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Keybot 39 Ergebnisse  agritrade.cta.int  Seite 7
  Un nouveau contrat d’ag...  
Cette expérience, au fil de son évolution, pourrait bien s’avérer pertinente au-delà du secteur du sucre et au-delà de la Jamaïque.
This experience, as it evolves, could well have wider relevance beyond the sugar sector and beyond Jamaica.
  Amélioration des prix d...  
Les dernières prévisions du Groupe de travail européen de prévision dans le secteur bovin (European Beef Forecasting Working Group) suggèrent une « certaine amélioration sur le marché du bœuf européen au cours de l’année 2011, grâce à un resserrement supplémentaire de l’offre, à l’augmentation de la demande internationale et à une situation plus stable de la demande, qui favorisent les échanges ». « Ces développements devraient […] avoir un impact positif sur les prix du bétail au fil de l’année ».
The latest forecasts of the European Beef Forecasting Working Group suggest ‘some improvement in the European beef market during 2011 as a further tightening in supplies, stronger international demand and a more stable demand situation help trade.’ ‘These developments are expected … to have a positive impact on cattle prices as the year progresses.’ ‘Beef supplies in 2011 across the European-15 region are forecast to fall by around two per cent to 7.1 million tonnes’. This is mostly a result of supply trends in France, Germany and the UK. Beef production is however growing in Poland, where it has expanded 17% since 2007. ‘Supplies of beef available for consumption [are] forecast to fall by around one per cent to 7.3 million tonnes, … [with] some expected increase in retail prices during 2011.’
  Une application plus st...  
Le document affirme qu’au fil du temps, les coûts de mise aux normes diminueront à mesure que les agriculteurs se familiariseront avec les standards et qu’ils s’ajusteront grâce à des investissements et de nouvelles pratiques, et qu’en outre les coûts doivent être envisagés à la lumière des bénéfices pouvant être engrangés par les agriculteurs grâce aux normes de qualité plus strictes.
Compliance costs for cereal producers are estimated at below 1%, with no clear pattern emerging for EU fruit and vegetable producers. The review noted that farm size has a strong influence on the overall cost-increasing effects of EU standards, but concluded that ‘in-depth studies do not support claims that EU farmers face significant disadvantages as a result of strict EU standards.’ It was argued that over time, compliance costs fall as farmers learn and adjust through investments and changed practices, and that furthermore the costs of compliance need to be seen in the light of the economic benefits accruing to farmers from higher quality standards.
  Transposition des préoc...  
Un des principaux buts visés des taux élevés de mélange pour l’éthanol est de créer un marché pour les biocombustibles stimulant un investissement sous des formes commercialement viables de biocombustibles de seconde génération. Dans cette perspective politique, au fil du temps, le développement de biocombustibles serait largement découplé de la production agricole dédiée.
The recommendation to open up EU biofuel markets to Brazilian ethanol exports, since this is the most climate-friendly option, needs to be seen against the background of the perceived transitional nature of EU biofuel policies. One of the main stated aims of high blending rates for ethanol is to create a market for biofuels that stimulates investment in commercially viable forms of second-generation biofuels. Within this policy perspective, over time biofuel development would be largely decoupled from dedicated agricultural production. In this context, policy continuity and market certainty can be seen as critical issues that sit uneasily with an opening up of the EU market to Brazilian ethanol.
  Les règles de transpare...  
Au fil des ans, plusieurs observateurs et parties prenantes aux discussions à l’OMC sur les subventions aux pêcheries ont souligné le fait que, en raison des insuffisances dans les déclarations par les membres de l’OMC sur l’affectation des subventions aux pêcheries, un débat informé à propos de l’impact de ces subventions sur les ressources halieutiques mondiales s’avère impossible.
Over the years, many observers and stakeholders in the WTO discussions on fisheries subsidies have highlighted the fact that, due to poor reporting by WTO members on the allocation of fisheries subsidies, meaningful debate on the impacts of these subsidies on the world fisheries resources is impossible. The quality of the information provided to the WTO in these subsidies notifications is of paramount importance. But few WTO members have complied with their obligation to report on subsidies, and even in those cases where members, like the EU, have notified the WTO, the gaps identified in data collection, such as those described in this report, may affect the accuracy of such notifications. Inasmuch as the EU is providing important subsidies to its fisheries sector, such inaccuracy may have a distorting effect on the debate on fisheries subsidies, their impact on fisheries, and the solutions put forward to mitigate negative impacts.
  Le rà´le croissant de l...  
Bien que la demande chinoise de coton soit susceptible de décliner de manière considérable au fil du temps, si les fournisseurs ACP peuvent se placer en tant que partie intégrante de l’équation d’approvisionnement sur la base des préférences tarifaires, ils seront capables de maintenir leur place sur le marché chinois à mesure que la demande chinoise diminuera, étant donné les faibles volumes exportés.
There would also appear to be scope for expanding duty-free, quota-free access for ACP cotton exports (see Agritrade article ‘ Priority areas for cotton lobbying identified’, 29 July 2013). While Chinese demand for cotton is projected to decline considerably over time, if ACP suppliers can establish themselves as an integral part of the supply equation on the back of tariff preferences, they may be able to maintain their place in the Chinese market as Chinese demand shrinks, given the relatively low export volumes involved.
  Subventions et pêches à...  
En deuxième lieu, il est également possible d’élaborer un certain nombre de critères techniques généraux, dans le droit fil des propositions du Brésil contenues dans sa deuxième contribution au groupe de négociations sur les règles de l’OMC, et en particulier le fait que les activités de pêche sont menées depuis le littoral et au moyen de filets de capture non automatisés.
A two-pronged approach to the problem is therefore called for. On the one hand (as noted in the Chair’s report), a definition to be elaborated for the WTO could reflect the motives for subsidising the sector (such as poverty reduction, sustainable development, food security, and employment). On the other hand, it is possible to draw up some broad technical criteria, along the lines proposed by Brazil in their second submission to the WTO negotiating group on rules. In particular, that the fishing activities ‘are performed at an in-shore basis with non-automatic net-retriever devices’. Such a condition would automatically exclude the use of inappropriate and potentially destructive fishing technologies such as trawling and some purse-seine operations. Other qualifications proposed by Brazil that balance fishing for a livelihood and fishing for profits, could address the problem of the overcapacity and overfishing in the artisanal and small-scale fishing sector caused by inward investment by outside interests.
  Des modifications appor...  
Cela devrait réduire la charge utile pour les entreprises de produits agricoles. Une telle réduction se traduira au fil du temps par des réductions de la production, des achats à l’exploitation et des emplois en milieu rural.
What is particularly critical and instructive about this specific case is the relative dynamic arising from the interface between the mode of transport and the produce. It was the configuration of the aircraft that led to the protocol of packaging which gave rise first to the growth in export of the Fiji red papaya and eventually to increased production by growers. Even though the airline proposes to increase the number of flights to the market destination, it is really the reduction of the wide-bodied aircraft from the route that is of concern here. This is likely to reduce the payload for agricultural produce ventures. Such a reduction will translate over time to reductions in production, farm-gate purchases and rural employment.
  L’UE, c’est « l’Ouest ...  
Cette situation a également permis aux flottes de l'Union de renforcer leurs antécédents de captures, qui servent encore de base à la répartition des droits d'accès dans la plupart des ORGP. Dans le cas des pays ACP ayant donné accès aux flottes de l'UE au fil des années, l’Union est souvent considérée comme le « partenaire historique ».
This report, commissioned by WWF, shows that, since the 1950s, European fleets have often been the first ones to fish new areas, including ACP EEZs through fishing agreements. This also allowed EU fleets to build up their track records of catches, still often used to allocate access, in most RFMOs. In the case of ACP countries having given access to EU fleets over the years, the EU is often considered the ‘historical partner’. The EU, because of this historical presence of its fleets in high seas and in ACP countries’ waters, has indeed a particular responsibility and role to play to promote sustainable fisheries internationally. However, new long-distance fleets, particularly from Asia, have developed and ensuring sustainable fisheries on the international stage cannot be done by targeting EU fleets alone. A dialogue between the EU and those other distant-water fishing countries, as well as with coastal countries, including the ACP countries, is necessary to set the scene for developing global sustainable fisheries.
  Les inégalités dans la ...  
Malgré ces conditions favorables sur le marché international, la Kenya Co-operative Coffee Exporters Ltd (KCCE) affirme que « l’existence de cartels dans la chaîne d’approvisionnement locale du café a empêché les agriculteurs de profiter de cette prospérité au fil des années ».
Despite these favourable international market conditions, Kenya Co-operative Coffee Exporters Ltd (KCCE) has warned that ‘the existence of cartels in the local coffee supply chain has over the years denied farmers the benefits of the expected bonanza.’ KCCE managing director Lucy Murumba said that the ‘total control has contributed to price manipulation and as a result, small scale coffee farmers have had little reason to invest in higher quality production leading to a vicious cycle of declining earnings and lower yield per hectare.’ According to press reports, incidents of theft and illegal trading in coffee have also increased in response to rising prices.
  Progrès dans les négoci...  
L’approche « descendante », déclare le Japon, « ne facilite pas la flexibilité politique dans ces circonstances, fermant la porte à tout développement politique ultérieur au fil des changements de l’environnement du secteur de la pêche et des nécessités politiques qui se présenteront. » Rien de définitif n’a donc encore été décidé.
The recent communications from the USA (March 2007) and Japan, Korea and Taiwan (June 2007) highlight how far apart the main protagonist groups are. The USA and its allies still advocate a ‘top down’ approach based on a broad prohibition of subsidies, whilst Japan and its allies propose a ‘bottom up’ approach. Japan contends that ‘the situations of resource management and ecosystem dynamics vary according to each Member, and there are no uniform impacts of fisheries subsidies, especially when combined with management instrument’. The ‘top down’ approach, says Japan, ‘seriously undermines policy flexibilities under these circumstances, denying the chance for further policy developments when fisheries environment changes and policy needs arise in the future.’ The jury is clearly still out.
  Une nouvelle politique ...  
Le vice-ministre Tia a fait remarquer qu’au fil des années le Ghana était devenu « le déversoir pour la volaille et le bœuf importés ». Ceci est corroboré par l’analyse de l’USDA : lors de la campagne de commercialisation 2002, le Ghana a importé 20 752 tonnes de morceaux de volaille, un chiffre qui atteignait 98 000 tonnes en 2010 et 105 000 tonnes en 2011.
Deputy Minister Tia noted that over the years Ghana had become ‘the dumping ground for imported chicken and beef’. This is borne out by the USDA analysis: in marketing year 2002, Ghana imported 20,752 tonnes of poultry parts, which by 2010 had risen to 98,000 tonnes, and 105,000 tonnes in 2011. This has contributed to reversing the rapid growth in the Ghanaian poultry sector which took place in the 1980 and 90s, when 80% of domestic chicken and egg needs were met from local production. By 2010, the market share of local producers was down to 10%, as ‘most of the small and medium-scale producers completely shut down’. USDA attributes this deteriorating performance to the ‘very high cost of production’ (feed, drugs and electricity), with imported poultry products being ‘30-40 percent cheaper than locally produced chicken’.
  Des difficultés commerc...  
Le travail accompli dans le cadre du TEC inclut une proposition pour que la Commission de la CEDEAO « maintienne le statu quo en termes de droits de douane applicables au sucre brut et raffiné jusqu’en 2014 », mais dans le droit fil des initiatives visant à établir à l’horizon 2018 « un droit de douane uniforme de 35 pour cent sur le sucre brut et raffiné » (voir article Agritrade « Recommandations sur les droits de douane régionaux d’Afrique de l’Ouest... », 15 avril 2012).
In the sugar sector, given the planned expansion to take national production to the level of current national consumption, this could well give rise to a broader review of sugar sector trade policy. This, however, will need to take place in the context of the establishment of a ECOWAS/WAEMU common external tariff (CET). Work towards the CET includes a proposal that the ECOWAS Commission “maintain the status quo on their customs tariff applicable to raw and refined sugar till 2014” but within the framework of moves towards establishing by 2018 “a uniform duty rate of 35 per cent on both raw and refined sugar” (see Agritrade article ‘ Recommendations on West Africa regional sugar tariffs’, 15 April 2012). This could place constraints on the longer-term trade policy framework to be applied in the Senegalese sugar sector, or alternatively could undermine the functioning of the regional CET, giving rise to smuggling on a large scale.
  Bonnes perspectives pou...  
Une concurrence plus vive est prévue sur les marchés laitiers mondiaux, non seulement de la part de l’Océanie mais également des États-Unis et, au fil du temps, de l’Argentine. Les États-Unis en particulier sont considérés comme un concurrent majeur sur les marchés d’exportation de lait écrémé en poudre et de lactosérum, laissant présager un avenir incertain pour les exportations de l’UE.
Increased competition is foreseen on global dairy markets, not only from Oceania, but also increasingly from the USA and, over time, even Argentina. The USA in particular is seen as a major competitor on SMP and whey export markets, which is seen as generating an uncertain future for EU exports.
  Les transformateurs nig...  
En 2011, dans le cadre de sa politique de réforme et dans le droit fil du système de libéralisation des échanges (SLE) de la CEDEAO, le gouvernement nigérian a levé son interdiction sur l’importation d’huile de palme brute, au lieu d’imposer un droit de douane de 35 %.
In 2011, as part of its reform policy and in line with the ECOWAS Trade Liberalisation Scheme (ETLS), the Nigerian government lifted its ban on the importation of crude palm oil, instead imposing a 35% tariff. This policy was intended to increase the availability of palm oil for local processing and for use in the manufacture of value-added food products.
  Afrique de l’Ouest : en...  
Des politiques nationales divergentes concernant l’utilisation des instruments de politique commerciale et des instruments de soutien financier ont engendré des structures spécifiques d’importations extra-régionales (qui peuvent changer au fil du temps en réponse aux changements politiques), qui ont entraîné à leur tour un commerce illicite.
Any review of the use of agricultural trade policy tools needs to focus on their use at the sector level. The poultry sector is illustrative in this regard, with tariff reductions agreed at the regional level giving rise to the increased use of non-tariff measures. Different national policies on the use of trade policy tools and financial support instruments has then given rise to specific patterns of extra-regional imports (which may change over time in response to policy changes), which in turn have given rise to patterns of illicit trade. (For example, 90% of Benin’s poultry exports from the EU are estimated to be re-exported to Nigeria, thereby circumventing the Nigerian import ban on poultry parts.) Different policy choices can give rise to different investment outcomes (e.g. import bans or tariff increases can increase investment throughout the poultry supply chain until such times as new patterns of trade emerge which may undermine the domestic market for poultry products).
  L’ « aide au commerce ...  
Le concept d’ « aide au commerce » a évolué au fil du cycle de Doha, afin d’apaiser les craintes de nombreux pays tels que le groupe ACP. En effet, ceux-ci prétendaient qu’ils retireraient peu de bénéfices de la libéralisation dans les pays les plus riches et les plus dynamiques (leur capacité d’approvisionnement étant insuffisante pour pouvoir exploiter ces opportunités) mais qu’ils subiraient tout simplement l’érosion de leurs préférences à l’heure de la libéralisation de l’Europe et de l’Amérique du Nord vis-à-vis de leurs concurrents.
The idea of ‘aid for trade’ evolved during the Doha Round to deal with the concern of countries like many in the ACP group that they would gain little by liberalisation in the richest and most dynamic countries (since they lacked the supply capacity to exploit the opportunities) but would simply suffer preference erosion when Europe and North America liberalised towards their competitors. ‘Aid for trade’ was seen both as a sweetener, to give them a stake in a successful completion of the Round, and as a way of increasing their trade gains: by boosting supply capacity (so that they could tap into new markets) and to adjust to preference erosion.
  Le commerce agricole de...  
Depuis 2005, les importations agricoles ont augmenté de 55% et les exportations de 68%. Au fil des ans, le déficit commercial de l’UE de produits bruts et transformés a baissé, passant de €10 milliards en 1988 à €5 milliards en 1995 et à peine €27 millions en 2005.
The EC has posted an analytical paper showing that in 2007 raw and processed agricultural products accounted for 6% of total trade, down from 9% in 1995. This is a result of a faster growth in trade in industrial products (+150% compared to 60% for agricultural products). Since 2005, agricultural imports have increased 55% and exports by 68%. Over the years the EU’s trade deficit in raw and processed agricultural products has declined from €10 billion in 1988 to €5 billion in 1995 and only €27 million in 2005. A surplus was briefly achieved in 2006, before returning to a deficit of €2.4 billion in 2007. The EU remains the largest global importer and exporter of agricultural products, and is by far the most important destination for developing country agricultural exports.
  L’Examen des politiques...  
D’après le dernier examen des politiques commerciales de la Jamaïque publié par le Secrétariat de l’OMC, la Jamaïque reste « importatrice nette de produits agricoles », ses importations étant trois fois supérieures à ses exportations en 2008. La contribution de l'agriculture à l'ensemble de l'économie a progressivement diminué au fil des années, et représente aujourd’hui à peine 5% du PIB.
According to the WTO Secretariat’s latest trade policy review of the country, Jamaica remains ‘a net importer of agricultural products’ with agricultural imports more than three times the level of exports in 2008. The contribution of agriculture to GDP has been in steady decline and now accounts for only 5%. According to the WTO Secretariat, periodic natural disasters (hurricanes in 2004, 2005, 2007 and 2008) have led to serious decline in the agricultural sector. Labour productivity has also been in decline, partly as a result of the small average size of land holdings (less than one hectare).
  Publications / Accueil ...  
Au fil des réunions, la voie à suivre se dessine
The continuing debate on the EPA in the Caribbean
  Publications / Accueil ...  
Les modifications introduites s’inscrivent dans le droit fil des réformes
TNI thematic review of the state of EPA negotiations
  Publications / Accueil ...  
La Tanzanie s’emploie actuellement à améliorer le fonctionnement de la chaîne d’approvisionnement du coton, afin d’éviter un effondrement de la fil... 01/03/2011
According to press reports, Thailand is temporarily stopping vegetable exports to the European Union from 1 February 2011 in response to EU concern... 01/03/2011
  Promotion de l'approvis...  
Le système fonctionne sans heurts, avec des effets haussiers sur les prix tout à fait minimes, et il a généré au fil du temps un changement de mentalité des détaillants, qui dégagent de plus en plus de place sur leurs étals pour les fruits et légumes cultivés localement, les revendiquant fièrement comme « namibiens ».
The system operates smoothly, with minimal price-increasing effects, and has over time led to a shift in the mindset of retailers, who increasingly provide dedicated shelf space to locally grown fruit and vegetables, displaying them as “proudly Namibian”. This is in distinct contrast to the earlier centrally orientated procurement systems operated by largely South African-based multiple retailers.
  La certification est ut...  
Elle note en outre que les « primes du commerce équitable et les prix minimums ont perdu de la valeur en termes réels au fil du temps » et que « certains ont soutenu l’idée que les prix ne sont pas encore assez élevés pour être transformationnels ».
But the ability of even Fairtrade schemes to offer a price premium depends on what the consumer will pay. ‘As certified produce becomes increasingly mainstream and less of a niche product’, the study argues, ‘premiums may become less likely.’ It further notes that ‘Fairtrade premiums and minimum prices have lost value in real terms over time’ and that ‘some have argued that prices are still not high enough to be transformational.’
  Instauration de licence...  
L’instauration, sur une base participative, du permis de pêche, est une avancée qui permettra de renforcer la réglementation du secteur, ce dont il convient de se réjouir. Il importe également que cette réglementation s’inscrive dans le droit fil des discussions engagées entre l’UE et le Sénégal relatives à la conclusion d’un APP visant à promouvoir la pêche durable.
The thriving artisanal fishing sector in Senegal has been increasingly described, including by EU officials, as unregulated and uncontrolled. The introduction, in a participative way, of fishing permits is a most welcome step towards better regulation of the sector. It is also important that it happens in the wake of the discussions between the EU and Senegal on the signing of an FPA that is designed to promote sustainable fisheries.
  Les commissaires de l'U...  
Les commissaires de l'UE s'accordent sur la nécessité de réformer le régime du sucre dans le droit fil des propositions initiales de la Commission. Toutefois, les propositions législatives finales de la Commission sont en attente du résultat de la décision de l'OMC, et il est possible que les Etats membres ne souhaitent pas être contraints à prendre une décision précoce.
EU Commissioners are showing a solid front insisting on reform of the sugar regime in line with the Commission's initial proposals. However, with final Commission legislative proposals awaiting the outcome of the WTO ruling, member states may show reluctance to be pushed into an early decision. Some delay in the implementation of reform may thus be possible, depending on how effective the UK presidency is in managing EU Council discussions on sugar-sector reform.
  Instauration de licence...  
L’instauration, sur une base participative, du permis de pêche, est une avancée qui permettra de renforcer la réglementation du secteur, ce dont il convient de se réjouir. Il importe également que cette réglementation s’inscrive dans le droit fil des discussions engagées entre l’UE et le Sénégal relatives à la conclusion d’un APP visant à promouvoir la pêche durable.
In October 2005, various articles were published in the Senegalese press about the introduction of fishing permits for artisanal fishing sector and of an audit to be made of the Senegalese industrial sector. On the latter, the Senegalese fisheries minister highlighted the importance of knowing the state of the Senegalese industrial sector, as well as its contribution to added-value operations. The minister specified that ‘there will be consequences. If the audit reveals that some fishing boats are not working in the interests of Senegalese people, we will not hesitate to take measures’.
  Les négociations Angola...  
La nouvelle loi angolaise limitant l'attribution de droits d'accès aux pêcheries aux entreprises contrôlées par l'Angola semble s'inscrire dans le droit fil de la logique que la Namibie a suivie en 1990 juste après avoir obtenu son indépendance.
The new Angolan law restricting the allocation of fishery-access rights to Angolan-controlled companies seems to be following the logic that newly independent Namibia followed in the 1990s. There, the 'Namibianisation' of the fishery was promoted through the development of policies that favoured local employment and maximised the local economic benefits from fishery-resource exploitation. This has proved relatively successful for Namibia, but at the expense of EU distant-water fishing interests.
  Le gouvernement franà§a...  
D’après une analyse de Bord Bia, le Conseil irlandais des denrées alimentaires, le débit des abattoirs français entre janvier et août 2012 a baissé de 4 % comparé à 2011, ce déclin s’accentuant au fil des mois.
According to analysis from Bord Bia, the Irish Food Board, throughput in French abattoirs from January to August 2012 was down 4% compared to 2011, with the decline in throughput gaining momentum through the year. In the face of reduced supplies, average prices increased between 16 and 19% in August, with consumption having declined 1.5% over the course of 2012 compared to the corresponding period in 2011. According to analysts at Rabobank and reported on Thebeefsite.com, the near-record prices for beef experienced during 2012 are expected to continue ‘until at least 2013’.
  L’UE présente le nouvea...  
Les pays ont été exclus pour trois motifs qui seront appliqués continuellement par la Commission, en vertu des pouvoirs qui lui ont été délégués (conformément à l’article 3, paragraphe 2, du règlement). Le nombre de pays ACP bénéficiant du SPG à partir de 2014 peut donc changer au fil du temps.
The EU’s GSP scheme is currently applied to 176 states, among the broadest coverage of any such scheme. The initial EC proposal set out the criteria that would reduce the number by about one half. The new regulation creates just 89 beneficiaries, but with scope to increase this number if the circumstances of the newly excluded states change. Countries have been excluded on three grounds which will be applied on a continuing basis by the Commission using delegated powers (under Article 3.2 of the Regulation). Hence the number of ACP states that benefit from the GSP from 2014 onwards may change over time.
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