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Establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) within the context of integrated oceans management provides a mechanism for taking into account stakeholder input as well as broader ecological, social, cultural and economic considerations. It also provides an opportunity to reinforce conservation measures with complementary management regimes implemented in surrounding areas, including linkages with broader ecosystem objectives, as well as land-based initiatives such as habitat protection and enhancement, pollution control, land use controls and the establishment of coastal terrestrial parks. This approach of nesting MPAs within broader planning initiatives helps maintain the integrity and long-term viability of the MPA and maximize the conservation effectiveness of all MPA planning processes.
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