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Le CCD conclut le présent rapport en citant la résolution suivante de son Conseil national des représentants. Le message essentiel du CCD sur la LSA y est exposé : il n’est pas encore temps de légaliser le suicide assisté.
CCD concludes this brief by sharing the following resolution of the CCD National Council that presents our essential message on LAS—this is not the time to legalize assisted suicide.
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Illusion d’une maîtrise accrue par les patients : Les défenseurs de la LSA font la promotion du suicide assisté comme moyen pour une personne de maîtriser sa fin de vie. Il pourrait s’agir d’une promesse plutôt que de la réalité.
The Illusion of Increased Control for Patients—LAS advocates promote it as a way for an individual to control the end of his/her life. This may be more promise than reality. In addition to individuals being able to request LAS, proxies are also given this power for people no longer able to make requests themselves.
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Légalisation du suicide assisté (LSA) : Le Comité indique qu’il examinera les cas de violence. Les militants du mouvement pour les droits des personnes handicapées se préoccupent du risque de violence et de discrimination systémique que pourrait entraîner la légalisation du suicide assisté au Canada.
Legalized Assisted Suicide (LAS)--The Committee indicates that it will be investigating abuse. The disability rights movement has concerns about the potential for abuse and systemic discrimination if assisted suicide is legalized in Canada.
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Conséquences négatives sur la fourniture de services aux personnes ayant besoin d’aide : Certains craignent que la LSA ne mine la volonté de la société de fournir des mesures d’aide et des services aux citoyens qui ont besoin de soins.
Negative Impact on Supply of Services Available to People in Need of Support—There is a concern that LAS will undermine society’s willingness to provide supports and services to those who need care. Individualism is the ethic behind LAS. The disability rights movement takes the point of view that people are interdependent. Needing support is not viewed negatively. The value of society providing support to people with disabilities has been recognized by the CRPD.
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M. Gill énumère les expériences des personnes handicapées qui donne de la valeur ajoutée aux discussions sur la LSA : institutionnalisation, négligence, abus, traitement discriminatoire, dévaluation sociale, appauvrissement des ressources (Gill, 2010, p. 32).
Canadians with disabilities have a unique perspective on end of life issues derived from our lived experience with bodies that function somewhat differently from the norm. Gill enumerates the disability experiences that provide added value to LAS discussions: "institutionalization, neglect, abuse, discriminatory treatment, social devaluation, and impoverished resources (Gill, 2010, p. 32)".
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Fardeau indu pour les personnes handicapées : La rédaction de lois et de politiques en matière de suicide assisté légal visant à offrir le suicide assisté aux personnes ayant des limitations fonctionnelles entraînerait une dépréciation de la vie des personnes handicapées. Il est difficile d’imaginer un État qui envisagerait la LSA pour d’autres groupes marginalisés et défavorisés (Krahn, 2010).
Undue Burden on People with Disabilities—If LAS laws and policies were written, so as to provide LAS to people with functional limitations, this would devalue the lives of people with disabilities. It would be hard to imagine a state contemplating LAS for other marginalized and disadvantaged groups (Krahn, 2010). Take for example if society said to homeless people with addictions, if life gets so bad that you are homeless and living on the street begging for money to support your addiction, then the state will help you kill yourself so you will not suffer anymore.
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Selon Gill, les membres du mouvement pour les droits des personnes handicapées ne craignent pas une contagion du suicide. Ils craignent plutôt que la LSA n’empire notre réponse sociale culturelle à la déficience, un effet qui accentuerait l’exclusion sociale des personnes handicapées.
Misrepresentation No. 6: Legalized assisted suicide will open the flood gates and many people with disabilities will be making requests. As Gill explains, the disability movement is not concerned about a suicide contagion. The concern is about LAS worsening our culture's social response to disability thereby increasing the social exclusion of people with disabilities. With LAS, the state sanctions the killing of people with disabilities and in CCD's analysis this would reinforce negative images and stereotypes about people with disabilities.
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Selon Gill, les membres du mouvement pour les droits des personnes handicapées ne craignent pas une contagion du suicide. Ils craignent plutôt que la LSA n’empire notre réponse sociale culturelle à la déficience, un effet qui accentuerait l’exclusion sociale des personnes handicapées.
Misrepresentation No. 6: Legalized assisted suicide will open the flood gates and many people with disabilities will be making requests. As Gill explains, the disability movement is not concerned about a suicide contagion. The concern is about LAS worsening our culture's social response to disability thereby increasing the social exclusion of people with disabilities. With LAS, the state sanctions the killing of people with disabilities and in CCD's analysis this would reinforce negative images and stereotypes about people with disabilities.
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La responsabilité sociale, plutôt que le vitalisme, constitue la motivation derrière l’opposition à la LSA du mouvement pour les droits des personnes handicapées, et à d’autres pratiques et politiques visant à accélérer la mort.
Social responsibility, rather than vitalism, is the motivation behind the disability rights movement's opposition to LAS and other death hastening practices and policies. Social responsibility motivates our actions. From our analysis, the impacts of LAS would negatively alter Canadian cultural attitudes and social practices toward people with terminal illnesses and disabilities. As all Canadians will face end of life and most will experience disability, these negative impacts would be injurious to everyone.
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La responsabilité sociale, plutôt que le vitalisme, constitue la motivation derrière l’opposition à la LSA du mouvement pour les droits des personnes handicapées, et à d’autres pratiques et politiques visant à accélérer la mort.
Social responsibility, rather than vitalism, is the motivation behind the disability rights movement's opposition to LAS and other death hastening practices and policies. Social responsibility motivates our actions. From our analysis, the impacts of LAS would negatively alter Canadian cultural attitudes and social practices toward people with terminal illnesses and disabilities. As all Canadians will face end of life and most will experience disability, these negative impacts would be injurious to everyone.
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Vangelis y a participé pour présenter les normes de santé établies dans la Convention relative aux droits des personnes handicapées (CDPH). En effet, l’article 25 de la Convention porte sur lsa santé et l’article 26 sur l’adaptation et la réadaptation.
On 16 January 2014, the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) allowed an appeal of the British Columbia Court of Appeal (BCCA) ruling in Carter v. Canada (assisted suicide). CCD had hoped the appeal would be denied and in collaboration with the Canadian Association for Community Living (CACL), intervened in the leave to appeal application to explain why the appeal should not be granted. CCD and CACL believe the SCC made the correct decision in the Rodriguez case, where Criminal Code prohibitions against assisted suicide were upheld. Along with CACL, CCD will be seeking to intervene in the SCC appeal of the Carter case.
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Conséquences négatives sur la fourniture de services aux personnes ayant besoin d’aide : Certains craignent que la LSA ne mine la volonté de la société de fournir des mesures d’aide et des services aux citoyens qui ont besoin de soins.
Negative Impact on Supply of Services Available to People in Need of Support—There is a concern that LAS will undermine society’s willingness to provide supports and services to those who need care. Individualism is the ethic behind LAS. The disability rights movement takes the point of view that people are interdependent. Needing support is not viewed negatively. The value of society providing support to people with disabilities has been recognized by the CRPD.
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L’auteur, Orville Endicott, avocat ontarien, concluait dans cette analyse que « jusqu’à ce qu’il puisse être démontré de façon convaincante que tous les Canadiens bénéficient de la pleine égalité et de l’entière sécurité de leur personne, qu’ils soient handicapés ou non, comme le garantit la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, il faudrait résister aux efforts de légalisation de l’aide aux personnes qui désirent mourir » (Endicott, 2002, p. 72). [traduction] Selon les défenseurs de la légalisation du suicide assisté (LSA), en adoptant des mesures de protection, on répondrait aux préoccupations soulevées par le CCD et autres entités.
Contribution to the Safeguards Debate—In 2002, CCD published Legalizing Physician-Assisted Death: Can Safeguards Protect the Interests of Vulnerable Persons by Orville Endicott, an Ontario lawyer. This publication concluded that, "Until it can be convincingly demonstrated that all Canadians enjoy full equality and security of the person, regardless of disability, as guaranteed by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, then any steps toward legalized assistance in dying should be resisted (Endicott, 2002, p. 72). LAS proponents suggest that safeguards would address concerns raised by CCD and others. In jurisdictions where LAS is permitted, robust safeguards have not been adopted. Instead, assisted suicides have to be reported after they have occurred. Endicott suggests that it would be very difficult to meet the two safeguards which would be of greatest value to people with disabilities: an independent tribunal that would ascertain that (1) a person seeking an assisted suicide understands his/her alternatives and that he or she is not being manipulated by others and (2) ensure that all reasonable avenues have been explored that would make dying a less attractive option. Endicott stresses the importance of achieving these criteria with clear and convincing evidence and concedes that this requirement would be very difficult to fulfill. He quotes Disability Studies scholar Catherine Frazee who states:
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Faux argument numéro quatre : Lorsque nous soulevons des préoccupations au sujet du risque que la légalisation du suicide assisté entraîne le décès non désiré de personnes handicapées, les défenseurs de la LSA soutiennent que nous confondons suicide assisté et euthanasie involontaire.
Misrepresentation No. 4: When we raise concerns about the legalization of assisted suicide leading to unwanted deaths for people with disabilities, LAS proponents argue that we confuse assisted suicide with involuntary euthanasia. We counter that proponents have not given sufficient consideration to what actually constitutes true voluntary choice at end of life. Proponents wrongly assume that people always have access to options. Personal circumstances such as race, age, disability, class, and gender impinge upon the choices available to an individual. As a community living with an inadequate, and sometimes nonexistent, supply of necessary disability-related services, we know that options are not always available (Gill, 2010, p. 35). In a discussion about assisted suicide in Oregon, Gill poses the following rhetorical question: "If requesters die believing that their only options are a nursing home, the degrading imposition of their intimate needs on family, or taking their chances on the help of strangers, how is that voluntary? (Gill, 2010, p. 35)"
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Lacunes des modèles existants : L’expérience pratique en matière de LSA ne rassure pas du tout le CCD. Nos collègues américains handicapés ont défini un certain nombre de problèmes liés au modèle de l’Oregon.
Shortcomings of the Existing Models—The “on the ground” experience with LAS does not provide any comfort to CCD. Our American colleagues with disabilities have identified a number of concerns with the Oregon model. Golden and Zoanni identified the following shortcomings: “The reporting requirements lack teeth; Noncompliance is not monitored; Important questions are not asked; Abuse is not investigated; Secrecy pervades the operation of LAS; LAS data is destroyed annually (Golden and Zoanni, 2010, p.24-25)." The space limitations of this brief do not allow for an in-depth exploration of the shortcomings of existing LAS regimes. Suffice it to say that disability rights leaders have not been comforted by the way that states have operationalized LAS.
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Mesures de protection inefficaces : Des mesures de protection sont souvent présentées comme la réponse aux préoccupations au sujet des conséquences de la LSA. Dans la pratique, le suicide assisté légal n’a souvent été accompagné que de très faibles mesures de protection procédurales, comme la déclaration après le fait.
Ineffectual Safeguards—Safeguards are often put forward as the answer to the concerns about the impacts of LAS. In practice, LAS has tended to have only very weak procedural safeguards, such as after the fact reporting. The only effective safeguard would involve a thorough exploration that decisions were truly autonomous. This would be exceedingly difficult to implement, particularly in the case of people with disabilities. Our culture’s negative messaging on disability is so strong that some people with disabilities have internalized these message and can never move beyond the stereotype that life with disability is not worth living. At the time of disabled Canadian Austin Bastable's assisted suicide, Catherine Frazee made the following comments in the CCD Latimer Watch:
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Dans son intervention, le CCD a allégué que la légalisation du suicide assisté aurait des effets négatifs sur les personnes handicapées. Le CCD a demandé avec instance qu’il y ait une période de discussion publique sur la LSA, et d’importantes mesures de protection pour accompagner la LSA.
Sue Rodriguez Case—CCD intervened in the Sue Rodriguez case. Rodriguez sought a constitutional amendment which would have permitted her to have a legal assisted suicide. In its intervention, CCD argued that if legalized, assisted suicide would have an adverse impact on persons with disabilities. CCD urged a period of public discussion of LAS and strong safeguards to accompany LAS. Nondisabled Canadians became Ms. Rodriguez's supporters. MP Svend Robinson, as he then was, was on hand for Rodriguez's assisted suicide, putting himself at risk for criminal charges. The outpouring of support for people with disabilities seeking to end their lives has prompted people in the disability community to wonder why efforts to secure disability-related supports, accessible transportation, and adequate incomes do not similarly spark the imaginations of nondisabled Canadians and motivate them to support initiatives to improve life with a disability.
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Réponse des partisans de la LSA aux arguments en faveur des droits des personnes handicapées : Les préoccupations des membres de la collectivité des personnes handicapées ont été banalisées par une reformulation inexacte de leurs arguments par les partisans de la LSA.
How LAS Proponents Counter Disability Rights Arguments--The disability community's concerns have been trivialized through an inaccurate reframing of its arguments by pro-LAS activists. The Committee may hear pro-LAS advocates misinterpret the disability rights position. Disability studies scholar Carol J. Gill unpacks the fallacies in a number of "straw man" arguments, that is, weak arguments that are put forward to be attacked and easily torn down. CCD shares a summary of her work on the "straw man" arguments to assist the Committee differentiate between the valid disability rights message and disinformation (Gill, 2010). Gill divides these misrepresentations into two categories: "They're out to get us!" and "You don't understand".
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Gill explique que ce ne sont pas les inquiétudes au sujet de « tueurs compatissants » [traduction] mal guidés de la profession médicale qui sont à l’origine de l’opposition des praticiens défenseurs des droits des personnes handicapées à la LSA.
They're out to get us: Misrepresentation No. 1: Legalized assisted suicide will encourage doctors to kill disabled people—Gill explains that it is not concern about misguided "mercy killers" in the medical profession that has caused disability rights practitioners to oppose LAS. Instead it is the increasing bias to restrict health services in the face of growing concerns about rising health costs. Negative attitudes about the quality of life with a disability affect the treatment decisions made for patients with disabilities—lives with disabilities are not always considered as meriting medical services that are in short supply. Gill describes how people with disabilities in hospitals are repeatedly asked if they have agreed to a Do Not Resuscitate Order (DNR) (Gill, 2010).
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Réponse des partisans de la LSA aux arguments en faveur des droits des personnes handicapées : Les préoccupations des membres de la collectivité des personnes handicapées ont été banalisées par une reformulation inexacte de leurs arguments par les partisans de la LSA.
How LAS Proponents Counter Disability Rights Arguments--The disability community's concerns have been trivialized through an inaccurate reframing of its arguments by pro-LAS activists. The Committee may hear pro-LAS advocates misinterpret the disability rights position. Disability studies scholar Carol J. Gill unpacks the fallacies in a number of "straw man" arguments, that is, weak arguments that are put forward to be attacked and easily torn down. CCD shares a summary of her work on the "straw man" arguments to assist the Committee differentiate between the valid disability rights message and disinformation (Gill, 2010). Gill divides these misrepresentations into two categories: "They're out to get us!" and "You don't understand".
  Canadiens avec déficien...  
Réponse des partisans de la LSA aux arguments en faveur des droits des personnes handicapées : Les préoccupations des membres de la collectivité des personnes handicapées ont été banalisées par une reformulation inexacte de leurs arguments par les partisans de la LSA.
How LAS Proponents Counter Disability Rights Arguments--The disability community's concerns have been trivialized through an inaccurate reframing of its arguments by pro-LAS activists. The Committee may hear pro-LAS advocates misinterpret the disability rights position. Disability studies scholar Carol J. Gill unpacks the fallacies in a number of "straw man" arguments, that is, weak arguments that are put forward to be attacked and easily torn down. CCD shares a summary of her work on the "straw man" arguments to assist the Committee differentiate between the valid disability rights message and disinformation (Gill, 2010). Gill divides these misrepresentations into two categories: "They're out to get us!" and "You don't understand".
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Selon Gill, cet argument est irrespectueux à l’égard des familles des personnes handicapées et ne tient pas compte de la dynamique économique et sociale de la maladie chronique et de l’invalidité de longue durée. Les défenseurs des droits des personnes handicapées craignent que la LSA encourage la société à réduire l’aide fournie aux citoyens ayant des problèmes de santé ou une invalidité chroniques.
Misrepresentation No. 2: If assisted suicide is legalized, people with disabilities will be victimized by greedy family members who want their estates or by family members who want to be free of the burden of caregiving. Gill suggests that this argument is disrespectful to the families of people with disabilities and ignores the social and economic dynamics of long-term illness and disability. The disability rights concern is that LAS will encourage society to lessen the support it provides to members with chronic health conditions and disabilities. It will be seen as reasonable to hasten the death of some people rather than to provide them with the services they need to be comfortable and dignified. The disability movement's concern is about abandonment of societal responsibility for disabled and ill citizens (Gill, 2010).
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Dans son intervention, le CCD a allégué que la légalisation du suicide assisté aurait des effets négatifs sur les personnes handicapées. Le CCD a demandé avec instance qu’il y ait une période de discussion publique sur la LSA, et d’importantes mesures de protection pour accompagner la LSA.
Sue Rodriguez Case—CCD intervened in the Sue Rodriguez case. Rodriguez sought a constitutional amendment which would have permitted her to have a legal assisted suicide. In its intervention, CCD argued that if legalized, assisted suicide would have an adverse impact on persons with disabilities. CCD urged a period of public discussion of LAS and strong safeguards to accompany LAS. Nondisabled Canadians became Ms. Rodriguez's supporters. MP Svend Robinson, as he then was, was on hand for Rodriguez's assisted suicide, putting himself at risk for criminal charges. The outpouring of support for people with disabilities seeking to end their lives has prompted people in the disability community to wonder why efforts to secure disability-related supports, accessible transportation, and adequate incomes do not similarly spark the imaginations of nondisabled Canadians and motivate them to support initiatives to improve life with a disability.