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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	[TRADUCTION] Le danger appelle le sauvetage. Le cri de détresse représente la demande pressante d’aide. Le droit ne met pas de côté ces réactions de
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	Danger invites rescue. The cry of distress is the summons to relief. The law does not ignore these reactions of the mind in tracing conduct to its conse-

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Des quatre témoins de cette conversation, seul Botham a déposé au procès; il a déclaré ignorer à ce moment l’importance de l’affaire cri­minelle sur laquelle il enquêtait et ne pas savoir que l’appelant serait arrêté peu après la conversa­tion.

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We know little about the circumstances of the conversation between Const. Botham and appel­lant. Of the four witnesses to this conversation, only Botham gave evidence; he said that at the time he did not know that he was investigating an important criminal operation and that appellant was to be arrested shortly after the conversation. There is no evidence as to the actions of the other constable prior to and during the conversation between appellant and Botham.

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Des motifs pratiques en justifiaient le maintien et la confirmation de cette pratique, dans le Code cri­minel de 1892 et au cours des années suivantes, n’a nullement, selon mon interprétation de la jurispru­dence, mis en doute le pouvoir fédéral d’accorder aux provinces le pouvoir d’engager des poursuites en vue d’appliquer le droit criminel fédéral, et de réglementer ce pouvoir.

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was continued after 1867 into post-1867 by virtue of s. 129. It was a practical accommodation to allow this to continue, and the affirmation of this practice under the 1892 Criminal Code and in ensuing years did not, as I read the authorities, cast any doubt on federal authority to invest and regulate provincial prosecutorial power to enforce the federal criminal law. Re Public Inquiries Act (1919), 3 W.W.R. 115, does not disturb this view. One would have expected an attempt by the prov­inces, soon after Confederation, or even later at some point in constitutional evolution, to assert an independent provincial authority to control pros­ecutions of the criminal law. There was none, and there is still none, save for the objection taken to the inclusion of the federal Attorney General in the definition of s. 2.

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Ce facteur interposé a été le fait de quelques clients du restaurant qui sont devenus hystériques. Celui qui a lancé ce cri pourrait, à mon avis, être considéré comme un esprit idiot de ce genre. Mais cette situation est prévisible, la nature humaine étant plutôt instable dans les états d’urgence et devant être reconnue telle.

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Now it is said to me that even if this is negligence there is an intervening factor involved here that is not within the control of the restaurant owners. That intervening factor is applied by some customers of the restaurant who acted hysterically. Whoever yelled that out almost qualifies in my opinion for that type idiotic person. But this is a foreseeable, human nature is rather unstable in emergencies and must be recognized as being unstable in emergencies. The proprietors themselves were running around the restaurant rather excitedly. The only person that the evidence would indicate was not excited was Mrs. Emmons, and she shook after it was all over according to her story. The panic in the restaurant could have been foreseen.

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[TRADUCTION]  Huit Sachems, de différentes nations qui étaient récemment alliées à l'ennemi, se sont rendus en leur nom et en celui de leurs tribus au général Murray:  ces personnes, après avoir discuté avec Son Excellence et après que toutes les questions eurent été réglées à leur satisfaction, se sont rendus sur la rive opposée à Montréal, ont brandi leurs couteaux et leurs haches et ont lancé leur cri de guerre, indiquant aux Français qu'ils étaient maintenant devenus nos alliés et leurs ennemis.

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Eight Sachems, of different nations, lately in alliance with the enemy, have surrendered, for themselves and their tribes, to General Murray:  these fellows, after conferring with his Excellency, and that all matters had been adjusted to their satisfaction, stepped out to the beach opposite to Montreal, flourished their knives and hatchets, and set up the war‑shout; intimating to the French, that they are now become our allies and their enemies.  While these Chieftains were negotiating a peace, two of our Mohawks entered the apartment where they were with the General and Colonel Burton . . .  [Emphasis added.]

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À un moment donné au cours du procédé, la demanderesse s'est écriée:  [traduction] «Pour l'amour du ciel, arrêtez!»  Elle a fait valoir, non déraisonnablement, que cela constituait le retrait du consentement.

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For example, in Mitchell v. McDonald (1987), 40 C.C.L.T. 266 (Alta. Q.B.), the plaintiff was suffering from acute muscular pain in her chest.  She consented to receive a cortisone injection directly into the chest muscle.  Unfortunately, the injection punctured a lung resulting in its partial collapse.  At one point in the procedure, the plaintiff cried out "For God's sake, stop".  She argued not unreasonably, that this constituted a withdrawal of consent.  However, the trial judge, at p. 289, interpreted it as but a cry of pain:

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34 Le témoin Ghyslaine Pomerleau, qui a déclaré au procès avoir entendu le « cri anormalement long [d’]une adolescente » durant la nuit du meurtre, avait fait plusieurs déclarations antérieurement au procès qui n’ont jamais été divulguées à la défense.

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34 Ghyslaine Pomerleau, the witness who stated at trial that she had heard the [translation] “unusually long scream of a teenaged girl” during the night of the murder, had made a number of statements prior to trial which were never disclosed to the defence.  The version of the facts that this witness gave changed over the course of her statements.  For instance, on March 20, 1990, she said that she had heard a woman’s scream.  The next day, she described the scream as being rather the scream of a teenaged girl.  On April 10, 1990, the scream became the scream of a person [translation] “surprised from behind”.  And at trial, she described the voice she had heard as the voice of a girl, not a small child or an adult.  In her testimony, in the presence of the jury, she also said that she had made only one statement to the police.

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Même si une telle loi pouvait être décrite comme portant sur les enquêtes relatives à des infractions et ainsi sembler relever de l’administration de la justice, une telle loi porterait véritablement sur la procédure en matière cri­minelle et relèverait donc de la compétence exclusive du Parlement.

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In Di Iorio v. Montreal Jail Warden, [1978] 1 S.C.R. 152, ... the Supreme Court of Canada accepted that there is a degree of overlapping between the powers assigned to Parliament under s. 91(27) and those assigned to the provinces under s. 92(14) and that a matter which for some purpose may fall within the scope of the federal power over criminal law and procedure may also fall within the legitimate concern of the prov­inces as pertaining to the administration of justice (per Dickson J. at p. 207).

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Le fait qu’elle ait stationné sa voiture complètement sur le côté gauche de la route s’explique par l’état de la route après la collision, et le geste qu’elle a posé en cherchant du secours comme elle l’a fait et en tentant d’arrêter les voitures qui s’en venaient était, selon moi, une réaction parfaitement normale suscitée par le cri de détresse de l’homme blessé et la situation que j’ai décrite.

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In my opinion there was nothing wanton in Mrs. Corothers’ behaviour in face of the peril to the Hammerschmids. The fact that she parked her car on the far left side of the highway is explained by the state of the highway at the scene after the collision and her action in going for help as she did and in attempting to flag down the approaching traffic, were, in my view, perfectly normal reactions to the cry of distress from the injured man and the situation which I have described.

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Comme le souligne le juge Addy, le privilège ne peut être invoqué que pour chaque document pris individuellement, et chacun doit répondre aux cri­tères du privilège: (i) une communication entre un avocat et son client;

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As Mr. Justice Addy notes, privilege can only be claimed document by document, with each docu­ment being required to meet the criteria for the privilege—(i) a communication between solicitor and client; (ii) which entails the seeking or giving of legal advice; and (iii) which is intended to be confidential by the parties. To make the decision as to whether the privilege attaches, the letters must be read by the judge, which requires, at a minimum, that the documents be under the jurisdiction of a court. Finally, the privilege is aimed at improper use or disclosure, and not at merely opening.

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12 Mme Ghyslaine Pomerleau, qui résidait à proximité du domicile de Laurent Taillefer, a témoigné avoir entendu un cri « anormalement long » d’une adolescente provenant des environs de la résidence de Laurent Taillefer durant la nuit du 9 au 10 mars 1990.

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12 Ghyslaine Pomerleau, who lived near Laurent Taillefer’s apartment, testified that she had heard the [translation] “unusually long” scream of a teenaged girl coming from around Laurent Taillefer’s home during the night of March 9 to 10, 1990.  She said that she had heard the scream after seeing an unpleasant scene in a movie on television.  The evidence further established that the scene in question had aired at midnight.

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Ce pouvoir général est exprimé dans la définition précitée de «poursuivant», à l’art. 2 du Code. De tous les pouvoirs du procureur général, le plus frappant est son pouvoir d’intervention dans des poursuites cri-

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The Attorney General may also exercise a broader interventionist power, namely, the takeover of the conduct of proceedings from a private prosecutor, whatever the desires of that private prosecutor: Re Bradley and The Queen[21]. This general power finds expression in the definition of “prosecutor”, quoted earlier, in s. 2 of the Code. Of all the powers of the Attorney General, the power of intervention in criminal proceedings—

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En outre, il y a ici une tendance à préférer l’expression générale de l’administration de la jus­tice à l’expression particulière du droit criminel et de la procédure en matière criminelle, lorsque rien dans le texte de la première n’écarte la seconde ni même n’en fait mention.

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There is, in addition, an attempt here to prefer the general administration of justice over the spe­cial criminal law and procedure, when there is no language in the former to override or even suggest the latter. The respondents and the supporting interveners submit that because s. 92(14) includes the constitution of courts of "criminal jurisdic­tion", the word "criminal" must be imported into the opening words of the section, which must be construed as if they said "the Administration of Civil and Criminal Justice in the Province". However,

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	POURVOI contre un jugement de la Cour d’ap­pel de la Saskatchewan[1], qui a accueilli l’appel de l’intimé contre le rejet de son appel par procès de novo, après avoir été déclaré coupable d’avoir refusé de fournir un échantillon de son haleine et ce, en contravention du par. 235(2) du Code cri­minel.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	APPEAL from a judgment of the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan[1], allowing an appeal by the respondent from the dismissal of his appeal by way of trial de novo following his conviction for refusing to provide a breath sample contrary to s. 235(2) of the Criminal Code. Appeal allowed and conviction restored.

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[TRADUCTION] C’est une règle formelle du droit cri­minel anglais depuis longtemps établie qu’aucune décla­ration d’un accusé n’est recevable contre lui à titre de preuve, à moins que l’accusation ne prouve qu’il s’agit d’une déclaration volontaire, c’est-à-dire qu’elle n’a pas été obtenue par crainte d’un préjudice ou dans l’espoir d’un avantage dispensés ou promis par une personne ayant autorité.

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It has long been established as a positive rule of English criminal law, that no statement by an accused is admissible in evidence against him unless it is shewn [sic] by the prosecution to have been a voluntary statement, in the sense that it has not been obtained from him either by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage exercised or held out by a person in authority. The principle is as old as Lord Hale.

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	[traduction] En ce qui concerne l'argument voulant que son exclamation «Pour l'amour du ciel, arrêtez!» ait pu valoir retrait du consentement, il ne fait aucun doute que le préjudice avait déjà été subi avant qu'elle ne pousse son cri.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	With respect to the suggestion that the consent might have been withdrawn by her exclamation, "For God's sake, stop," it is beyond dispute that the damage had already been done before her cry.  On the evidence, in any event, such a cry could well have been interpreted to mean, "My God, stop hurting me."

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Dans notre système juridique, on ne considère pas comme inéquitable ou oppressif le fait qu’un accusé, une fois sa condamnation annulée, ait à subir un nouveau procès, même à plusieurs reprises, sous la même accusation. En d’autres termes, on n’estime pas souhaitable qu’un cri-
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	In our legal system, it is not considered unfair or oppressive to have an accused undergo several trials on the same charge when his conviction is quashed even if this happens repeatedly. In other words, it is not considered desirable that a criminal should escape punishment for a misdeed

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Que les coroners ne constituent pas une cour et encore moins une cour d’archives d’après la légis­lation du Québec me semble une conclusion conforme aux données que l’on retrouve dans le Code criminel.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	The conclusion that coroners do not constitute a court, even less a court of record, under the legisla­tion of Quebec, appears to me to be in accordance with the provisions found in the Criminal Code. A "court of criminal jurisdiction" is defined as follows in s. 2:

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	[traduction] En ce qui concerne l'argument voulant que son exclamation «Pour l'amour du ciel, arrêtez!» ait pu valoir retrait du consentement, il ne fait aucun doute que le préjudice avait déjà été subi avant qu'elle ne pousse son cri.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	With respect to the suggestion that the consent might have been withdrawn by her exclamation, "For God's sake, stop," it is beyond dispute that the damage had already been done before her cry.  On the evidence, in any event, such a cry could well have been interpreted to mean, "My God, stop hurting me."

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Les auteurs s’entendent généralement pour dire que l’expres­sion peut avoir deux sens. Dans son ouvrage Cri­minal Law, The General Part (2e éd., 1961) Glan­ville Williams établit une distinction entre ces deux sens:
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	Difficulty arises, however, from the vagueness in law of the notion of "motive". There would appear to be substantial agreement amongst textwriters that there are two possible meanings to be ascribed to the term. Glanville Williams in his Criminal Law, The General Part (2nd ed., 1961) distin­guishes between these meanings:

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Lorsque la Cour d’appel a examiné les appels interjetés par les intimés contre la condamnation, elle a ordonné un nouveau procès. Deux des membres de la Cour ont souscrit à la prétention de l’avocat des accusés voulant que le par.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	The Court of Appeal, on considering the respondents’ appeals from conviction, directed a new trial. Two of the members of the Court agreed with the submission of counsel for the accused that s. 3(4) is applicable only where it is necessary to interpret the word “possession” in a provision of the Criminal Code and they held that there had been an erroneous

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	(f) privant une personne accusée d’un acte cri­minel du droit à la présomption d’innocence jusqu’à ce que la preuve de sa culpabilité ait été établie en conformité de la loi, après une audition impartiale et publique de sa cause par un tribunal indépendant et non préjugé, ou la privant sans juste cause du droit à un cautionnement raison­nable;
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	(f) deprive a person charged with a criminal offence of the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a fair and pub­lic hearing by an independent and impartial tri­bunal, or of the right to reasonable bail without just cause;

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Le juge Hinkson a examiné la jurisprudence en matière de justice préventive. Abstraction faite de la question de savoir si le fait d’exiger qu’une personne s’engage à ne pas troubler l’ordre public relève du pouvoir fédéral en matière de droit cri-
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	The case law on preventive justice has been canvassed by Hinkson J.A. Apart from the question whether binding over a person to keep the peace falls within the federal criminal law power, a question which does not call for decision here,

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intimée d’une ordonnance de prohibition interdi­sant toutes procédures ultérieures contre le présent appelant à la suite d’une dénonciation et d’une sommation l’inculpant d’une infraction prévue à l’art. 224 (maintenant l’art. 236) du Code cri­minel.

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present respondent from an order of prohibition, which prohibited any further proceedings against the present appellant under an information and summons charging him with an offence under s. 224 (now s. 236) of the Criminal Code. The order of prohibition was set aside. I will refer to the relevant sections of the Code by the num­bers which they bore at the time the offence charged is alleged to have been committed.

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Dans cette affaire, l’accusé, un Indien Cri, était un illettré (il n’avait que deux années de scolarité) et son avocat l’avait décrit comme un «primitif». Il avait été accusé de meurtre mais à l’ouverture du procès l’acte d’accusation fut modifié de façon à alléguer un «meurtre non qualifié», et de cela l’accusé s’est avoué coupable.

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That was a case where the accused, a Cree Indian, was illiterate (he had a grade 2 education) and was described by his counsel as a “primitive”. He had been charged with murder but at the opening of trial the indictment was amended to read “non-capital murder”, and to this the accused pleaded guilty. In his appeal to the provincial appellate Court he alleged that he was told by his lawyer that if he did not plead guilty to the charge he would be sentenced to hang, that he was scared and pleaded guilty although he was drunk at the time of the offence and drunk when he gave a statement to the police.

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Peu de temps après l’accident, un pompier et un policier ont relevé l’intimé et l’ont tenu dans la position où il semblait souffrir le moins, car à chaque mouvement il poussait un grand cri de douleur.

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It should be pointed out, however, that the Respondent’s face had blood upon it to the extent that any visible injury would not be seen, that the Respondent was unconscious behind the wheel with his head bent forward on to his chest and hanging either on or near the steering wheel. Shortly after the accident the Respondent was held up by a fireman and a policeman in a position where it appeared he was suffering the least pain because if there was any movement he would let out a very loud scream. There was no other evidence as to the nature and extent of the Respondent’s injuries.

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Il a commencé ensuite à se déshabiller lui‑même. La plaignante l'a prié de ne pas le faire. Comme la plaignante allait crier, l'accusé lui a fourré un vêtement dans la bouche afin d'étouffer le cri. L'accusé l'a frappée sur le sourcil.

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11.              The accused lay down on the victim and tried to kiss her. She attempted to turn away but he held the back of her head by the hair so that she could not move. She tried to bite his lips. The accused tore her night‑dress and pushed it off her. He then began to take his clothes off. The complainant pleaded with him not to do it. The complainant was going to scream. The accused stuffed a piece of clothing in her mouth to stifle the scream. The accused struck her with his hand across the eyebrow. He told her that if she tried to scream, he was going to see to it that she never talked again. She lay motionless while the accused finished undressing himself.

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6 Pour financer les obligations de WCSC selon la CAD conclue avec CRI, Dutton demande à Trust Royal d’émettre des débentures pour un montant total en principal de 22 050 000 $ à un sous-ensemble d’investisseurs qui ont déjà contribué à cette étape.

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3 The representative plaintiffs Muh-Min Lin and Hoi-Wah Wu, together with 229 other investors, became participants in the government’s Business Immigration Program of Employment and Immigration Canada by purchasing debentures in WCSC.  WCSC was incorporated by Joseph Dutton, its sole shareholder, for the purpose of “facilitat[ing] the qualification of the Investors, their spouses, and their never-married children as Canadian permanent residents.”

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9 En décembre 1991, CRI annonce qu’elle ne peut pas payer les intérêts échus pour les débentures de séries A, E et F et Muh-Min Lin et Hoi-Wah Wu intentent la présente action. Le fondement de la plainte est que Dutton et divers conseillers et sociétés apparentées de WCSC ont manqué à leurs obligations fiduciaires envers les investisseurs par leur mauvaise gestion et le mauvais placement de leurs fonds.

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6 To finance WCSC’s obligations under the PDA with Claude, Dutton directed Royal Trust to issue debentures in an aggregate principal amount of $22,050,000 to a subset of the investors who had subscribed by that point.  Royal Trust did so by issuing “Series A” debentures to 142 investors.  After the debentures were issued, WCSC distributed an update letter to its investors, describing the investment in Claude.

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	[TRADUCTION] C’est une règle formelle du droit cri­minel anglais depuis longtemps établie qu’aucune décla­ration d’un accusé n’est recevable contre lui à titre de preuve, à moins que l’accusation ne prouve qu’il s’agit d’une déclaration volontaire, c’est-à-dire qui n’a pas été obtenue par crainte d’un préjudice ou dans l’espoir d’un avantage dispensés ou promis par une personne ayant autorité.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine scc.lexum.org as primary domain	It has long been established as a positive rule of English criminal law, that no statement by an accused is admissible in evidence against him unless it is shewn by the prosecution to have been a voluntary statement, in the sense that it has not been obtained from him either by fear of prejudice or hope of advantage exercised or held out by a person in authority.

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7 Dans une série distincte d’opérations effectuées vers la même époque, Dutton et CRI concluent une entente aux termes de laquelle (1) Dutton transfère dans les faits  à CRI 49 pour 100 de ses actions dans WCSC; (2) CRI verse à Dutton 1,6 million de dollars comptant; (3) CRI consent à Dutton un prêt sans recours de 1,6 million de dollars; (4) Dutton conclut un contrat de travail avec CRI pour un salaire annuel de 50 000 $; et (5) CRI et la société de gestion de Dutton,  J.M.D.  Management Ltd., signe un contrat de gestion de 200 000 $ par an.

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4 WCSC solicited funds through two offerings “to invest in land located in the Province of Saskatchewan for the purpose of developing commercial, non-residential, income-producing properties”.  The offering memoranda provided that the subscription proceeds would be deposited with an escrow agent, later designated as The Royal Trust Company (“Royal Trust”), and would be released to WCSC upon conditions, subsequently amended.

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6 Pour financer les obligations de WCSC selon la CAD conclue avec CRI, Dutton demande à Trust Royal d’émettre des débentures pour un montant total en principal de 22 050 000 $ à un sous-ensemble d’investisseurs qui ont déjà contribué à cette étape.

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3 The representative plaintiffs Muh-Min Lin and Hoi-Wah Wu, together with 229 other investors, became participants in the government’s Business Immigration Program of Employment and Immigration Canada by purchasing debentures in WCSC.  WCSC was incorporated by Joseph Dutton, its sole shareholder, for the purpose of “facilitat[ing] the qualification of the Investors, their spouses, and their never-married children as Canadian permanent residents.”

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7 Dans une série distincte d’opérations effectuées vers la même époque, Dutton et CRI concluent une entente aux termes de laquelle (1) Dutton transfère dans les faits  à CRI 49 pour 100 de ses actions dans WCSC; (2) CRI verse à Dutton 1,6 million de dollars comptant; (3) CRI consent à Dutton un prêt sans recours de 1,6 million de dollars; (4) Dutton conclut un contrat de travail avec CRI pour un salaire annuel de 50 000 $; et (5) CRI et la société de gestion de Dutton,  J.M.D.  Management Ltd., signe un contrat de gestion de 200 000 $ par an.

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4 WCSC solicited funds through two offerings “to invest in land located in the Province of Saskatchewan for the purpose of developing commercial, non-residential, income-producing properties”.  The offering memoranda provided that the subscription proceeds would be deposited with an escrow agent, later designated as The Royal Trust Company (“Royal Trust”), and would be released to WCSC upon conditions, subsequently amended.

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7 Dans une série distincte d’opérations effectuées vers la même époque, Dutton et CRI concluent une entente aux termes de laquelle (1) Dutton transfère dans les faits  à CRI 49 pour 100 de ses actions dans WCSC; (2) CRI verse à Dutton 1,6 million de dollars comptant; (3) CRI consent à Dutton un prêt sans recours de 1,6 million de dollars; (4) Dutton conclut un contrat de travail avec CRI pour un salaire annuel de 50 000 $; et (5) CRI et la société de gestion de Dutton,  J.M.D.  Management Ltd., signe un contrat de gestion de 200 000 $ par an.

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4 WCSC solicited funds through two offerings “to invest in land located in the Province of Saskatchewan for the purpose of developing commercial, non-residential, income-producing properties”.  The offering memoranda provided that the subscription proceeds would be deposited with an escrow agent, later designated as The Royal Trust Company (“Royal Trust”), and would be released to WCSC upon conditions, subsequently amended.

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7 Dans une série distincte d’opérations effectuées vers la même époque, Dutton et CRI concluent une entente aux termes de laquelle (1) Dutton transfère dans les faits  à CRI 49 pour 100 de ses actions dans WCSC; (2) CRI verse à Dutton 1,6 million de dollars comptant; (3) CRI consent à Dutton un prêt sans recours de 1,6 million de dollars; (4) Dutton conclut un contrat de travail avec CRI pour un salaire annuel de 50 000 $; et (5) CRI et la société de gestion de Dutton,  J.M.D.  Management Ltd., signe un contrat de gestion de 200 000 $ par an.

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4 WCSC solicited funds through two offerings “to invest in land located in the Province of Saskatchewan for the purpose of developing commercial, non-residential, income-producing properties”.  The offering memoranda provided that the subscription proceeds would be deposited with an escrow agent, later designated as The Royal Trust Company (“Royal Trust”), and would be released to WCSC upon conditions, subsequently amended.

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Si l'on tient pour acquis que son état d'intoxication ne l'a pas empêché de former l'intention requise (ce sur quoi je reviendrai en examinant la troisième question), l'appelant avait l'intention d'utiliser le fusil pour expulser les policiers de la maison de sa mère. Cela ressort manifestement de son cri [TRADUCTION] "Vous sortez ou je vous sors".

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Section 85 requires proof of possession and proof that the purpose of that possession was one dangerous to the public peace.  There must at some point in time be a meeting of these two elements.  Generally, the purpose will have been formed prior to the taking of possession and will continue as possession is taken.  That is the case before us.  Assuming that the appellant was capable of forming the requisite intent notwithstanding his intoxication (a matter dealt with under the third issue), he intended to use the shotgun to expel the police officers from his mother's house.  This is evident from his shouting "You get out, or I'll get you out".  He then took possession of the gun.  At that point in time, the offence was complete.

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7 Dans une série distincte d’opérations effectuées vers la même époque, Dutton et CRI concluent une entente aux termes de laquelle (1) Dutton transfère dans les faits  à CRI 49 pour 100 de ses actions dans WCSC; (2) CRI verse à Dutton 1,6 million de dollars comptant; (3) CRI consent à Dutton un prêt sans recours de 1,6 million de dollars; (4) Dutton conclut un contrat de travail avec CRI pour un salaire annuel de 50 000 $; et (5) CRI et la société de gestion de Dutton,  J.M.D.  Management Ltd., signe un contrat de gestion de 200 000 $ par an.

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4 WCSC solicited funds through two offerings “to invest in land located in the Province of Saskatchewan for the purpose of developing commercial, non-residential, income-producing properties”.  The offering memoranda provided that the subscription proceeds would be deposited with an escrow agent, later designated as The Royal Trust Company (“Royal Trust”), and would be released to WCSC upon conditions, subsequently amended.

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34 Le témoin Ghyslaine Pomerleau, qui a déclaré au procès avoir entendu le « cri anormalement long [d’]une adolescente » durant la nuit du meurtre, avait fait plusieurs déclarations antérieurement au procès qui n’ont jamais été divulguées à la défense.

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34 Ghyslaine Pomerleau, the witness who stated at trial that she had heard the [translation] “unusually long scream of a teenaged girl” during the night of the murder, had made a number of statements prior to trial which were never disclosed to the defence.  The version of the facts that this witness gave changed over the course of her statements.  For instance, on March 20, 1990, she said that she had heard a woman’s scream.  The next day, she described the scream as being rather the scream of a teenaged girl.  On April 10, 1990, the scream became the scream of a person [translation] “surprised from behind”.  And at trial, she described the voice she had heard as the voice of a girl, not a small child or an adult.  In her testimony, in the presence of the jury, she also said that she had made only one statement to the police.

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663(1), cette définition se trouve dans une partie du Code cri­minel qui traite des appels; et, deuxièmement, cette définition n’en détermine pas la validité, pas plus que la validité n’est établie parce qu’une ordonnance rendue en vertu de l’art.

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I find these reservations in turn diluted by the agreement of Matas J.A. with the view of Haines J. in Re Torek and The Queen[12] that compensat­ing victims of crime is a valid object in sentencing. I am unable to appreciate, therefore, why there should be any doubt about the validity of a com­pensation provision, tied to the sentencing process as is s. 653, unless refuge is taken in a renewal of a notion that there is a proper domain of criminal law which forecloses an extension of the scheme of sanctions, although, admittedly, there is a rational connection between that part of s. 653 which is challenged and that part which is valid: see Papp v. Papp[13], at p. 336.

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7 Dans une série distincte d’opérations effectuées vers la même époque, Dutton et CRI concluent une entente aux termes de laquelle (1) Dutton transfère dans les faits  à CRI 49 pour 100 de ses actions dans WCSC; (2) CRI verse à Dutton 1,6 million de dollars comptant; (3) CRI consent à Dutton un prêt sans recours de 1,6 million de dollars; (4) Dutton conclut un contrat de travail avec CRI pour un salaire annuel de 50 000 $; et (5) CRI et la société de gestion de Dutton,  J.M.D.  Management Ltd., signe un contrat de gestion de 200 000 $ par an.

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4 WCSC solicited funds through two offerings “to invest in land located in the Province of Saskatchewan for the purpose of developing commercial, non-residential, income-producing properties”.  The offering memoranda provided that the subscription proceeds would be deposited with an escrow agent, later designated as The Royal Trust Company (“Royal Trust”), and would be released to WCSC upon conditions, subsequently amended.

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Le 27 juin 1978, le procureur du canton de Thurgovie a rejeté l’introduction de poursuites cri­minelles dans son ressort contre l’appelant Zingre, l’appelant Reiser et Kurt Wuest sur le fondement: a) que les 16 accusations de complot en vue de frauder sont étrangères au droit suisse;

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On June 27, 1978 the Public Prosecutor's office of the Canton of Thurgau rejected the launching of criminal proceedings in that jurisdiction against the appellant Zingre, the appellant Reiser, and Kurt Wuest on the basis that: (a) 16 charges involving conspiracy to defraud were foreign to Swiss law; (b) 13 cases of theft against Oskar Reiser were covered by the Statute of Limitations; (c) 16 charges of fraud required proof of deceitful misleading which was not evident; (d) the entire matter was marked by political overtones and damages were not substantiated as at that time; (e) the doubtful outcome did not warrant the

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Il est indiscutable, au stade actuel de notre évolution constitutionnelle que le Parlement fédéral a un pouvoir législatif exclusif en matière de procédure criminelle et de droit criminel qui ne saurait être diminué ou sapé par le prétendu exercice du pouvoir législatif ou exécutif en matière d’«administration de la justice dans la province».

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Holding as I do to the view that a Province may not in the guise of acting within its legislative authority under s. 92(14) invade the exclusive federal power under s. 91(27), I feel compelled to make the following observations with respect to those two authorities as they may apply to this appeal. There can be no debate at this stage of our constitutional development that the position of the federal Parliament with reference to the legislative power in relation to criminal procedure and crimi­nal law is exclusive and may not be eroded or undermined by a purported exercise of legislative or executive authority in relation to "the adminis­tration of justice in the Province". I do not read the Di Iorio case, supra, as going so far as to permit the invasion by provincial action of the sanctity of the right to remain silent during what is in truth and substance a criminal investigation. The investigation of the incidence of crime or the profile and characteristics of crime in a province, or the investigation of the operation of provincial agencies in the field of law enforcement, are quite different things from the investigation of a precise­ly defined event or series of events with a view to criminal prosecution. The first category may involve the investigation of crime generally and may be undertaken by the invocation of the pro­vincial enquiry statutes. The second category entails the investigation of specific crime, the procedure for which has been established by Par­liament and may not be circumvented by provin­cial action under the general enquiry legislation

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34 Le témoin Ghyslaine Pomerleau, qui a déclaré au procès avoir entendu le « cri anormalement long [d’]une adolescente » durant la nuit du meurtre, avait fait plusieurs déclarations antérieurement au procès qui n’ont jamais été divulguées à la défense.

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34 Ghyslaine Pomerleau, the witness who stated at trial that she had heard the [translation] “unusually long scream of a teenaged girl” during the night of the murder, had made a number of statements prior to trial which were never disclosed to the defence.  The version of the facts that this witness gave changed over the course of her statements.  For instance, on March 20, 1990, she said that she had heard a woman’s scream.  The next day, she described the scream as being rather the scream of a teenaged girl.  On April 10, 1990, the scream became the scream of a person [translation] “surprised from behind”.  And at trial, she described the voice she had heard as the voice of a girl, not a small child or an adult.  In her testimony, in the presence of the jury, she also said that she had made only one statement to the police.

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Sur la troisième, est étendu sur la pierre tombale d'O.G. un petit oiseau empalé au moyen d'une épingle à cravate ornée d'une croix gammée. Près de l'oiseau, se trouve un morceau de papier sur lequel sont inscrits les mots «Oi! Skins» (un cri de guerre de «skinhead»).

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The respondent took a number of photographs that were entered into evidence at trial.  Three of these photographs are directly relevant to this appeal.  The first featured S.B. standing beyond the gravestone of S.L., turned to his right, exposing his penis towards the gravestone, and wearing the T-shirt inscribed "Fuck Off and Die".  The second featured S.B., from the upper thigh down, sitting on the gravestone of N.S., wearing his "Doc Marten" boots with the white laces, holding a Nazi dagger, with a stream of yellow liquid simulating urine pouring down in front of the gravestone.  The third featured a small bird impaled by a Nazi tie pin with a swastika on it, lying on the gravestone of O.G. next to a piece of paper with the words "Oi! Skins" (a "skinhead" battlecry) written on it.

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1 Le juge Cory -- À l’instar de ses ancêtres, John Sundown, Indien cri membre de la première nation de Joseph Bighead, pratique la chasse et la pêche dans le parc provincial Meadow Lake. À cette fin, il y a construit une cabane en rondins, contrevenant ainsi au règlement sur les parcs.

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2 The respondent, John Sundown, is a Cree Indian and a member of the Joseph Bighead First Nation, which is a party to Treaty No. 6 by adhesion.  In 1992, Mr. Sundown cut down some 25 mature white spruce trees in Meadow Lake Provincial Park and used them to build a one‑storey log cabin, approximately 30 feet by 40 feet.  The Parks Regulations, 1991, R.R.S. c. P‑1.1, Reg. 6, prohibit both the construction of a temporary or permanent dwelling on park land without permission (s. 41(2)(j)) and the taking or damaging of trees without consent (s. 59(a)).

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EN APPEL DE LA COUR DU BANC DE LA REINE, PROVINCE DE QUÉBEC Droit criminel—Enquête de coroner—Incarcération pour refus de témoigner—Requête pour bref de prohi bition refusée—Matière civile—Cour du Banc de la Reine (division criminelle) non compétente—Code cri minel, 1953-54 (Can.), c.

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ÐÏ à¡± á > þÿ ½ ¿ þÿÿÿ » ¼ ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á @ ð ¿ ·Ü bjbjצצ % µÌ µÌ †Ó 0 ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ˆ ’ ’ ’ R ä 4 ¸# ¸# ¸# ¸# | 4$ L 4 ›= ¶ Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ >= @= @= @= @= @= @= Q> R £@ ò @= Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ @= Œ$ Œ$ U= J. J. J. Œ$ ´ Œ$ Œ$ >= J. Œ$ >= J. J. ¢ â8 ä = Œ$ €$ Ðä™(ªRÆ ¸# @) d Æ: 6 >= k= 0 ›= ü: •A ¤, – •A l = 4 4 •A = 8 J. Œ$ Œ$ Œ$ @= @= 4 4 „ ¸# :. 4 4 ¸# SUPREME COURT OF CANADA Faber v. The Queen, [1976] 2 S.C.R. 9 Date: 1975-03-26 Claude Faber Appellant; and Her Majesty The Queen et al. Respondents; and Attorney General and Minister of Justice of the Province of Quebec and another Mis en cause. 1974: October 15 and 16; 1975: March 26. Present: Laskin C.J. and Martland, Judson, Ritchie, Spence, Pigeon, Dickson, Beetz and de Grandpré JJ. ON APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC Criminal Law—Coroner's inquest—Committal for refusing to testify—Application for writ of prohibition refused—Civil proceeding—Court of Queen's Bench (Criminal Side) lacks jurisdiction—Criminal Code, 1953-54 (Can.), c. 51, ss. 2(10), 413(2)—Coroners Act, 1966-67 (Que.), c, 19, ss. 1, 7, 13 and 30. Appellant had been called by the coroner as a witness. Having refused to testify, he was repeatedly committed for contempt of court. At the continuation of the inquest, appellant was again invited to testify and refused to do so. In the interval of adjournment, he submitted to the Court of Queen's Bench, Criminal Side, a motion praying that a writ of prohibition be issued against the coroner, arguing that the matter was dealt with by the Criminal Code and that the coroner had exhausted his jurisdiction with respect to contempt of court. This motion was dismissed for the reason that the matter in question was dealt with by the Code of Civil Procedure. This judgment was upheld by the Court of Appeal which concluded that, as the matter was of a civil nature, only the Superior Court had authority to hear a motion for prohibition against the coroner. Appellant was granted leave to appeal by this Court. Held (Laskin C.J. and Spence, Pigeon and Beetz JJ. dissenting):

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580, cette «prise de responsabi­lité» est décisive dans les affaires où une perte économique est en cause. Harvey a conçu un cri­tère pour déterminer s’il y a obligation de diligence dans de tels cas.

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Lord Devlin stood on narrow ground, content with the proposition that wherever there is a rela­tionship equivalent to contract, there is a duty of care and such relationship may be either general, such as that of solicitor and client and of banker and customer, or particular, created ad hoc, in which case it becomes necessary to examine the particular facts to see whether there is an express or implied undertaking of responsibility. This ref­erence to "assumption of responsibility" is crucial in cases involving economic loss, according to C. Harvey, "Economic Losses & Negligence" (1972), 50 Can. Bar Rev. 580. Harvey devises a test for imposing a duty of care in cases of economic loss which he phrases as follows (p. 600):

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Cependant, puisqu’en l’espèce le litige porte uni­quement sur la compétence de la Cour du Banc de la Reine (juridiction criminelle) de délivrer un bref de prohibition, il n’y a pas lieu de se prononcer sur la constitutionnalité d’aucune partie de la Loi des Coroners du Québec.

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However, because in the present case we are solely concerned with the jurisdiction of the Court of Queen's Bench (Crown side) to issue a writ of prohibition, no opinion has to be expressed respect­ing the constitutional validity of any part of the Quebec Coroners' Act. The Provincial Legislature undoubtedly has some jurisdiction, coroners are provincial appointees. Where should the line be drawn between Procedure in Criminal Matters which is within federal jurisdiction and the Administration of Justice in the Province which is within provincial competence does not come for decision today. However, one must remember that in matters which are in themselves of criminal law, the abstinence of the Federal Parliament from legislating to the full limit of its powers does not enlarge the field of provincial jurisdiction: Henry Birks & Sons Ltd. v. City of Montreal,[6] (at p. 811).

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Le juge de paix, lorsqu’il doit décider s’il y a lieu de renvoyer un inculpé pour qu’il subisse son procès, sait que si telle est sa décision, l’inculpé sera alors jugé conformément aux dispositions du Code cri­minel canadien et de la Déclaration canadienne des droits, selon une procédure garantissant à ce dernier la protection de ses droits.

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There is another factor. The magistrate consid­ering whether he should commit an accused person for trial knows that if he does commit that accused then he will be tried in accordance with the provi­sions of the Canadian Criminal Code, Canadian Bill of Rights and, in a procedure where the accused's interests will be accorded all proper pro­tection. An extradition commissioner, and this has no particular application to the present case, may, on the other hand, consider whether he should order the extradition of the arrested person to a jurisdiction of which he has no knowledge of the prosecution procedures or doctrines or traditions. Moreover, the extradition commissioner has no knowledge of the procedures which were involved in obtaining the evidence which is adduced before him and upon which he is asked to base his order for extradition. There is, therefore, in my view,

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[6] À un moment donné, Mlle S.B. a frappé Mlle Courtepatte par derrière avec la clé à molette. Cette dernière a poussé un cri et a couru vers M. Laboucan. Il a chuchoté quelque chose qui l’a terrifiée et elle s’est éloignée, l’implorant de ne pas mettre sa menace à exécution.

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[6] At some point during the walk, Ms. S.B. struck Ms. Courtepatte from behind with the wrench.  She cried out and ran to Mr. Laboucan.  He whispered something that terrified her and she broke away, pleading with him not to make good on his threat. Around this time, Mr. Briscoe rejoined the group.  For a moment, he held on to Ms. Courtepatte and angrily told her to be quiet or shut up.  Mr. Laboucan then raped her. One of the youths, Mr. M.W., did the same.  They then hit her in the head multiple times with the sledgehammer or mallet, and Mr. Laboucan choked her from behind with a wrench.  Mr. Laboucan also directed another youth, Ms. D.T., to stab Ms. Courtepatte’s throat with a throwing knife.  She did.  Mr. Briscoe stood by and watched the rape and murder.  Ms. K.B. witnessed some of the gruesome events, but was physically unharmed. Ms. Courtepatte’s badly beaten body was left behind on the golf course where it was discovered a day later.

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8 Au cours des mois suivants, Dutton avance des fonds additionnels à CRI et demande à Trust Royal d’émettre des débentures correspondantes. Les débentures de série E émises en décembre1990 (montant total en principal de 2,56 millions de dollars), et les débentures de série F émises en mai 1991 (montant total en principal de 9,45 millions de dollars) sont particulièrement importantes dans le litige.

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5 The dispute arises from events after the investors’ funds had been deposited with Royal Trust.  In May 1990, WCSC entered into a Purchase and Development Agreement (“PDA”) with Claude Resources Inc. (“Claude”)  under which WCSC purchased from Claude, for $5,550,000, the rights to a Crown surface lease adjacent to Claude’s “Seabee” gold deposits in northern Saskatchewan.  WCSC also agreed to commit a further $16.5 million for surface improvements and for the construction of a gold mill, which would be owned by WCSC.  A lease agreement executed in tandem with the PDA leased the not-yet-constructed gold mill and related facilities, together with the surface lands, back to Claude.  The payments required of Claude under that lease agreement matched the semi-annual interest payments required of WCSC with respect to the investors.

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34 Le témoin Ghyslaine Pomerleau, qui a déclaré au procès avoir entendu le « cri anormalement long [d’]une adolescente » durant la nuit du meurtre, avait fait plusieurs déclarations antérieurement au procès qui n’ont jamais été divulguées à la défense.

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34 Ghyslaine Pomerleau, the witness who stated at trial that she had heard the [translation] “unusually long scream of a teenaged girl” during the night of the murder, had made a number of statements prior to trial which were never disclosed to the defence.  The version of the facts that this witness gave changed over the course of her statements.  For instance, on March 20, 1990, she said that she had heard a woman’s scream.  The next day, she described the scream as being rather the scream of a teenaged girl.  On April 10, 1990, the scream became the scream of a person [translation] “surprised from behind”.  And at trial, she described the voice she had heard as the voice of a girl, not a small child or an adult.  In her testimony, in the presence of the jury, she also said that she had made only one statement to the police.

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De même je ne vois aucune raison de douter de la validité constitutionnelle de l’art. 655 qui traite de la disposition de biens qui sont devant la Cour au moment du procès criminel. C’est une partie accessoire du processus criminel que de présenter au tribunal l’objet du délit ou de le confier à sa garde.

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Similarly I see no reason for putting in doubt the constitutional validity of s. 655 dealing with the disposition of property that is before the Court at the time of a criminal trial. It is an incidental part of the criminal process to bring before the Court or to put within its control the corpus delicti. This makes it necessary to provide for the proper disposition of such things when the trial is over and I consider it clear that it is part of the proper scope of criminal procedure. Even if it could possibly be left to be determined by the action of a civil court, it would be unreasonable to deny the practical necessity for an immediate disposition by the criminal court which is properly seized of the question as an incident of the adjudi­cation over the criminal accusation.

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Parmi les affaires dans lesquelles on a étudié la notion de croyance erronée et appliqué le critère du caractère raisonnable, on trouve Flannery, pré-cité, R. v. Bourke[30] et Sperotto and Salvietti, précité.

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Among the cases in which mistaken belief was considered, and a test of reasonableness applied, are Flannery, supra, R. v. Bourke[30] and Sperotto and Salvietti, supra. Cases to the contrary are: Thorne v. Motor Trade Association[31], Wilson v. Inyang[32], R. v. Smith[33], R. v. Brown[34]. Virtually unanimous rejection of the added requirement of "reasonableness" is to be found in the scholarly writings: Glanville Williams (Criminal Law, The General Part, para. 70, at p. 201): "The idea that a mistake, to be a defence, must be reasonable, though lurking in some of the cases, is certainly not true as a general proposition"; Glanville Williams, Textbook of Criminal Law, at p. 100; Howard, supra, at pp. 153-4; Smith & Hogan, Criminal Law (4th ed.), at p. 182; Russell on Crime (12th ed), at p, 76; J. C. Smith (1975), Crim. L.R. 41; Morris and Turner, 2 U. of Queensland L.J. 247.

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La première des deux questions soulevées dans le présent pourvoi comprend implicitement la pré­tention du procureur général du Canada que si la Loi relative aux enquêtes sur les coalitions, et en particulier son al. 32(1)c), relevait de la compé­tence fédérale en matière d’échanges et de com­merce, la province ne pourrait revendiquer le pouvoir exclusif de poursuivre même si (ce qui est également contesté) il était possible de le faire pour des poursuites relatives à des infractions cri­minelles.

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Implicit in the first of the two questions raised in this appeal was the contention, pursued by the Attorney General of Canada, that if the Combines Investigation Act, and especially s. 32(1)(c) thereof, was supportable under the federal trade and commerce power, the assertion of exclusive provin­cial prosecutorial authority would be precluded even if (and this was also contested) it was sustainable in relation to the prosecution of criminal offences. I may say that I find it impossible to separate prosecution for offences resting on a vio­lation of valid trade and commerce legislation and those resting on a violation of the federal criminal law. If exclusive provincial authority rests in the latter, it must equally rest in the former. Indeed, counsel for the respondent Canadian National Transportation, Limited was bold enough—and I think he was logically right-to sweep all offences under federal legislation, enacted pursuant to fed­eral enumerated power under s. 91, into the exclu­sive care and authority of provincial prosecuting officers. In short, if the provinces are constitutionally in control of criminal prosecutions, they must equally be in control of other prosecutions resting on violation of federal legislation other than under the criminal law, at least so far as the prosecutions are brought in provincial courts. Any reading of s. 92(14) of the provincial catalogue of powers does not exhibit any special mention, indeed there is no

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Voir aussi les motifs dissidents du juge LeBel, maintenant juge de notre Cour, dans l’arrêt Cry-O-Beef Ltd. /Cri-O-Bœuf Ltée, précité, et In re Atlas Lumber Co. c. Grier and Sons Ltd. (1922), 3 C.B.R. 226 (C.S. Qué.), mais cette tendance ne se manifeste pas uniquement au Québec :  In re Maple Leaf Fruit Co. (1949), 30 C.B.R. 23 (C.S.N.‑É.); Re Westam Developments Ltd. (1967), 10 C.B.R. (N.S.) 61 (C.A.C.-B.), p.

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37 The Quebec Court of Appeal has perhaps led the argument for a more expansive interpretation of what disputes properly come under the bankruptcy umbrella and can therefore properly be litigated in the bankruptcy court:  Geoffrion v. Barnett, [1970] C.A. 273; Arctic Gardens inc. (Syndic de), [1990] R.J.Q. 6; and Excavations Sanoduc inc. v. Morency, [1991] R.D.J. 423.  See also the dissenting judgment of LeBel J.A., as he then was, in Cry-O-Beef Ltd./Cri-O-Bœuf Ltée, supra, and In re Atlas Lumber Co. v. Grier and Sons Ltd. (1922), 3 C.B.R. 226 (Que. Sup. Ct.); but the push is not confined to Quebec: In re Maple Leaf Fruit Co. (1949), 30 C.B.R. 23 (N.S.S.C.); Re Westam Developments Ltd. (1967), 10 C.B.R. (N.S.) 61 (B.C.C.A.), at p. 65; Re M. B. Greer & Co. (1953), 33 C.B.R. 69 (Ont. S.C.), at p. 70; Re M.P. Industrial Mills Ltd. (1972), 17 C.B.R. 226 (Man. Q.B.).