the€basis€thatÐ „ Ðthe€credibility€of€the€individual€witness€was€prejudged€according€to€stereotypicalÐ ¸ Ðgeneralizations.€€Although€the€particular€generalization€might€be€well„founded,Ð ´ P Ðreasonable€and€informed€people€may€perceive€that€the€judge€has€used€this€informationÐ L è Ðas€a€basis€for€assessing€credibility€instead€of€making€a€genuine€evaluation€of€theÐ ä € Ðevidence€of€the€particular€witnessð ð€credibility.€Ð |! " ÐÌà œ àThat€judges€should€avoid€making€comments€based€on€generalizationsÐ ¬$H & Ðwhen€assessing€the€credibility€does€not€lead€automatically€to€a€conclusion€ofÐ D&à ( Ðreasonable€apprehension€of€bias.€€In€some€limited€circumstances,€the€comments€mayÐ Ü'x!* Ðbe€appropriate.Ð t) #, Ѐ€Ð +¨$. Ðà œ àThe€argument€that€the€trial€was€rendered€unfair€for€failure€to€comply€withÐ ¤,@&0 Ðð ðnatural€justiceð ð€could€not€be€accepted.€€Neither€the€police€officer€nor€the€Crown€wasÐ

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€€Le€minist re€public€intim €a€faitÐ , È Ðvaloir€oralement€que€les€motifs€suppl mentaires€devaient€ tre€pris€en€consid ration€enÐ Ä ` Ðtant€quð ð l ment€du€portrait€g n ral€pour€appr cier€si€la€conduite€du€juge€Sparks€a€suscit Ð \ ø Ðune€crainte€raisonnable€de€partialit .

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Ðconcluded€that€bias€reflects€the€inability€of€the€judge€to€act€impartially.€€The€test€isÐ Ô/p)4 Ðobjective€and€the€standard€of€reasonableness€applies€to€the€person€who€perceives€theÐ d Ðbias,€as€well€as€the€apprehension€of€bias€itself.€€The€test€requires€a€consideration€ofÐ ü ˜ Ðwhat€the€reasonable,€right-minded€person,€with€knowledge€of€all€the€facts,€wouldÐ ” 0 Ðthink€with€regard€to€the€apprehension€of€bias.€€The€apprehension€must€be€reasonable,Ð , È Ðand€suspicion€or€conjecture€is€not€enough.€€Finally,€it€is€not€necessary€to€show€thatÐ Ä ` Ðactual€bias€influenced€the€result.Ý ƒ Ñý¢¹ ½¹ ݌Р\ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýb½ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú82Ú ÚÛ € z R Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€Flinn€J.A.ð ðs€opinion,€Glube€C.J.S.C.€made€no€error€in€applying€the€testÐ Œ ( Ðto€the€decision€of€the€Youth€Court€Judge.€€She€was€correct€to€point€out€that€there€wasÐ $ À Ðno€evidence€to€justify€Judge€Sparksð ð€comments.€€Whether€or€not€the€commentsÐ ¼ X Ðreflected€ð ðan€unfortunate€social€realityð ð,€the€issue€was€whether€Judge€SparksÐ T ð Ðconsidered€factors€not€in€evidence€when€she€made€her€critical€findings€of€credibilityÐ ì ˆ Ðand€decided€to€acquit€the€accused.€€Judge€Sparks€used€her€general€comments€toÐ „ Ðconclude€that€Constable€Stienburg€overreacted.€€There€was€no€evidence€regarding€ð ðtheÐ ¸ Ðprevalent€attitude€of€the€dayð ð€or€the€reasons€why€the€officer€overreacted.€€ConcernsÐ ´ P Ðregarding€overreaction€were€not€canvassed€in€cross-examination€of€the€officer,€and€theÐ L è Ðofficer€had€no€opportunity€to€address€these€concerns€in€his€testimony.Ý ƒ Ñýb½ }½ ÝŒÐ ä € ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý  Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú83Ú ÚÛ € z S Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAs€a€result,€Flinn€J.A.€was€of€the€view€that€ð ð[t]he€unfortunate€use€of€theseÐ #° $ Ðgeneralizations,€by€the€Youth€Court€judgeð ð€would€lead€a€reasonable,€fully€informedÐ ¬$H & Ðperson€to€conclude€that€Judge€Sparks€had€based€her€findings€of€credibility€at€leastÐ D&à ( Ðpartially€on€the€basis€of€matters€not€in€evidence.€€This€was€unfair.€€The€appeal€wasÐ Ü'x!* Ðtherefore€dismissed.Ý ƒ Ñý  4 ݌Рt) #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý–Ä Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú84Ú ÚÛ € z T Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àFinally,€Flinn€J.A.€rejected€the€argument€that€Glube€C.J.S.C.€hadÐ ¤,@&0 Ðinappropriately€adopted€a€formal€equality€approach€to€the€question€of€reasonableÐ

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'1 Ðd terminant€pour€appr cier€lð ð tendue€de€la€comp tence€de€cet€organisme,€la€structureÐ 40¤(3 Ðquasi€judiciaire€du€TAQ,€d j €abord e€bri vement,€peut€t moigner€de€la€volont €duÐ  Ðl gislateur€de€conf rer€au€TAQ€le€pouvoir€dð ðexaminer€et€de€trancher€les€questionsÐ ( ˜ Ðconstitutionnelles.

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Ðpowers€necessary€for€the€performance€of€their€duties;€they€may,€in€particular,€make€anyÐ Ô)D"+ Ðorder€they€consider€appropriate€to€safeguard€the€rights€of€the€partiesð ð.€€The€respondentsÐ l+Ü#- Ðcite,€as€one€particular€manifestation€of€this€broad€remedial€power,€the€power€grantedÐ -t%/ Ðâ âunder€s.€107€of€the€ò òAct€respecting€administrative€justice€ó óto€make€a€motion€before€aÐ œ. '1 Ðmember€of€the€Tribunal€to€suspend€the€execution€of€a€contested€decision€by€reason€ofÐ  Ðurgency€or€serious€and€irreparable€harm:Ý ƒ _ ÑýbL }L ݌Р( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü X „ Ü ` " D “X Ü X „ Ü ö " ” •X ÓÓ Óà0 ` àò ò107.ó óà " àA€proceeding€before€the€Tribunal€does€not€suspend€the€execution€of€theÐ X È Ðcontested€decision,€unless€a€provision€of€law€provides€otherwise€or,€upon€aÐ $ ” Ðmotion€heard€and€judged€by€preference,€a€member€of€the€Tribunal€ordersÐ ð ` Ðotherwise€by€reason€of€urgency€or€of€the€risk€of€serious€and€irreparable€harm.Ð ¼ , ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà " àIf€the€law€provides€that€the€proceeding€suspends€the€execution€of€theÐ T Ä Ðdecision,€or€if€the€Tribunal€issues€such€an€order,€the€proceeding€shall€be€heardÐ  Ðand€judged€by€preference.Ó ÕP ÓÐ ì \ ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ _ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ _ Ñý³S Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú44Ú ÚÛ € z , Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àWe€are€in€substantial€agreement€with€the€respondents.€€On€the€question€ofÐ Œ Ðremedies,€the€appellants€correctly€point€out€that€the€Ô ‡ X ö– X X X F| ÔATQÔ # † X F| X X X ö–×T # Ô€cannot€issue€a€formalÐ ´ $ Ðdeclaration€of€invalidity.€This€is€not,€in€our€opinion,€a€reason€to€bypass€the€exclusiveÐ L ¼ Ðjurisdiction€of€the€Tribunal.€€As€this€Court€stated€in€ò òMartinó ó,€the€constitutional€remediesÐ ä T Ðavailable€to€administrative€tribunals€are€indeed€limited€and€do€not€include€generalÐ | ì Ðdeclarations€of€invalidity€(para.€31).€€Nor€is€a€determination€by€a€tribunal€that€a€particularÐ „ Ðprovision€is€invalid€pursuant€to€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€ó óbinding€on€future€decision€makers.€Ð ¬ ÐAs€Gonthier€J.€noted,€at€para.€31:€€ð ðOnly€by€obtaining€a€formal€declaration€of€invalidityÐ D ´ Ðby€a€court€can€a€litigant€establish€the€general€invalidity€of€a€legislative€provision€for€allÐ Ü!L ! Ðfuture€cases.ð ðÝ ƒ _ Ñý³S ÎS ݌Рt#ä # ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ _ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ _ Ñý¦X Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú45Ú ÚÛ € z - Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThat€said,€a€claimant€can€nevertheless€bring€a€case€involving€a€challenge€toÐ ¤& ' Ðthe€constitutionality€of€a€provision€before€the€Ô ‡ X ö– X X X F| ÔATQÔ # † X F| X X X ö–ÇY # Ô.€€If€the€Ô ‡ X ö– X X X F| ÔATQÔ # † X F| X X X ö– Z # Ô€finds€a€breach€of€theÐ

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Ðun€contexte€juridique€o €la€jurisprudence€de€notre€Cour€a€statu €quð ðil€faut€r server€laÐ Ô)D"+ Ðr paration€que€constitue€lð ðarr t€des€proc dures€aux€cas€les€plus€graves,€notamment€dansÐ l+Ü#- Ðles€situations€dð ðabus€de€la€part€de€la€poursuite€(ò òR.€c.€Reganó ó,€[2002]€1€R.C.S.€297,€2002Ð -t%/ ÐCSC€12,€par.53;ò ò€Canada€(Ministre€de€la€Citoyennet €et€de€lð ðImmigration)€c.€Tobiassó ó,Ð œ. '1 Ð[1997]€3€R.C.S.€391,€par.59;€ò òR.€c.€Oð ðConnoró ó,€[1995]€4€R.C.S.€411,€par.€59€et€68).Ý ƒ 0 Ñý›Y ¶Y ݌Р40¤(3 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýâ_ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àDð ðautre€part,€nous€avons€examin €r cemment€les€principes€d finissant€laÐ ( ˜ Ðnature€de€lð ðobligation€dð ðimpartialit €des€juges€et€encadrant€sa€mise€en€ð§ ðuvre€ Ð À 0 Ðlð ðoccasion€de€lð ðexamen€dð ðune€demande€visant€lð ðannulation€dð ðun€jugement€de€notreÐ X È ÐCour€(voir€ò òBande€indienne€Wewaykum€c.€Canadaó ó,€[2003]€2€R.C.S.€259,€2003€CSC€45).€Ð ð ` ÐLð ðobligation€dð ðimpartialit €exige€que€le€juge€aborde€tout€dossier€avec€un€esprit€ouvertÐ ˆ ø Ð(voir€par.€58).€€Une€pr somption€dð ðimpartialit €existe.€€Le€fardeau€de€la€preuveÐ  Ðappartient€ €la€partie€qui€soul ve€la€violation€r elle€ou€appr hend e€de€lð ðobligationÐ ¸ ( Ðdð ðimpartialit .€€Il€lui€faut€ tablir€soit€la€partialit €r elle,€soit€lð ðapparence€raisonnable€deÐ P À Ðpartialit .€€Dans€le€pr sent€cas,€la€situation€doit€sð ðappr cier€aussi€par€rapport€au€rð= ðle€etÐ è X Ðau€mode€de€fonctionnement€dð ðune€cour€coll giale€compos e€de€neuf€juges,€si geant€enÐ € ð Ðdernier€ressort€au€Canada.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýâ_ ý_ ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X ` ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓIV.à0 ž àò òApplication€des€principesó óÐ H ¸ ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X ` ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ e @ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÞe Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àComme€nous€lð ðavons€d j €soulign ,€lð ðabsence€de€fondement€de€la€requ teÐ x è Ðest€flagrant€en€fait€comme€en€droit.€€Dð ðabord,€lorsquð ðil€a€d cid €dð ðinterjeter€appel,€leÐ !€ Ðministre€de€la€Citoyennet €et€de€lð ðImmigration€a€exerc €un€recours€pr vu€par€la€loiÐ ¨" " Ðrelativement€ €une€question€dð ðint r t€public€et€il€a€obtenu€lð ðautorisation€dð ðengager€leÐ @$° $ Ðpourvoi.

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Їmotion€for€a€permanent€stay€of€proceedingsÐ  Ðò òÌà œ àPractice€ð" ð€Abuse€of€process€ð" ð€Motion€for€permanent€stay€of€proceedingsÐ À 0 Ðð" ð€Motion€alleging€Ministerð ðs€decision€to€appeal€strongly€influenced€by€certainÐ X È Ðorganizations€ð" ð€Appointment€to€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€of€judge€whose€spouseÐ ð ` Ðchaired€committee€of€one€of€these€organizations€ð" ð€Allegation€of€abuse€of€power€inÐ ˆ ø Ðrespect€of€this€appointment€ð" ð€Whether€permanent€stay€of€proceedings€should€beÐ  Ðgranted€owing€to€abuse€of€process.Ð ¸ ( ÐÌà œ àCourts€ð" ð€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€ð" ð€Bias€ð" ð€Voluntary€recusal€of€judgeÐ è X Ðwhose€spouse€chaired€committee€of€one€of€interveners€ð" ð€Whether€fact€that€thereÐ € ð Ðground€for€one€of€Courtð ðs€members€to€recuse€him€or€herself€compromises€impartialityÐ ˆ Ðof€entire€court.Ð ° Ðó óÌà œ àShortly€before€the€hearing€by€this€Court€of€an€appeal€from€a€decisionÐ à P Ðsetting€aside€an€order€to€deport€M€and€members€of€his€family,€counsel€for€M€filed€aÐ x è Ðmotion€for€a€permanent€stay€of€proceedings.€€The€motion€was€based€on€two€grounds:Ð !€ Ðan€alleged€abuse€of€power€by€the€then€Minister€of€Citizenship€and€Immigration€and€theÐ ¨" " Ðcurrent€Minister€of€Justice,€and€an€apprehension€of€bias€on€the€part€of€this€Court€as€aÐ @$° $ Ðwhole.€€It€is€alleged€that,€strongly€influenced€by€Jewish€individuals€and€organizations,Ð Ø%H & Ðthe€Ministers€decided€to€appeal€the€Federal€Court€of€Appealð ðs€judgment€and€have€MÐ p'à ( Ðdeported€at€all€costs.€€To€this€end,€the€current€Minister€of€Justice€allegedly€plotted€toÐ )x!* Ðhave€one€of€the€two€new€members€of€the€Court€appointed.€€Despite€the€voluntaryÐ  * #, Ðrecusal€of€the€judge€in€question,€it€is€also€alleged€that€the€mere€presence€on€the€CourtÐ 8,¨$. Ðâ âof€a€judge€whose€spouse€chaired€the€War€Crimes€Committee€of€the€Canadian€JewishÐ Ð-@&0 ÐCongress,€an€intervener€in€the€case€at€bar,€would€impair€the€ability€of€the€balance€ofÐ  Ðits€members€to€remain€impartial.Ð ( ˜ Ðâ âÌà œ àò òHeldó ó:The€motion€should€be€dismissed.Ð X È ÐÌà œ àThe€motion€is€unacceptable€from€every€point€of€view.€€It€constitutes€anÐ ˆ ø Ðunqualified€and€abusive€attack€on€the€integrity€of€the€judges€of€the€Court€andÐ  Ðsystematically€refers€to€irresponsible€innuendo.€€The€only€abuse€of€process€from€thisÐ ¸ ( Ðmotion€lies€at€the€feet€of€M€and€his€counsel.€€The€Minister€availed€himself€of€aÐ P À Ðrecourse€provided€for€by€law€in€respect€of€a€matter€of€public€policy€and€was€grantedÐ è X Ðleave€to€appeal.€€This€decision€was€m

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€€Il€a€ galement€reconnu€que€le€juge€deÐ œ Ðlð ðenqu te€pr liminaire€nð ðest€pas€autoris € €appr cier€la€cr dibilit €et€la€fiabilit ,€et€que,Ð 4 ¸ Ðlorsque€plusieurs€inf rences€peuvent€r sulter€de€la€preuve,€il€ne€faut€consid rer€que€cellesÐ Ì P Ðfavorables€au€minist re€public.

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Ðall€the€evidence€has€been€takenð ð€the€judge€shall:Ý ƒ % ÑýR` m` ÝŒÐ Ô X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(ò òaó ó)€if€in€his€opinion€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€put€the€accused€on€trialÐ ˆ Ðfor€the€offence€charged€or€any€other€indictable€offence€in€respect€of€theÐ Ð T Ðsame€transaction,€order€the€accused€to€stand€trial;Ó ·a ÓÐ œ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý c Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIf€there€is€sufficient€evidence€upon€which€a€reasonable€and€properlyÐ Ì P Ðinstructed€jury€could€convict,€the€preliminary€inquiry€judge€must€commit€the€accusedÐ d è Ðto€trial:€€see€ò òUnited€States€of€America€v.€Shephardó ó,€[1977]€2€S.C.R.€1067,€at€p.€1080.€Ð ü!€ ÐThus,€where€the€Crown€has€adduced€direct€evidence€on€all€the€elements€of€the€offence,Ð ”# " Ðthe€preliminary€inquiry€judge€must€commit€the€accused€to€trial€even€if€the€defenceÐ ,%° $ Ðproffers€exculpatory€evidence:€€see€ò òR.€v.€Arcurió ó,€[2001]€2€S.C.R.€828,€2001€SCC€54,Ð Ä&H & Ðat€para.€29.€€It€is,€however,€a€jurisdictional€error€for€a€preliminary€inquiry€judge€toÐ \(à ( Ðcommit€an€accused€to€trial€where€there€is€no€evidence€on€an€essential€element€of€theÐ ô)x!* Ðcharge:€€seeò ò€Skogmanó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€104.Ý ƒ % Ñý c c ݌РŒ+ #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýJg Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAs€for€the€discharge€of€an€accused,€s.€548(1)€directs€that€the€preliminaryÐ ¼.@&0 Ðinquiry€judge€shall:Ý ƒ % ÑýJg eg ݌РT0Ø'2 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(ò òbó ó)€discharge€the€accused,€if€in€his€opinion€on€the€whole€of€the€evidence€noÐ ˜ Ðsufficient€case€is€made€out€to€put€the€accused€on€trial€for€the€offenceÐ à d Ðcharged€or€any€other€indictable€offence€in€respect€of€the€same€transaction.Ó ‡h ÓÐ ¬ 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýéi Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€preliminary€inquiry€judge€in€this€appeal,€Moore€J.,€correctly€stated€theÐ Ü ` Ðtest€for€committal€and€the€corresponding€onus€that€falls€on€the€Crown.€€He€alsoÐ t ø Ðrecognized€that€a€preliminary€inquiry€judge€is€not€permitted€to€assess€credibility€orÐ  Ðreliability,€and€that€where€more€than€one€inference€can€be€drawn€from€the€evidence,Ð ¤ ( Ðonly€the€inferences€that€favour€the€Crown€are€to€be€considered.€€A€preliminary€inquiryÐ

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/ ݌РÔ)D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÔ' ` ¤&ì. ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý 1 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àNous€sommes€dð ðavis€dð ðappliquer€au€juge€du€proc s€en€lð ðesp ce€les€proposÐ -t%/ Ðque€le€juge€Rothman,€dissident€quant€au€r sultat,€a€tenus€dans€lð ðarr t€de€la€Cour€dð ðappelÐ œ. '1 Ðdu€Qu bec€ò òR.€c.€C.€(R.)ó ó€(1993),€81€C.C.C.€(3d)€417,€p.€420€:€Ý ƒ % Ñý 1 "1 ݌Р40¤(3 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àà ø à[ò òtraductionó ó]€€Je€ne€vois€rien€qui€indique€que€[le€juge€du€proc s]€nð ðaÐ ( ˜ Ðpas€tenu€compte€des€questions€pertinentes€ò òou€que€son€appr ciation€de€laÐ ô d Ðpreuve€ tait€erron e€au€point€de€pouvoir€influer€sur€lð ðissue€de€lð ðaffaireó ó.Ó ì2 ÓÐ À 0 « Ð « Ð ÐÌJe€souligne€le€dernier€membre€de€phrase.

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Ðhe€described€the€injury€to€Colville€as€ð ðlife€threateningð ð.€€The€fact€is€thatÐ )x!* Ðfracture€injury€to€the€orbital€area€of€the€face€is€serious€and€can€be€lifeÐ Ô)D"+ Ðthreatening.Ó ÓÐ  * #, « Ð « Ð ÐÌFurther€along€in€the€same€paragraph€Hall€J.A.€states:€Ð Ð-@&0 ÐÐ h/Ø'2 ÐÓ Óà0 « àThe€essential€ingredients€of€this€offence€are€contained€in€that€definition€[thatÐ  Ðis€to€say€s.268(1)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó]€and€by€that€definition,€there€can€beÐ \ Ì Ðno€doubt€but€what€happened€to€Colville€was,€at€the€very€least,€maiming€orÐ ( ˜ Ðdisfiguring.Ó õ! ÓÐ ô d « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý# Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€the€course€of€his€argument,€the€appellant€mentioned€a€number€of€otherÐ $ ” Ðalleged€errors€and€inconsistencies€in€the€trial€judgment€including€his€view€that€the€trialÐ ¼ , Ðjudge€had€not€adequately€recognized€the€inconsistencies€in€the€complainantsð ð€evidence.€Ð T Ä ÐHowever,€what€the€trial€judge€said€was€that€there€were€no€ð ðmajorð ð€inconsistencies€in€theirÐ ì \ Ðevidence,€a€conclusion€with€which€we€agree.€€In€any€event€he€evidently€did€not€considerÐ „ ô Ðthe€inconsistencies,€which€he€recognized,€to€be€fatal€to€the€complainantsð ð€credibility€onÐ Œ Ðthe€material€issues€in€dispute.Ý ƒ % Ñý# œ# ݌Р´ $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýö& Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€our€view,€none€of€the€errors€urged€by€the€appellant€goes€to€ð ðthe€substanceÐ ä T Ðof€material€partsð ð€of€the€evidence€that€bears€on€an€ð ðessential€part€in€the€reasoningÐ | ì Ðprocessð ð€of€the€trial€judge€leading€to€the€convictions.€€Ý ƒ % Ñýö& ' ݌Р„ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÏ( Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àWe€would€apply€to€the€trial€judge€in€this€case€what€was€stated€by€RothmanÐ D ´ ÐJ.A.,€dissenting€in€the€result,€in€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òR.€v.€C.€(R.)€ó ó(1993),€81Ð Ü!L ! ÐC.C.C.€(3d)€417,€where€he€said€at€p.€420:€Ý ƒ % ÑýÏ( ê( ݌Рt#ä # ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àà ø àI€can€see€no€indication€that€[the€trial€judge]€failed€to€direct€himself€to€theÐ ¤& ' Ðrelevant€issues€ò òor€that€he€erred€in€his€appreciation€of€the€evidence€in€aÐ p'à ( Ðmanner€that€could€have€affected€the€outcomeó ó.Ó ”* ÓÐ

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Ðquelques€notions€fondamentales€de€droit€des€biens€parað3 ðt€utile€pour€d finir€la€nature€desÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprobl mes€en€cause,€qualifier€correctement€les€droits€des€parties€et€appr cier€la€validit Ð l+Ü#- Ðdes€solutions€propos es€pour€r soudre€les€difficult s€que€posent€ces€dossiers.Ý ƒ % Ñý¶‹ Ñ‹ ݌Р-t%/ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ œ. '1 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý  Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àLð ðentr e€en€vigueur€du€ò òCode€civil€du€Qu bec€ó óa€marqu €une€ tape€importanteÐ  Ðâ âdans€lð ð volution€du€droit€des€sðE ðret s€r elles€du€Qu bec€(L.€Payette,€ò òLes€sðE ðret s€r ellesÐ ( ˜ Ðdans€le€Code€civil€du€Qu bec€ó ó(2ò òeó ó€ d.€2001)).€€Le€l gislateur€a€alors€r organis €cette€partieÐ À 0 Ðdu€droit€civil.€€Il€lð ða€d sormais€structur e€principalement€autour€dð ðun€type€de€sðE ðret ,Ð X È Ðlð ðhypoth que,€applicable€aux€biens€mobiliers€ou€immobiliers,€bien€quð ðil€ait€aussi€reconnuÐ ð ` Ðun€autre€type€de€droit,€la€priorit ,€pour€prot ger€certains€types€de€cr ances,€comme€leÐ ˆ ø Ðpr voit€lð ðart.€2647€C.c.Q.€(Voir€Payette,ò ò€op.€cit.ó ó,€p.€2„3€et€€59.)€€Cette€solution€ cartait€laÐ  Ðpr somption€dð ðhypoth que€recommand e€par€lð ðOffice€de€r vision€du€Code€civil€qui€auraitÐ ¸ ( Ðenglob €toutes€les€formes€de€sðE ðret s,€y€compris€les€ð ðsðE ðret s„propri t sð ðò ò€ó ódans€le€seulÐ P À Ðconceptò ò€ó ódð ðhypoth que€€(ò òRapport€sur€le€Code€civil€du€Qu becó ó€(1978),€vol.€II,€t.€1,€p.€431„Ð è X Ð435).€€Cette€proposition€avait€en€effet€soulev €de€fortes€objections€et€de€nombreusesÐ € ð Ðcritiques.€€(Voir€Payette,€ò òop.€cit.ó ó,€p.60-64;€R.A.€Macdonald,€ð ð€Faut„il€sð ðassurer€quð ðonÐ ˆ Ðappelle€un€chat€un€chat?€Observations€sur€la€m thodologie€l gislative€ €traversÐ ° Ðlð ð num ration€limitative€des€sðE ðret s,€ð ðla€pr somption€dð ðhypoth queð ð€et€le€principe€deÐ H ¸ Ðð ðlð ðessence€de€lð ðop rationð ð€ð ð,€dans€ò òM langes€Germain€Bri reó ó€(1993),€527;€voir€aussiò òÐ à P ÐCommentaires€du€ministre€de€la€Justiceó ó€(1993),€t.€II,€p.€1654.)€€Ainsi,€au€lieu€dð ðaccepterÐ x è Ðdð ðorganiser€le€droit€des€sðE ðret s€r elles€autour€de€ce€concept€de€pr somptionÐ !€ Ðdð ðhypoth que,€le€l gislateur€qu b cois€a€mis€en€place€un€r gime€simplifi €et€unifi €deÐ ¨" " ÐsðE ðret s,€qui€maintenait€toutefois€la€distinction€fondamentale€entre€les€notions€de€sðE ðret Ð @$° $ Ðet€de€propri t €dans€le€domaine€de€la€constitution€et€de€la€mise€en€ð§ ðuvre€des€garantiesÐ Ø%H & Ðr elles.Ý ƒ % Ñý  - ݌Рp'à ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý÷˜ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àCette€disti

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` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà ø àò ò2941.ó óà 8 àPublication€of€rights€allows€them€to€be€set€up€against€thirdÐ Ô)D"+ Ðpersons,€establishes€their€rank€and,€where€the€law€so€provides,€gives€themÐ  * #, Ðeffect.Ð l+Ü#- ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà ø àRights€produce€their€effects€between€the€parties€even€beforeÐ -t%/ Ðpublication,€unless€the€law€expressly€provides€otherwise.Ð Ð-@&0 ` Ð ` Ð Ðâ âÓ èn ÓÐ œ. '1 ÐÔ& ø Ôâ âV.ò òAnalysisó óÐ  ÐÌA.ò òIssuesó óÐ À 0 ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýiv Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThese€casesÔ' ø  v Ô€raise€issues€relating€to€the€interplay€between€Quebec€civil€lawÐ ð ` Ðand€federal€bankruptcy€and€insolvency€legislation.€€It€will€be€necessary€to€review€theÐ ˆ ø Ðlegal€characterization€of€certain€movable€real€rights€created€under€the€ò òCivil€Code€ofÐ  ÐQu bec€ó óand€the€role€and€powers€of€trustees€in€bankruptcy€in€the€exercise€of€thoseÐ ¸ ( Ðrights.€€This€part€of€the€analysis€requires€that€we€revisit€the€interpretation€of€theÐ P À Ðprovisions€of€the€ò òCivil€Code€of€Qu becó ó,€art.1852€C.C.Q.€in€particular,€to€determineÐ è X Ðwhether€the€trustee€may€be€considered€a€third€person€in€relation€to€the€lessor€for€theÐ € ð Ðpurposes€of€that€provision.€€To€do€this,€we€will€first€consider€the€nature€of€the€rightsÐ ˆ Ðin€issue€and€the€scope€and€effect€of€the€requirement€to€publish€them€in€the€RPMRR.€Ð ° ÐNext,€we€will€review€the€status€of€the€trustee€to€determine€whether€the€trustee€may€setÐ H ¸ Ðup€the€failure€to€publish€the€rights€against€the€lessor€of€the€movable€property.€€In€short,Ð à P Ðit€must€be€asked€whether€a€long-term€lessor€of€a€motor€vehicle€has€rights€equivalentÐ x è Ðto€a€security€and€whether€those€rights€must€be€published.€It€must€then€be€asked€whetherÐ !€ Ðthe€trustee€is€in€the€position€of€a€third€person€and€whether€he€or€she€may€rely€on€theÐ ¨" " Ðfailure€to€publish€the€rights€to€defeat€the€claim€for€the€property.Ý ƒ % Ñýiv „v ݌Р@$° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È ÔB.ò òSubmissions€of€the€Partiesó óÐ p'à ( ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¥} Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThe€appellantÔ' È p'_} Ôs€adopted€a€common€position€in€these€appeals.€€TheirÐ  * #, Ðarguments€can€be€summed€up€in€a€few€basic€propositions.€€The€first€is€that€the€signingÐ 8,¨$. Ðof€a€long-term€lease€does€not€reduce€the€lessorð ðs€right€of€ownership€to€a€simpleÐ Ð-@&0 Ðsecurity.€€The€lessorð ðs€right€remains€one€of€ownership,€not€one€resulting€from€the€leaseÐ h/Ø'2 Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€art.1852€C.C.Q.€€This€right€is€therefore€not€subject€to€theÐ  Ðpublication€requirement

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16€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€ne€[ò òtraductionó ó]€ð ðmetÐ Ô P Ð[pas]€ €ex cutionð ð€le€r sultat€du€r f rendum€tenu€ €Winkler€en€1998,€et€que,€parÐ l è Ðcons quent,€la€question€de€la€constitutionnalit €de€la€mesure€l gislative€doit€ tre€appr ci eÐ "€ Ðind pendamment€de€ce€r f rendum.€€Ils€ont€fait€observer€que€lð ðart.16€ne€mentionne€pasÐ œ# " Ðexplicitement€le€r f rendum€de€1998,€et€quð ðau€par.

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Ðenumerated;€that€is€to€say,€ð" ðÐ „ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ   ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à13.€€Property€and€Civil€Rights€in€the€Province.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ Ð"L ! ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à16.€€Generally€all€Matters€of€a€merely€local€or€private€Nature€in€theÐ h$ä # ÐProvince.Ó ÓÐ 4%° $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€FreedomsÐ d(à ( ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àó óò ò2.ó ó€€Everyone€has€the€following€fundamental€freedoms:Ð ”+ #, ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ ,-¨$. ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(ò òbó ó)€freedom€of€thought,€belief,€opinion€and€expression,€includingÐ Ä.@&0 Ðfreedom€of€the€press€and€other€media€of€communicationÐ / '1 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÐ \0Ø'2 Ðà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌÌà0 œ àà ø àò ò7.ó ó€€Everyone€has€the€right€to€life,€liberty€and€security€of€the€person€andÐ è d Ðthe€right€not€to€be€deprived€thereof€except€in€accordance€with€the€principlesÐ ´ 0 Ðof€fundamental€justice.Ð € ü œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àò ò15.ó ó€(1)€Every€individual€is€equal€before€and€under€the€law€and€has€theÐ ” Ðright€to€the€equal€protection€and€equal€benefit€of€the€law€withoutÐ ä ` Ðdiscrimination€and,€in€particular,€without€discrimination€based€on€race,Ð ° , Ðnational€or€ethnic€origin,€colour,€religion,€sex,€age€or€mental€or€physicalÐ | ø Ðdisability.Ó ÓÐ H Ä œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌIV.€€ò òJudgments€BelowÐ x ô ÐÌó óA.€€ò òó óò òManitoba€Court€of€Queenð ðs€Benchó ó,€[2001]€2€W.W.R.€491,€2000€MBQB€140Ð ¨ $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýØl Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€March€2000,€Hamilton€J.€heard€arguments€on€a€motion€to€have€certainÐ Ø T Ðquestions€of€law€determined€before€trial€on€Sie„Corð ðs€ò òcertiorarió ó€application.€€At€issueÐ p ì Ðwas€whether€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó,€either€as€a€whole€or€s.€16€in€particular,€was€ò òultra€viresó ó€theÐ „ Ðprovincial€legislature€as€an€invasion€into€the€federal€governmentð ðs€criminal€law€power,Ð   Ðand€whether€s.€16€violated€ss.€2(ò òbó ó),€6,€7,€and€15(1)€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€It€was€also€argued€thatÐ 8!´ Ðthe€legislation€constituted€prohibited€discrimination€under€the€Manitoba€ò òHuman€RightsÐ Ð"L ! ÐCodeó ó,€S.M.€1987„88,€c.€45.€€Hamilton€J.€rejected€all€the€appellantsð ð€claims.Ý ƒ % ÑýØl ól ݌Рh$ä # ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý”p Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€dismissing€the€division€of€powers€argument,€Hamilton€J.€relied€on€ò òR.€v.Ð ˜' ' ÐFurtneyó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€89.€€That€case€held€that€gaming€was€a€matter€within€the€ð ðdoubleÐ 0)¬ ) Ðaspectð ð€doctrine,€such€that€both€Parliament€and€the€provincial€legislatures€hadÐ È*D"+ Ðju

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€--€Le€juge€du€proc s€a-t-ilÐ ù ˜ Ðcommis€une€erreur€dans€son€appr ciation€de€la€mens€rea€de€lð ðinfraction?€--€DansÏlð ðaffirmative,€devrait„on€inscrire€une€d claration€de€culpabilit €€ou€ordonner€un€nouveauÏproc s?

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¡j ÓÌà „ àÝ ‚ ³¹ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ³¹âk ÝÔ2 *e ÔÚ Ú13Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 Ü àÝ Ý€à ž àà œ àà ø àThe€positions€of€the€parties€on€this€point€can€be€easily€summarized.€Ð } ÐThe€appellant€has€submitted€that€the€wording€of€the€section€is€quite€clear€and€shouldÏnot€be€deviated€from.€€In€order€for€the€Crown€to€prove€the€ò òmens€reaó ó€required€by€theÐ ­ L ! Ðsection,€it€must€establish€nothing€more€than€that€an€accused€possessed€an€intentionÏto€commit€the€acts€therein,€combined€with€a€knowledge€of€all€relevant€circumstances.€ÏOn€the€other€hand,€the€respondent€submits€that€s.€121(1)(ò òaó ó)€requires€a€finding€ofÐ u% ' Ðð ðcorruptionð ð,€and€that€the€Crown€must€establish€that€an€accused€received€the€benefitÐ '¬ ) Ðò òas€a€result€of€his€or€her€position€as€government€employeeó ó.€€The€employee€must€alsoÐ ¥(D"+ Ðknow€that€this€was€the€reason€why€the€benefit€was€conferred.€€Additionally,€it€wasÏargued€that€absent€this€mental€element,€the€crime€would€be€one€of€strict€liability.Ý ƒ ³¹âk l ÝŒÐ Ü Ð Ü Ð Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ m- '1 Ðà „ àÝ ‚ ³¹ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ³¹¨p ÝÔ2 *e ÔÚ Ú14Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 Ü àÝ Ý€à ž àà œ àà ø àI€shall€deal€with€the€last€point€first,€as€I€believe€it€is€the€most€easilyÐ a Ðâ âdisposed€of.€As€I€recently€stated€for€a€majority€of€the€Court€in€ò òR.€v.€Hincheyó ó,€[1996]Ð ù ˜ Ð3€S.C.R.€1128,€at€para.€3,€it€is€clear€that€an€intention€to€commit€a€prohibited€actÏcombined€with€knowledge€of€the€relevant€circumstances€is€an€accepted€form€ofÏcriminal€œculpabilityÔ CE. , US. , k ÔÔ # † X Õ¼ X X X ï.ÿj # ÔÔ ‡ X Õ¼ X X X Õ¼ Ô,›€and€that€this€should€not€be€equated€with€a€strict€liability€offence:Ý ƒ ³¹¨p Óp ݌РÁ ` Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ US. , CE. , ÔÓ Óà0 ž àà0 œ ž Ð ž Ð àQuite€simply,€this€offence€cannot€be€one€of€strict€liability€as€it€requires€aÏò òbona€fideó ó€mental€element.€€At€a€minimum,€the€charge€given€to€the€juryÐ ½ \ Ðrequired€they€find€that€the€appellant€possessed€an€intention€to€commit€aÏprohibited€act,€while€having€subjective€knowledge€of€the€circumstances.€€AsÏDoherty€J.A.€recognized€when€dealing€with€this€very€offence€in€ò òR.€v.Ð ! À ÐGreenwoodó ó€(1991),€8€C.R.€(4th)€235€(Ont.€C.A.),€at€pp.€255„56:Ð í Œ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÓ ßs ÓÓ ÓÌà0 ž àà0 œ ž Ð ž Ð àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà Ü àA€conscious€choice€to€perform€a€prohibited€act,€combined€withÏknowledge€that€all€or€at€least€some€of€the€relevant€circumstances€exist,Ïis€a€well„recognized€form€of€criminal€culpability:€see€ò òR.€v.€SaultÐ ¼ ÐSte.Marie€(Cityó ó),€supra,€at€p.€1324€œ(S.C.R.).€.€.ñ = ñ€ñ = ñ;›€A.€W.€Mewett€andÐ é ˆ ÐM.Manning,€ò òCriminal€Lawó 󀄄€2d.€ed.€(Toro

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Ðet€de€92€mg,€ð ð€on€comprend€facilement€que€les€policiers€Ô_ Ônð ðaientÔ_ Ô€pas€not €chez€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ ÔÐ Ô)D"+ Ðde€symptð= ðmes€physiques€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðeffetÔ_ Ô€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðalcoolÔ_ Ô€autres€que€Ô_ Ôlð ðodeurÔ_ Ô€d gag e€par€sonÐ l+Ü#- Ðhaleineð ð€(par.€32).€Il€conclut€ainsi€:Ý ƒ 0 ÑýP„ k„ ݌Р-t%/ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ œ. '1 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àLa€juge€Ô_ Ôdð ðinstanceÔ_ Ô€ayant€ cart €le€t moignage€de€Ô_ ÔBoucherÔ_ Ô€sans€que€leÐ  Ðâ âjuge€de€la€Cour€sup rieure€d c le€Ô_ Ôdð ðerreurÔ_ Ô€manifeste€dans€son€appr ciationÐ \ Ì Ðde€la€preuve,€la€preuve€Ô_ Ôdð ðexpertÔ_ Ô€ne€permet€donc€pas€de€soulever€un€douteÐ ( ˜ Ðraisonnable€pour€repousser€les€pr somptions€Ô_ Ôdð ðexactitudeÔ_ Ô€et€Ô_ Ôdð ðidentit .Ô_ ÔÐ ô d ÐÔ_ Ô[par.50]Ô_ ÔÓ Œ‡ ÓÐ À 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý_Š Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àPuis,€se€fondant€sur€Ô_ Ôlð ðarr tÔ_ Ô€ò òR.€c.€Ô_ ÔLatourÔ_ Ôó ó€(1997),€116€Ô_ ÔC.C.C.Ô_ Ô€(3d)€279,€de€laÐ ð ` ÐCour€Ô_ Ôdð ðappelÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôde€lð ðOntarioò òó ó,Ô_ Ô€il€estime€que,€sans€preuve€de€la€tol rance€de€M.€Boucher€ Ð ˆ ø ÐÔ_ Ôlð ðalcool,Ô_ Ô€Ô_ Ôlð ðabsenceÔ_ Ô€de€symptð= ðmes€physiques€autres€que€Ô_ Ôlð ðodeurÔ_ Ô€d gag e€par€son€haleineÐ  Ðne€constitue€pas€une€preuve€contraire€permettant€de€repousser€les€pr somptions€ dict esÐ ¸ ( Ðpar€le€ò òCode€crimineló ó.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý_Š zŠ ݌РP À ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý Ž Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLa€poursuite€se€pourvoit€devant€notre€Cour.€€Elle€plaide€que€la€juge€de€laÐ € ð ÐCour€municipale€Ô_ Ônð ðaÔ_ Ô€pas€commis€Ô_ Ôdð ðerreurÔ_ Ô€de€droit€en€ne€retenant€pas€le€t moignage€deÐ ˆ ÐÔ_ Ôlð ðexpertÔ_ Ô€ €titre€de€preuve€contraire,€puisque€ce€t moignage€est€fond €sur€celui€deÐ ° ÐM.Boucher,€lequel€Ô_ Ônð ðavaitÔ_ Ô€pas€ t €retenu.€€Ô_ ÔSð ðappuyantÔ_ Ô€sur€les€motifs€du€juge€Ô_ ÔRothmanÔ_ Ô,Ð H ¸ ÐM.€Boucher€r it re€que€la€juge€de€la€Cour€municipale€a€fait€erreur€en€ne€retenant€pas€sonÐ à P Ðt moignage.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý Ž !Ž ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ_ ÔÔ # † X ã4 X X X ã4ð~ # ÔÔ ‡ X ã4 X X X ã4 ÔÓ Ü , ‚X S ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ó1.Ô_ ÔÔ_ Ôà0 S àò òAnalyseó óÔ # † X ã4 X X X ã4å‘ # ÔÔ ‡ X ã4 X X X ã4 ÔÔ_ ÔÐ ¨" " S Ð S Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X S ø Ü 8 ¼ ’ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý-“ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àCompte€tenu€du€renvoi€ €Ô_ Ôlð ðal.Ô_ Ô€258(1)ò òcó ó)€ò òC.€Ô_ ÔcrÔ_ Ô.ó ó€Ô # † X ã4 X X X ã4ž’ # ÔÔ ‡ X ã4 X X X ã4 Ôdans€Ô_ Ôlð ðopinionÔ_ Ô€du€juge€Ô_ ÔRothmanÔ_ ÔÐ Ø%H & ÐÔ # † X ã4 X X X ã4]” # ÔÔ ‡ X ã4 X X X ã4 Ôet€de€la€mention€des€deux€pr somptions€du€ò òCode€crimineló ó€dans€cel

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Ðthan€he€stated€are€evidence€that€raises€a€reasonable€doubt,€and€the€appellantÐ )x!* Ðshould€have€been€given€the€benefit€of€that€doubt.Ó ¦^ ÓÐ Ô)D"+ œ Ð œ Ð Ðà œ à([2001]€Q.J.€No.4670€(QL),€at€paras.€23„24)Ð l+Ü#- Ðâ âÐ -t%/ ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýõb Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€prosecution€appealed€to€the€Court€of€Appeal.€€The€appeal€was€limitedÐ  Ðto€one€question€of€law:€whether€the€Superior€Court€could€accept€the€expertð ðs€testimonyÐ ( ˜ Ðwhen€there€was€no€credible€evidence€of€the€facts€on€which€the€opinion€was€based.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýõb c ݌РÀ 0 Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýäd Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€three€judges€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€wrote€separate€reasons€([2004]Ð ð ` ÐR.J.Q.423).€€RothmanJ.A.€was€of€the€opinion€that€the€case€concerned€the€nature€of€theÐ ˆ ø Ðevidence€to€the€contrary€required€under€s.258(1)(ò òcó ó)€ò òCr.C.ó ó€to€rebut€the€presumption€asÐ  Ðto€the€accuracy€of€the€blood€analysis€certificate.€€He€concluded€that€the€Municipal€CourtÐ ¸ ( Ðjudge€had€applied€the€wrong€standard€of€proof€to€the€question€of€what€constitutesÐ P À Ðevidence€to€the€contrary€under€s.258(1)(ò òcó ó)€ò òCr.C.ó ó€€In€his€opinion,€regardless€of€whetherÐ è X Ðor€not€the€Municipal€Court€judge€believed€Mr.Boucher€as€regards€his€consumption,€theÐ € ð Ðevidence€as€a€whole€had€to€be€taken€into€consideration.€€Citing€the€principles€set€out€inÐ ˆ Ðò òR.€v.€W.(D.)ó ó,€[1991]€1S.C.R.742,€he€reached€the€following€conclusion:Ý ƒ 0 Ñýäd ÿd ݌Р° ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à...the€evidence€of€the€accused€together€with€the€evidence€of€the€expertÐ à P Ðwitness€coupled€with€the€absence€of€any€symptoms€of€impairment€other€thanÐ ¬ Ða€smell€of€alcohol€on€the€breath€of€the€accused,€as€well€as€the€relatively€lowÐ x è Ðlevel€of€alcohol€recorded€in€the€certificate€of€analysis€were€sufficient€to€raiseÐ D ´ Ða€reasonable€doubt€that€the€accused€was€driving€while€he€had€a€level€ofÐ !€ Ðalcohol€in€his€blood€exceeding€the€level€permitted€by€law.Ó `i Ó€[para.28]Ð Ü!L ! œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÛk Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€the€use€of€the€expert€evidence,€BeauregardJ.A.€disagreed€with€theÐ %| % ÐSuperior€Court€and€RothmanJ.A.€€He€was€of€the€opinion€that€the€expert€could€not€helpÐ ¤& ' Ðin€assessing€the€plausibility€of€Mr.Boucherð ðs€testimony.€€He€agreed€with€Rothman€J.A.ð ðsÐ

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€€Ces€circonstances,€appr ci es€en€regard€de€lð ðavantageÐ ô  Ðhypoth tique€que€le€Parlement€pourrait€tirer€dð ðune€r ponse,€indiquent€que€la€Cour€doitÐ Œ ( Ðrefuser€de€r pondre€ €la€Question4.Ð $ À ÐÌÔ&  Ôò òJurisprudenceó óÐ T ð ÐÌà œ àò òArr ts€appliqu s€:ó ó€ò òIn€Re€Marriage€Lawsó ó€(1912),€46€R.C.S.€132;€ò òEdwardsÐ „ Ðc.

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Ðshould€decline€to€answer€Question4.€Ð Ô/p)4 ÐÔ&  Ôò òCases€Citedó óÐ d ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó ó€€ò òIn€Re€Marriage€Lawsó ó€(1912),€46€S.C.R.€132;€ò òEdwards€v.€Attorney„Ð ” 0 ÐGeneral€for€Canadaó ó,€[1930]€A.C.€124;€€ò ònot€followed:ó ó€€ò òHyde€v.€Hydeó ó€(1866),€L.R.€1€P.Ð , È Ð&€D.€130;€€ò òreferred€to:€ó ó€ò òReference€re€Canada€Assistance€Plan€(B.C.)ó ó,€[1991]€2€S.C.R.Ð Ä ` ÐÔ'  d u1 Ô525;€ò òReference€re€Objection€by€Quebec€to€a€Resolution€to€Amend€the€Constitutionó ó,Ð \ ø Ð[1982]€2€S.C.R.€793;€ò òReference€re€Secession€of€Quebecó ó,€[1998]€2€S.C.R.€217;€ò òR.€v.Ð ô  ÐHydro„Qu becó ó,€[1997]€3€S.C.R.€213;ò òó ó€ò òTeagle€v.€Teagleó ó,€[1952]€3€D.L.R.€843;€ò òHellens€v.Ð Œ ( ÐDensmoreó ó,€[1957]€S.C.R.€768;€ò òToronto€Corporation€v.€Bell€Telephone€Co.€of€Canadaó ó,Ð $ À Ð[1905]€A.C.€52;€ò òProprietary€Articles€Trade€Association€v.€Attorney„General€for€Canadaó ó,Ð ¼ X Ð[1931]€A.C.€310;€ò òR.€v.€Blaisó ó,€[2003]€2€S.C.R.€236,€2003€SCC€44;€ò òAttorney„General€ofÐ T ð ÐSaskatchewan€v.€Attorney„General€of€Canadaó ó,€[1949]€2€D.L.R.€145;€ò òAttorney„GeneralÐ ì ˆ Ðfor€Ontario€v.€Attorney„General€for€Canadaó ó,€[1912]€A.C.€571;€ò òAttorney„General€forÐ „ ÐCanada€v.€Attorney„General€for€Ontarioó ó,€[1937]€A.C.€326;€ò òR.€v.€Big€M€Drug€Mart€Ltd.ó ó,Ð ¸ Ð[1985]€1€S.C.R.€295;€ò òEGALE€Canada€Inc.€v.€Canada€(Attorney€General)ó ó€(2003),€225Ð ´ P ÐD.L.R.€(4th)€472,€2003€BCCA€251;€ò òHalpern€v.€Canada€(Attorney€General)ó ó€(2003),€65Ð L è ÐO.R.€(3d)€161;€ò òHendricks€v.€Qu bec€(Procureur€g n ral)ó ó,€[2002]€R.J.Q.€2506;€ò òLaw€v.Ð ä € ÐCanada€(Minister€of€Employment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€497;€ò òTrinityÐ |! " ÐWestern€University€v.€British€Columbia€College€of€Teachersó ó,€[2001]€1€S.C.R.€772,€2001Ð #° $ ÐSCC€31;€ò òRoss€v.€New€Brunswick€School€District€No.€15ó ó,€[1996]€1€S.C.R.€825;€ò òDagenaisÐ ¬$H & Ðv.€Canadian€Broadcasting€Corp.ó ó,€[1994]€3€S.C.R.€835;€ò òMacKay€v.€Manitobaó ó,€[1989]€2Ð D&à ( ÐS.C.R.€357;ò òó ó€ò òReference€re€Goods€and€Services€Taxó ó,€[1992]€2€S.C.R.€445;€ò òReference€reÐ Ü'x!* ÐRemuneration€of€Judges€of€the€Provincial€Court€of€Prince€Edward€Islandó ó,€[1997]€3Ð t) #, ÐS.C.R.€3;€ò òReference€re€Authority€of€Parliament€in€relation€to€the€Upper€Houseó ó,€[1980]Ð +¨$. Ð1€S.C.R.€54;€ò òDunbar€v.€Yukonó ó,€[2004]€Y.J.€No.€61€(QL),€2004€YKSC€54;€ò òVogel€v.Ð ¤,@&0 ÐCanada€(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[2004]€M.J.€No.€418€(QL);€ò òBoutilier€v.€Nova€ScotiaÐ

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Ðtrouvent€les€d linquants€autochtones,€mais€ galement€appr cier€les€diff rences€culturellesÏpertinentes€en€fonction€des€objectifs€du€processus€de€d termination€de€la€peine:€Ý ƒ % Ñý4T OT ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àà " àDans€la€d termination€de€la€peine€ €infliger€ €un€d linquant€autochtone,Ïcomme€pour€tout€autre€d linquant,€lð ðanalyse€doit€ tre€holistique€et€viser€ Ïd terminer€la€peine€indiqu e€dans€les€circonstances.

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ÐÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð àà0 ä Œ Ð Œ Ð à(ò òdó ó)€terminate€the€conditional€sentence€order€and€direct€that€theÐ $ ¼ Ðoffender€be€committed€to€custody€until€the€expiration€of€theÏsentence.Ó ÍH ÓÐ ä Ð ä Ð ÐÌIV.€€ò òJudicial€Historyó óÐ ì „ ÐÌA.€€ò òAlberta€Court€of€Queenð ðs€Benchó óÐ ´ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ ÓÝ ‚ % Ñýºm Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà Ê àà Œ àAt€the€sentencing€hearing,€McMahon€J.€characterized€the€appellantð ðsÐ L"ä # Ðactions€as€a€ð ðmajorð ð€or€ð ðnear€major€sexual€assaultð ð.€€In€his€view,€deterrence€andÏdenunciation€were€the€paramount€sentencing€factors€to€be€considered€for€this€type€ofÏoffence.€€McMahon€J.€took€into€account€that€there€was€no€evidence€of€planning€orÏdeliberation,€or€gratuitous€violence.€€He€also€observed€that€the€appellant€had€two€priorÏconvictions€for€assault.€€Finally,€he€noted€that€there€was€no€evidence€of€remorse.Ý ƒ % Ñýºm ám ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý’p Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà Ê àThe€pre„sentence€report€was€generally€favourable€to€the€appellant€andÐ t- '1 Ðrecommended€a€conditional€sentence.€€The€appellant€had€completed€a€28„day€treatmentÐ /¤(3 Ðprogram€for€alcohol€abuse€at€the€Poundmakerð ðs€Lodge,€an€aboriginal„focussed€alcoholÏtreatment€centre.€€In€addition,€the€appellant€was€assessed€as€posing€no€threat€to€theÏcommunity€as€long€as€he€abstained€from€alcohol€use.€€Given€that€the€appellant€was€anÏaboriginal,€McMahon€J.€observed€that€he€was€ð ðobliged€to€bear€in€mind€section€718.2(ò òeó ó)Ð 0 È Ðof€the€ò òCodeó óð ð.Ý ƒ % Ñý’p ­p ÝŒÐ È ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý©s Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà Ê àTaking€all€these€factors€into€account,€McMahon€J.€held€that€€ð ðthe€necessaryÐ ø  Ðelements€of€deterrence€and€denunciation€would€be€lackingð ð€if€the€appellant€wereÏpermitted€to€serve€a€conditional€sentence€in€the€community.€€€As€a€result,€he€sentencedÏthe€appellant€to€20€months€in€a€provincial€correctional€institution.Ô ‡ X -Ñ X X X -Ñ ÔÝ ƒ % Ñý©s Äs ݌РÀ X ÐŒÝ ÝÓ L € + ê½ ( (* L ÓÌB.€€ò òAlberta€Ô # † X -Ñ X X X -Ñ‹u # ÔÔ ‡ X -Ñ X X X -Ñ ÔCourt€of€Appealó óÔ # † X -Ñ X X X -Ñbv # Ô€(1998),€125€C.C.C.€(3d)€129Ð ð ˆ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýèv Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà Ê à€The€appellant€appealed€on€the€basis€that€s.€718.2(ò òeó ó)€had€not€been€€properlyÐ ¸ Ðconsidered€by€the€sentencing€judge.Ô ‡ X -Ñ X X X -Ñ Ô€The€Court€of€Appeal€dismissed€the€appeal,Ð ¸ P Ðupholding€the€sentence€imposed€by€the€trial€judge.Ý ƒ % Ñýèv w ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¸x Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ ÝÔ # † X

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Ðde€diligence€raisonnable€(ò òSault€Ste„Marieó ó,€p.€1313€et€1325). €€Dans€lð ðapproche€qui€a€ t Ð Ô/p)4 Ðadopt e€par€notre€Cour,€il€sð ðagit€en€r alit €de€laisser€au€pr venu€la€possibilit €et€le€fardeauÐ d Ðde€d montrer€une€diligence€raisonnable.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýo¨ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThis€Court€reconsidered€the€approach€to€classifying€regulatory€offences€in€ò òR.Ð d Ðv.€Pontesó ó,€[1995]€3S.C.R.44.€€In€that€case,€in€which€the€Court€had€to€decide€whether€aÐ ü ˜ Ðtraffic€offence€was€one€of€absolute€liability,€CoryJ.,€writing€for€the€majority,€appearedÐ ” 0 Ðto€propose€a€two-stage€test€for€determining€whether€an€offence€is€an€absolute€liabilityÐ , È Ðoffence.€€First,€the€analytical€approach€and€presumptions€of€interpretation€proposed€byÐ Ä ` ÐDicksonJ.€in€ò òSaultSte.Marie€ó ówould€have€to€be€consideredò ò€ó ó(para.27).€€However,€it€mightÐ \ ø Ðalso€be€determined€whether€the€legislature€intended€to€make€a€due€diligence€defenceÐ ô  Ðavailable€(para.28).€€This€added€refinement€to€the€classification€approach€established€inÐ Œ ( Ðò òSaultSte.Marieó ó€does€not€make€it€easier€to€apply.€€The€objective€of€the€interpretiveÐ $ À Ðapproach€adopted€in€ò òSaultSte.Marieó ó€is€in€fact€to€determine€the€nature€of€the€defencesÐ ¼ X Ðavailable€to€the€accused.€€To€say€that€it€is€necessary€to€determine€whether€the€accused€canÐ T ð Ðplead€due€diligence€amounts€simply€to€restating€the€very€purpose€of€this€juridicalÐ ì ˆ Ðexercise.€€It€would€therefore€be€better€to€return€to€the€clear€analytical€framework€andÐ „ Ðclassification€approach€adopted€in€ò òSaultSte.Marie.ó ó€€This€is€what€I€propose€to€do€in€theÐ ¸ Ðcases€at€bar.€€I€will€nevertheless€first€consider€the€nature€and€availability€of€the€defenceÐ ´ P Ðof€officially€induced€error,€as€well€as€its€relationship€with€the€due€diligence€defence.Ý ƒ % Ñýo¨ Š¨ ݌РL è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ H Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü ä 8

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Ðò òdð ðune€mani re€liciteó ó,€le€type€dð ðattaque€raisonnablement€appr hend e,€sð ðil€estÐ )x! * Ðapte€ €sð ðen€servir€et€susceptible€de€lð ðutiliser€dð ðune€mani re€responsable. €€ð ðÐ Ô)D"+ Ðd faut€dð ðautres€circonstances,€tel€un€acte€d lib r €pour€provoquer€uneÐ  * #, Ðattaque,€il€est€peu€probable€que€le€dessein€soit€dangereux€pour€la€paixÐ l+Ü#- Ðpublique.€€Le€danger€auquel€renvoie€la€disposition€ne€vise€pas€le€fait€quð ðunÐ 8,¨$. Ðagresseur€puisse€ tre€repouss €violemment,€voire€bless .€€Dans€ce€cas,€cð ðestÐ -t%/ Ðlð ðattaque,€et€non€la€r action€ €celle-ci,€qui€viole€la€paix€publique.€€[JeÐ Ð-@&0 Ðsouligne.]Ó ™0 ÓÐ œ. '1 « Ð « Ð ÐÐ 40¤(3 ÐDans€la€mesure€o ,€en€employant€lð ðexpression€ð ðdð ðune€mani re€liciteð ð,€la€Cour€dð ðappelÐ  Ðde€la€Colombie-Britannique€renvoie€ €la€l gitime€d fense,€le€juge€Jessup,€dissident€dansÐ ( ˜ Ðò òNelsonó ó,€pr cit ,€parað3 ðt€ tre€du€m me€avis€(p.36):Ð À 0 ÐÌÓ Óà0 « à[ò òtraductionó ó]€€Avoir€une€arme€en€sa€possession€dans€le€seul€but€de€mettreÐ ð ` Ðfin€ €une€violation€de€la€paix€pouvant€r sulter€dð ðune€attaque€dirig e€contreÐ ¼ , Ðsoi€ne€constitue€pas€selon€moi€un€dessein€dangereux€pour€la€paix€publique.€Ð ˆ ø Ðò òLa€l gitime€d fense€quð ðautorise€le€ò òCodeó ó€ne€se€limite€pas€ €une€r sistance€ Ð T Ä Ðmains€nues.ó ó€[Je€souligne.]Ó Ú5 ÓÐ  « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýß7 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àð ð€mon€avis,€une€conclusion€selon€laquelle€lð ðaccus €sð ðest€effectivement€serviÐ P À Ðde€son€arme€dð ðune€mani re€qui€constitue€un€acte€de€l gitime€d fense€est€pertinente€euÐ è X Ð gard€ €lð ðart.88€mais€nð ðest€pas€suffisante€pour€justifier€un€acquittement.€€Selon€leÐ € ð Ðpar.34(2)€du€ò òCodeó ó,€quiconque€cause€la€mort€ou€une€l sion€corporelle€grave€en€repoussantÐ ˆ Ðune€attaque€ill gale€est€justifi €si:€a)€il€la€cause€parce€quð ðil€a€des€motifs€raisonnables€pourÐ ° Ðappr hender€la€mort€ou€quelque€l sion€corporelle€grave€et,€b)€il€croit,€pour€des€motifsÐ H ¸ Ðraisonnables,€quð ðil€ne€peut€pas€autrement€se€soustraire€ €de€telles€cons quences.€LaÐ à P Ðconclusion€quð ðune€personne€a€agi€en€l gitime€d fense,€conform ment€au€par.34(2),€estÐ x è Ðdonc€pertinente€eu€ gard€ €lð ðart.88€dans€la€mesure€o €elle€peut€indiquer€si€lð ðintentionÐ !€ Ðsubjective€de€lð ðaccus € tait€vraiment€de€se€d fendre,€cð ðest- -dire€quð ðil€nð ðavait€dð ðautreÐ ¨" " Ðintention€que€celle€de€faire€ chouer€lð ðattaque,€et€sð ðil€lui€ tait€possible€de€se€soustraire€ Ð @$° $ Ðlð ðattaque€dans€les€circonstances.

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Ðbeing€preserved€by€the€interference€of€private€individuals,€nor€indeed€ofÐ )x!* Ðpolice€officers,€whose€power€of€interposition€on€their€own€view€appears€notÐ Ô)D"+ Ðto€differ€[at€common€law]€from€that€of€any€of€the€Kingð ðs€other€subjects.Ð  * #, Ð[Emphasis€added.]Ó ÓÐ l+Ü#- « Ð « Ð ÐÌ(ò òTimothy€v.€Simpsonó ó€(1835),€1€C.M.€&€R.€757,€149€E.R.€1285,€at€p.€1288;€see€nowÐ œ. '1 Ðò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€R.S.C.€1985,€c.€C„46,€ss.€30„31;€ò òR.€v.€Bironó ó,€[1976]€2€S.C.R.€56;€and€ò òR.Ð 40¤(3 Ðv.€Lefebvreó ó€(1984),€15€C.C.C.€(3d)€503€(B.C.C.A.).)Ð  ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýú¦ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú65Ú ÚÛ € z A Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€ò òR.€v.€Howelló ó€(1981),€73€Crim.€App.€Rep.€31€(Eng.€C.A.),€the€court€notedÐ À 0 Ðwith€approval€that€violence€is€ð ðof€the€essence€of€a€breach€of€the€peaceð ð€(p.€37),€andÐ X È Ðaffirmed€that€the€ð ðreasonable€apprehension€of€imminent€danger€of€a€breach€of€the€peaceð ðÐ ð ` Ðjustifies€arrest€not€only€by€a€police€constable€but€by€ð ðthe€ordinary€citizenð ð€(p.€36).€€SeeÐ ˆ ø Ðalso€ò òBlackð ðs€Law€Dictionaryó ó€(6th€ed.€1990),€at€p.€189:Ý ƒ Ñýú¦ § ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àBreach€of€the€peace€is€a€generic€term,€and€includes€all€violations€of€publicÐ P À Ðpeace€or€order€and€acts€tending€to€a€disturbance€thereof.Ó ÓÐ Œ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýªª Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú66Ú ÚÛ € z B Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€ò òR.€v.€Mageeó ó€(1923),€40€C.C.C.€10€(Sask.€C.A.),€it€was€noted€by€ò ò€ó óHaultainÐ L ¼ ÐC.J.S.,€at€pp.€11„12:Ý ƒ Ñýªª Ū ݌Рä T ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àð ðPublic€peaceð ð€may€be€taken€as€equivalent€to€ð ðthe€Kingð ðs€Peace,ð ð€in€itsÐ „ Ðbroader€and€later€signification.€€The€Kingð ðs€Peace€is€ð ðthe€legal€name€of€ò òtheÐ à P Ðnormal€state€of€societyó óð ð€(Stephenð ðs€History€of€the€Criminal€Law,€vol.€1,€p.Ð ¬ Ð185).€€ð ðThe€Peaceð ð€is€defined€in€Murrayð ðs€New€English€Dictionary,€vol.€7,Ð x è Ðp.€582,€as€being€ð ðthe€kingð ðs€peace€in€its€wider€sense,€the€ò ògeneral€peace€andÐ D ´ Ðorder€of€the€realm,€as€provided€for€by€lawó ó.ð ð€€[Emphasis€added.]Ó ÓÐ !€ « Ð « Ð ÐÌSee€also€ò òFrey€v.€Fedorukó ó,€[1950]€S.C.R.€517,€at€p.€529.Ð @$° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýì® Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú67Ú ÚÛ € z C Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€existence€of€warring€armed€camps€within€a€prison€is€antithetical€to€theÐ p'à ( Ðwhole€concept€of€ð ðpublic€peaceð ð.€€The€inmatesð ð€purpose€in€carrying€their€handmadeÐ )x!* Ðweapons€was€to€enable€them€to€inflict€harm€or€death€on€other€inmates,€whether€by€wayÐ  * #, Ðof€defence€or€otherwise.€€One€can€assume€that€each€of€the€two€hundred€inmates€whoÐ 8,¨$. Ðyielded€up€ð ðshanksð

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Ð Ô)D"+ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ Ó...Ð l+Ü#- ÐÓ ÓÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àCð ðest€certes€avec€la€plus€grande€s v rit €quð ðil€faut€scruter€lesÐ -t%/ Ðcirconstances€de€la€d cision€de€fermeture€pour€en€appr cier€le€v ritableÐ Ð-@&0 Ðcaract re...€[Italique€omis.]Ó zÀ ÓÐ œ. '1 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÓ ‰Ä ÓÐ 40¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ ÓÝ ‚ ÑýßÅ Ýà ° àÚ ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAux€dires€du€Syndicat,€la€SPA€nð ða€pas€satisfait€ €cette€exigenceÐ  Ðdð ðð ðauthenticit ð ð€ nonc e€par€le€juge€Lesage€puisquð ðelle€a€cess €dð ðexploiter€la€facetteÐ ( ˜ Ðdes€services€techniques€de€son€entreprise€pour€se€soustraire€au€fardeau€quð ðimposait€laÐ À 0 Ðgr ve.€€Comme€le€Syndicat€le€souligne,€le€juge€de€premi re€instance€nð ða€pas€cru€la€SPAÐ X È Ðlorsquð ðelle€a€soutenu€que€sa€r solution€dat e€du€8novembre1999,€soit€celle€de€€cesserÐ ð ` Ðdð ðoffrir€des€services€techniques€ €ses€locataires,€ tait€ð ðle€fruit€dð ðune€d cision€dð ðaffairesÐ ˆ ø ÐmðE ðrement€r fl chieð ð€et€non€pas€une€d cision€prise€en€raison€de€la€gr ve.€€Sans€ tayerÐ  Ðsa€pr tention,€le€Syndicat€affirme€que€la€jurisprudence€relative€au€droit€dð ðun€employeurÐ ¸ ( Ðde€cesser€ses€activit s€ tablit€que€celui-ci€doit€disposer€de€raisons€ conomiquesÐ P À Ðvalables€ €lð ðappui€de€sa€d cision€de€fermer€son€entreprise.Ý ƒ ÑýßÅ Æ ÝŒÐ è X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý×Ê Ýà ° àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àð ð€mon€avis,€la€jurisprudence€nð ðimpose€aucune€restriction€de€cette€nature.€Ð ˆ ÐAu€contraire,€il€ressort€des€motifs€expos s€par€le€juge€Lesage€dans€ò òCity€Buick€Pontiacó ó,Ð ° Ðpr cit ,€p.26,€quð ðun€employeur€peut€d cider€de€fermer€boutique€ð ðpour€quelque€raisonÐ H ¸ Ðque€ce€soit€[...]€m me€si€cette€cessation€est€mue€par€des€motifs€condamnablesÐ à P Ðsocialementð ð.€€Les€faits€propres€ €lð ðaffaire€ò òCity€Buick€Pontiacó ó€nous€ clairent.€€DansÐ x è Ðcette€affaire,€lð ðemployeur€a€ouvertement€admis€quð ðil€fermait€lð ðentreprise€ €d fautÐ !€ Ðdð ðavoir€pu€n gocier€une€entente€satisfaisante€avec€le€personnel€des€ventes.€€Devant€ceÐ ¨" " Ðsimple€aveu€de€lð ðemployeur,€le€juge€Lesage€a€conclu€ €juste€titre€quð ðil€nð ðappartenait€pasÐ @$° $ Ðau€Tribunal€du€travail€de€se€prononcer€sur€les€motifs€ayant€incit €lð ðemployeur€ €fermerÐ Ø%H & Ðboutique,€mais€de€sð ðassurer€uniquement€que€lð ðemployeur€a€r ellement€d cid €de€fermerÐ p'à ( Ðson€entreprise€et€quð ðil€ne€sð ðest€pas€simplement€livr € €de€savant

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Ð[Emphasis€omitted.]Ó ™° ÓÐ )x!* œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÞµ Ýà • àÚ ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Union€submits€that€the€SPA€did€not€meet€this€ð ðgenuinenessð ð€requirementÐ 8,¨$. Ðenunciated€by€Judge€Lesage€because€its€reason€for€shutting€down€the€technical€servicesÐ Ð-@&0 Ðside€of€its€business€was€to€relieve€itself€of€the€burden€imposed€by€the€Unionð ðs€strike.€€TheÐ h/Ø'2 ÐUnion€notes€that€the€trial€judge€did€not€believe€the€SPA€when€it€argued€that€its€resolutionÐ  Ðof€November€8,€1999€to€quit€offering€technical€services€to€its€Tenants€wasÐ ( ˜ Ð[ò òtranslationó ó]€ð ðthe€result€of€a€carefully€considered€business€decisionð ð€and€not€aÐ À 0 Ðdecision€taken€on€account€of€the€strike.€€The€Union€submits,€without€offering€authorityÐ X È Ðon€the€point,€that€the€jurisprudence€on€the€right€of€an€employer€to€go€out€of€business€isÐ ð ` Ðpremised€on€the€employer€having€credible€reasons€of€an€economic€nature€for€doing€so.Ý ƒ ÑýÞµ ùµ ݌Рˆ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýZº Ýà • àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àI€see€no€such€limitation€in€the€case€law.€On€the€contrary,€Judge€Lesageð ðsÐ ¸ ( Ðreasons€in€ò òCity€Buick€Pontiacó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,ò ò€ó óat€p.26,€make€clear€that€an€employer€may€decideÐ P À Ðto€close€up€shop€[ò òtranslationó ó]€ð ðfor€whatever€reason€.€.€.€even€if€the€cessation€is€basedÐ è X Ðon€socially€reprehensible€considerationsð ð.€€The€facts€of€ò òCity€Buick€Pontiacó ó€areÐ € ð Ðinstructive.€€There,€the€employer€freely€admitted€that€it€was€closing€up€shop€because€ofÐ ˆ Ðits€inability€to€negociate€a€satisfactory€agreement€with€its€sales€staff.€Faced€with€this€baldÐ ° Ðadmission€of€the€employerð ðs€motive,€Judge€Lesage€rightly€held€that€it€was€not€for€theÐ H ¸ ÐLabour€Tribunal€to€sit€in€judgment€of€the€employerð ðs€reasons€for€shutting€down€but€onlyÐ à P Ðto€assure€that€the€employer€carried€out€that€decision€genuinely€and€did€not€merely€engageÐ x è Ðin€an€elaborate€sham€to€break€the€employeesð ð€strike.€Returning€to€the€case€at€bar,€the€SPAÐ !€ Ðclaims€it€had€been€considering€getting€out€of€the€technical€services€business€for€someÐ ¨" " Ðtime.€€That€may€be€so,€but€it€is€strictly€beside€the€point.€€Where€an€employer€genuinelyÐ @$° $ Ðgoes€out€of€business,€its€motive€for€doing€so€is€not€subject€to€review€under€s.€109.1(ò òbó ó)€ofÐ Ø%H & Ðthe€Code.€Ý ƒ ÑýZº uº ݌Рp'à ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÙÀ Ýà • àÚ ƒ z Ú32Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àI€am€of€the€view€that€the€SPA€had€genuinely€abandoned€the€technical€servicesÐ  * #, Ðpart€of€its€business€until€being€f

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€€Il€lui€appartient€tout€au€plusÐ Œ ( Ðde€mettre€en€place€un€cadre€social€et€juridique€o €les€consciences€seront€respect es€et€o Ð $ À Ðles€membres€des€diverses€confessions€pourront€sð ðassocier€pour€exercer€la€libert €de€culteÐ ¼ X Ðqui€exprime€un€aspect€collectif€fondamental€de€la€libert €de€religion€et€pour€organiserÐ T ð Ðleurs€ glises€ou€leurs€communaut s.€€Dans€ce€contexte,€le€principe€de€neutralit €devraÐ ì ˆ Ð tre€pris€en€compte€pour€appr cier€lð ðobligation€des€corps€publics,€telles€les€municipalit s,Ð „ Ðdð ðassister€activement€les€groupes€religieux.€Ð ¸ ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý3Û Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú69Ú ÚÛ € z E Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àLð ðexamen€des€diff rentes€composantes€du€concept€de€la€libert €de€religionÐ L è Ðpourrait€laisser€croire€que€les€droits€prot g s€par€lð ðal.€2ò òaó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó€sont€absolus,€maisÐ ä € Ðtel€nð ðest€pas€le€cas.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý¯~ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú68Ú ÚÛ € z D Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àIn€this€context,€it€is€no€longer€the€stateð ðs€place€to€give€active€support€to€anyÐ d Ðone€particular€religion,€if€only€to€avoid€interfering€in€the€religious€practices€of€theÐ ü ˜ Ðreligionð ðs€members.€The€state€must€respect€a€variety€of€faiths€whose€values€are€notÐ ” 0 Ðalways€easily€reconciled.€€As€this€Court€observed€in€ò òBig€Mó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€ð ð[w]hat€may€appearÐ , È Ðgood€and€true€to€a€majoritarian€religious€group,€or€to€the€state€acting€at€their€behest,€mayÐ Ä ` Ðnot,€for€religious€reasons,€be€imposed€upon€citizens€who€take€a€contrary€viewð ð€(p.337;Ð \ ø Ðsee€also€pp.347€and€350„51).€€In€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òEdwards€Books€and€Art€Ltd.ó ó,€[1986]€2S.C.R.713,Ð ô  Ðthis€Court€had€occasion€to€restate€this€concern€with€preventing€public€authorities€fromÐ Œ ( Ðintruding€on€private€beliefs€(at€p.759):Ý ƒ Ñý¯~ Ê~ ݌Р$ À ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 ` àThe€purpose€of€s.2(ò òaó ó)€is€to€ensure€that€society€does€not€interfere€withÐ T ð Ðprofoundly€personal€beliefs€that€govern€oneð ðs€perception€of€oneself,Ð ¼ Ðhumankind,€nature,€and,€in€some€cases,€a€higher€or€different€order€of€being.€Ó ƒ ÓÐ ì ˆ ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌThe€guarantee€of€freedom€of€religion€set€out€in€s.2(ò òaó ó)€of€the€ò òCharter€ó óprohibits€the€stateÐ ¸ Ðfrom€compelling€an€individual€to€adopt€or€renounce€a€particular€belief€or€to€practice€aÐ ´ P Ðparticular€religion.€€This€obligation€remains€essentially€a€negative€one.€€As€a€general€rule,Ð L è Ðthe€state€refrains€from€acting€in€matters€relating€to€religion.€€It€is€limited€to€setting€up€aÐ ä € Ðsocial€and€legal€framework€in€which€beliefs€are€respected€and€members€of€the€variousÐ |! " Ðdenominations€are€able€to€associate€freely€in€order€to€exercise€their€freedom€of€worship,Ð #° $ Ðwhich€is€a€fundamental,€collective€aspect€of€freedom€of€religion,€and€to€organize€theirÐ ¬$H & Ðchurches€or€communities.€€In€this€context,€the€principle€of€neutrality€must€be€taken€intoÐ D&à ( Ðaccount€in€assessing€the€duty€of€public€entities,€such€as€municipalities,€to€actively€helpÐ Ü'x!* Ðreligious€groups.€Ð t) #, ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý•ˆ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú69Ú ÚÛ € z E Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àA€review€of€the€various€components€of€the€concept€of€freedom€of€religionÐ ¤,@&0 Ðmight€suggest€that€the€rights€protected€by€s.2(ò òaó ó)€of€the€ò òCharter€ó óare€absolute,€but€such€isÐ

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Ðð ðappropri ð ð€de€source€professionnelle,€m dicale€ou€autre€nð ð tablit€que€son€r tablissementÏaurait€ t €compromis€si€elle€avait€intent €une€action€entre€mai1991€et€mai1993.€€AucunÏ l ment€de€preuve€nð ð tablit€que€le€cur €de€sa€paroisse€avait€la€comp tence€voulue€pourÏlui€donner€le€type€dð ðavis€mentionn €dans€la€loi.

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¦ Ð ¦ Ð ÐÐ k0 *5 Ðà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð àà0 Œ Ð Œ Ð àà0 z Ð Ð à(ii)à0 ¦ z Ð z Ð àthat€a€breach€of€a€duty€caused€injury,€damage€or€loss€to€theÐ d Ðplaintiff.€.€.€.Ó ÓÔ # † X ÿ° X X X ÿ°}/ # ÔÔ ‡ X ÿ° X X X ÿ° ÔÐ / Ë ¦ Ð ¦ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ ! Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ! Ñý¢@ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú52Ú ÚÛ € z 4 Ûà ç àÝ ÝSection€7€allows€the€running€of€time€to€be€postponed€if€the€plaintiff€is€under€a€legalÐ [ ÷ Ðdisability.Ô # † X ÿ° X X X ÿ°c@ # ÔÔ ‡ X ÿ° X X X ÿ° ÔÝ ƒ ! Ñý¢@ ½@ ݌Рñ  ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 ` àò ò7à0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð àó ó(1)à0 Œ Ð Œ Ð àFor€the€purposes€of€this€section,Ð ¹ Ð Ð ÐÌà ` àà0 Œ àà0 Œ Ð Œ Ð à(a)à0 z Ð Ð àa€person€is€under€a€disability€while€the€personÐ ³ O z Ð z Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð àà0 Œ Ð Œ Ð àà0 z Ð Ð à(i)à0 ¦ z Ð z Ð àis€a€minor,€orÐ I å ¦ Ð ¦ Ð ÐÌà ` àà0 Œ àà0 Œ Ð Œ Ð àà0 z Ð Ð à(ii)à0 ¦ z Ð z Ð àis€in€fact€incapable€of€or€substantially€impeded€in€managingÐ ß { Ðhis€or€her€affairs,€andÐ ª F ¦ Ð ¦ Ð ÐÌà ` àà0 Œ àà0 Œ Ð Œ Ð à(b)à0 z Ð Ð à"ò òguardianó ó"€means€a€parent€or€guardian€who€has€actual€care€andÐ @ Ü Ðcontrol€of€a€minor€or€a€committee€appointed€under€the€ò òPatientsÐ § ÐProperty€Actó ó.Ð Ö r z Ð z Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð à(2)à0 Œ Ð Œ Ð àIf,€at€the€time€the€right€to€bring€an€action€arises,€a€person€is€under€aÐ l Ðdisability,€the€running€of€time€with€respect€to€a€limitation€period€setÐ 7 Ó Ðby€this€Act€is€postponed€so€long€as€that€person€is€under€a€disability.Ð ž Ð Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà ç àà ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð à(3)à0 Œ Ð Œ Ð àIf€the€running€of€time€against€a€person€with€respect€to€a€cause€ofÐ ˜ 4 Ðaction€has€been€postponed€by€subsection€(2)€and€that€person€ceasesÐ c ÿ Ðto€be€under€a€disability,€the€limitation€period€governing€that€cause€ofÐ . Ê Ðaction€is€the€longer€of€the€following:Ð ù • Ð Ð ÐÌà ` àà0 Œ àà0 Œ Ð Œ Ð à(a)à0 z Ð Ð àthe€period€that€the€person€would€have€had€to€bring€the€actionÐ  + ! Ðhad€that€person€not€been€under€a€disability,€running€from€theÐ Z!ö " Ðtime€the€cause€of€action€arose;Ð %"Á # z Ð z Ð ÐÌà ` àà0 Œ àà0 Œ Ð Œ Ð à(b)à0 z Ð Ð àthe€period€running€from€the€time€the€disability€ceased,€but€in€noÐ »#W % Ðcase€does€that€period€extend€more€than€6€years€beyond€theÐ †$" & Ðcessation€of€disability.Ð Q%í ' z Ð z Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð à(4)à0 Œ Ð Œ Ð àIf,€after€time€has€begun€to€run€with€respect€to€a€limitation€period€setÐ ç&ƒ ) Ðby€this€Act,€but€before€the€expiration€of€the€limitation€period,€aÐ ²'N!* Ðperson€who€has€a€cause€of€action€comes€under€a€disability,€theÐ }( "+ Ðrunning€of€time€against€that€person€is€suspended€so€long€as€thatÐ H)ä", Ðperson€is€under€a€disability.Ð

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€€ò òHistorique€des€proc duresó óÐ d ÐÌà „ àÝ " ‚ ? 3£ D " ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ? 3£ZÊ ÝÔ2 # ÔÚ Ú69Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 Ü àÝ Ýà « àAu€tribunal€pour€adolescents,€le€juge€Sparks€a€appr ci €le€t moignage€desÔ' È d Ê ÔÐ ” 0 Ðdeux€t moins€et€a€conclu€que€R.D.S.€devait€ tre€acquitt .

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ÐSparks€was€required€to€assess€their€testimony,€and€to€determine€whether€or€not,€on€theÐ Ô/p)4 Ðevidence€before€her,€she€had€a€reasonable€doubt€as€to€the€guilt€of€the€appellant€R.D.S.€Ð d ÐIt€is€evident€in€the€transcript€that€Judge€Sparks€proceeded€to€do€just€that.€€Ý ƒ Ñýq@ Œ@ ݌Рü ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýŽC Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú52Ú ÚÛ € z 4 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àJudge€Sparks€briefly€summarized€the€contradictory€evidence€offered€byÐ , È Ðthe€two€witnesses,€and€then€made€several€observations€about€credibility.€€She€notedÐ Ä ` Ðthat€R.D.S.€testified€quite€candidly,€and€with€considerable€detail.€€She€remarked€thatÐ \ ø Ðcontrary€to€the€testimony€of€Constable€Stienburg,€it€was€the€evidence€of€R.D.S.€thatÐ ô  Ðwhen€he€arrived€on€the€scene€on€his€bike,€his€cousin€was€handcuffed€and€notÐ Œ ( Ðstruggling€in€any€way.€€She€found€the€level€of€detail€that€R.D.S.€provided€to€have€ð ðaÐ $ À Ðring€of€truthð ð,€and€found€him€to€be€ð ða€rather€honest€young€boyð ð.€€In€the€end,€whileÐ ¼ X ÐJudge€Sparks€specifically€noted€that€she€did€not€accept€all€the€evidence€given€byÐ T ð ÐR.D.S.,€she€nevertheless€found€him€to€have€raised€a€reasonable€doubt€by€raisingÐ ì ˆ Ðqueries€in€her€mind€as€to€what€actually€occurred.€Ý ƒ ÑýŽC ©C ݌Р„ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý(H Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€important€to€note€that€having€already€found€R.D.S.€to€be€credible,€andÐ ´ P Ðhaving€accepted€a€sufficient€portion€of€his€evidence€to€leave€her€with€a€reasonableÐ L è Ðdoubt€as€to€his€guilt,€Judge€Sparks€necessarily€disbelieved€at€least€a€portion€of€theÐ ä € Ðconflicting€evidence€of€Constable€Stienburg.€€At€that€point,€Judge€Sparks€madeÐ |! " Ðreference€to€the€submissions€of€the€Crown€that€ð ðthereð ðs€absolutely€no€reason€to€attackÐ #° $ Ðthe€credibility€of€the€officerð ð,€and€then€addressed€herself€to€why€there€might,€in€fact,Ð ¬$H & Ðbe€a€reason€to€attack€the€credibility€of€the€officer€in€this€case.€€It€is€in€this€context€thatÐ D&à ( ÐJudge€Sparks€made€the€statements€which€have€prompted€this€appeal:Ý ƒ Ñý(H CH ݌РÜ'x!* ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÓ „ Óà àThe€Crown€says,€well,€why€would€the€officer€say€that€eventsÐ +¨$. Ðoccurred€the€way€in€which€he€has€relayed€them€to€the€Court€this€morning.€Ð Ø+t%/ ÐI€am€not€saying€that€the€Constable€has€misled€the€court,€although€policeÐ ¤,@&0 Ðofficers€have€been€known€to€do€that€in€the€past.€€I€am€not€saying€that€theÐ p- '1 Ðofficer€overreacted,€but€certainly€police€officers€do€overreact,€particularlyÐ

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€€On€a€soutenu€que€les€affaires€ò òDoblankoó ó€et€ò òCanada€Trustó ó€nð ðavaientÐ Ä 0 Ðaucun€rapport€entre€elles,€en€ce€sens€que€Mò òeó óLazin€nð ðaurait€pas€pu€obtenir,€dans€le€cadreÐ \ È Ðdu€mandat€ò òDoblankoó ó,€des€renseignements€confidentiels€qui€auraient€ t €pertinents€dansÐ ô ` Ðle€dossier€ò òCanada€Trustó ó. €€Cette€affirmation€ne€correspond€pas€au€crit re€quð ðil€fautÐ Œ ø Ðappliquer€pour€appr cier€la€loyaut €envers€un€client€ò òactueló ó€et€elle€nð ðest€pas€tout€ €faitÐ $  Ðexacte.

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Ðò òÔ_ ÔGlasserÔ_ Ô€v.€United€Statesó ó,€315€U.S.€60€(1942),€at€p.€76.Ý ƒ % Ñýs. Ž. ݌РÔ-@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ l/Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý»5 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIf€the€two„part€conflict/impairment€test€is€satisfied,€the€court€may€order€a€newÐ ” Ðtrial.€€The€appellant€is€unable€to€meet€this€test€because,€of€course,€he€was€not€representedÐ , ˜ Ðin€any€court€proceedings€(trial€or€pre„trial)€by€the€Venkatraman€law€firm€in€either€theÐ Ä 0 Ðò òDoblankoó ó€or€the€ò òCanada€Trustó ó€matters.€€Moreover€he€seeks€more€than€a€new€trial.€TheÐ \ È Ðappellant€seeks€a€stay€of€the€ò òDoblankoó ó€verdict€and€a€stay€of€further€proceedings€in€theÐ ô ` Ðò òCanada€Trustó ó€matters€on€the€basis€he€was€denied€his€right€to€effective€representationÐ Œ ø Ðcontrary€to€s.€7€and€s.€11(ò òdó ó)€of€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó,€and€thatÐ $  Ðfurther€proceedings€on€these€matters€would€be€an€abuse€of€process.€€So€abusive,€he€says,Ð ¼ ( ÐÔ_ ÔthatÔ_ Ô€this€sorry€affair€amounts€to€one€of€the€ð ðclearest€of€casesð ð€where€a€stay€is€justified:Ð T À Ðò òUnited€States€of€America€v.€Cobbó ó,€[2001]€1€S.C.R.€587,€2001€SCC€19;€ò òUnited€States€ofÐ ì X ÐAmerica€v.€Shulmanó ó,€[2001]€1€S.C.R.€616,€2001€SCC€21.Ý ƒ % Ñý»5 Ö5 ݌Р„ ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýA; Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHere€again€his€pathway€is€impeded€by€the€fact€that€the€Venkatraman€law€firmÐ ´ Ðdid€not€act€as€his€counsel,€ineffective€or€otherwise,€at€any€stage€of€the€criminalÐ L ¸ Ðproceedings.€€He€consulted€them€and€took€them€into€his€confidence,€but€he€was€notÐ ä P Ðrepresented€by€them.€€He€is€therefore€thrown€back€on€the€ð ðresidual€categoryð ð€of€stayÐ | è Ðapplications,€described€in€ò òR.€v.€Oð ðConnoró ó,€[1995]€4€S.C.R.€411,€as€follows,€at€para.73:Ý ƒ % ÑýA; \; ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àThis€residual€category€does€not€relate€to€conduct€affecting€the€fairness€of€€theÐ D$° $ Ðtrial€or€impairing€other€procedural€rights€enumerated€in€the€ò òCharteró ó,€butÐ %| % Ðinstead€addresses€the€panoply€of€diverse€and€sometimes€unforeseeableÐ Ü%H & Ðcircumstances€in€which€a€prosecution€is€conducted€in€such€a€manner€as€toÐ ¨& ' Ðconnote€unfairness€or€vexatiousness€of€such€a€degree€that€it€contravenesÐ t'à ( Ðfundamental€notions€of€justice€and€thus€undermines€the€integrity€of€theÐ @(¬ ) Ðjudicial€process.€€Ô_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÓ ÓÔ_ ÔÐ )x!* œ Ð œ Ð ÐÔ_ ÔÌIn€ò òCanada€(Minister€of€Citizenship€and€Immigration)€v.€Ô_ ÔTobiassÔ_ Ôó ó,€[1997]€3€S.C.R.€391,Ð

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248:Ý ƒ % Ñý§ê Âê ݌РP/ì(1 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ™ Óà0 ç àIl€se€fonde€sur€une€appr ciation€r aliste€de€la€faiblesse€humaine,€tout€en€reconnaissantÐ ¬ Ðquð ðun€droit€criminel€humain€et€lib ral€ne€peut€astreindre€des€personnes€ €lð ðobservationÐ Ü x Ðstricte€des€lois€dans€des€situations€dð ðurgence€o €les€instincts€normaux€de€lð ð tre€humain,Ð ¨ D Ðque€ce€soit€celui€de€conservation€ou€dð ðaltruisme,€commandent€irr sistiblementÐ t Ðlð ðinobservation€de€la€loi.

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Ðclosing€submissions.€€The€right€to€respond€to€the€Crownð ðs€case€is€not€equivalent€to€aÐ d Ðright€to€respond€to€the€trial€judgeð ðs€rulingsò òó ó.Ý ƒ % Ñý`? {? ݌Рü ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¡G Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú48Ú ÚÛ € z 0 Ûà ç àÝ ÝÔ # † X tL X X X tL4B # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL Ôà œ àÔ # † X tL X X X tLHH # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL ÔÔ # † X tL X X X tL–H # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL ÔIn€the€absence€of€a€constitutional€right,€we€must€still€consider€whether€theÐ , È Ðprocedure€employed€by€a€trial€judge€led€to€an€unfair€trial.Ô # † X tL X X X tLØH # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL ÔÝ ƒ % Ñý¡G ¼G ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý J Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà ç àÝ ÝÔ # † X tL X X X tL¶I # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL Ôà œ àÔ # † X tL X X X tL¶J # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL ÔThe€Court€of€Appeal€concluded,€at€p.€205,€that€ð ðit€might€have€been€betterð ðÐ ô  Ðto€rule€on€the€availability€of€the€necessity€defence€prior€to€counsel€addressing€the€jury.€Ð Œ ( ÐThe€decision€should€not€have€been€a€difficult€one,€since€not€one€of€the€threeÐ $ À Ðrequirements€for€necessity€had€an€air€of€reality€to€it.€Ý ƒ % Ñý J *J ݌Р¼ X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÌL Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà ç àÝ ÝÔ # † X tL X X X tL K # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL Ôà œ àÔ # † X tL X X X tLsM # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL ÔNonetheless,€while€the€trial€judgeð ðs€approach€was€imperfect,€the€benchmarkÐ ì ˆ Ðfor€measuring€trial€fairness€is€not€perfection.€€The€critical€question€is€whether€the€trialÐ „ Ðjudgeð ðs€approach€rendered€the€appellantð ðs€trial€unfair.€€The€inquiry€is€necessarilyÐ ¸ Ðspecific€to€the€facts€of€the€case€under€consideration;€the€determination€of€whether€theÐ ´ P Ðtiming€of€a€particular€ruling€rendered€a€trial€unfair€must€be€made€on€a€case„by„caseÐ L è Ðbasis.Ý ƒ % ÑýÌL çL ÝŒÐ ä € ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý5P Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà ç àÝ ÝÔ # † X tL X X X tLÁM # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL Ôà œ àÔ # † X tL X X X tLÜP # ÔÔ ‡ X tL X X X tL ÔWe€are€of€the€view€that,€on€the€facts€of€this€case,€the€timing€of€the€removalÐ #° $ Ðof€the€necessity€defence€did€not€render€the€appellantð ðs€trial€unfair.€€The€appellant€reliesÐ ¬$H & Ðon€ò òUnderwoodó ó€ò òó óto€argue€that€he€was€denied€the€ability€to€make€an€informed€tacticalÐ D&à ( Ðdecision.€€In€ò òUnderwoodó ó,€the€trial€judge€deferred€a€ruling€on€the€admissibility€of€anÐ Ü'x!* Ðaccused€personð ðs€criminal€record€until€after€he€had€begun€testifying.€€The€accused€hadÐ t) #, Ðto€decide€whether€to€testify€without€knowing€if€his€criminal€record€would€beÐ +¨$. Ðadmissible.€€Ô # † X tL X X X tL*Q # ÔÔ

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€€SelonÐ d ð Ðun€principe€de€droit€fondamental,€dans€un€proc s€devant€un€juge€et€un€jury,€il€incombe€auÐ ü ˆ Ðjuge€de€donner€au€jury€des€directives€sur€le€droit€applicable€et€de€lð ðaider€ €appr cier€lesÐ ” Ðfaits,€mais€il€appartient€au€jury,€et€ €lui€seul,€de€d cider€si,€compte€tenu€des€faits,Ð , ¸ Ðlð ðexistence€de€lð ðinfraction€est€ tablie.

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Ðthat€the€question€of€whether€the€use€of€the€shotgun€prior€to€the€shooting€was€lawful€orÐ Ô/p)4 Ðunlawful€became€irrelevant€once€the€jury€rejected€the€defence€of€accident€and€wasÐ d Ðpersuaded€that€the€shooting€was€an€intentional€killing.Ý ƒ % ÑýB5 ]5 ݌Рü ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý%9 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àWith€respect,€I€disagree€with€the€conclusion€reached€by€the€Court€of€Appeal.Ð , È ÐIt€is€a€basic€principle€of€law€that,€on€a€trial€by€judge€and€jury,€it€is€for€the€judge€to€directÐ Ä ` Ðthe€jury€on€the€law€and€to€assist€the€jury€in€their€consideration€of€the€facts,€but€it€is€for€theÐ \ ø Ðjury,€and€the€jury€alone,€to€decide€whether,€on€the€facts,€the€offence€has€been€proven.€ItÐ ô  Ðis€of€fundamental€importance€to€keep€these€functions€separate.€The€trial€judgeð ðs€duty€toÐ Œ ( Ðkeep€from€the€jury€affirmative€defences€lacking€an€evidential€foundation€does€not€detractÐ $ À Ðfrom€this€principle.€The€lawfulness€or€unlawfulness€of€Mr.€Gunningð ðs€use€of€the€shotgunÐ ¼ X Ðprior€to€the€shooting€was€a€question€of€crucial€importance€in€this€case€and€it€was€a€matterÐ T ð Ðfor€the€jury€to€determine.€By€deciding€that€the€underlying€offence€of€careless€use€of€aÐ ì ˆ Ðfirearm€had€been€made€out,€the€trial€judge€overstepped€the€proper€boundaries€of€hisÐ „ Ðfunction€and,€as€I€will€explain,€his€later€recharge€did€not€cure€the€error.Ý ƒ % Ñý%9 @9 ݌Р¸ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý…> Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€trial€judge€also€erred€by€failing€to€instruct€the€jury€on€the€provisions€ofÐ L è Ðs.€41€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€R.S.C.€1985,€c.€C-46,€in€respect€of€the€defence€of€house€orÐ ä € Ðproperty.€While€an€intentional€shooting€could€not€be€justified€on€this€basis,€Mr.€GunningÐ |! " Ðnever€advanced€this€defence€in€respect€of€the€shooting.€Rather,€the€defence€was€advancedÐ #° $ Ðin€respect€of€the€use€of€the€firearm,€prior€and€up€to€what€he€alleged€to€have€been€anÐ ¬$H & Ðaccidental€shooting.€On€the€evidence,€this€defence€raised€a€real€issue€for€the€jury€to€decide.Ð D&à ( ÐRather€than€limiting€his€inquiry€to€the€threshold€question€of€whether€the€defence€had€anyÐ Ü'x!* Ðevidential€foundation,€the€trial€judge€effectively€determined€the€merits€of€the€defence.€InÐ t) #, Ðdoing€so,€he€again€exceeded€his€proper€function.Ý ƒ % Ñý…>  > ݌Р+¨$. ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýêB Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€view€of€the€fact€that€the€jury€was€not€properly€instructed€in€respect€ofÐ

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€€Ce€qui€fait€probl me€cð ðest€que€les€gens€raisonnables€etÐ Ä ` Ðrenseign s€peuvent€ò òavoir€lð ðimpressionó ó€que€le€juge€a€bas €son€ valuation€de€la€cr dibilit Ð \ ø ÐÔ # † X |ú X X X Ó(” # ÔÔ ‡ X Ó( X X X |ú Ôsur€cette€donn e,€Ô # † X |ú X X X Ó(8 # ÔÔ ‡ X Ó( X X X |ú Ôau€lieu€de€proc der€ €une€r elle€appr ciation€de€la€preuve€constitu e€parÐ ô  Ðla€d position€de€ce€t moin€en€particulier.

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Ðwitnesses,€or€to€adopt€some€other€form€of€stereotypical€thinking.€€Yet€it€would€not€beÐ Ô/p)4 Ðacceptable€for€a€judge€to€go€further€and€suggest€that€all€police€officers€shouldÐ d Ðtherefore€not€be€believed€or€should€be€viewed€with€suspicion€where€they€are€dealingÐ ü ˜ Ðwith€accused€persons€who€are€members€of€a€different€race.€€Similarly,€it€is€dangerousÐ ” 0 Ðfor€a€judge€to€suggest€that€a€particular€person€overreacted€because€of€racism€unlessÐ , È Ðthere€is€evidence€adduced€to€sustain€this€finding.€€It€would€be€equally€inappropriate€toÐ Ä ` Ðsuggest€that€female€complainants,€in€sexual€assault€cases,€ought€to€be€believed€moreÐ \ ø Ðreadily€than€male€accused€persons€solely€because€of€the€history€of€sexual€violence€byÐ ô  Ðmen€against€women.Ý ƒ Ñý#— >— ݌РŒ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÞœ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú133Ú ÚÛ € z … Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIf€there€is€no€evidence€linking€the€generalization€to€the€particular€witness,Ð ¼ X Ðthese€situations€might€leave€the€judge€open€to€allegations€of€bias€on€the€basis€that€theÐ T ð Ðcredibility€of€the€individual€witness€was€prejudged€according€to€stereotypicalÐ ì ˆ Ðgeneralizations.€€This€does€not€mean€that€the€particular€generalization€--€that€policeÐ „ Ðofficers€have€historically€discriminated€against€visible€minorities€or€that€women€haveÐ ¸ Ðhistorically€been€abused€by€men€--€is€not€true,€or€is€without€foundation.€€The€difficultyÐ ´ P Ðis€that€reasonable€and€informed€people€may€ò òperceiveó ó€that€the€judge€has€used€thisÐ L è Ðinformation€as€a€basis€for€assessing€credibility€instead€of€making€a€genuine€evaluationÐ ä € Ðof€the€evidence€of€the€particular€witnessð ð€credibility.€€As€a€general€rule,€judges€shouldÐ |! " Ðavoid€placing€themselves€in€this€position.Ý ƒ ÑýÞœ ùœ ݌Р#° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý‘¡ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú134Ú ÚÛ € z † Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àTo€state€the€general€proposition€that€judges€should€avoid€makingÐ D&à ( Ðcomments€based€on€generalizations€when€assessing€the€credibility€of€individualÐ Ü'x!* Ðwitnesses€does€not€lead€automatically€to€a€conclusion€that€when€a€judge€does€so,€aÐ t) #, Ðreasonable€apprehension€of€bias€arises.€€In€some€limited€circumstances,€the€commentsÐ +¨$. Ðmay€be€appropriate.€€Furthermore,€no€matter€how€unfortunate€individual€commentsÐ ¤,@&0 Ðappear€in€isolation,€the€comments€must€be€examined€in€context,€through€the€eyes€ofÐ

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€€Le€minist re€public€intim €a€faitÐ , È Ðvaloir€oralement€que€les€motifs€suppl mentaires€devaient€ tre€pris€en€consid ration€enÐ Ä ` Ðtant€quð ð l ment€du€portrait€g n ral€pour€appr cier€si€la€conduite€du€juge€Sparks€a€suscit Ð \ ø Ðune€crainte€raisonnable€de€partialit .

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Ðconcluded€that€bias€reflects€the€inability€of€the€judge€to€act€impartially.€€The€test€isÐ Ô/p)4 Ðobjective€and€the€standard€of€reasonableness€applies€to€the€person€who€perceives€theÐ d Ðbias,€as€well€as€the€apprehension€of€bias€itself.€€The€test€requires€a€consideration€ofÐ ü ˜ Ðwhat€the€reasonable,€right-minded€person,€with€knowledge€of€all€the€facts,€wouldÐ ” 0 Ðthink€with€regard€to€the€apprehension€of€bias.€€The€apprehension€must€be€reasonable,Ð , È Ðand€suspicion€or€conjecture€is€not€enough.€€Finally,€it€is€not€necessary€to€show€thatÐ Ä ` Ðactual€bias€influenced€the€result.Ý ƒ Ñý¢¹ ½¹ ݌Р\ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýb½ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú82Ú ÚÛ € z R Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€Flinn€J.A.ð ðs€opinion,€Glube€C.J.S.C.€made€no€error€in€applying€the€testÐ Œ ( Ðto€the€decision€of€the€Youth€Court€Judge.€€She€was€correct€to€point€out€that€there€wasÐ $ À Ðno€evidence€to€justify€Judge€Sparksð ð€comments.€€Whether€or€not€the€commentsÐ ¼ X Ðreflected€ð ðan€unfortunate€social€realityð ð,€the€issue€was€whether€Judge€SparksÐ T ð Ðconsidered€factors€not€in€evidence€when€she€made€her€critical€findings€of€credibilityÐ ì ˆ Ðand€decided€to€acquit€the€accused.€€Judge€Sparks€used€her€general€comments€toÐ „ Ðconclude€that€Constable€Stienburg€overreacted.€€There€was€no€evidence€regarding€ð ðtheÐ ¸ Ðprevalent€attitude€of€the€dayð ð€or€the€reasons€why€the€officer€overreacted.€€ConcernsÐ ´ P Ðregarding€overreaction€were€not€canvassed€in€cross-examination€of€the€officer,€and€theÐ L è Ðofficer€had€no€opportunity€to€address€these€concerns€in€his€testimony.Ý ƒ Ñýb½ }½ ÝŒÐ ä € ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý  Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú83Ú ÚÛ € z S Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAs€a€result,€Flinn€J.A.€was€of€the€view€that€ð ð[t]he€unfortunate€use€of€theseÐ #° $ Ðgeneralizations,€by€the€Youth€Court€judgeð ð€would€lead€a€reasonable,€fully€informedÐ ¬$H & Ðperson€to€conclude€that€Judge€Sparks€had€based€her€findings€of€credibility€at€leastÐ D&à ( Ðpartially€on€the€basis€of€matters€not€in€evidence.€€This€was€unfair.€€The€appeal€wasÐ Ü'x!* Ðtherefore€dismissed.Ý ƒ Ñý  4 ݌Рt) #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý–Ä Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú84Ú ÚÛ € z T Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àFinally,€Flinn€J.A.€rejected€the€argument€that€Glube€C.J.S.C.€hadÐ ¤,@&0 Ðinappropriately€adopted€a€formal€equality€approach€to€the€question€of€reasonableÐ

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€€On€ne€saurait€gu re€appr cier€la€pertinence€desÐ $  Ðmoyens€de€droit€substantiel€avanc s€de€part€et€dð ðautre,€ni€la€justification€dð ðuneÐ ¼ ( Ðintervention€de€la€Cour€sup rieure,€sans€identifier€au€pr alable€les€questions€dont€lesÐ T À Ðparties€ou€les€d cisions€ant rieures€des€tribunaux€avaient€effectivement€saisi€lð ðarbitre.

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Ðdismissed.€€The€Union€and€the€RAAV€supported€her€arguments€in€respect€of€the€natureÐ Ô-@&0 Ðof€copyright,€the€Ô_ Ôarbitratorð ðsÔ_ Ô€jurisdiction€and€the€application€of€rules€of€public€order.Ý ƒ Ñý ; ݌Рl/Ø'2 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ø ÔB.ò òThe€Arbitratorð ðs€Terms€of€Referenceó óÐ , ˜ ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýË% Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àWe€need€only€consider€the€partiesð ð€arguments€to€see€that€there€is€a€preliminaryÐ \ È Ðproblem€in€analysing€this€appeal.€€It€would€be€difficult€to€assess€the€weight€of€theÐ ô ` ÐÔ' ø , y% Ôsubstantive€law€arguments€made€by€either€party,€or€the€justification€for€intervention€byÐ Œ ø Ðthe€Superior€Court,€without€first€identifying€the€issues€that€were€in€fact€before€theÐ $  Ðarbitrator,€either€at€the€behest€of€the€parties€or€pursuant€to€the€earlier€decisions€of€theÐ ¼ ( Ðcourts.€€Simply€by€identifying€those€issues,€we€will€be€able€to€eliminate,€or€at€least€toÐ T À Ðnarrow,€certain€questions€of€law€or€procedure.€€That€would€be€the€case€if,€for€example,€weÐ ì X Ðwere€to€conclude€that€the€problem€of€ownership€of€the€copyright€was€not€before€theÐ „ ð Ðarbitrator,€by€reason€of€the€legislation€that€governed€his€decision.€€The€award€could€thenÐ ˆ Ðbe€annulled€on€that€ground€alone,€under€art.946.4,€para.4€ò òÔ_ ÔC.C.P.Ô_ Ôó óÝ ƒ ÑýË% æ% ݌Р´ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÚ* Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€question€of€the€scope€of€the€arbitratorð ðs€mandate€has€influenced€theÐ ä P Ðcourse€of€the€judicial€proceedings€in€this€case€from€the€outset.€€There€are€seriousÐ | è Ðdifficulties€involved€in€this€problem,€both€because€of€the€manner€in€which€the€arbitrationÐ !€ Ðproceedings€were€conducted€and€because€of€how€the€application€for€annulment€that€is€nowÐ ¬" " Ðbefore€this€Court€has€been€conducted.€€We€can€only€regret€that€the€parties€and€theÐ D$° $ Ðarbitrator€did€not€clearly€define€what€his€terms€of€reference€included.€€That€precautionÐ Ü%H & Ðwould€probably€have€reduced€the€number€and€length€of€the€conflicts€between€the€parties.Ý ƒ ÑýÚ* õ* ݌Рt'à ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýr. Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú22Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€parties€to€an€arbitration€agreement€have€virtually€unfettered€autonomy€inÐ ¤* #, Ðidentifying€the€disputes€that€may€be€the€subject€of€the€arbitration€proceeding.€€As€we€shallÐ

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€€Ces€circonstances,€appr ci es€en€regard€deÐ Œ ( Ðlð ðavantage€hypoth tique€que€le€Parlement€pourrait€tirer€dð ðune€r ponse,€convainquentÐ $ À Ðla€Cour€quð ðelle€doit€exercer€son€pouvoir€discr tionnaire€de€refuser€de€r pondre€ €laÐ ¼ X ÐQuestion4.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýã“ þ“ ݌РT ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` Ôà i à(2)à0 ø àò òLe€fond€de€la€Question€4ó óÐ „ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýL™ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú72Ú ÚÛ € z H Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà i àPour€les€motifs€d j €exprim s,€la€Cour€exerce€son€pouvoir€discr tionnaireÐ ´ P Ðde€Ô' ` „ ç˜ Ône€pas€r pondre€ €cette€question.€Ý ƒ 0 ÑýL™ g™ ݌РL è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔIII.ò òConclusionó óÐ |! " ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýäš Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú73Ú ÚÛ € z I Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà i àLa€Cour€donne€les€r ponses€suivantes€aux€questions€pos es€dans€le€renvoi:Ý ƒ 0 Ñýäš ÿš ݌Р¬$H & ÐŒÝ ÝÔ' ` |!¬š ÔÌÓ Óà0 i à1.€à0 ø i Ð i Ð àLa€ò òProposition€de€loi€concernant€certaines€conditions€de€fond€duÐ Ü'x!* Ðmariage€civiló ó,€ci„jointe,€rel ve-t-elle€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€duÐ ¨(D"+ ÐParlement€du€Canada?€€Dans€la€n gative,€ €quel€ gard€et€dans€quelleÐ t) #, Ðmesure?Ó ÓÐ @*Ü#- ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 i àà0 ø i Ð i Ð àò òR ponseó ó:€En€ce€qui€concerne€lð ðart.1:€Oui.€€En€ce€qui€concerneÐ p- '1 Ðlð ðart.2:Non.Ð /¤(3 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÓ T ÓÌà0 i à2.à0 ø i Ð i Ð àSi€la€r ponse€ €la€question€1€est€affirmative,€lð ðarticle€1€de€laÐ 0 Ì Ðproposition,€qui€accorde€aux€personnes€du€m me€sexe€la€capacit €deÐ ü ˜ Ðse€marier,€est-il€conforme€ €la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€etÐ È d Ðlibert só ó?€Dans€la€n gative,€ €quel€ gard€et€dans€quelle€mesure?€Ó ÓÐ ” 0 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 i àà0 ø i Ð i Ð àò òR ponseó ó:€Oui.Ð Ä ` ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ ·Ÿ Óà0 i à3.à0 ø i Ð i Ð àLa€libert €de€religion,€que€garantit€lð ðalin a€2ò òaó ó)€de€laò ò€CharteÐ ô  Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó,€prot ge-t-elle€les€au

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ÐŒÝ ÝÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓIII.à0 ž àò òConclusionó óÐ d ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ $v @ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýàv Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú73Ú ÚÛ € z I Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€Court€answers€the€reference€questions€as€follows:Ý ƒ 0 Ñýàv ûv ݌Р” 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « à1.€à0 ø « Ð « Ð àIs€the€annexed€ò òProposal€for€an€Act€respecting€certain€aspects€of€legalÐ Ä ` Ðcapacity€for€marriage€for€civil€purposes€ó ówithin€the€exclusive€legislativeÐ  , Ðauthority€of€the€Parliament€of€Canada?€€If€not,€in€what€particular€orÐ \ ø Ðparticulars,€and€to€what€extent?Ð ( Ä ø Ð ø Ð ÐÓ ßw ÓÌà « àà0 ø àò òAnsweró ó:€€With€respect€to€s.€1:€Yes.€With€respect€to€s.€2:€No.Ð Œ ( ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ Óà « à2.à0 ø àIf€the€answer€to€question€1€is€yes,€is€section€1€of€the€proposal,€whichÐ ¼ X Ðextends€capacity€to€marry€to€persons€of€the€same€sex,€consistent€with€theÐ ˆ $ Ðò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó?€€If€not,€in€what€particularÐ T ð Ðor€particulars,€and€to€what€extent?Ð ¼ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÓ þy ÓÌà « àà0 ø àò òAnsweró ó:€€Yes.Ð „ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ Óà0 « à3.à0 ø « Ð « Ð àDoes€the€freedom€of€religion€guaranteed€by€paragraph€2(ò òaó ó)€of€theÐ ´ P Ðò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€ó óprotect€religious€officialsÐ € Ðfrom€being€compelled€to€perform€a€marriage€between€two€persons€of€theÐ L è Ðsame€sex€that€is€contrary€to€their€religious€beliefs?Ð ´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÓ ç{ ÓÌà « àà0 ø àò òAnsweró ó:€Yes.Ð |! " ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ Óà « à4.à0 ø àIs€the€opposite„sex€requirement€for€marriage€for€civil€purposes,€asÐ ¬$H & Ðestablished€by€the€common€law€and€set€out€for€Quebec€in€section€5€ofÐ x% ' Ðthe€ò òFederal€Lawð! ðCivil€Law€Harmonization€Act,€No.€1ó ó,€consistent€withÐ D&à ( Ðthe€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó?€If€not,€in€whatÐ '¬ ) Ðparticular€or€particulars€and€to€what€extent?Ð Ü'x!* ø Ð ø Ð ÐÓ ã} ÓÌÓ Óà « àà0 ø àò òAnsweró ó:€€The€Court€exercises€its€discretion€not€to€answer€this€question.Ó ÓÐ @*Ü#- ø Ð ø Ð Ðâ âÐ Ø+t%/ ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý£€ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú74Ú ÚÛ € z J Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àA€number€of€interveners€have€sought€costs.€€In€accordance€with€its€usualÐ d Ðpractice€on€references€brought€pursuant€to€s.€53(1)€of€the€ò òSupreme€Court€Actó ó,€the€CourtÐ ü ˜ Ðdenies€the€requests€for€costs.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý£€ ¾€ ݌Р” 0 Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌà0 « àò òThe€questions€referred€to€were€answered€as€follows:Ð Ä ` « Ð « Ð ÐÌQuestion€1:With€respect€to€s.1,€yes.€€With€respect€to€s.2,€no.Ð ô  ÐQuestion€2:Yes.Ð Œ ( ÐQuestion€3:Yes.Ð $ À ÐQuestion€4:The€Court€exercises€its€discretion€not€t

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€€Ainsi€que€Ô_ Ôlð ðaÔ_ Ô€signal €une€commissionÐ Ô)D"+ Ðparlementaire€australienne,€les€privil ges€du€Parlement€de€Westminster€Ô_ ÔsontÐ l+Ü#- Ð[ò òtraductionó ó]Ô_ Ô€ð ðÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô Ô_ Ô€Ô_ Ôlð ðimageÔ_ Ô€de€Ô_ Ôlð ð poqueÔ_ Ô€ €laquelle€ils€ont€ t €obtenusð ð€Ô_ Ô(ò òFinalÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔReportÔ_ ÔÐ -t%/ Ðof€the€Joint€Select€Committee€on€Parliamentary€Privilegeó ó€Ô_ Ô(octobre€1984),Ô_ ÔÐ œ. '1 ÐParliamentary€Paper€No.Ô_ Ô219/1984,Ô_ Ô€par.3.9).€€Les€r dacteurs€de€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelleÐ 40¤(3 Ðde€1867ó ó€ont€n anmoins€cru€bon€Ô_ Ôdð ðutiliserÔ_ Ô€le€Parlement€de€Westminster€comme€pointÐ  Ðde€r f rence€en€ce€qui€a€trait€au€privil ge€parlementaire€canadien€et€si€Ô_ Ôlð ðexistenceÔ_ Ô€ainsiÐ ( ˜ Ðque€Ô_ Ôlð ð tendueÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€privil ge€du€Parlement€de€Westminster€sont€ tabliesÐ À 0 Ðp remptoirement€(par€un€pr c dent€anglais€ou€canadien),€ce€privil ge€devrait€ treÐ X È Ðreconnu€par€les€tribunaux€canadiens€sans€Ô_ Ôquð ðilÔ_ Ô€soit€n cessaire€Ô_ Ôdð ðenÔ_ Ô€appr cier€laÐ ð ` Ðn cessit .€€Ce€r sultat€contraste€avec€la€situation€des€provinces€car,€sans€fondementÐ ˆ ø Ðanalogue€ €Ô_ Ôlð ðart.Ô_ ԁ18€de€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelle€de€1867ó ó,€les€privil ges€que€celles-ciÐ  Ð tablissent€par€voie€l gislative€devraient€vraisemblablement€satisfaire€au€crit re€deÐ ¸ ( Ðn cessit €(ò òHarveyó ó,€par.73).Ý ƒ 0 Ñýºë Õë ݌РP À ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý ö Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àToutefois,€bien€que€Ô_ Ôlð ðart.Ô_ ԁ18€de€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelle€de€1867ó ó€pr voie€queÐ € ð Ðles€privil ges€du€Parlement€canadien€et€de€ses€membres€ne€doivent€pas€ð ðexc derð ð€lesÐ ˆ Ðprivil ges€existants€en€Grande-Bretagne,€nos€Parlements€respectifs€ne€sont€pas€pourÐ ° Ðautant€priv s€de€toute€latitude.€€Ainsi,€il€semble€probable€Ô_ Ôquð ðilÔ_ Ô€puisse€exister€desÐ H ¸ Ðð ðdiff rencesð ð,€Ô_ ÔÔ_ Ôc.- -d.Ô_ ÔÔ_ Ô€des€pratiques€parlementaires€inh rentes€au€syst me€canadien€ouÐ à P Ð dict es€au€regard€de€notre€propre€exp rience.€€Ces€pratiques€seraient€assujetties€auÐ x è Ðcrit re€de€ð ðn cessit ð ð€d fini€en€fonction€des€exigences€et€circonstances€propres€ €notreÐ !€ ÐParlement.€La€Cour€examinera€cette€question€en€temps€et€lieu€si€elle€lui€est€soumise€unÐ ¨" " Ðjour.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý ö +ö ݌Р@$° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýËú Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àPar€cons quent,€pour€d cider€si€un€privil ge€existe€ou€non€au€sens€de€la€ò òLoiÐ p'à ( Ðsur€le€Parlement€du€Canadaó ó,€les€tribunaux€canadiens€doivent,€d

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Ðprovides€for€Members€of€Parliament,€and€for€Members€of€the€legislatures€of€each€ofÐ Ô)D"+ Ðthe€ten€provinces€and€two€territories,€ò òin€order€for€these€legislators€to€do€their€legislativeÐ l+Ü#- Ðworkó óð ð€Ô_ Ô(p.Ô_ Ô€12€Ô_ Ô(emphasis€added)).Ô_ Ô€€To€the€question€ð ðnecessary€in€relation€to€what?ð ð,Ð -t%/ Ðtherefore,€the€answer€is€necessary€to€protect€legislators€in€the€discharge€of€theirÐ œ. '1 Ðlegislative€and€deliberative€functions,€and€the€legislative€assemblyð ðs€work€in€holdingÐ 40¤(3 Ðthe€government€to€account€for€the€conduct€of€the€countryð ðs€business.€€To€the€sameÐ  Ðeffect,€see€R.€Marleau€and€C.€Montpetit,€Ô_ Ôeds.,Ô_ Ô€ò òHouse€of€Commons€Procedure€andÐ ( ˜ ÐPractice€ó ó(2000),€where€privilege€is€defined€as€ð ðthe€rights€and€immunities€that€areÐ À 0 Ðò òdeemed€necessaryó ó€for€the€House€of€Commons,€as€an€institution,€and€its€Members,€asÐ X È Ðrepresentatives€of€the€electorate,€ò òto€fulfil€their€functionsó óð ð€Ô_ Ô(Ô_ ÔÔ_ Ôp.Ô_ Ô€50€Ô_ Ô(emphasis€added)).Ô_ ÔÐ ð ` ÐReference€may€also€be€made€to€J.€G.€Bourinot,€ò òParliamentary€Procedure€and€Practiceó óÐ ˆ ø Ðò òin€the€Dominion€of€Canada€ó ó(4th€ed.€1916),€at€p.€37:Ð  ÐÌÓ Óà0 « àIt€is€obvious€that€no€legislative€assembly€would€be€able€to€discharge€itsÐ P À Ðduties€with€efficiency€or€to€assure€its€independence€and€dignity€unless€itÐ Œ Ðhad€adequate€powers€to€protect€itself€and€its€members€and€officials€ò òin€theÐ è X Ðexercise€of€their€functionsó ó.€[Emphasis€added.]Ð ´ $ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÓ ÓÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÀå Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú42Ú ÚÛ € z * Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€British€Joint€Committee€Report€adopted€a€similar€approach:Ý ƒ ÑýÀå Ûå ݌Рä T ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àà ø àParliamentary€privilege€consists€of€the€rights€and€immunities€whichÐ „ Ðthe€two€Houses€of€Parliament€and€their€members€and€officers€possess€ò òtoÐ à P Ðenable€them€to€carry€out€their€parliamentary€functions€effectivelyó ó.€€WithoutÐ ¬ Ðthis€protection€members€would€be€handicapped€in€performing€theirÐ x è Ðparliamentary€duties,€and€the€authority€of€Parliament€itself€in€confrontingÐ D ´ Ðthe€executive€and€as€a€forum€for€expressing€the€anxieties€of€citizens€wouldÐ !€ Ðbe€correspondingly€diminished.€[Emphasis€added;€para.€3.]Ð Ü!L ! « Ð « Ð ÐÌÓ ÓÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýé Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú43Ú ÚÛ € z + Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àWhile€much€latitude€is€left€to€each€House€of€Parliament,€such€a€purposiveÐ %| % Ðapproach€to€the€definition€of€privilege€implies€important€limits.€€There€is€generalÐ ¤& ' Ðrecognition,€for€example,€that€privilege€attaches€to€ð ðproceedings€in€Parlia