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  Residue burning and til...  
Nous avons réalisé des expériences pendant 5 années dans deux localités du nord-est de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, où les sols étaient respectivement un luvisol gris (cryoboralf typique) et un luvisol gris foncé (cryboralf mollique), en comparant d’une part le travail du sol classique (CT) à l’absence de travail du sol (ZT) et d’autre part le brûlage des résidus de la culture précédente à l’absence de brûlage.
Crop residue is often managed by tillage or burning in western Canada. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that burning crop residues reduces the severity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) diseases, and increases seed or grain yield or quality. Experiments were conducted at 2 sites, a Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) and a Dark Gray Luvisol (Mollic Cryboralf) over 5 years in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada, with treatments of: zero (ZT) and conventional (CT) tillage, and burning (B) or no burning (NB) of previous crop residue. At each site, an experiment for barley and another for canola was established in a 2-year barley-canola rotation. Severity of leaf spotting diseases of barley, mainly net blotch [Pyrenophora teres Drechsler], and incidence of sclerotinia stem rot [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] of canola were sometimes greater in the B treatment than the NB. Leaf spot severity of barley was usually slightly reduced under CT compared with ZT, but regardless of severity, barley yields were either similar, or more often higher under ZT than CT (337-766 kg ha-1 or 11-57%). There were occasionally effects of B on barley yield, but results were inconsistent and sometimes depended on tillage system. Canola yield tended to be greater under ZT than CT (141-233 kg ha-1 or 9-44%), but the effect of B was inconsistent. Tillage system had the greatest impact on crop yields with higher yield more often under ZT than CT, most likely as a result of improved soil moisture under the ZT system. We conclude that use of fire to manage diseases of barley and canola is ineffective.
  Residue burning and til...  
Nous avons réalisé des expériences pendant 5 années dans deux localités du nord-est de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, où les sols étaient respectivement un luvisol gris (cryoboralf typique) et un luvisol gris foncé (cryboralf mollique), en comparant d’une part le travail du sol classique (CT) à l’absence de travail du sol (ZT) et d’autre part le brûlage des résidus de la culture précédente à l’absence de brûlage.
Crop residue is often managed by tillage or burning in western Canada. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that burning crop residues reduces the severity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) diseases, and increases seed or grain yield or quality. Experiments were conducted at 2 sites, a Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) and a Dark Gray Luvisol (Mollic Cryboralf) over 5 years in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada, with treatments of: zero (ZT) and conventional (CT) tillage, and burning (B) or no burning (NB) of previous crop residue. At each site, an experiment for barley and another for canola was established in a 2-year barley-canola rotation. Severity of leaf spotting diseases of barley, mainly net blotch [Pyrenophora teres Drechsler], and incidence of sclerotinia stem rot [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] of canola were sometimes greater in the B treatment than the NB. Leaf spot severity of barley was usually slightly reduced under CT compared with ZT, but regardless of severity, barley yields were either similar, or more often higher under ZT than CT (337-766 kg ha-1 or 11-57%). There were occasionally effects of B on barley yield, but results were inconsistent and sometimes depended on tillage system. Canola yield tended to be greater under ZT than CT (141-233 kg ha-1 or 9-44%), but the effect of B was inconsistent. Tillage system had the greatest impact on crop yields with higher yield more often under ZT than CT, most likely as a result of improved soil moisture under the ZT system. We conclude that use of fire to manage diseases of barley and canola is ineffective.
  Residue burning and til...  
Nous avons réalisé des expériences pendant 5 années dans deux localités du nord-est de la Saskatchewan, au Canada, où les sols étaient respectivement un luvisol gris (cryoboralf typique) et un luvisol gris foncé (cryboralf mollique), en comparant d’une part le travail du sol classique (CT) à l’absence de travail du sol (ZT) et d’autre part le brûlage des résidus de la culture précédente à l’absence de brûlage.
Crop residue is often managed by tillage or burning in western Canada. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that burning crop residues reduces the severity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) diseases, and increases seed or grain yield or quality. Experiments were conducted at 2 sites, a Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) and a Dark Gray Luvisol (Mollic Cryboralf) over 5 years in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada, with treatments of: zero (ZT) and conventional (CT) tillage, and burning (B) or no burning (NB) of previous crop residue. At each site, an experiment for barley and another for canola was established in a 2-year barley-canola rotation. Severity of leaf spotting diseases of barley, mainly net blotch [Pyrenophora teres Drechsler], and incidence of sclerotinia stem rot [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] of canola were sometimes greater in the B treatment than the NB. Leaf spot severity of barley was usually slightly reduced under CT compared with ZT, but regardless of severity, barley yields were either similar, or more often higher under ZT than CT (337-766 kg ha-1 or 11-57%). There were occasionally effects of B on barley yield, but results were inconsistent and sometimes depended on tillage system. Canola yield tended to be greater under ZT than CT (141-233 kg ha-1 or 9-44%), but the effect of B was inconsistent. Tillage system had the greatest impact on crop yields with higher yield more often under ZT than CT, most likely as a result of improved soil moisture under the ZT system. We conclude that use of fire to manage diseases of barley and canola is ineffective.
  Long-term tillage, stra...  
Ces expériences visaient à déterminer les effets des régimes de travail du sol (absence de travail du sol [ZT] ou travail du sol classique [CT]), de gestion de la paille (paille enlevée [SRem] ou paille laissée au champ [SRet]) et de fertilisation azotée (0, 50 ou 100 kg N ha-1 sur les parcelles SRet et 0 kg N ha-1 sur les parcelles SRem), appliqués pendant 19 ou 27 années (depuis 1980 jusqu’en 1998 ou 2006), sur le pH ainsi que les teneurs en P extractible, en N ammoniacal et en N nitrique des couches de sol correspondant aux profondeurs de 0‑7,5, 7,5‑15, 15‑30 et 30‑40 cm ou de 0‑15, 15‑30, 30‑60, 60‑90 et 90‑120 cm.
Long-term use of soil, crop residue and fertilizer management practices may affect some soil properties, but the magnitude of change depends on soil type and climatic conditions. Two field experiments with barley, wheat, or canola in a rotation on Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) loam at Breton and Black Chernozem (Albic Argicryoll) loam at Ellerslie, Alberta, Canada, were conducted to determine the effects of 19 or 27 years (from 1980 to 1998 or 2006 growing seasons) of tillage (zero tillage [ZT] and conventional tillage [CT]), straw management (straw removed [SRem] and straw retained [SRet]) and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 in SRet, and 0 kg N ha-1 in SRem plots) on pH, extractable P, ammonium-N and nitrate-N in the 0-7.5, 7.5-15, 15-30 and 30-40 cm or 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm soil layers. The effects of tillage, crop residue management and N fertilization on these chemical properties were usually similar for both contrasting soil types. There was no effect of tillage and residue management on soil pH, but application of N fertilizer reduced pH significantly (by up to 0.5 units) in the top 15 cm soil layers. Extractable P in the 0-15 cm soil layer was higher or tended to be higher under ZT than CT, or with SRet than SRem in many cases, but it decreased significantly with N application (by 18.5 kg P ha-1 in Gray Luvisol soil and 20.5 kg P ha-1 in Black Chernozem soil in 2007). Residual nitrate-N (though quite low in the Gray Luvisol soil in 1998) increased with application of N (by 17.8 kg N ha-1 in the 0-120 cm layer in Gray Luvisol soil and 23.8 kg N ha-1 in 0-90 cm layer in Black Chernozem soil in 2007) and also indicated some downward movement in the soil profile up to 90 cm depth. There was generally no effect of any treatment on ammonium-N in soil. In conclusion, elimination of tillage and retention of straw increased but N fertilization decreased extractable P in the surface soil. Application of N fertilizer reduced pH in the surface soil, and showed accumulation and downward leaching of nitrate-N in the soil profile.
  Long-term tillage, stra...  
On a mené une expérience à long terme dans des champs où poussaient de l’orge, du blé et du canola sur un sol loameux de chernozem noir (argicryoll albique) à Ellerslie (Alberta), au Canada, pour déterminer les effets de 19 années (1980 à 1998) ou 27 années (1980 à 2006) de régimes de travail du sol (absence de travail du sol [ZT] ou travail du sol classique [CT]), gestion de la paille (S) (paille enlevée [Rem] [SRem] et paille laissée au champ [Ret] [SRet]) et fertilisation azotée (0, 50 ou 100 kg N ha-1 dans SRet et 0 kg N ha-1 dans SRem sur les parcelles) sur le carbone organique total (TOC) ainsi que les teneurs en N (TON) et une petite fraction de C organique (LFOC) et N (LFON) dans des couches de sol correspondant aux profondeurs de 0‑7,5, 7,5‑15 cm, ou 0-5, 5-10 et 10-15 cm.
Soil, crop and fertilizer management practices may affect the amount and quality of organic C and N in soil. A long-term field experiment (growing barley, wheat, or canola) was conducted on a Black Chernozem (Albic Argicryoll) loam at Ellerslie, Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of 19 (1980 to 1998) or 27 years (1980 to 2006) of tillage (zero tillage [ZT] and conventional tillage [CT]), straw management (straw removed [SRem]and straw retained [SRet]) and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 in SRet and 0 kg N ha-1 in SRem plots) on total organic C (TOC) and N (TON), and light fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON) in the 0-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm or 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm soil layers. The mass of TOC and TON in soil was usually higher in SRet than in SRem treatment (by 3.44 Mg C ha-1 for TOC and 0.248 Mg N ha-1 for TON after 27 years), but there was little effect of tillage and N fertilization on these parameters. The mass of LFOC and LFON in soil tended to increase with SRet (by 285 kg C ha-1 for LFOC and 12.6 kg N ha-1 for LFON with annual rate of 100 kg N ha-1 for 27 years), increased with N fertilizer application (by 517 kg C ha-1 for LFOC and 36.0 kg N ha-1 for LFON after 27 years), but was usually higher under CT than ZT (by 451 kg C ha-1 for LFOC and 25.3 kg N ha-1 for LFON after 27 years). Correlations between soil organic C or N fractions were highly significant in most cases. Linear regressions between crop residue C input and soil organic C or N were significant in most cases. The effects of tillage, straw management and N fertilizer on soil were more pronounced for LFOC and LFON than TOC and TON, and also in the surface layers than in the deeper layers. Tillage and straw management had little or no effect on C:N ratios, but the C:N ratios in light organic fractions significantly decreased with increasing N rate (from 20.06 at zero-N to 18.91 at 100 kg N ha-1). Compared to the 1979 results, in treatments that did not receive N fertilizer (CTSRem0, CTSRet0, ZTSRem0 and ZTSRet0), CTSRem0 resulted in a net decrease in TOC concentration (by 1.9 g C kg-1) in the 0-15 cm soil layer in 2007 (after 27 years), with little or no change in the CTSRet0 and ZTSRem0 treatments, while there was a net increase in TOC concentration (by 1.2 g C kg-1) in the ZTSRet0 treatment. Straw retention and N fertilizer application at 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 rates showed a net positive effect on TOC concentration under both ZT (ZTSRet50 by 2.3 g C kg-1 and ZTSRet100
  Long-term tillage, stra...  
Nous avons déterminé les effets sur 19 ou 27 ans (saisons de croissance de 1980 à 1998 ou à 2006) du travail du sol (aucun travail du sol [ZT] et régime cultural classique avec travail du sol [CT]), de la gestion de la paille (enlèvement [SRem] et maintien [SRet]) et des dose d’engrais azoté (0, 50 et 100 kg N ha-1 dans des parcelles SRet, et 0 kg N ha-1 dans des parcelles SRem) sur la teneur en C organique total (TOC) et en N organique total (TON), la teneur en C organique de la fraction légère (LFOC) et en N organique de la fraction légère (LFON), la teneur en C de la matière macroorganique (MOM-C) et en N de la matière macroorganique (MOM-N), la teneur en C de la biomasse microbienne (MB-C), de même que la teneur en C minéralisable (Cmin) et en N minéralisable (Nmin) dans les couches de sol 0 7,5 cm et 7,5-15 cm ou 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm et 10-15 cm.
Long-term use of soil, crop and fertilizer management practices alters some soil properties, but the magnitude of change depends on soil type and climatic conditions. A field experiment with a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-canola (Brassica napus L.) rotation was conducted on a Gray Luvisol (Typic Cryoboralf) loam soil at Breton, Alberta, Canada. Effects of 19 or 27 years (from 1980 to 1998 or 2006 growing seasons) of tillage (zero tillage [ZT] and conventional tillage [CT]), straw management (straw removed [SRem] and straw retained [SRet]) and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 in SRet, and 0 kg N ha-1 in SRem plots) were determined on total organic C (TOC) and N (TON), light fraction organic C (LFOC) and N (LFON), macro organic matter C (MOM-C) and N (MOM-N), microbial biomass C (MB-C), and mineralizable C (Cmin) and N (Nmin) in the 0-7.5 and 7.5-15 cm or 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm soil layers. Zero tillage and SRet tended to have higher, and N fertilizer treatment usually had higher mass of TOC, TON, LFOC, LFON, Cmin and Nmin in soil compared to the corresponding CT, SRem and zero-N control treatments, especially in the surface soil layers. Soil MB-C, MOM-C and MOM-N in soil generally tended to be higher with SRet than SRem, and also with N fertilizer than zero-N. There was no additional beneficial effect of ZT in increasing MB-C in soil. There were close and significant correlations among most soil organic C or N fractions, except for MB-C which did not correlate with MOM-N, and Nmin did not correlate with MOM-C. Linear regressions between crop residue C input and soil organic C or N were significant in most cases, except for MB-C and Nmin. Compared to the 1979 data, all treatments that did not receive N fertilizer (CTSRem0, CTSRet0, ZTSRem0 and ZTSRet0) showed a decrease in TOC concentration in the 0-15 cm soil layer over time, with the highest decrease in the CTSRem0 treatment. Straw retention and N fertilizer application at 50 and 100 kg N ha-1 under both ZT (ZTSRet50 and ZTSRet100) and CT (CTSRet50 and CTSRet100) resulted in a strongest increase in TOC during the first 11 years, and since then the TOC decreased under both N rates but 50 kg N ha-1 rate under CT (CTSRet50) showed the strongest negative effect on TOC in soil. In conclusion, elimination of tillage, straw retention and N application all improved organic C and N in soil, and generally differences were more pronounced for light fraction organic C and N, and