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Malheureusement, son poids porta sur une branche morte qui se rompit et il tomba. Dans sa chute, son corps entra en contact à la fois avec la ligne à haute tension et le tronc de l’érable et il fut grièvement blessé par une décharge électrique.

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Moule, the infant plaintiff, ten and a half years of age, climbed the spruce tree, crossed on the platform to the maple tree, and then climbed higher in the maple tree. Unfortunately, he put his weight on a dead branch. The dead branch broke and he fell in such a fashion that his body touched at the same time the wire carrying the heavy charge and the trunk of the maple tree so that he received very grave injuries from electric shock. Ritchie J., in giving judgment for this Court, said at p. 308:

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Dans l’affaire Moule, le jeune garçon s’était blessé après avoir grimpé dans un arbre, puis être passé dans l’érable qui avait été protégé comme je l’ai décrit plus haut, et il n’était entré en contact avec le fil que lorsque son poids avait porté sur une branche morte, provoquant sa chute.

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In Moule, in order to get himself injured, the boy had to climb one tree and then across from it to the maple which had been protected in the fashion I have outlined and then only came in contact with the wire when he stepped on a dead branch and fell. In this appeal, the boy, by climbing what seemed to be a normal poplar tree, caused the tree to bend so that it contacted high tension wires which it should not even have been near. As Ritchie J. pointed out in Moule, that children are likely to climb trees is certainly a foreseeable circumstance. Morris J. said in Buckland v. Guildford[5], at p. 419:

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Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source	Ils ont été éjectés de leur chambre à air. Dans sa chute, Crocker s'est blessé au cou et est devenu quadriplégique. Au début de l'après‑midi, un autre concurrent avait été hospitalisé pour des blessures au cou subies pendant une autre série de la course.
Comparer pages textesComparer pages HTMMontrer URL avec texte sourceMontrer URL avec langue cibleDéfinir csc.lexum.org comme domaine prioritaire	8.                       Crocker and his friend hit a mogul on the way down the hill. The two were flipped out of their inner tube. Crocker injured his neck in the fall and was rendered a quadriplegic. Earlier that afternoon another competitor had been hospitalized for neck injuries sustained during another heat of the race.

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Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source	[TRADUCTION] A mon avis, le savant juge de première instance a eu raison de conclure à la négligence contributive de Greg Myers qui, sans faire part de son intention et sans la présence d’un pareur bien placé pour amortir sa chute, a exécuté un mouvement difficile et
Comparer pages textesComparer pages HTMMontrer URL avec texte sourceMontrer URL avec langue cibleDéfinir csc.lexum.org comme domaine prioritaire	In my opinion, the learned trial judge correctly found that there was contributory negligence on the part of Greg Myers in performing a difficult manoeuvre, fraught with danger, without announcing his move and without the presence of a spotter in position to break his

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Montrer texteMontrer source en cacheMontrer URL avec texte source	Le défendeur a déposé que le demandeur prié de sortir a alors entrepris de se lever. Il n’était pas d’aplomb sur ses jambes et le défendeur se saisit de lui pour prévenir sa chute. Quand le demandeur est parvenu à l’espace libre, près de la table où il était assis, le défendeur a lâché prise, et le demandeur est tombé sur le plancher.
Comparer pages textesComparer pages HTMMontrer URL avec texte sourceMontrer URL avec langue cibleDéfinir csc.lexum.org comme domaine prioritaire	The defendant said that, after being told to leave, the plaintiff started to get up. He was not steady on his feet, and the defendant grabbed him to prevent his falling. When the plaintiff got to the aisle, near the table where he had been sitting, the defendant released his hold, and the plaintiff fell to the floor. This version of the incident was supported by several other witnesses.

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[28] Le juge militaire a conclu que l’appelant comme son épouse « ont tenté de présenter au tribunal le meilleur souvenir qu’ils avaient des événements » et que les « écarts entre les versions qu’ils ont données sont probablement attribuables [. . .] à la grande émotion qu’ils ressentaient tous les deux le matin du 16 août » (2008 CM 2008 (CanLII), par. 12). Il a accepté la version de l’épouse quant à sa chute, mais sur la question de la crédibilité, il n’a tiré aucune conclusion générale favorable à Mme Szczerbaniwicz plutôt qu’à l’appelant.

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[28] The military judge found that both the appellant and his wife “were attempting to give the court their best recollection of the events” and that “the discrepancies in the versions they g[a]ve are likely attributable to the heightened state of emotions on both sides that were in play on the morning of the 16 August” (2008 CM 2008 (CanLII), at para. 12).  He accepted the wife’s version of her fall but made no general finding of credibility in favour of Mrs. Szczerbaniwicz in preference to that of the appellant.

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Selon la preuve apportée par le défendeur, qui a été confirmée par des témoins, hors ce geste, tout ce qu’a fait le défendeur a été de retenir le demandeur, quand il s’est levé, pour prévenir sa chute.

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It is in the light of these circumstances that the charge to the jury must be considered and it must be considered as a whole, and in relation to the evidence which had been adduced. The plaintiff’s case, upon the evidence of his witnesses, was that he had suffered serious injuries as a result of having been hurled to the floor by the defendant. The defendant’s case was that there had been no assault causing injury to the plaintiff. If the laying of his hand by the defendant on the plaintiff’s shoulder could be regarded as a technical assault it was abundantly clear that that act could not and did not cause any injury to the plaintiff. According to the defendant’s evidence, supported by witnesses, apart from this act, all that the defendant did was to steady the plaintiff, when he rose to his feet, to prevent his falling.

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…en l’espèce, la Commission a conclu de façon précise que la position ferme de Radio Shack concernant la sécurité syndicale et certains autres points importants des négociations avait pour but d’éviter la conclusion d’une convention collective. Cela faisait partie de la conduite adoptée antérieurement par la compagnie en vue de discréditer le syndicat aux yeux des employés et de provoquer ainsi sa chute.

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Section 14 of the Act imposes an obligation upon the union and the company that they “shall bargain in good faith and make every reasonable effort to make a collective agreement”. It is apparent that the duty to bargain in good faith is imperative but that there is no obligation to reach agreement. There can be no doubt that the Board cannot impose a collective bargaining agreement upon the parties and should not, in the usual course of events, impose a term of a collective agreement upon the parties.

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Cependant, la présence de quelques ecchymoses sur le corps de Mme Szczerbaniwicz après sa chute dans l’escalier n’établit pas en soi que la force était excessive — au sens de disproportionnée au regard de celle qui était « nécessaire ».

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[31] The military judge concluded from her evidence that she had suffered bruising on her back, legs and elbow but the fact that Mrs. Szczerbaniwicz had some bruises after falling on the staircase does not itself show that the force was excessive in the sense of disproportionate to what was “necessary”.  We were advised by counsel that some photographs were taken of Mrs. Szczerbaniwicz’s bruises.  The photographs were disclosed to the defence.  Neither the prosecution nor the defence put the photographs in evidence at trial or sought to do so on appeal.

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Il s’est relevé quelques instants plus tard et a asséné à la victime un coup fatal. Selon des témoins, après sa chute, l’appelant était hébété. Il a été acquitté au procès à partir d’une preuve médicale portant que le choc physique l’avait privé de la maîtrise de ses actes.

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A plea of automatism raised at trial was sustained before this Court in Bleta v. The Queen[23], a case in which the Court was concerned, however, with an evidentiary matter. In the course of an affray between the appellant and the deceased, the former was knocked onto the pavement, whereupon he forcibly struck his head. Moments later, he got up and delivered a fatal blow. Witnesses testified that after the fall, the appellant was dazed. On medical evidence that the physical blow deprived him of voluntary control of his actions, the appellant was acquitted at trial. With no discussion as to the availability of the defence of automatism, which appears not to have been in issue in this Court, the acquittal was restored.

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M. Bauck est immédiatement tombé à la renverse sur le pavé. Il n’a visiblement pas amorti sa chute et sa tête a semblé rebondir sur le pavé. Il a semblé à la plupart des témoins que ce premier coup avait mis M. Bauck hors de combat.

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6 According to Mr. Paice, as he returned to his seat he was approached by Mr. Bauck and asked “do you want to go outside to fight?”  Mr. Paice could not recall whether or not he specifically answered the question; nevertheless he did subsequently go outside.  Once outside, Mr. Paice and Mr. Bauck squared off, exchanging threats.  Mr. Bauck then pushed the accused once, perhaps twice, causing Mr. Paice to go back several steps.  Mr. Paice, now in close proximity to Mr. Bauck, swung hard with his right elbow, striking Mr. Bauck on the left side of his jaw. Mr. Bauck immediately fell backward onto the pavement.  He did not appear to cushion his fall and his head seemed to bounce off the pavement.  It appeared to most of the witnesses that Mr. Bauck was knocked out by this first blow.

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C’est, comme nous l’avons dit, une question de fait et d’appréciation. Quand le piéton n’a subi l’accident que parce qu’il était non seulement passé, mais tombé, devant l’automobile, sa chute ajoute un élément d’imprévisibilité qui contribue à qualifier le cas fortuit.

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This problem is of particular practical significance in the situation where a car knocks down, injures or kills a pedestrian who has thrown himself in front of it. It appears clearly, from reading the decisions, that the courts tend to make an initial distinction between adult pedestrians who are in control of their faculties and children or the infirm. Whereas the motorist is justified to a fairly large extent in relying on the judgment of the former group, in which gross carelessness will usually be the exception, on the other hand any careful motorist must anticipate the possible rashness of a child or the clumsiness of an infirm person. However, this rashness may be such that it exceeds the bounds of what a motorist could and should normally anticipate; it will then constitute a fortuitous occurrence. This is, as we have said, a question of fact and of evidence. Where the pedestrian has had the accident only because he has not only walked, but fallen, in front of the car, his fall adds a measure of unforeseeability which helps make this a fortuitous occurrence.

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L’enseignant chargé du cours, qui, ce jour-là, était responsable de deux classes, avait donné notamment à l’appelant et à un ami de ce dernier la permission de pratiquer des mouvements de gymnastique dans la salle d’exercices. Son ami agissait comme pareur pour l’appelant, le rôle d’un pareur étant de se placer de manière à pouvoir attraper une personne ou à tout le moins amortir sa chute en cas d’accident.

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This appeal concerned an accident suffered by a fifteen year old boy in attempting to dismount from the rings in a gymnastic class at high school. The accident occurred in an exercise room, an area opening on to the gymnasium but at a somewhat higher level, where supervision from the main floor was impossible. The teacher for the period was responsible for a combined class that day and had given appellant and a friend, among others, permission to practise their gymnastic manoeuvres in the exercise room. The friend acted as appellant’s spotter, a person positioned to catch a person or at least to break his fall in the event of an accident. When appellant dismounted, the spotter considered him finished working on the rings and turned to leave. Appellant, however, remounted, attempted a difficult manoeuvre for the first time, and fell breaking his neck; his claim that he told the spotter of his intention to do so was rejected by the trial judge.

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[36] Le juge militaire est arrivé à la conclusion que Mme Szczerbaniwicz est tombée parce qu’elle a été poussée et que, par suite de sa chute dans un escalier à surface dure, elle a subi des blessures.

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[36] The military judge found that Mrs. Szczerbaniwicz fell because she was pushed and that as a result of the fall on a hard-surfaced staircase she suffered injuries.  Mrs. Szczerbaniwicz says she weighed about 160 pounds and her husband 170-180 pounds (A.R., at p. 84).  She was occupying the existing space while “angrily” taking frames off the wall one after the other and throwing or “flicking” them to the floor.  It is not clear how many remained.  The Crown asked the appellant in cross-examination about “picture frames” and the appellant replied that they were “kind of following the stair line.  The top one would be at the landing level and the next one would have been a little bit down” (A.R., at p. 133).  In any event, Mrs. Szczerbaniwicz did not suggest in her evidence that she was about to stop voluntarily.  The appellant’s intervention in defence of his property necessarily involved a physical scuffle of two people on a landing that only had room for one person.  The military judge does not question the necessity of the appellant’s intervention.

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Son camarade Chilton agissait comme pareur dont la fonction était d’être présent pendant l’exécution du mouvement, d’aider la personne s’exerçant aux anneaux et, en cas de chute, d’attraper l’exécutant ou du moins, par un contact physique, d’amortir la force de sa chute.

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After entering the exercise room the appellant commenced the performance of some manoeuvres on the rings. This apparatus consists of two wooden rings suspended from the ceiling on parallel wires about eight feet from the floor and being about two feet apart. His classmate Chilton was standing by as a spotter whose function was to be present during the manoeuvre and to assist the person on the rings and, in the event of a fall, to catch the performer or at least to make contact with him and break the force of his fall. This function and the importance of spotters generally had been stressed by Jowett, and all witnesses called to give evidence on gymnastic matters agreed that spotters are essential to the safe conduct of these activities. There was evidence that the appellant’s class had been warned of the necessity of spotters and had received some instruction in their duties. They had also been told that a performer was to tell his spotter what he proposed to do from time to time, so that the spotter could position himself so as to be of service if required. The appellant finished his manoeuvre and dismounted from the rings. The spotter, who said that he considered the appellant was finished working on the rings, turned to leave and had moved away about fifteen feet when he saw “out of the corner of his eye” the appellant fall from the rings on his head. The appellant said that after finishing one manoeuvre and dismounting he had told the spotter that he intended to do a straddle dismount and, assuming that the spotter had heard and would be in a position to assist, he proceeded to do so. It should be noted that the trial judge rejected that aspect of the appellant’s evidence. He had never attempted such a dismount before—a manoeuvre that requires the performer, while swinging from the rings, to bring his legs up over his head and execute a backward somersault, releasing the rings at the appropriate moment, and to land on his feet on the mats below. He fell from the rings in the