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L'Osservatorio de La Pelée fu costruito subito dopo l'ultima eruzione del 1929-1932, cosicchè nessuna attività vulcanica vi è mai stata osservata. Venere occhieggia dalla nuvola rosa al crepuscolo.
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The Volcano Observatory at Morne des Cadets was built just after the last eruption of 1929-1932, so no volcanic activity was ever observed from there. Venus shines in the pink twilight cloud.
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L'Osservatorio de La Pelée fu costruito subito dopo l'ultima eruzione del 1929-1932, cosicchè nessuna attività vulcanica vi è mai stata osservata. Venere occhieggia dalla nuvola rosa al crepuscolo.
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The Volcano Observatory at Morne des Cadets was built just after the last eruption of 1929-1932, so no volcanic activity was ever observed from there. Venus shines in the pink twilight cloud.
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Das Observatorium auf Morne des Cadets wurde nach der letzten Eruption von 1929-1932 errichtet; man sah hier also nie rezente Tätigkeit. Venus scheint in der rosafarbenen Wolke.
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Cave di pomice e, all'orizzonte a destra, un grande flusso di ossidiana. Mentre l'ossidiana fu un "export di successo" da Lipari nell'età della pietra (punte di freccia ecc.) oggi la pomice è il solo minerale ad avere valore commerciale.
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Bimssteinbruch und, am rechten Horizont, der grosse Obsidianstrom. Während Obsidian in der Steinzeit ein "Exportprodukt" Liparis darstellte, wir heute Bimsstein abgebaut und verschifft.
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Pietro Fabris (1756–79) fu un artista italiano che visse per lo più a Napoli. Tuttavia amava definirsi un «artista inglese». Nel 1768 espose a Londra alla Free Society e nel 1772 alla Society of Artist».
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Pietro Fabris (1756–79) was an Italian artist mainly based in Naples. Nevertheless he called himself an «English artist». 1768 he exhibited in London at the Free Society and in 1772 at the Society of Artist».
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Pietro Fabris (1756–79) war ein italienischer Maler und Zeichner. Meist war er in Neapel tätig, doch bezeichnete er sich selbst als «englischen Maler». 1768 stellte er seine Werke in London bei der «Free Society» aus und 1772 bei der «Society of Artists».
  SwissEduc - Stromboli o...  
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Il teatro fu costruito sopra le prigioni, cosicchè protesse alcune celle dalla furia dei flussi pirocalstici. Dalla terrazza del teatro possiamo vedere il tetto della cella di Cyparis, uno dei pochi che sopravvisse.
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The theater had been built above a prison, protecting it from the terrible effects of pyroclastic flows. View from the theater terrace to the roof of the cell of prisoner Cyparis, one of the few survivors.
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Das Theater war über einem Gefängnis gebaut worden und schützte dieses vor den Auswirkungen der Glutlawinen. Blick auf das Dach der Zelle des Gefangenen Cyparis, eines der wenigen Überlebenden.
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Goðafoss è un tipico esempio di cascata formatasi grazie all'erosione di terreno più friabile a valle di un grande campo lavico piatto che, in questo caso, fu eruttato dal vulcano a scudo Trölladyngja.
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Goðafoss is a fine example of a waterfall which has formed by backward erosion of a river into a large flat lava flow which, in this case, originated at the shield volcano Trölladyngja. Water of the Skjálfandafljót drops over a 12 metre high cliff into a horseshoe-shaped basin.
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La depressione circolare nelle colline sedimentarie fra Schwäbische e Fränkische Alb fu un tempo considerata di origine vulcanica. Ad un certo punto addirittura gli scienziati credettero che i ghiacciai ebbero un ruolo importante nel plasmarla.
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The circular depression within the limestone hills between the Schwäbische and Fränkische Alb was once considered to be of volcanic origin. At some stage scientists even believed that glaciers had played a role in shaping it.
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Die Entstehung der kreisförmigen Vertiefung zwischen der Schwäbischen und Fränkischen Alb wurde einst mit Vulkanismus in Verbindung gebracht. Sogar Gletscher sollten bei der Bildung eine Rolle gespielt haben.
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La base è fatta di mattoni originariamente coperti di intonaco. Le grandi colonne fanno parte di un portico. Quando Pompei fu sepolta nel 79 DC, il Foro era già stato gravemente danneggiato dal grande terremoto del 63 DC.
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Vesuvius can be glimpsed through an arch-like opening in a base for a monument. The base is made from brick which was originally covered by plaster. Large columns are part of a Porticus. When Pompeji was buried in 79 AD the Forum had already been badly damaged by the great earthquake of 63 AD.
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Questo anfiteatro, il più antico che ci rimanga dell'Impero Romano, fu costruito in fretta dopo l'80 AC. Un muro cittadino preesistente fu inglobato nella costruzione. Poteva contenere circa 7000 spettatori.
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This amphitheater, the oldest remaining one from the Roman Empire, was built briefly after 80 BC. An existing town wall was integrated in the construction. It would seat about 7000 spectators. Not all seats were made from stone. Green areas are not necessarily gaps caused by the removal of stones. Outside the amphitheater, behind the pines, is a Palestra with swimming pool.
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Il cratere meridionale (a sinistra) fu il primo ad entrare in attività alla fine dell'Ottobre 2002 e rimase attivo fino al Novembre 2002, mentre il cratere settentrionale (a destra) iniziò ad eruttare nel Novembre 2002 continuando fino alla fine del Dicembre 2002.
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Auf dem Rand zwischen den Kratern auf 2900m.ü.M. Der südliche (links) war der erste, der im Oktober 2002 aktiv wurde und bis in den November 2002 hinein ausbrach, während der nördliche Krater (rechts) von November 2002 bis Ende Dezember 2002 ausbrach Weisser Schlackenkegel des Monte Nero degli Zappini unterhalb der Sonne.
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Il cratere meridionale (a sinistra) fu il primo ad entrare in attività alla fine dell'Ottobre 2002 e rimase attivo fino al Novembre 2002, mentre il cratere settentrionale (a destra) iniziò ad eruttare nel Novembre 2002 continuando fino alla fine del Dicembre 2002.
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On the rim between the craters at 2900m.a.s.l. The southern crater (left) was the first to become active at the end of October 2002 and remained active until November 2002, while the northern crater (right) started to erupt on November 2002 until the end of December 2002. White cinder cone Monte Nero degli Zappini just below the Sun.
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La lava dei dicchi è più resistente all'erosione del materiale incoerente circostante. Perciò essi sporgono dall'edificio vulcanico. Le persone in basso a sinistra sostano su lava pahoehoe a corde che fu eruttata nel Gennaio 1778.
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Dikes in the inner wall of the Somma-Caldera. The lava of the dikes is somewhat more resistant to erosion than the rest. Therefore they protrude from the all. The persons below left are standing of ropy pahoehoe lava which was erupted in January 1778.
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Auf diesem Bild sind Gänge in der Innenwand der Somma-Caldera erkennbar. Das Ganggestein ist erosionsbeständiger als jenes, das es umgibt. Dies führt dazu, dass Gänge durch die Erosion aus dem Hang hervorragen. Die Leute unten im Bild stehen auf Stricklava (Pahoehoe-Lavastrom vom Januar 1778).
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Questo anfiteatro, il più antico che ci rimanga dell'Impero Romano, fu costruito in fretta dopo l'80 AC. Un muro cittadino preesistente fu inglobato nella costruzione. Poteva contenere circa 7000 spettatori.
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This amphitheater, the oldest remaining one from the Roman Empire, was built briefly after 80 BC. An existing town wall was integrated in the construction. It would seat about 7000 spectators. Not all seats were made from stone. Green areas are not necessarily gaps caused by the removal of stones. Outside the amphitheater, behind the pines, is a Palestra with swimming pool.
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Il cono di scorie, che fu costruito da eruzioni stromboliane dentro il cratere principale, proietta alcune bombe. Gli osservatori avvicinano il cono dal lato sopravento per evitare la pioggia di bombe e cenere.
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The cinder cone, which was built by strombolian eruptions within the main crater, is ejecting bombs. The observers approach the cone from the upwind side in order to avoid being endangered by lapilli, ash and gases. They are standing on a solidified lava flow, which has flown around the central cone (before the great eruption of 1767).
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Der Schlackenkegel, der sich durch strombolianische Ausbrüche innerhalb des Hauptkraters gebildet hat, ist soeben sehr aktiv und schleudert bei wiederholten Explosionen Bomben aus. Die Beobachter sind geschickt genug, sich dem Kegel von der Luvseite her zu nähern. So werden sie nicht durch Lapilli, Asche und Gase belästigt. Sie stehen auf einem erstarrten Lavastrom, der den Schlackenkegel umflossen hat (vor der grossen Eruption 1767).
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Pamukkale ("Castello di Cotone" in Turco) è il nome moderno dell'antica città greca di Hierapolis, che fu costruita presso le sorgenti termali che nei secoli hanno parzialmente sepolto le rovine in terrazze naturali.
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Pamukkale ("Cotton Castle" in Turkish) is the modern name of the ancient Greek city of Hierapolis. It was built near hot springs which, over the centuries, have partially covered the ruins in natural terraces. The water contains large amounts of minerals, in particular hydrogen carbonate and calcium. As the water cools calcium carbonate gets precipitated and forms thick white layers of so-called travertine. Mineral deposition is not uniform due to irregular water flow.
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La popolazione fu molto turbata dall'ultima eruzione (terremoti, contaminazione dell'acqua e dell'aria, ecc.) ma ovviamente il massimo disagio fu dovuto all'evacuazione di 6 mesi, che a fine eruzione apparve a molti come del tutto inutile o almeno molto esagerata.
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Although the population was strongly affected by the last eruption (earthquakes, water and air contamination, etc.) the month long evacuation, in hindsight many people considered it unnecessary or at least largely exaggerated. After all the eruption never entered a magmatic phase. On the contrary, the current view of scientists at Guadeloupe is that the evacuation of 1976 was fully justified on the base of the data then available. Moreover, a similar crisis - in the view of the same scientists - would be difficult to manage today, due to the considerable growth of the town located in the endangered zone and the future developments plan for Southern Basse-Terre.
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La popolazione fu molto turbata dall'ultima eruzione (terremoti, contaminazione dell'acqua e dell'aria, ecc.) ma ovviamente il massimo disagio fu dovuto all'evacuazione di 6 mesi, che a fine eruzione apparve a molti come del tutto inutile o almeno molto esagerata.
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Although the population was strongly affected by the last eruption (earthquakes, water and air contamination, etc.) the month long evacuation, in hindsight many people considered it unnecessary or at least largely exaggerated. After all the eruption never entered a magmatic phase. On the contrary, the current view of scientists at Guadeloupe is that the evacuation of 1976 was fully justified on the base of the data then available. Moreover, a similar crisis - in the view of the same scientists - would be difficult to manage today, due to the considerable growth of the town located in the endangered zone and the future developments plan for Southern Basse-Terre.
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La popolazione fu molto turbata dall'ultima eruzione (terremoti, contaminazione dell'acqua e dell'aria, ecc.) ma ovviamente il massimo disagio fu dovuto all'evacuazione di 6 mesi, che a fine eruzione apparve a molti come del tutto inutile o almeno molto esagerata.
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Although the population was strongly affected by the last eruption (earthquakes, water and air contamination, etc.) the month long evacuation, in hindsight many people considered it unnecessary or at least largely exaggerated. After all the eruption never entered a magmatic phase. On the contrary, the current view of scientists at Guadeloupe is that the evacuation of 1976 was fully justified on the base of the data then available. Moreover, a similar crisis - in the view of the same scientists - would be difficult to manage today, due to the considerable growth of the town located in the endangered zone and the future developments plan for Southern Basse-Terre.
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Quale ambasciatore britannico, raggiunse Napoli nel 1764 e vi rimase fino al 1800. Fu subito affascinato dal Vesuvio e i suoi studi furono favoriti dalle molte eruzioni del vulcano di quel tempo. Spedì molti campioni di roccia in Inghilterra e commissionò all'artista Pietro Fabris dipinti e acquarelli sui fenomeni vulcanici (immagini in questa pagina).
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Sir William Hamilton (left) was born in 1730 in Scotland. As British ambassador he came to Naples in 1764 where he remained until 1800. He was fascinated by Vesuvius and his studies were favoured by the many eruptions of the volcano at that time. He sent many rock sample to England and commissioned the artist Pietro Fabris to draw and paint the volcanic phenomena (pictures on this page). He also interviewed local farmers and climbed Vesuvius at least 200 times.
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Sir William Hamilton (links) wurde 1730 als Sohn einer aristokratischen Familie in Schottland geboren. Als britischer Diplomat gelangte e r1764 nach Neapel, wo er auch bis 1800 blieb. Er war seit seiner Ankunft vom Vesuv fasziniert. Seine Studien wurde dadurch begünstigt, dass zwischen 1764 und 1794 neue grosse Ausbrüchen stattfanden. Gesteinsproben schickte er nach England. Er beauftragte den Künstler Pietro Fabris, handkolorierte Kupferstiche der Vulkanlandschaft anzufertigen (unsere Bilder). Zudem befragte er einheimische Bauern über ihre Erfahrungen mit dem Vesuv, den er selber über 200 mal bestieg.
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Nota come le grandi colonne siano scurite fino ad un livello di 5m sopra la loro base: qui molluschi marini (Lithophaga lithophaga) hanno scavato buchi nel marmo durante periodi di immersione nell'acqua marina. A causa di movimenti magmatici sotto quest'area, il Macellum si abbassò di circa 12 metri dopo la sua costruzione nel secondo secolo AC e fu invaso da acqua marina.
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Previously thought to be a temple of Serapis, now known to have been a meat market. Note how the big columns are darkened up to a level of more than 5 metres above their base: Here marine muscles (Lithophaga lithophaga) bored holes into the marble during periods of submersion in sea water. Due to magmatic movement beneath this area the Macellum was lowered about 12 metres after its construction in the 2nd century BC and became flooded by sea water. Later on uplifting raised it well above sea level again.
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A Pompei gli scavi archeologici erano già cominciati al tempo di Hamilton! Pompei fu ricoperta da molti metri di cenere nel 79 DC durante un'eruzione pliniana gigantesca del Vesuvio. La città fu totalmente distrutta e circa 2000 persone rimasero uccise.
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In Pompeij excavations were made already in Hamilton's time! Pompeij was covered by several meters of ash 79 AD during a gigantic plinian eruption of Vesuvius. The city was totally destroyed and about 2000 were killed. The diggers shown in the painting are less interested in scientific findings than ancient treasures which they hope to sell later on.
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Ausgrabungen in Pompeij bereits zu Hamiltons Zeit! Pompeij wurde 79 n.Chr. von einer plinianischen Eruption des Vesuvs metertief mit Asche zugeschüttet, die hier weggeräumt wird. Die Stadt wurde völlig zerstört und über 2000 Menschen kamen ums Leben. Die Personen auf dem Bild sind weniger an wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen als antiken Genstände interessiert, die sie verkaufen möchten.
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A Pompei gli scavi archeologici erano già cominciati al tempo di Hamilton! Pompei fu ricoperta da molti metri di cenere nel 79 DC durante un'eruzione pliniana gigantesca del Vesuvio. La città fu totalmente distrutta e circa 2000 persone rimasero uccise.
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In Pompeij excavations were made already in Hamilton's time! Pompeij was covered by several meters of ash 79 AD during a gigantic plinian eruption of Vesuvius. The city was totally destroyed and about 2000 were killed. The diggers shown in the painting are less interested in scientific findings than ancient treasures which they hope to sell later on.
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Ausgrabungen in Pompeij bereits zu Hamiltons Zeit! Pompeij wurde 79 n.Chr. von einer plinianischen Eruption des Vesuvs metertief mit Asche zugeschüttet, die hier weggeräumt wird. Die Stadt wurde völlig zerstört und über 2000 Menschen kamen ums Leben. Die Personen auf dem Bild sind weniger an wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen als antiken Genstände interessiert, die sie verkaufen möchten.
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Per cui grande fu lo stupore del Prof. Thomas D. Brock e dei suoi colleghi nello scoprire in diverse sorgenti termali della Great Fountain area nel Lower Geyser Basin (area dal pH neutro o debolmente alcalino), il primo estremofilo capace di prosperare a temperature ancora più elevate.
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When researchers began to study the biology of Yellowstone hot springs in the 1960s, the upper temperature limit for life was thought to be around 73 °C. But in the late 1960s, to their astonishment, Thomas D. Brock and colleagues identified in several springs in the Great Fountain area of the Lower Geyser Basin, a neutral or weakly alkaline area, the first extremophile capable of growth at even higher temperatures: it was called Thermus aquaticus and it was the first of the Archaea, ancient micro organisms that some scientists now regard as a separate kingdom of life.