zones urbaines – English Translation – Keybot Dictionary

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  Page 6 - Le changement ...  
Les préoccupations pour la santé : la vulnérabilité de la population dans les zones urbaines et rurales
Health Concern: Population vulnerabilities in cities and communities
  Page 7 - Objectifs nati...  
De 1986 à 1993, on comptait 153 stations de surveillance des concentrations d'ozone au Canada. De ce nombre, 112 étaient situées en zones urbaines ou suburbaines et 41 en régions rurales. En outre, des études à court terme ont permis d'enrichir la base de données sur les concentrations d'ozone dans les régions rurales.
Ambient monitoring of ozone in Canada is carried out by the National Air Pollution Surveillance Network (NAPS Network), a collaboration of federal, provincial and municipal monitoring agencies. There were 153 Canadian ozone monitoring stations reporting data from 1986 - 1993. Of these sites, 112 were located in urban or suburban areas, and 41 in rural locales. In addition, short-term studies have added to the rural ozone database. There are very few long-term data sets for remote - rural locations.
  Page 15 - Objectifs nat...  
Les experts ont conclu qu'il y avait suffisamment d'information pour déterminer un LOAEL, mais ils ont défini une plage de LOAEL plutôt qu'une valeur ponctuelle pour les cultures ainsi que pour les essences forestières. Il existe donc un risque pour les végétaux (cultures agricoles, essences forestières et espèces horticoles) aux concentrations ambiantes d'ozone observées en zones urbaines et rurales au Canada.
Recommendations for improving the scientific understanding of ozone impacts on vegetation have been summarized in sections 8.4 and 14.2.7 of the Science Assessment Document. Most limiting is the dearth of information on experimental exposures of Canadian agricultural and forest species, grown under Canadian field conditions, at realistic (i.e. near ambient) ozone levels. The analyses in this assessment are to a large extent based upon experimental data collected in the United States and Europe. While the theoretical understanding of ozone vegetation impacts and ambient characteristics of ozone in Canada support the use of this information, it is important that experimental work be carried out to assess exposure - response relationships for Canadian crops and forest species under Canadian climatic and pollutant conditions. In the meantime, it is recommended that when species specific response information is required, the individual LOAELs, presented in Tables 1 and 2 (SAD Tables 8.9 and 8.11) for agricultural crops and forest species respectively, be used. For a conservative estimate of the concentration of ozone above which effects on vegetation can be expected, the LOAEL ranges of 5900-7400 ppb-h (crops) and 4,400-6,600 ppb-h (trees) (3 month SUM60 values) identified in Section 6.2 above should be used.
  Page 7 - Objectifs nati...  
Les cycles diurnes des concentrations d'ozone ont été aussi examinés en regard des différences entre jours de semaine et de fin de semaine. Ces différences seraient largement dues à la circulation dans les zones urbaines, qui régit les niveaux de NOx.
Diurnal cycles of ozone concentrations were also examined for weekday-weekend differences. These differences are presumed to be in large part due to traffic flow patterns in urban areas, which drive prevailing NOx levels. At many sites in major urban areas, the mean maximum 1 hr. ozone on the weekend is 10-20% - and sometimes 20-35% - higher than on weekdays. At non-urban sites that are potentially affected by transport of ozone and its precursors from nearby urban centres, there is likewise an increase, albeit smaller (4-8%), in ozone concentrations on weekends. At sites in the Atlantic and Prairie provinces, the weekend change is small. The strong weekend signal in some major urban areas may be the result of less titration (removal) of regional ozone entering the city on the weekend, rather than a function of local photochemical processes. However, it should be noted that measurements of VOC are not available on the same time scales as for ozone and NOx. When information on VOC concentrations has been available, some investigators have been able to show that changes in VOC concentrations also influence the diurnal and weekly cycles of ozone.
  Page 8 - Objectifs nati...  
Comme nous l'avons précédemment mentionné, on s'attend à ce qu'un changement de visibilité soit perceptible lorsque les niveaux de particules fines varient de 10 %. De ce fait, là où les niveaux de particules fines sont plus faibles (p. ex. zones rurales), le changement de la portée visuelle sera plus important lors d'augmentations progressives de PM2,5 que dans les zones (urbaines) où les charges de particules sont plus élevées. Étant donné que les niveaux moyens de PM2,5 dans les sites du RNSPA dans tout le Canada se situent dans une gamme d'environ 10-20 µg/m3, un changement de 10 % dans les niveaux de PM2,5 (un changement perceptible de la visibilité) correspond à une augmentation de 1-2 µg/m3 de ces niveaux. À partir des relations observées entre les niveaux de PM2,5 et de PM10 enregistrés dans les sites ruraux et urbains canadiens, on s'attend à ce qu'un changement de visibilité soit perceptible lorsque les niveaux de PM augmentent de 1-2 µg/m3 dans les sites ruraux et de 2-5 µg/m3 dans les sites urbains.
As noted previously, a noticeable change in visibility is expected for a 10% change in fine particulate levels. Therefore, where fine particulate loadings are lower (e.g. rural areas), there will be a larger change in visual range for incremental increases in PM2.5 than in (urban) areas with higher particle loadings. Given that mean PM2.5 levels at NAPS sites across Canada range from about 10-20 µg/m3 , a 10% change in PM2.5 levels (a noticeable change in visibility), corresponds to a 1-2 µg/m3 increase in PM levels. From observed relationships between PM2.5 and PM10 levels at Canadian rural and urban sites, a noticeable change in visibility would be expected to occur for a 1-2 µg/m3 increase in PM10 levels at rural sites and a 2-5 µg/m3 increase in PM10 at urban sites.
  Page 6 - Objectifs nati...  
La comparaison des sites urbains et ruraux proches l'un de l'autre montre, ce qui n'est pas surprenant, que les concentrations urbaines de matières particulaires sont supérieures aux concentrations rurales, particulièrement pour les grosses particules. Ceci se traduit par un enrichissement des zones urbaines en concentration de tous les éléments et ions inorganiques analysés.
Comparisons of urban and rural sites in close proximity to one another demonstrate, not surprisingly, that urban PM concentrations are greater than rural ones, particularly for coarse PM. This is mirrored by an enrichment in urban areas in the concentration of all inorganic elements and ions assayed for. There are several elements/ions for which the urban-rural difference is disproportionately greater than the total mass difference, however, indicating that these constituents are particularly enriched in urban areas (Ca, -, Fe, Al, Mg, Zn, Ti, Mn, V, Pb, Ni). This pattern is Si, NO3 most likely attributed to the greater suspension of road dust, and more intensive industrial and combustion activity in urban areas.
  Le sulfure (sous forme ...  
Les concentrations de sulfure d'hydrogène dans l'air qui sont attribuables à des sources naturelles sont estimées entre 0,15 et 0,46 µg/m3.(8) Dans les zones urbaines, la population en général n'est pas habituelle-ment exposée à des concentrations supérieures à 1,0 µg/m3.(31) Dans les zones industrialisées, les concentrations de sulfure d'hydrogène sont signifi-cativement plus élevées.
Estimates of air concentrations of hydrogen sulphide due to natural sources range from 0.15 to 0.46 µg/m3.(8) In urban areas, the general population is not usually exposed to concentrations above 1.0 µg/m3.(31) In industrialized areas, hydrogen sulphide concentrations are significantly higher. At the "Reversing Falls" bridge in Saint John, New Brunswick, which is 400 m downwind from a kraft-process pulp and paper mill, the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in air ranged from 4.56 to 198.0 µg/m3.(32) The National Research Council of Canada has calculated the yearly biogenic discharge of sulphide into the Canadian atmosphere to be 4.02 ' 106 tonnes from land and 1.0 ' 106 tonnes from oceans.(33)
  Page 6 - Objectifs nati...  
La comparaison des sites urbains et ruraux proches l'un de l'autre montre, ce qui n'est pas surprenant, que les concentrations urbaines de matières particulaires sont supérieures aux concentrations rurales, particulièrement pour les grosses particules. Ceci se traduit par un enrichissement des zones urbaines en concentration de tous les éléments et ions inorganiques analysés.
Comparisons of urban and rural sites in close proximity to one another demonstrate, not surprisingly, that urban PM concentrations are greater than rural ones, particularly for coarse PM. This is mirrored by an enrichment in urban areas in the concentration of all inorganic elements and ions assayed for. There are several elements/ions for which the urban-rural difference is disproportionately greater than the total mass difference, however, indicating that these constituents are particularly enriched in urban areas (Ca, -, Fe, Al, Mg, Zn, Ti, Mn, V, Pb, Ni). This pattern is Si, NO3 most likely attributed to the greater suspension of road dust, and more intensive industrial and combustion activity in urban areas.
  Page 9 - Objectifs nati...  
Bien que le smog photochimique et les autres formes de pollution atmosphérique mettent en jeu de nombreux polluants autres que l'ozone, le peu d'information obtenu à ce jour quant à leurs effets combinés sur les végétaux empêche les chercheurs de faire quelqu'estimation que ce soit sur l'ampleur relative de ces effets par rapport à ceux produits par l'ozone seul. Cette observation doit être prise en compte à la lumière des tendances de co-occurrence de l'ozone, du SO2 et du NO2 en zones urbaines, rurales et éloignées.
The interaction of ozone and nitrogen oxides or the three- or four-way interaction of ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and acid rain has not been specifically addressed in any of the field oriented, crop yield response research to date. Although photochemical smog and other forms of atmospheric pollution involve numerous pollutants in addition to ozone, the limited amount of information available on their combined effects on vegetation precludes any specific estimate of the magnitude of these effects in relation to the effects of ozone alone. This finding should be considered in the light of observed patterns of co-occurrence of ozone, SO2, and NO2 in urban, rural and remote sites. In the U.S., during 1978-82, co-occurrences were found to be infrequent and of short duration. When they did occur, they were usually sequential or a combination of sequential and overlapping exposures of short duration.
  Page 3 - Loi canadienne...  
D'après les données sur les charges de sels de voirie, les zones urbaines du sud de l'Ontario et du Québec et les provinces de l'Atlantique sont les plus menacées par les impacts sur les eaux souterraines régionales.
The potential for impacts on regional groundwater systems was evaluated using a mass balance technique that provides an indication of potential chloride concentrations downgradient from saltable road networks. The mass balance modelling and field measurements indicated that regional-scale groundwater chloride concentrations greater than 250 mg/L will likely result under high-density road networks subject to annual loadings above 20 tonnes sodium chloride per two-lane-kilometre. Considering data on road salt loadings, urban areas in southern Ontario, southern Quebec and the Atlantic provinces face the greatest risk of regional groundwater impacts. Groundwater will eventually well up into the surface water or emerge as seeps and springs. Research has shown that 10-60% of the salt applied enters shallow subsurface waters and accumulates until steady-state concentrations are attained. Elevated concentrations of chlorides have been detected in groundwater springs emerging to the surface.
  Page 9 - Loi canadienne...  
Dans les zones urbaines, la population est généralement exposée de façon permanente à des concentrations supérieures de butadiène. Les 90e et 95e percentiles des concentrations de 2 913 échantillons de 9 emplacements urbains du RNSPA étaient 0,8 µg/m3 et 1,1 µg/m3, respectivement.
Exposures from ambient air may be substantially higher for populations in the vicinity of point sources. Concentrations of butadiene were measured at distances between 1 and 3 km downwind of an industrial point source of discharge to the atmosphere in Sarnia, Ontario (MOEE, 1995). If these concentrations can be considered as a worst case of the ongoing exposure of nearby residents, and in the absence of additional potential indoor sources, 50% of the population in the vicinity of this source can be exposed to short-term concentrations of up to 0.62 µg/m3, and 95% of this population can be exposed to short-term concentrations of up to 6.4 µg/m3.
  Changements climatiques...  
En même temps, l'urbanisation des zones rurales entourant les villes restreint l'air frais transporté par les systèmes de circulation atmosphérique de rejoindre le centre urbain. Ce processus de refroidissement atmosphérique est normalement généré par la différence de température entre les zones rurales fraiches et les zones urbaines chaudes.
When natural land cover, such as parks, is decreased and replaced by buildings, the cooling process through evaporation is reduced. As well, when rural areas that surround cities are urbanized, the atmospheric circulation systems that carry cooler air to city centres are restricted. These atmospheric cooling systems are normally generated by the temperature differences which exist between cool rural and warm urban environments.
  Page 6 - Objectifs nati...  
La comparaison des sites urbains et ruraux proches l'un de l'autre montre, ce qui n'est pas surprenant, que les concentrations urbaines de matières particulaires sont supérieures aux concentrations rurales, particulièrement pour les grosses particules. Ceci se traduit par un enrichissement des zones urbaines en concentration de tous les éléments et ions inorganiques analysés.
Comparisons of urban and rural sites in close proximity to one another demonstrate, not surprisingly, that urban PM concentrations are greater than rural ones, particularly for coarse PM. This is mirrored by an enrichment in urban areas in the concentration of all inorganic elements and ions assayed for. There are several elements/ions for which the urban-rural difference is disproportionately greater than the total mass difference, however, indicating that these constituents are particularly enriched in urban areas (Ca, -, Fe, Al, Mg, Zn, Ti, Mn, V, Pb, Ni). This pattern is Si, NO3 most likely attributed to the greater suspension of road dust, and more intensive industrial and combustion activity in urban areas.
  Page 4 - Objectifs nati...  
Des études limitées menées dans la vallée du bas Fraser en Colombie-Britannique ont indiqué que les particules secondaires pouvaient représenter jusqu'à 50 % des PM2,5 au cours des mois d'été. On peut s'attendre à ce que les contributions soient aussi élevées dans les autres zones urbaines du Canada.
These emission estimates exclude open sources such as paved and unpaved roads, construction sites and prescribed burning, from which estimates of particulate emissions are particularly difficult to obtain. Although primary PM emissions from these sources have not yet been adequately quantified, these sources are known to release substantial quantities of both fine and coarse PM, although releases are typically episodic in nature. Estimates of the magnitude of secondary particulate sources are required to complement the data on primary emissions; however, these can only be derived using mathematical models which take into account precursor gas emissions and the complex atmospheric chemistry involved in the formation of secondary PM. Such models are still in the development stage. Limited studies in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia have indicated that secondary particulates may account for up to 50% of PM2.5 during the summer months. Similarly high contributions may be expected in other urban areas of Canada.
  Page 7 - Objectifs nati...  
Les cycles diurnes des concentrations d'ozone ont été aussi examinés en regard des différences entre jours de semaine et de fin de semaine. Ces différences seraient largement dues à la circulation dans les zones urbaines, qui régit les niveaux de NOx.
Diurnal cycles of ozone concentrations were also examined for weekday-weekend differences. These differences are presumed to be in large part due to traffic flow patterns in urban areas, which drive prevailing NOx levels. At many sites in major urban areas, the mean maximum 1 hr. ozone on the weekend is 10-20% - and sometimes 20-35% - higher than on weekdays. At non-urban sites that are potentially affected by transport of ozone and its precursors from nearby urban centres, there is likewise an increase, albeit smaller (4-8%), in ozone concentrations on weekends. At sites in the Atlantic and Prairie provinces, the weekend change is small. The strong weekend signal in some major urban areas may be the result of less titration (removal) of regional ozone entering the city on the weekend, rather than a function of local photochemical processes. However, it should be noted that measurements of VOC are not available on the same time scales as for ozone and NOx. When information on VOC concentrations has been available, some investigators have been able to show that changes in VOC concentrations also influence the diurnal and weekly cycles of ozone.
  Initiatives et activité...  
De concert avec l'Assemblée des Premières nations, la Direction générale de la santé des Premières nations et des Inuits (DGPNI) a ciblé 19 collectivités des Premières nations dans des zones urbaines, rurales et isolées pouvant bénéficier de soins de santé assurés par des postes de soins infirmiers et des centres de santé dans le cadre de projets pilotes de deux ans.
Working in collaboration with the Assembly of First Nations, Health Canada's First Nations and Inuit Health Branch (FNIHB) identified 19 First Nations communities, representing a mix of urban, rural and remote geography with health services delivered through nursing stations and health centres, to host two-year pilot projects.
  Page 105 - Répertoire d...  
(EC) : Inclut des indicateurs concernant la consommation d'eau dans les zones urbaines et le traitement des eaux usées (p. ex. consommation quotidienne d'eau dans les municipalités, consommation d'eau dans les secteurs résidentiels d'après les compteurs, population municipale desservie par des systèmes de traitement des eaux usées).
(EC): Includes urban water indicators relating to municipal water use and wastewater treatment (e.g., daily municipal water use, metered residential water use, municipal population served by wastewater treatment).
  Page 3 - Loi canadienne...  
L'exposition à de telles concentrations est possible dans les petits cours d'eau situés dans les zones urbaines très peuplées, où le réseau routier est dense et la charge en sel de voirie très élevée, dans les étangs et les milieux humides adjacents aux routes, près des entrepôts de sels mal gérés, et à certains lieux d'entreposage de la neige.
is 1400 mg/L. Exposure to such concentrations may occur in small streams located in heavily populated urban areas with dense road networks and elevated road salt loadings, in ponds and wetlands adjacent to roadways, near poorly managed salt storage depots and at certain snow disposal sites.
  Page 3 - Recommandation...  
Les concentrations d'antimoine sont plus élevées dans l'air urbain que dans l'air non urbain, probablement en raison de la combustion de combustibles fossiles, des émissions de gaz d'échappement et de l'incinération dans les zones urbaines.
Antimony concentrations are higher in urban air than in non-urban air, presumably due to fossil fuel combustion, automobile emissions and incineration in urban areas. The mean, median and maximum concentrations of antimony in aerosols at three sites in Quebec, Ontario and Nova Scotia were 0.04-0.10, 0.11-0.23 and 0.37-2.17 ng/m3, respectively.18Twenty-four-hour samples collected at 10 locations in Washington, DC, yielded average antimony concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 3.0 ng/m3.19
  Fiche technique sur le ...  
Sous ses diverses formulations, le Btk peut être appliqué au sol ou par voie aérienne. Les pulvérisations aériennes conviennent pour le traitement des régions boisées et des zones urbaines, car elles permettent de couvrir adéquatement les surfaces ciblées, et sont efficaces.
Btk in its various formulations can be applied using both ground and aerial spray methods. Aerial spraying may be used in forestry and urban areas to ensure adequate coverage and effectiveness. Btk has been used on millions of acres of wooded areas and agricultural crops in many countries worldwide. Btk products are used in Canada to control gypsy moth, spruce budworm and other specific pests in forestry and urban settings, as well as certain insects that feed on vegetable and fruit crops
  Suppléments de vitamine...  
Le pourcentage de mères de régions rurales (62,6 %) et le pourcentage de mères de zones urbaines (67,9 %) qui ont administré des suppléments de vitamine D à leur nourrisson allaité étaient comparables6.
The percent of rural mothers (62.6%) and urban mothers (67.9%) who gave a vitamin D supplement to their breastfed infant were similar.6
  Suppléments de vitamine...  
Les zones urbaines sont les zones continuellement bâties qui ont une concentration démographique d'au moins 1 000 personnes et une densité de population de 300 personnes ou plus par kilomètre carré d'après les chiffres du dernier recensement de la population.
Urban areas are those continuously built-up areas that have a population concentration of 1,000 or more and a population density of 300 or more per square kilometre based on current census population counts. All other areas are considered rural.
  Page 12 - Rapport final...  
Éviter les zones urbaines/villes 4
Avoid urban areas/cities 4
  Suppléments de vitamine...  
6 Les zones urbaines sont les espaces continuellement bâtis qui comptent une concentration de population d'au moins 1 000 personnes ou une densité de population de 300 personnes ou plus par kilomètre carré d'après les chiffres du dernier recensement sur la population.
6 Urban areas are those continuously built-up areas that have a population concentration of 1,000 or more and a population density of 300 or more per square kilometre based on current census population counts. All other areas are considered rural.
  Choix de l'allaitement ...  
Les zones urbaines sont les espaces continuellement bâtis qui comptent une concentration démographique d'au moins 1 000 personnes et une densité de population de 300 personnes ou plus par kilomètre carré d'après les chiffres du dernier recensement de la population.
Urban areas are those continuously built-up areas that have a population concentration of 1,000 or more and a population density of 300 or more per square kilometre based on current census population counts. All other areas are considered rural.
  Durée de l'allaitement ...  
Les zones urbaines sont les espaces continuellement bâtis qui ont une concentration démographique d'au moins 1 000 personnes et une densité de population de 300 personnes ou plus par kilomètre carré d'après les chiffres du dernier recensement de la population.
Urban areas are those continuously built-up areas that have a population concentration of 1,000 or more and a population density of 300 or more per square kilometre based on current census population counts. All other areas are considered rural.
  Page 5 - Élaboration d'...  
Les perceptions sur la nature localisée de la pollution de l'air ont tendance à inciter plusieurs à croire que le fait se s'éloigner des zones urbaines ou d'éviter la congestion routière réduiront efficacement le niveau d'exposition.
The limited assessment of personal risk from local air pollution may be due in part to the fact that Canadians do not believe there is much they can easily do to reduce such risks. At present, there is no widespread understanding of the appropriate protective actions to be taken when poor air pollution hits. Perceptions about the localized nature of air pollution leads many to believe that getting away from urban areas or avoiding high traffic areas will be effective in reducing personal exposure. Relatively few seem to understand that the most effective actions most people can take involve staying indoors or avoiding strenuous exercise.
  Le dichlorométhane dans...  
Les concentrations médianes de dichlorométhane dans l'air en 2001 étaient inférieures à 0,5 µg/m³ dans la majorité des zones urbaines (Calgary, Edmonton, Regina, Windsor, Sarnia, London, Kitchener, Hamilton, Peterborough, Ottawa, Saint John et St. John's); elles se situaient entre 0,5 et 1 µg/m³ à Vancouver, Winnipeg, Oakville, Toronto et Montréal, et entre 1,5 et 2 µg/m³ à Kingston.
Canadians can be exposed to dichloromethane through its presence in air, food and drinking water, as well as through the use of specific consumer products or in occupational settings. Exposure is more frequently associated with air and consumer products. Because dichloromethane is highly volatile, its presence in water is usually associated with groundwater sources. Dichloromethane is not frequently found in Canadian drinking water supplies. However, when present in drinking water, it may be absorbed through ingestion, inhalation and skin absorption.