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€€Bien€quð ðelle€aitÐ ” 0 Ðtraditionnellement€adopt €une€approche€lib rale€en€la€mati re,€la€Cour€tient€compteÐ , È Ðdð ðun€certain€nombre€de€facteurs€dans€lð ðexercice€de€ce€pouvoir€discr tionnaire,€dont€:Ý ƒ Ñýè0 1 ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à1.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€le€demandeur€avait€v ritablement€lð ðintentionÐ ô  Ðde€demander€lð ðautorisation€dð ðappel€et€sð ðil€a€fait€part€de€cette€intentionÐ Œ ( Ð €la€partie€adverse€dans€le€d lai€prescrit;Ð $ À ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à2.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€lð ðavocat€a€pr sent €la€demande€de€mani reÐ T ð Ðdiligente;Ð ì ˆ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à3.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€Ô # † X a¼ X X X a¼ù1 # ÔÔ ‡ X a¼ X X X a¼ Ôle€retard€a€fait€lð ðobjet€dð ðune€explicationÐ ¸ Ðsatisfaisante;Ð ´ P ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à4.à0 ø àla€longueur€du€retard;Ð ä € ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à5.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€Ô # † X a¼ X X X a¼Ì5 # ÔÔ ‡ X a¼ X X X a¼ Ôla€d cision€dð ðaccorder€ou€de€refuser€laÐ #° $ Ðprorogation€de€d lai€causera€un€pr judice€indu€ €lð ðune€ou€lð ðautre€desÐ ¬$H & Ðparties;Ð D&à ( ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à6.à0 ø àle€bien„fond €de€la€demande€dð ðautorisation€dð ðappel.Ð t) #, ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌEn€d finitive,€il€faut€toujours€se€demander€si,€eu€ gard€aux€circonstances€et€compteÐ ¤,@&0 Ðtenu€des€facteurs€susmentionn s,€la€prorogation€de€d lai€sð ðimpose€pour€que€justiceÐ

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ÐÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýs) Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼-) # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ CE. , US. , L) ÔThe€power€to€extend€time€under€special€circumstances€in€s.€59(1)€of€the€ActÐ d Ðâ âis€a€discretionary€one.€€Although€the€Court€has€traditionally€adopted€a€generous€approachÐ ü ˜ Ðin€granting€extensions€of€time,€a€number€of€factors€guide€it€in€the€exercise€of€itsÐ ” 0 Ðdiscretion,€including:Ý ƒ Ñýs) Ž) ݌Р, È ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à1.à0 ø àWhether€the€applicant€formed€a€ò òbona€fideó ó€intention€to€seek€leave€toÐ \ ø Ðappeal€and€communicated€that€intention€to€the€opposing€party€within€theÐ ô  Ðprescribed€time;Ð Œ ( ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à2.à0 ø àWhether€counsel€moved€diligently;Ð ¼ X ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à3.à0 ø àWhether€a€proper€explanation€for€the€delay€has€been€offered;Ð ì ˆ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à4.à0 ø àThe€extent€of€the€delay;Ð ¸ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à5.à0 ø àWhether€granting€or€denying€the€extension€of€time€will€unduly€prejudiceÐ L è Ðone€or€the€other€of€the€parties;€andÐ ä € ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à6.à0 ø àThe€merits€of€the€application€for€leave€to€appeal.Ð #° $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌThe€ultimate€question€is€always€whether,€in€all€the€circumstances€and€considering€theÐ D&à ( Ðfactors€referred€to€above,€the€justice€of€the€case€requires€that€an€extension€of€time€beÐ Ü'x!* Ðgranted.Ð t) #, ÐÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼%* # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý„0 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼R0 # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ CE. , US. , q0 ÔNotwithstanding€our€sympathy€for€the€difficulties€experienced€by€counsel€forÐ ¤,@&0 Ðthe€applicantð ðs€colleagues,€we€are€all€of€the€view€that€this€is€not€a€case€in€which€anÐ

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Ðdð ðaccusations€dð ðinfraction€en€mati re€de€drogue€port es€contre€lð ðaccus €--€Minist reÏpublic€invoquant€le€privil ge€relatif€aux€indicateurs€de€police€pour€refuser€de€faire€droitÏ €la€requ te€de€lð ðaccus €visant€ €obtenir€la€production€de€la€fiche€de€lð ðinformationÏcommuniqu e€--€Le€juge€du€proc s€a„t„il€commis€une€erreur€en€ordonnant€la€productionÏde€la€fiche€r vis e€de€lð ðinformation€communiqu e€par€lð ðindicateur?

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U N ^ % ¬ 0 Y ² n n y y w @ ç 4 ' ; 1 m J ~ · 0 u 5 0 c ª 1 m U N ‚ U N Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð 0 u “ 0  ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ U N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) U N w w w w B Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å B â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Æ ÿ 0  Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å 0 @ R 0 X ’ 0 ` ê 0 b J 0 x ¬ 0 d $ 0 V ˆ 0 V Þ 0 b 4 0 V – 0 V ì 0 r B 0 ˆ ´ 0 Œ 0 Š È 0  R 0 d â 0 H F 0 ˜ Ž 0 Š &! 0 „ °! 0 V 4" 0 š Š" 0 v $# 0 ˜ š# 0 œ 2$ 0 z Î$ 0 ˜ H% 0 † à% 0 œ f& 0 Ž ' 0 Z ' 0 V ê' 0 T @( 0 H ”( 0 j Ü( 0 Z F) 0 h  ) 0 „ * 0 Ž Œ* 0 x + 0 b ’+ 0 d ô+ 0 T X, 0 h ¬, 0 Œ - 0 †  - 0 x &. 0 ˜ ž. 0 n 6/ 0 € ¤/ 0 j $0 0 t Ž0 0 r 1 0 X t1 0 ` Ì1 0 n ,2 0 ‚ š2 0 j 3 0 t †3 0 r ú3 0 j l4 0 f Ö4 0 d 0 Œ  5 0 p ,6 0 p œ6 0 ” 7 0 ”  7 0 j 48 0 l ž8 0 l 9 0 p v9 0 r æ9 0 j X: 0 l Â: 0 l .; 0 p š; 0 r 0 t | 0 z ð 0 | j= 0 ~ æ= 0 t d> 0 z Ø> 0 | R? 0 ~ Î? 0 P L@ 0 H œ@ 0 b ä@ 0 ` FA 0 ` ¦A 0 b B ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X ( 1 É $ ¡ ¡ Ô € X ]ú X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , Ôg : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ h e a d e n g . w p t g : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ r e a s e n g . w p t E D D D  |r"õÅ"ð ð ñ ñ 3| x #-e 3 7 = C I Q Y a g ­ ­ 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) t Ý ƒ ýÜ' ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ ÝÓ Ó„€Ú Ú1Ú Ú€„ ( M 3ýÜ$ § § Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý ( ; 3»$ ´ ´ Ô2 -e ÔÚ Ú0Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 à & Y 3 7 ; A G O W _ e ³ ³ 1 a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) ( @ ø Ð Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( M 3ýÜ$ © © Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý H F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r d üÿ P P d 1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 B J Ž2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ìà X àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o

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Ðdð ðaccusations€dð ðinfraction€en€mati re€de€drogue€port es€contre€lð ðaccus €--€Minist reÏpublic€invoquant€le€privil ge€relatif€aux€indicateurs€de€police€pour€refuser€de€faire€droitÏ €la€requ te€de€lð ðaccus €visant€ €obtenir€la€production€de€la€fiche€de€lð ðinformationÏcommuniqu e€--€Le€juge€du€proc s€a„t„il€commis€une€erreur€en€ordonnant€la€productionÏde€la€fiche€r vis e€de€lð ðinformation€communiqu e€par€lð ðindicateur?

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U N ^ % ¬ 0 Y ² n n y y w @ ç 4 ' ; 1 m J ~ · 0 u 5 0 c ª 1 m U N ‚ U N Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð 0 u “ 0  ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ U N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) U N w w w w B Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å B â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Æ ÿ 0  Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å 0 @ R 0 X ’ 0 ` ê 0 b J 0 x ¬ 0 d $ 0 V ˆ 0 V Þ 0 b 4 0 V – 0 V ì 0 r B 0 ˆ ´ 0 Œ 0 Š È 0  R 0 d â 0 H F 0 ˜ Ž 0 Š &! 0 „ °! 0 V 4" 0 š Š" 0 v $# 0 ˜ š# 0 œ 2$ 0 z Î$ 0 ˜ H% 0 † à% 0 œ f& 0 Ž ' 0 Z ' 0 V ê' 0 T @( 0 H ”( 0 j Ü( 0 Z F) 0 h  ) 0 „ * 0 Ž Œ* 0 x + 0 b ’+ 0 d ô+ 0 T X, 0 h ¬, 0 Œ - 0 †  - 0 x &. 0 ˜ ž. 0 n 6/ 0 € ¤/ 0 j $0 0 t Ž0 0 r 1 0 X t1 0 ` Ì1 0 n ,2 0 ‚ š2 0 j 3 0 t †3 0 r ú3 0 j l4 0 f Ö4 0 d 0 Œ  5 0 p ,6 0 p œ6 0 ” 7 0 ”  7 0 j 48 0 l ž8 0 l 9 0 p v9 0 r æ9 0 j X: 0 l Â: 0 l .; 0 p š; 0 r 0 t | 0 z ð 0 | j= 0 ~ æ= 0 t d> 0 z Ø> 0 | R? 0 ~ Î? 0 P L@ 0 H œ@ 0 b ä@ 0 ` FA 0 ` ¦A 0 b B ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X ( 1 É $ ¡ ¡ Ô € X ]ú X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , Ôg : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ h e a d e n g . w p t g : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ r e a s e n g . w p t E D D D  |r"õÅ"ð ð ñ ñ 3| x #-e 3 7 = C I Q Y a g ­ ­ 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) t Ý ƒ ýÜ' ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ ÝÓ Ó„€Ú Ú1Ú Ú€„ ( M 3ýÜ$ § § Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý ( ; 3»$ ´ ´ Ô2 -e ÔÚ Ú0Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 à & Y 3 7 ; A G O W _ e ³ ³ 1 a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) ( @ ø Ð Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( M 3ýÜ$ © © Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý H F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r d üÿ P P d 1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 B J Ž2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ìà X àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o

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« ! àLð ðarticle16€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareilsÐ 4%° $ Ðde€loterie€vid o)ó ó€est-il€incompatible€avec€lð ðal. 2ò òbó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteÐ &| % Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?

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œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌAlthough€the€Court€in€ò òHaigó ó€left€it€open€for€residence€to€be€established€as€an€analogousÐ l è Ðground€in€the€appropriate€case,€I€share€the€trial€judgeð ðs€view€here€that€this€is€not€such€aÐ "€ Ðcase.€€Nothing€suggests€that€Winkler€residents€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€theyÐ œ# " Ðsuffer€from€any€sort€of€prejudice.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýKE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€putting€the€appellantsð ð€case€at€its€best€and€assuming€that€they€couldÐ d(à ( Ðestablish€a€distinction€based€on€an€analogous€ground,€the€legislation€does€notÐ ü)x!* Ðdiscriminate€against€them€in€any€substantive€sense.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€proceedÐ ”+ #, Ðthrough€all€the€contextual€factors€listed€by€Iacobucci€J.€in€ò òLawó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€because€it€is€clearÐ ,-¨$. Ðthat€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€directly€corresponds€to€the€circumstances€of€Winkler€residents.€€TheÐ Ä.@&0 ÐTown€of€Winkler€was€singled€out€in€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€because€it€was€the€ò òonlyÐ \0Ø'2 Ðmunicipalityó ó€to€have€held€a€plebiscite€on€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€The€very€purpose€of€thatÐ „ Ðsection€was€to€respect€the€will€of€Winkler€residents,€as€expressed€in€their€1998€plebiscite.€Ð ˜ ÐViewed€in€the€context€of€that€plebiscite,€I€am€not€convinced€that€any€reasonable€residentÐ ´ 0 Ðof€Winkler€would€feel€that€he€or€she€has€been€marginalized,€devalued€or€ignored€as€aÐ L È Ðmember€of€Canadian€society€(see€ò òLawó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€53).€€There€is€no€harm€to€dignity,Ð ä ` Ðand€no€violation€of€s.€15(1).Ý ƒ % ÑýKE fE ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýìJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€was€noted€above€in€the€s.€2(ò òbó ó)€claim€that€s.€15(1)€might€be€implicatedÐ ¬ ( Ðwhere€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€plebiscite€is€extended€to€some€and€withheld€fromÐ D À Ðothers€based€on€a€prohibited€ground€of€discrimination.€€This€would€be€the€case€if€a€lawÐ Ü X Ðprohibited€members€of€a€certain€race€or€religion€from€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€However,Ð t ð Ðthat€is€not€the€case€in€this€appeal.€€First,€as€previously€noted,€the€distinction€in€s.€16€ofÐ ˆ Ðthe€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€based€on€an€analogous€ground.€€Second,€the€distinction€does€not€affectÐ ¤ Ðthe€qualification€and€ability€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLT€plebiscite€under€theÐ

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€Lð ðintim e€nð ða€pasÐ ˆ Ðinterjet €appel€devant€la€commission€dð ðappel€en€mati re€d'am nagement€(ð ðcommissionð ð)Ð ¸ Ðet,€bien€quð ðelle€ait€cess €lð ðexploitation€litigieuse,€elle€a€n glig €de€remettre€les€lieux€dansÏleur€ tat€original,€ce€qui€lui€aurait€occasionn €une€d pense€dð ðenviron€45€500€$Ô # † X ½ X X X ½c # Ô.

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âSð F›ÎÂL* ?eê8É [½£s)u]MÕ'aì‚öãÚϨ‡‘󄞯Ā¶þ6ˆ™¾ë™rNvÚf¼S>EóOw ¿ öaJ Œ «þómÑ ±r£AÐT÷È £þ ÉóÔk )„1ò…9Heà ¥¢ãÉ!á†=© w¤ ® >WK· :ë ý+øW~dwOÍ¿ ý3#úâ$dë;´ S!N²…4ð0`­¦¦°ø«‹HÀ [’• GßoñU\ ì! DâåfC²3f• µ$•&’5™$ˆ Þr $þuc Ý¥À,·Le‘Y$ ÉÍ€Ë6ù { U N º % 0 m 0 j { 0 @ å 0 X % 0 ` } 0 b Ý 0 x ? 0 d · 0 V 0 V q 0 b Ç 0 V ) 0 V  0 r Õ 0 ˆ G 0 Œ Ï 0 Š [ 0  å 0 d u 0 H Ù 0 ˜ ! 0 Š ¹ 0 „ C 0 V Ç 0 š 0 v · 0 ˜ - 0 œ Å 0 z a 0 ˜ Û 0 † s 0 œ ù 0 Ž • 0 Z # 0 V } 0 T Ó 0 H ' 0 j o 0 Z Ù 0 h 3 0 „ › 0 Ž 0 x ­ 0 b % 0 d ‡ 0 T ë 0 h ? 0 Œ § 0 † 3 0 x ¹ 0 ˜ 1 0 n É 0 € 7 0 t · 0 r +! 0 X ! 0 ` õ! 0 n U" 0 ‚ Ã" 0 j E# 0 t ¯# 0 r #$ 0 j •$ 0 f ÿ$ 0 d e% 0 Œ É% 0 p U& 0 p Å& 0 ” 5' 0 ” É' 0 j ]( 0 l Ç( 0 l 3) 0 p Ÿ) 0 r * 0 j * 0 l ë* 0 l W+ 0 p Ã+ 0 r 3, 0 t ¥, 0 z - 0 | “- 0 ~ . 0 t . 0 z / 0 | {/ 0 ~ ÷/ 0 P u0 0 H Å0 0 b 1 0 ` o1 0 ` Ï1 0 b /2 p ‘2 0  4 Ž4 0 r ž4 5 w @ 5 4 X5 n l5 1 m Ú5 G6 0Z c O6 1 Ç ²6 0 Ž y7 B 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Æ $8 ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X F ' ÿÿ6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X . . X à1à . . à B ( ÿÿ2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ìà X . . X à2à . . à @ ÿÿ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X ÿÿ, p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` ÿÿ* p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b ÿÿ4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x ÿÿ2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d ÿÿ, r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V ÿÿ. r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V ÿÿ, r h o > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t c . b ÿÿ, r h v > r u n . h e a d f o r v . ( e n g l i s h ) V ÿÿ. r h v 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 v . V ÿÿ, r h e > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t v . r ÿÿ* h 1 > t i t l e i n b o l d , f l u s h l e f t n o i n d e n t ˆ ÿÿ* h 2 > t i t l e i n 1 0 . 5 p t r e g u l a r , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d e n t Œ ÿÿ, i n d > ( i n d e x e d o r r e p e r t o i r e ) , t e x t 7 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t Š ÿÿ. i n d 1 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) , ( n o v . o r c . i n s i d e )  ÿÿ. i n d 2 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) w i t h 2 v . o r 2 c . i n s i d e d ÿÿ4 / f t n o t e > e n d o f e n g l i s h f o o t n o t e H ÿÿ* 3 p > 3 . . . c e n t e r ˜ ÿÿ. p r e s > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : P r e s e n t : L a m e r Š ÿÿ. f i l e > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : F i l e N o s : „ ÿÿ. d a t e > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : 1 9 9 2 : V ÿÿ*

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« ! àLð ðarticle16€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareilsÐ 4%° $ Ðde€loterie€vid o)ó ó€est-il€incompatible€avec€lð ðal. 2ò òbó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteÐ &| % Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?

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œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌAlthough€the€Court€in€ò òHaigó ó€left€it€open€for€residence€to€be€established€as€an€analogousÐ l è Ðground€in€the€appropriate€case,€I€share€the€trial€judgeð ðs€view€here€that€this€is€not€such€aÐ "€ Ðcase.€€Nothing€suggests€that€Winkler€residents€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€theyÐ œ# " Ðsuffer€from€any€sort€of€prejudice.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýKE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€putting€the€appellantsð ð€case€at€its€best€and€assuming€that€they€couldÐ d(à ( Ðestablish€a€distinction€based€on€an€analogous€ground,€the€legislation€does€notÐ ü)x!* Ðdiscriminate€against€them€in€any€substantive€sense.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€proceedÐ ”+ #, Ðthrough€all€the€contextual€factors€listed€by€Iacobucci€J.€in€ò òLawó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€because€it€is€clearÐ ,-¨$. Ðthat€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€directly€corresponds€to€the€circumstances€of€Winkler€residents.€€TheÐ Ä.@&0 ÐTown€of€Winkler€was€singled€out€in€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€because€it€was€the€ò òonlyÐ \0Ø'2 Ðmunicipalityó ó€to€have€held€a€plebiscite€on€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€The€very€purpose€of€thatÐ „ Ðsection€was€to€respect€the€will€of€Winkler€residents,€as€expressed€in€their€1998€plebiscite.€Ð ˜ ÐViewed€in€the€context€of€that€plebiscite,€I€am€not€convinced€that€any€reasonable€residentÐ ´ 0 Ðof€Winkler€would€feel€that€he€or€she€has€been€marginalized,€devalued€or€ignored€as€aÐ L È Ðmember€of€Canadian€society€(see€ò òLawó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€53).€€There€is€no€harm€to€dignity,Ð ä ` Ðand€no€violation€of€s.€15(1).Ý ƒ % ÑýKE fE ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýìJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€was€noted€above€in€the€s.€2(ò òbó ó)€claim€that€s.€15(1)€might€be€implicatedÐ ¬ ( Ðwhere€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€plebiscite€is€extended€to€some€and€withheld€fromÐ D À Ðothers€based€on€a€prohibited€ground€of€discrimination.€€This€would€be€the€case€if€a€lawÐ Ü X Ðprohibited€members€of€a€certain€race€or€religion€from€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€However,Ð t ð Ðthat€is€not€the€case€in€this€appeal.€€First,€as€previously€noted,€the€distinction€in€s.€16€ofÐ ˆ Ðthe€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€based€on€an€analogous€ground.€€Second,€the€distinction€does€not€affectÐ ¤ Ðthe€qualification€and€ability€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLT€plebiscite€under€theÐ

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« ! àLð ðarticle16€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareilsÐ 4%° $ Ðde€loterie€vid o)ó ó€est-il€incompatible€avec€lð ðal. 2ò òbó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteÐ &| % Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?

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œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌAlthough€the€Court€in€ò òHaigó ó€left€it€open€for€residence€to€be€established€as€an€analogousÐ l è Ðground€in€the€appropriate€case,€I€share€the€trial€judgeð ðs€view€here€that€this€is€not€such€aÐ "€ Ðcase.€€Nothing€suggests€that€Winkler€residents€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€theyÐ œ# " Ðsuffer€from€any€sort€of€prejudice.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýKE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€putting€the€appellantsð ð€case€at€its€best€and€assuming€that€they€couldÐ d(à ( Ðestablish€a€distinction€based€on€an€analogous€ground,€the€legislation€does€notÐ ü)x!* Ðdiscriminate€against€them€in€any€substantive€sense.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€proceedÐ ”+ #, Ðthrough€all€the€contextual€factors€listed€by€Iacobucci€J.€in€ò òLawó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€because€it€is€clearÐ ,-¨$. Ðthat€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€directly€corresponds€to€the€circumstances€of€Winkler€residents.€€TheÐ Ä.@&0 ÐTown€of€Winkler€was€singled€out€in€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€because€it€was€the€ò òonlyÐ \0Ø'2 Ðmunicipalityó ó€to€have€held€a€plebiscite€on€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€The€very€purpose€of€thatÐ „ Ðsection€was€to€respect€the€will€of€Winkler€residents,€as€expressed€in€their€1998€plebiscite.€Ð ˜ ÐViewed€in€the€context€of€that€plebiscite,€I€am€not€convinced€that€any€reasonable€residentÐ ´ 0 Ðof€Winkler€would€feel€that€he€or€she€has€been€marginalized,€devalued€or€ignored€as€aÐ L È Ðmember€of€Canadian€society€(see€ò òLawó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€53).€€There€is€no€harm€to€dignity,Ð ä ` Ðand€no€violation€of€s.€15(1).Ý ƒ % ÑýKE fE ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýìJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€was€noted€above€in€the€s.€2(ò òbó ó)€claim€that€s.€15(1)€might€be€implicatedÐ ¬ ( Ðwhere€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€plebiscite€is€extended€to€some€and€withheld€fromÐ D À Ðothers€based€on€a€prohibited€ground€of€discrimination.€€This€would€be€the€case€if€a€lawÐ Ü X Ðprohibited€members€of€a€certain€race€or€religion€from€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€However,Ð t ð Ðthat€is€not€the€case€in€this€appeal.€€First,€as€previously€noted,€the€distinction€in€s.€16€ofÐ ˆ Ðthe€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€based€on€an€analogous€ground.€€Second,€the€distinction€does€not€affectÐ ¤ Ðthe€qualification€and€ability€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLT€plebiscite€under€theÐ

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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.

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Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ݌Р˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ   Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott

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€€Pour€leur€part,€les€intim esÐ ˆ ø Ðpr tendent€que€la€Cour€dð ðappel€f d rale€a€eu€raison€de€recourir€ €lð ðanalyse€en€trois€ tapesÐ  Ð tablie€en€mati re€dð ðinjonctions€interlocutoires€dans€ò òAmerican€Cyanamid€Co.

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8  ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ C ÿÿ H K K K K J i a n S . A . F . C . M o r g u a r d A m c h e m S e a p e a r l A n r a j N . R . S a r a b i a M i n d o r o B . C . L . R . D . L . R . N . B . R . T r e n d t e x A . C . U . S . N . Z . L . R . V i m a r S e g u r o s R e a s e g u r o s M a c k e n d e r F e l d i a A . G . S y n c r u d e I n c r e m o n a M a r m i A f f i n i S i c i l i a n i I . S . M . A . S . s . n . c . R . S . C . S . C . M i c h e l l Z . I . I n d u s t r i e N . V . C a n m a r L . J . L . M . C . L . Q . Y v o n B l a i s F . C . J . F . T . R . H a r g r a v e F o n t a i n e B a s t a r a c h e E l e f t h e r i a E t h i c o n P o l y f i b r o n E l l e h a m m e r m e s s a g e r i e s n a t i o n a l e s S . L . M . N . t h e r f r o m T h e T h e T e t l e y C . A . M a c G u i g a n J . A . D ) c a r y S a v o y e c o n v e n i e n s P r a t t e L a l a n d e D . J . F . C . A . N . S . C . A . D i p l o c k O . R . H . C . L a s k i n W ] h e t h e r C . J . p r o t h o n o t a r y V i n e b e r g t ] h e i R J R ( _ 3ÌÕ$ © © Ý ƒ ù ! ÝÔ CEUS. , ÔÔ € X !É X X X ÔÔ CECE. , ÔÝ Ý F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à d 0 ÿÿ. N o r m a l üÿ P P d ( _ 3ÌÕ$ £ £ Ý ƒ ù ! ÝÔ CEUS. , ÔÔ € X !É X X X ÔÔ CECE. , ÔÝ Ý L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ' È È È È d x d ( ±þ$ ’ ’ ò òFigure€Ú Ú1Ú Úó ó1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 B 1 sf2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ú ƒ z ÚÚ Ú.Û € z Ûà0 à @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t c . b , r h v > r u n . h e a d f o r v . ( e n g l i s h ) V . r h v 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 v . V , r h e > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t v . r * h 1 > t i t l e i n b o l d , f l u s h l e f t n o i n d e n t ˆ * h 2 > t i t l e i n 1 0 . 5 p t r e g u l a r , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d e n t Œ , i n d > ( i n d e x e d o r r e p e r t o i r e ) , t e x t 7 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t Š . i n d 1 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) , ( n o v . o r c . i n s i d e )  . i n d 2 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) w i t h 2 v . o r 2 c . i n s i

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ÐÔ_ Ôlð ðauto-incriminationÔ_ Ô€est€enclench €(non€pas€pour€prot ger€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ Ô€contreÐ /¤(3 Ðune€preuve€non€digne€de€foi,€mais€pour€le€prot ger€contre€les€abus€duÐ Ô/p)4 Ðpouvoir€de€Ô_ Ôlð ð tat)Ô_ Ô€et€Ô_ Ôlð ðadmissionÔ_ Ô€en€preuve€du€r sultat€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðalcootestÔ_ Ô€aÐ d Ðdonn €lieu€ €un€proc s€in quitable. €€Les€droits€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ Ô€en€mati re€deÐ 0 Ì Ðjustice€fondamentale€Ô_ Ônð ðontÔ_ Ô€pas€ t €respect s.

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ÐÓ Óà0 œ à[The€police]€observed€that€the€Respondent€was€either€providing€improperÐ d Ðâ âsamples€or€placing€his€tongue€over€the€end€of€the€mouthpiece€to€prevent€anyÐ 0 Ì Ðair€entering€the€ASD.€€They€were€at€most€a€foot€away€from€his€face€andÐ ü ˜ Ðobserved€his€actions€in€this€regard.€€After€each€invalid€sample,€he€wasÐ È d Ðinformed€of€the€proper€way€to€provide€a€sample.Ð ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÌà0 œ àÔ_ Ôà ø àEventually,Ô_ Ô€after€a€seventh€invalid€sample,€police€told€the€RespondentÐ , È Ðthat€if€he€did€not€provide€a€proper€sample€on€his€next€attempt,€he€would€beÐ ø ” Ðcharged€with€refusing€to€provide€a€sample.€€The€Respondent€immediatelyÐ Ä ` Ðprovided€a€valid€sample,€which€was€a€Fail.Ó ÓÐ  , œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñým^ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€the€strength€of€that€result,€the€respondent€was€required€to€provide€aÐ À \ Ðbreathalyzer€sample.€€Based€on€the€breathalyzer€reading,€the€respondent€was€ultimatelyÐ X ô Ðcharged€under€s.€253(ò òbó ó)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€and€convicted€at€trial,€for€having€operatedÐ ð Œ Ða€motor€vehicle€with€a€bloodÔ_ Ô„alcoholÔ_ Ô€ratio€exceeding€the€legal€limit€of€80mg€of€alcoholÐ ˆ $ Ðin€100€ml€of€Ô_ Ôblood.Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñým^ ˆ^ ݌Р¼ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý9a Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú22Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondentð ðs€conviction€at€trial€was€set€aside€by€the€summary€convictionÐ P ì Ðappeal€court€and€an€acquittal€was€Ô_ Ôsubstituted.Ô_ Ô€€The€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€dismissedÐ è „ Ðan€appeal€by€the€Crown€against€that€decision€and€the€Crown€further€appeals€to€this€Ô_ ÔCourtÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô.Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñý9a Ta ݌Р€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÔ_ ÔIVÔ_ ÔÐ ° L ! ÐÓ ‹c ÓÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýßc Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àI€turn€now€to€the€judgment€of€the€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€Ô_ Ô((2004),€184Ð à#| % ÐMan.€R.€(2d)€138,€2004€MBCA€46).Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñýßc úc ݌Рx% ' ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýEe Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àSpeaking€for€a€unanimous€Court,€Philp€J.A.€reviewed€the€relevant€case€lawÐ ¨(D"+ Ðand€concluded€that€the€ASD€breath€sample€given€by€the€respondent€was€not€obtained€inÐ @*Ü#- Ðresponse€to€a€valid€demand€under€s.€254(2),€nor€provided€voluntarily.€€Philp€J.A.Ð Ø+t%/ Ðexplained:€Ý ƒ ÑýEe `e ݌Рp- '1 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ /¤(3 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô.Ô_ Ô€.€.€the€accusedð ðs€ð ðagreementð ð€(that€is€the€finding€the€trial€judge€made)€toÐ d Ðprovide€a€breath€sample€for€an€ASD€test€at€the€Public€Safety€Building,€whenÐ 0 Ì Ðhe€was€under€arrest€and€no€longer€had€care€or€control€of€his€vehicle,€was€notÐ ü ˜ Ðin€response€to€the€demand€that€had€

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103,€la€r gle€du€ð ðdouble€aspectð ð€sð ðappliqueÐ Ì&H & Ðau€jeu. €€En€cons quence,€tant€le€gouvernement€f d ral€que€les€gouvernements€provinciauxÐ d(à ( Ðpeuvent€l gif rer€en€la€mati re:Ý ƒ % Ñý Ñ ;Ñ ÝŒÐ ü)x!

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Ðit€does€not€create€a€provincial€offence.€€Nor€does€it€impose€a€penalty€for€operating€VLTsÐ Ô P Ðin€those€municipalities.€€If€VLT€operators€were€to€be€charged€with€any€offence,€it€wouldÐ l è Ðbe€under€the€gaming€provisions€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€which€prohibit€gambling€ò òexceptó óÐ "€ Ðin€accordance€with€lottery€schemes€conducted€and€managed€by€the€provinces.€€The€effectÐ œ# " Ðof€s.€3(1)€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€simply€to€remove€the€exception€and€give€full€effect€to€theÐ 4%° $ Ðexisting€federal€offences.Ý ƒ % Ñý Æ (Æ ÝŒÐ Ì&H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý~É Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€even€if€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€did€create€a€provincial€offence€or€impose€aÐ ü)x!* Ðfine,€that€would€not€necessarily€make€it€an€attempt€to€legislate€criminal€law.€€SectionÐ ”+ #, Ð92(15)€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó€allows€the€provincial€legislatures€to€impose€finesÐ ,-¨$. Ðor€other€punishments€as€a€means€of€enforcing€valid€provincial€law,€and€the€provincesÐ Ä.@&0 Ðhave€enacted€countless€punishable€offences€within€their€legislative€spheres.€€MotorÐ \0Ø'2 Ðvehicle€offences€are€the€classic€example,€and€they€have€been€declared€constitutionallyÐ „ Ðvalid€in,€ò òinter€aliaó ó,€ò òOð ðGrady€v.€Sparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804€(careless€driving);€andò ò€RossÐ ˜ Ðv.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5€(provincial€licence€suspension€uponÐ ´ 0 Ðconviction€for€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€impaired€driving€offence).€€The€mere€presence€of€aÐ L È Ðprohibition€and€a€penalty€does€not€invalidate€an€otherwise€acceptable€use€of€provincialÐ ä ` Ðlegislative€power.€€Ý ƒ % Ñý~É ™É ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýœÎ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellants€submitted€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€contains€penal€consequencesÐ ¬ ( Ðbecause€it€terminates€all€siteholder€agreements€in€municipalities€that€have€voted€toÐ D À Ðprohibit€VLTs€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Relying€on€this€Courtð ðs€decision€in€ò òJohnsonÐ Ü X Ðv.€Attorney€General€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127,€they€argued€that€the€provisions€of€theÐ t ð Ðò òVLT€Actó ó€result€in€the€forfeiture€of€VLTs,€which€can€be€characterized€as€a€penalty.€Ð ˆ ÐHowever,€the€termination€of€siteholder€agreements€cannot€be€characterized€as€a€forfeitureÐ ¤ Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€the€criminal€law.€€At€all€times€during€a€siteholder€agreement,€theÐ

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8:Ð h/Ø'2 Ð‡Ó Óà0 œ àLð ðinjonction€provisoire€obtenue€dans€le€cadre€dð ðune€demande€interlocutoire,Ð  Ðlaquelle€exige€que€lð ðon€sð ðinterroge€sur€la€solidit €des€arguments€invoqu s,Ð \ Ì Ðsur€le€pr judice€subi€et€sur€la€pr pond rance€des€inconv nients,€estÐ ( ˜ Ðcomparable€au€rejet€dð ðune€requ te€en€suspension€en€raison€de€la€solidit €desÐ ô d Ðarguments€invoqu s€par€les€demandeurs€pour€faire€valoir€que€la€clause€deÐ À 0 Ðcomp tence€ne€sð ðapplique€pas€en€lð ðoccurrence.Ó {  ÓÐ Œ ü œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌLa€Cour€dð ðappel€a€conclu€que,€vu€lð ð volution€de€la€jurisprudence€britannique€etÐ ¼ , Ðcanadienne,€le€crit re€quð ðil€convient€dð ðappliquer€en€mati re€de€suspension€est€lð ðanalyseÐ T Ä Ðen€trois€ tapes€utilis e€pour€statuer€sur€les€demandes€dð ðinjonctions€interlocutoires.Ð ì \ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý6¤ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLa€Cour€dð ðappel€a€rejet €lð ðappel€avec€d pens.Ý ƒ % Ñý6¤ Q¤ ݌РŒ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓIV.à0 ž àò òLes€questions€en€litigeó óò òÐ L ¼ ž Ð ž Ð Ðó óÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ 3¥ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÝ ‚ % Ñý ¦ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ý1.à0 ž àQuel€crit re€sð ðapplique€ €la€demande€de€suspension€des€proc dures€visant€ €donnerÐ | ì Ðeffet€ €la€clause€dð ð lection€de€for€dð ðun€connaissement?Ý ƒ % Ñý ¦ X¦ ݌Р„ ž Ð ž Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌ2.€à0 ž àCe€crit re€englobe-t-il€la€question€de€savoir€sð ðil€y€a€eu€ou€non€inex cutionÐ D ´ Ðfondamentale€ou€Ô ‡ X %± X X X %± ÔÔ USCF. , ÔÔ_ Ôd rogationÔ_ ÔÔ # † X %± X X X %± # ÔÔ CF. , US. , [¨ Ô,€ou€cette€d cision€appartient„elle€ €lð ðinstanceÐ Ü!L ! ÐÔ_ Ôd cisionnelleÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô€du€ressort€dont€ont€convenu€les€parties?Ð t#ä # ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ¦ @ ÓÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓV.à0 ž àò òAnalyseó óÐ ¤& ' ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ò© @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý©ª Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLe€juge€des€requ tes€ne€doit€modifier€lð ðordonnance€discr tionnaire€dð ðunÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprotonotaire€que€dans€les€cas€suivants:€a)€lð ðordonnance€est€entach e€dð ðune€erreurÐ l+Ü#- Ðflagrante,€en€ce€sens€que€le€protonotaire€a€exerc €son€pouvoir€discr tionnaire€sur€leÐ -t%/ Ðfonde

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ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÎr Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€court€concluded€that€the€prothonotary€was€obliged€to€take€into€accountÐ l+Ü#- Ðall€the€circumstances€of€the€case€in€determining€whether€the€respondent€had€demonstratedÐ -t%/ Ða€ð ðstrong€causeð ð€in€favour€of€denying€a€stay,€pursuant€to€the€test€set€out€in€ò òTheÐ œ. '1 Ðð ðEleftheriað ðó ó,€an€inquiry€that€did€not€preclude€him€from€concluding€that€the€bill€of€ladingÐ 40¤(3 Ðended€in€Montr al€and€that€its€forum€selection€clause€did€not€apply€thereafter.€€The€courtÐ  Ðadded€that€in€any€event€the€appellant€would€have€the€opportunity€to€raise€its€argumentsÐ ( ˜ Ðregarding€the€existence€of€the€bill€of€lading€and€its€forum€selection€clause€before€a€trialÐ À 0 Ðjudge.Ý ƒ % ÑýÎr ér ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýœv Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€court€dismissed€with€costs€the€motion€to€set€aside€the€order€of€theÐ ˆ ø Ðprothonotary.Ý ƒ % Ñýœv ·v ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓC.à0 ž àò òFederal€Court€of€Appealó ó€(2001),€268€N.R.€364Ð P À ž Õ ž Õ ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ Ïw @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý«x Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà „ àà0 Ü àà œ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€the€test€for€reviewing€decisions€of€aÐ € ð Ðprothonotary€is€whether€the€prothonotaryð ðs€exercise€of€discretion€was€clearly€wrong€andÐ ˆ Ðthat€the€test€for€reviewing€the€exercise€of€discretion€of€a€motions€judge€is€whetherÐ ° Ðsufficient€weight€was€given€to€all€relevant€considerations.Ý ƒ % Ñý«x Æx ݌РH ¸ Ü Õ Ü Õ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý { Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€concluded€thatò ò€The€ð ðEleftheriað ðó ó€did€not€govern€theÐ x è Ðcase,€stating,€at€para.€27:Ý ƒ % Ñý { { ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÓ ÓÌÌà0 œ àà ø àThe€burden€of€the€appellantð ðs€submission€is€that€when,€as€here,€aÐ @$° $ Ðcontract€contains€a€jurisdiction€clause€requiring€that€all€disputes,€whereverÐ %| % Ðthey€arise,€are€to€be€dealt€with€by€the€Courts€of€a€particular€jurisdiction,Ð Ø%H & ÐAnglo„American€and€Anglo„Canadian€jurisprudence€both€conclude€that€theÐ ¤& ' Ðdispute€must€be€dealt€with€by€the€Courts€of€the€jurisdiction€the€parties€haveÐ p'à ( Ðagreed€to.€€The€appellant€says€that€since€ò òThe€Eleftheriaó ó€no€case€in€Anglo„Ð

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Ðm canisme€exclusif€et€global€de€r glement€des€diff rends€en€mati re€deÐ )x! * Ðtravail,€particuli rement€dans€le€contexte€du€pr sent€pourvoi.Ó Zâ ÓÐ Ô)D"+ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýkê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€Ô_ Ôlð ðesp ce,Ô_ Ô€je€Ô_ Ônð ðaiÔ_ Ô€aucun€doute€que€nous€sommes€en€pr sence€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€ð ðr gimeÐ -t%/ Ðl gislatif€complet€destin € €r gir€tous€les€aspects€du€rapport€entre€les€parties€dans€le€cadreÐ œ.

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Ðdispute€resolution€and€the€jurisdiction€of€the€ordinary€courts,€not€theÐ )x!* Ðrelationship€between€statutory€dispute€resolution€and€the€courts.€€TheÐ Ô)D"+ Ðconcern€that€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€may€jeopardize€theÐ  * #, Ðcomprehensive€dispute€resolution€process€contained€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relationsÐ l+Ü#- Ðlegislation€is€one€that€arises€in€this€latter€situation€as€well.€€Allowing€partiesÐ 8,¨$. Ðto€disputes€which,€by€their€very€nature,€are€those€contemplated€and€regulatedÐ -t%/ Ðby€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€legislation,€to€have€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€would€fly€in€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðface€of€the€demonstrated€intention€of€Parliament€to€provide€an€exclusive€andÐ œ. '1 Ðcomprehensive€mechanism€for€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€dispute€resolution,€particularly€in€theÐ h/Ø'2 Ðcontext€of€the€present€case.Ó ;I ÓÐ 40¤(3 « Ð « Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý‡P Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€this€case,€I€have€no€doubt€that€we€are€dealing€with€a€ð ðcomprehensiveÐ  Ðstatutory€scheme€designed€to€govern€all€aspects€of€the€relationship€of€the€parties€in€aÐ ( ˜ ÐÔ_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€settingð ð:€€see€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.721.€€It€is€clear€that€theÐ À 0 Ðò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó€creates€an€exclusive€and€comprehensive€mechanism€for€the€settlement€ofÐ X È Ðdisputes€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€cases€by€requiring€that€all€grievances€be€submitted€toÐ ð ` Ðarbitration€exclusively.€€Adopting€a€model€other€than€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€inÐ ˆ ø Ðthis€case€would€undermine€the€comprehensiveness€of€the€scheme,€and€would€be€contraryÐ  Ðto€the€Ô_ Ôlegislatureð ðsÔ_ Ô€intention.Ý ƒ Ñý‡P ¢P ݌Р¸ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôà « à(iii)ò òTrend€in€the€Case€Lawó óÐ è X ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý8U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€thiÔ' È è èT Ôs€case,€where€there€is€an€exclusivity€clause€and€a€comprehensive€andÐ ˆ Ðexclusive€scheme€for€the€settlement€of€disputes,€adopting€the€exclusive€jurisdictionÐ ° Ðmodel€is€consistent€with€the€decisions€of€this€Court€in€ò òRegina€Policeó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€ò òWeberó ó,Ð H ¸ Ðò òsupraó ó,€and€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó.€€The€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal,€too,€has€onÐ à P Ðnumerous€occasions€applied€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€to€collective€agreementsÐ x è Ðsubject€to€Ô_ ÔQuebecð ðsÔ_ Ô€ò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó:€see,€for€example,€ò òÔ_ ÔLatulippeÔ_ Ô€v.€Commission€Ô_ ÔscolaireÔ_ ÔÐ !€ Ðde€la€Jeune„Loretteó ó,€[2001]€Ô_ ÔR.J.D.T.Ô_ Ô€26;€ò òÔ_ ÔMayvilleÔ_ Ô€v.€Union€Ô_ ÔcanadienneÔ_ Ô€des€Ô_ ÔtravailleursÔ_ ÔÐ ¨" " Ðen€communication€

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Ðdoit€ tre€saisie€dð ðune€demande€de€suspension€aussitð= ðt€que€possible€apr s€le€d but€deÐ Ô)D"+ Ðlð ðinstance;€pour€cette€raison,€chaque€partie€connað3 ðt€tr s€peu€les€forces€et€les€faiblesses€deÐ l+Ü#- Ðla€preuve€de€lð ðautre.€€La€question€de€savoir€si,€par€exemple,€il€y€a€eu€d routementÐ -t%/ Ðd raisonnable€soul ve€des€questions€de€fait€complexes€qui€exigent€lð ðexamen€de€toutesÐ œ. '1 Ðles€circonstances€ €lð ðorigine€du€d routement€all gu .Ý ƒ % Ñý™> ´> ݌Р40¤(3 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¸A Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àVu€mes€conclusions,€je€ne€crois€pas€n cessaire€dð ðexaminer€la€question€du€lienÐ ( ˜ Ðentre€le€d routement€et€Ô_ Ôlð ðinex cutionÔ_ Ô€fondamentale.€€Il€suffit€de€dire€en€lð ðesp ce€que€lð ðuneÐ À 0 Ðou€lð ðautre€des€all gations€concerne€un€diff rend€qui€d coule€du€connaissement€ou€qui€sð ðyÐ X È Ðrapporte.€€Point€nð ðest€besoin€de€d cider€si€le€principe€de€la€divisibilit €sð ðapplique.Ý ƒ % Ñý¸A ÓA ݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌD.à0 ž àò òLð ðarticle€46€de€la€Loi€sur€la€responsabilit €en€mati re€maritimeó óÐ  ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ OD @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýCE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àEntr €en€vigueur€le€8aoðE ðt2001,€le€par.46(1)€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€la€responsabilit Ð P À Ðen€mati re€maritimeó ó€prive€la€Cour€f d rale,€en€pr sence€de€lð ðune€ou€lð ðautre€des€conditionsÐ è X Ð nonc es€aux€al.46(1)ò òaó ó),€ò òbó ó)€ou€ò òcó ó),€du€pouvoir€discr tionnaire€que€lui€conf re€lð ðart.50€deÐ € ð Ðla€ò òLoi€sur€la€Cour€f d raleó ó€de€suspendre€les€proc dures€pour€donner€effet€ €une€clauseÐ ˆ Ðdð ð lection€de€for.€€Le€fait€que€le€port€de€chargement€ou€de€d chargement€effectif€est€situ Ð ° Ðau€Canada€fait€partie€des€conditions€ nonc es.€Dans€la€pr sente€affaire,€nul€neÐ H ¸ Ðcontesterait€que€la€Cour€f d rale€a€comp tence€pour€connað3 ðtre€de€la€demande€desÐ à P Ðintim es€si€ce€nð ð tait€que€lð ðart.46€ne€sð ðapplique€pas€aux€proc dures€engag es€avant€sonÐ x è Ðentr e€en€vigueur:€ò òIncremona-Salerno€Marmi€Affini€Siciliani€(I.S.M.A.S.)€s.n.c.€c.ó ó€ò òCastorÐ !€ Ð(Le)ó ó,€[2002]€A.C.F.€nò òoó ó€1699€(QL),€2002€CAF€479,€par.13-24.€€Lð ðarticle46€de€la€ò òLoi€surÐ ¨" " Ðla€responsabilit €en€mati re€maritimeó ó€nð ðest€donc€pas€pertinent€en€lð ðesp ce.Ý ƒ % ÑýCE ^E ݌Р@$° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýàJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àEn€fait,€il€semblerait,€ €la€lecture€du€par.

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ÐFederal€Court,€but€also€of€provincial€courts,€and€those€of€other€jurisdictions.€€See€forÐ Ô)D"+ Ðinstance:€ò òThe€ð ðSeapearlð ð€v.ó ó€ò òSeven€Seas€Dry€Cargo€Shipping€Corp.ó ó,€[1983]€2€F.C.€161Ð l+Ü#- Ð(C.A.),€ò òperó ó€Pratte€J.A.,€at€pp.€176„77,€and€ò òper€ó óLalande€D.J.,€at€p.€180;€ò òAnraj€FishÐ -t%/ ÐProducts€Industries€Ltd.€v.€Hyundai€Merchant€Marine€Co.ó ó€(2000),€262€N.R.€270Ð œ. '1 Ð(F.C.A.),€at€para.€5;€ò òSarabia€v.€ð ðOceanic€Mindoroð ð€(The)€ó ó(1996),€26€B.C.L.R.€(3d)€143Ð 40¤(3 Ð(C.A.),€at€paras.€37„38,€leave€to€appeal€refused,€[1997]€2€S.C.R.€xiv;€ò òMaritime€TelegraphÐ  Ðand€Telephone€Co.€v.ó ó€ò òPre€Print€Inc.ó ó€(1996),€131€D.L.R.€(4th)€471€(N.S.C.A.),€at€p.€483;Ð ( ˜ Ðò òMorrison€v.ó ó€ò òSociety€of€Lloydð ðsó ó€(2000),€224€N.B.R.€(2d)€1€(C.A.),€at€para.€14,€leaves€toÐ À 0 Ðappeal€refused,€[2000]€2€S.C.R.€viii€and€xi;€ò òTrendtex€Trading€Corp.€v.ó ó€ò òCredit€Suisseó ó,Ð X È Ð[1982]€A.C.€679€(H.L.);€ò òThe€Bremen€v.ó ó€ò òZapata€Off„Shore€Co.ó ó,€407€U.S.€1€(1972),€at€p.Ð ð ` Ð15;€ò òAdvanced€Cardiovascular€Systems€Inc.€v.ó ó€ò òUniversal€Specialties€Ltd.ó ó,€[1997]€1Ð ˆ ø ÐN.Z.L.R.€186€(C.A.),€at€p.190.Ð  ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýØÕ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThere€are€also€compelling€public€policy€reasons€in€favour€of€upholding€theÐ P À Ðð ðstrong€causeð ð€test.€€If€the€tripartite€test€were€employed€to€deal€with€situations€like€theÐ è X Ðcase€at€bar,€most€forum€selection€clauses€would€be€rendered€unenforceable,€creatingÐ € ð Ðcommercial€uncertainty€by€unduly€minimizing€the€importance€of€contractualÐ ˆ Ðundertakings.€€Instead€of€requiring€a€plaintiff€to€demonstrate€a€ð ðstrong€causeð ð€to€notÐ ° Ðenforce€a€forum€selection€clause,€the€burden€would€be€on€the€applicant€to€establish€theÐ H ¸ Ðelements€of€the€tripartite€test.€€The€ð ðstrong€causeð ð€test€rightly€places€the€onus€on€theÐ à P Ðplaintiff€who€commences€suit€contrary€to€the€terms€of€a€forum€selection€clause.Ý ƒ % ÑýØÕ óÕ ÝŒÐ x è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÜÙ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àApplying€the€tripartite€test€to€a€situation€of€this€nature€is€also€problematicÐ ¨" " Ðbecause€the€first€part€of€the€test€requires€the€court€to€evaluate€the€likelihood€of€successÐ @$° $ Ðon€the€merits€of€the€case.€€This€part€of€the€test€is€designed€to€allow€a€motions€judge€theÐ Ø%H & Ðopportunity€to€deal€with€legal€issues€in€preliminary€proceedings€without€prejudice€to€theÐ p'à ( Ðfinal€adjudication€of€their€merits.€€In€the€case€of€motions€to€stay€proceedings€based€on€a

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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.

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Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ݌Р˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ   Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott

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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.

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Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ݌Р˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ   Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott

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ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý ¤ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú95Ú ÚÛ € z _ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àComme€nous€lð ðavons€indiqu €pr c demment,€la€province€dð ðOntario€a€rejet Ô' Ä @$Ú¢ ÔÐ l+Ü#- Ðtoutes€les€recommandations€facultatives€de€la€Commission€en€mati re€de€pensions.

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Ðthe€Peace.€€He€then€examined€Albertað ðs€reasons€for€rejecting€the€Commissionð ðsÐ Ô)D"+ Ðrecommendations€and€found€that€they€did€not€pass€the€test€of€simple€rationality.€€HeÐ l+Ü#- Ðfound€that,€apart€from€the€alleged€errors€made€by€the€Commission,€there€were€noÐ -t%/ Ðâ ârational€reasons€for€the€rejection.€€The€trial€judge€declared€ss.€2(a),€2(f)€and€2(g)€of€theÐ œ. '1 ÐOrder€to€be€unconstitutional.€€As€a€remedy,€it€was€ordered€that€the€Commissionð ðsÐ  Ðreport€be€binding€and€that€solicitor„client€costs€be€paid€to€the€respondents.€Ý ƒ 0 ÑýpÁ ‹Á ݌Р( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌà œ à(b)à0 ø àò òCourt€of€Appeal€ó ó((2002),€16€Alta.€L.R.€(4th)€244,€2002€ABCA€274)Ð X È ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à(i)à ø àò òMajority€(Paperny€and€Picard€JJ.A.)ó óÐ ˆ ø ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý)Ç Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú118Ú ÚÛ € z v Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€majority€of€the€Alberta€Court€of€Appeal€agreed€with€the€trial€judge€andÐ ¸ ( Ðdismissed€Albertað ðs€appeal.€€Paperny€J.A.€emphasized€the€constitutional€nature€of€theÐ P À Ðcommission€process.€€She€held€that€the€reasons€did€not€withstand€scrutiny€under€theÐ è X Ðð ðconstitutional€microscopeð ð€(para.€81).€€On€her€interpretation€of€the€ò òReferenceó ó,€theÐ € ð Ðstandard€of€simple€rationality€is€a€high€standard.€€It€demands€ð ða€thorough€and€searchingÐ ˆ Ðexamination€of€the€reasons€profferedð ð€(para.€108).€€Her€interpretation€of€theò ò€ó óprinciplesÐ ° Ðset€out€in€the€ò òReference€ó óis€at€paras.€111„15.€€Paperny€J.A.€found€(at€para.€149)€thatÐ H ¸ ÐAlberta€failed€to€demonstrate€the€ð ðextraordinary€circumstancesð ð€she€thought€wereÐ à P Ðrequired€to€justify€the€rejection€of€any€portion€of€the€Commissionð ðs€report.€€She€heldÐ x è Ðthat€Albertað ðs€reasons€did€not€meet€the€test€of€simple€rationality.€€The€appeal€wasÐ !€ Ðdismissed€with€solicitor„client€costs€throughout.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý)Ç DÇ ÝŒÐ ¨" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à(ii)à ø àò òCð= ðt €J.A.€(Dissenting€in€Part)ó óÐ Ø%H & ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÂÌ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú119Ú ÚÛ € z w Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àCð= ðt €J.A.,€dissenting€in€part,€stated€that€the€standard€of€review€is€a€fairlyÐ )x!* Ðlax€one,€€Ô_ Ôi.e.,Ô_ Ô€that€of€simple€rationality.€€He€examined€each€of€the€Governmentð ðsÐ  * #, Ðreasons€for€rejecting€the€recommended€salary€increase€and€identified€(a)€GovernmentÐ 8,¨$. Ðreasons€for€rejection€which€recognize€demonstrable€errors€made€by€the€Commission;Ð Ð-@&0 Ð(b)€Government€reasons€for€rejection€which,€although€not€alleging€demonstrable€errorÐ h/Ø'2 Ðby€the€Commission,€pass€the€test€of€simple€rationality;€and€(c)€Government€reasons€forÐ  Ðr

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Ðdroit€en€mati re€dð ðadmissibilit €de€la€preuve€obtenue€par€ coute€ lectronique€ taitÐ Ô)D"+ Ðdevenu,€selon€les€termes€du€jugeSopinka,€un€ð ðfouillis€proc duralð ð€(ò òGarofolió ó,Ð l+Ü#- Ðp.1445).€€Les€diverses€proc dures,€dont€chacune€concernait€une€contestationÐ -t%/ Ðâ âproc durale€distincte€et€reposait€sur€des€assises€juridictionnelles€diff rentes,€portaientÐ œ. '1 Ðg n ralement€le€nom€des€affaires€dans€lesquelles€elles€avaient€ t €engag es.€€IlÐ  Ðsð ðagissait€des€proc dures€suivantes:Ý ƒ 0 Ñý4o Oo ݌Р( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌ(1)à0 œ àun€voir-dire€de€type€ò òParsonsó ó€devant€le€juge€du€proc s€pour€d terminer€si,Ð X È Ð €la€lecture€de€son€texte,€lð ðautorisation€est€valide,€si€lð ðinterception€a€ t Ð ð ` Ðeffectu e€conform ment€aux€modalit s€pr vues€et€si€les€conditionsÐ ˆ ø Ðprescrites€par€la€loi€ont€ t €respect es,€la€r paration€en€cas€de€manquementÐ  Ð tant€lð ðexclusion€en€vertu€de€lð ðancien€art.178.16€du€ò òCode€crimineló ó€(ò òR.€c.Ð ¸ ( ÐParsonsó ó€(1977),€37C.C.C.€(2d)497€(C.A.€Ont.),€conf.€par€[1980]Ð P À Ð1R.C.S.785€(ò òsub€nom.ó ó€ò òCharette€c.€La€Reineó ó));Ð è X œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌ(2)à0 œ àune€demande€de€typeò òWilsonó ó€devant€le€tribunal€ayant€accord €lð ðautorisationÐ ˆ Ðpour€d terminer€si€lð ðaffidavit€est€valide€quant€au€fond,€la€r paration€ tantÐ ° Ðlð ðannulation€de€lð ðautorisation€(ò òWilson€c.€La€Reineó ó,€[1983]€2R.C.S.594);Ð H ¸ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌ(3)à0 œ àune€audience€de€type€ò òGarofolió ó€devant€le€juge€du€proc s€pour€d terminer€siÐ x è Ðlð ðautorisation€est€conforme€ €lð ðart.8€de€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€etÐ !€ Ðlibert só ó,€la€r paration€ tant€une€d cision€concernant€lð ðopportunit €dð ðexclureÐ ¨" " Ðla€preuve€en€vertu€du€par.

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Ðwide€or€too€vague.€€The€authorizing€judge€should€grant€the€authorizationÐ )x!* Ðonly€as€far€as€need€is€demonstrated€by€the€material€submitted€by€theÐ Ô)D"+ Ðapplicant.€€[para.€29]Ó Ð ÓÐ  * #, « Ð « Ð ÐÌÓ 9 Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 ÓÓ Ó3.1.3à0 4 àò òIs€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óLeave€Requirement€Consistent€With€Subsequent€€ò òCharterÐ Ð-@&0 Ðó óJurisprudence?ó óÓ ¢Ó ÓÐ œ. '1 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ 9 Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 ÓÐ 40¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÂÔ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThird,€the€appellants€submit€that€three€importantò òó ó€principles,€repeatedlyÐ  Ðenforced€by€this€Court€in€its€ò òCharter€ó ójurisprudence,€favour€the€abolishment,€orÐ ( ˜ Ðalternatively,€the€relaxation€of€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement.€€These€principles€are:Ð À 0 Ðthe€ò òó órecognized€importance€of€a€broad€right€to€cross„examination;€the€lower€standardÐ X È Ðgenerally€applicable€to€the€admissibility€of€defence€evidence;€and€the€need€to€ensureÐ ð ` Ðaccess€to€the€remedial€scheme€in€the€ò òCharteró ó.€Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÂÔ ÝÔ ÝŒÐ ˆ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý×× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThere€is€no€debate€that€these€important€principles€are€relevant€both€in€theÐ ¸ ( Ðformulation€of€an€appropriate€standard€for€allowing€cross„examination€and€in€itsÐ P À Ðapplication.€€However,€the€accusedð ðs€right€to€an€evidentiary€hearing€must€be€consideredÐ è X Ðin€context.€€It€must€also€be€balanced€against€countervailing€interests,€including€the€needÐ € ð Ðto€ensure€that€the€criminal€trial€process€is€not€plagued€by€lengthy€proceedings€that€doÐ ˆ Ðnot€assist€in€the€determination€of€the€relevant€issues.€€As€I€will€explain,€the€appellantsð ðÐ ° Ðargument€ignores€important€contextual€factors.€€When€the€proposed€cross„examinationÐ H ¸ Ðof€an€affiant€is€considered€in€the€context€of€the€review€hearing€and€its€narrow€scope,Ð à P Ðit€is€my€view€that€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement€strikes€an€appropriate€balanceÐ x è Ðbetween€these€competing€interests.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý×× ò× ÝŒÐ !€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ó3.2à0 4 àò òRelevant€Contextual€Factorsó óÐ @$° $ 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÔ # † X ú¸ X X X ú¸jÌ # ÔÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ ÔÝ ‚ 0 ÑýKÝ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€first€contextual€factor€that€is€ignored€by€the€appellantsð ð€argument€hasÐ p'à ( Ðalready€been€mentionedÔ # † X ú¸ X X X ú¸‰Ý # ÔÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ Ô€ð" ð€the€right€to€full€disclosure.€€Under€s.€187(1.4)€of€theÐ )x!* Ðò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€the€defence€has€a

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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.

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Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ݌Р˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ   Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott

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= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a1’ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝLe€pr sent€appel€porte€sur€lð ðinterpr tation€et€lð ðapplication€de€lð ðart. €3155€ò òC.c.Q.€ó ópour€laÐ 8 ˆ Ðreconnaissance€dð ðun€jugement€rendu€en€Ontario€en€mati re€de€recours€collectif.

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= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a  Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThis€appeal€concerns€the€interpretation€and€application€of€art.3155€ò òC.C.Q.Ô' è ° P Ôó ó€with€regardÐ À Ðto€the€recognition€of€a€judgment€rendered€in€a€class€proceeding€in€Ontario.€€I€prefer€to€characterizeÐ ˜ è Ðthat€judgment€as€an€external€rather€than€a€foreign€one,€despite€the€language€used€in€the€ò òCivil€CodeÐ p À Ðof€Qu becó ó.€€In€essence,€the€dispute€between€the€parties€raises€threeissues.€€First,€can€a€Quebec€courtÐ H ˜ Ðhearing€an€application€for€recognition€of€an€external€judgment€take€account€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforumÐ p Ðnonconveniensó ó?€€Next,€did€the€Ontario€Superior€Court€of€Justice€adhere€to€the€fundamentalÐ ø H Ðprinciples€of€procedure?€€If€there€were€defects,€did€they€entail€a€contravention€of€the€fundamentalÐ Ð Ðprinciples€of€civil€procedure€within€the€meaning€of€art.3155(3)€ò òC.C.Q.ó ó?€€Finally,€did€the€applicationÐ ¨ ø Ðfor€authorization€in€Quebec€and€the€application€for€certification€in€Ontario€give€rise€to€a€situation€ofÐ € Ð Ðò òlispendensó ó?Ý ƒ % a  / ݌РX ¨ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a7” Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€discussion€of€these€issues€will€also€require€some€comment€on€the€issue€ofÐ $X " Ðinterprovincial€judicial€comity€in€the€conduct€of€interprovincial€class€actions.€€Although€the€outcomeÐ à%0!$ Ðof€this€appeal€does€not€depend€on€the€resolution€of€this€last€issue,€it€is€one€that€now€seems€likely€toÐ ¸' #& Ðaffect€the€conduct€of€class€actions€involving€two€or€more€Canadian€provinces,€as€well€as€relationsÐ )à$( Ðbetween€the€superior€courts€of€different€provinces.€€It€therefore€merits€some€thought,€as€can€be€seenÐ h+¸&* Ðfrom€the€problems€or€reactions€it€appears€to€have€provoked€in€this€case.Ý ƒ % a7” R” ݌Р@-(, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü ˜ A

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Ý ƒ % ÑýûC ^D ݌Р"€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý I Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€et€la€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Manitoba€ont€toutes€lesÐ 4%° $ Ðdeux€conclu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ Ì&H & Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch.44€(ð ð€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€ð ð),€dans€lð ðensemble,€et€son€art.€16,€enÐ d(à ( Ðparticulier,€nð ðexc daient€pas€la€comp tence€de€la€l gislature€de€la€province€et€ne€violaientÐ ü)x!* Ðpas€non€plus€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó.€€Les€appelants€ont,€par€la€suite,Ð ”+ #, Ðcontest €la€Loi€devant€notre€Cour€en€faisant€valoir€que€lð ðart.€16,€qui€vise€express ment€laÐ ,-¨$. Ðville€de€Winkler,€viole€lð ðal.2ò òbó ó),€lð ðart.7€et€le€par.15(1)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó.€€Ils€ont€aussi€pr tenduÐ Ä.@&0 Ðque€cette€loi€exc de€la€comp tence€du€gouvernement€provincial€du€fait€quð ðelle€empi teÐ \0Ø'2 Ðsur€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel.€€LeÐ „ Ð31octobre2002,€la€Cour€a€rejet €leur€pourvoi€dans€une€d cision€unanime,€dont€voici€lesÐ ˜ Ðmotifs.Ý ƒ % Ñý I 7I ݌Р´ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔII.ò òLes€faitsÐ ä ` Ðó óÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‹N Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Corporation€des€loteries€du€Manitoba€(ð ðCLMð ð)€est€lð ðorganismeÐ  Ðresponsable€de€Ô' ` ä UN Ôlð ðexploitation€des€loteries€ð" ð€y€compris€les€ALV€ð" ð€dans€la€province.€€ElleÐ ¬ ( Ðconclut€avec€des€ð ð€exploitants€de€site€ð ð€des€accords€visant€lð ðinstallation€dð ðALV€dans€leursÐ D À Ð tablissements.€€Lð ðexploitant€du€site€touche€alors€un€pourcentage€des€recettes€g n r es€parÐ Ü X Ðles€ALV.€€Les€ALV€demeurent,€cependant,€la€propri t €de€la€CLM€qui,€aux€termes€deÐ t ð Ðlð ðaccord€dð ðexploitation€de€site,€peut€les€retirer€ €tout€moment€sans€avoir€ €justifier€sonÐ ˆ Ðgeste.Ý ƒ % Ñý‹N ¦N ݌Р¤ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý R Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€appelants,€David€et€EloisaSiemens,€sont€les€seuls€actionnaires€de€Sie-CorÐ Ô P ÐProperties€Inc.,€qui€a€acquis€le€Winkler€Inn€en€1993.€€Ils€ont€d pens €une€sommeÐ l è Ðconsid rable€pour€r nover€et€agrandir€cet€ tablissement,€et€ont€fait€valoir€que€la€pr senceÐ "€ Ðdes€ALV€avait€jou €un€rð= ðle€important€dans€leur€d cision€dð ðinvestir.

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ÐResidence€in€Winkler€is€not€an€analogous€ground,€as€there€is€nothing€to€suggest€thatÐ Ô P Ðresidents€there€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€they€suffer€from€any€sort€ofÐ l è Ðprejudice.€€Moreover,€the€legislation€does€not€discriminate€against€the€appellants€in€anyÐ "€ Ðsubstantive€sense.€€Winkler€residents€were€singled€out€in€s.16€because€theirs€was€theÐ œ# " Ðonly€municipality€to€have€already€held€a€plebiscite.€€There€was€no€harm€to€dignity.€€TheÐ 4%° $ Ðpurpose€of€s.16€was€to€respect€the€will€of€the€Winkler€residents€as€expressed€in€thatÐ Ì&H & Ðplebiscite.€€The€section€does€not€affect€the€right€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLTÐ d(à ( Ðplebiscite€under€the€Act€and€they€may€initiate€a€plebiscite€to€reinstate€VLTs€in€theirÐ ü)x!* Ðcommunity.Ð ”+ #, Ðâ âÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òÔ& È Ôâ âCases€Citedó óÐ „ ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó óò òR.€v.€Furtneyó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€89;ò òó óÔ' È „ ú$ Ô€ò òLaw€v.€Canada€(Minister€ofÐ ´ 0 ÐEmployment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€497;€ò òó óò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó ó€(1882),€7Ð L È ÐApp.€Cas.€829;ò ò€ó óò òAttorney-General€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]Ð ä ` ÐA.C.€193;€ò òó óò òHaig€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€2€S.C.R.€995;ò òó óò ò€distinguished:€€ó óò òJohnson€v.€AttorneyÐ | ø ÐGeneral€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127;ò ò€Re€The€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27Ð  ÐMan.€R.€1;ò ò€referred€to:€€ó óò òR.€v.€Big€M€Drug€Mart€Ltd.ó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1985]€1€S.C.R.€295;€ò òEdmontonÐ ¬ ( ÐJournal€v.€Albertaó ó€ò ò(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1989]€2€S.C.R.€1326ò òó ó;€ò òR.€v.€Wholesale€TravelÐ D À ÐGroup€Inc.ó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€154ò òó ó;€ò òThomson€Newspapers€Co.€v.€Canada€(AttorneyÐ Ü X ÐGeneral)ó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.€877ò òó ó;€ò ò€Kitkatla€Band€v.€British€Columbia€(Minister€of€SmallÐ t ð ÐBusiness,€Tourism€and€Culture)ó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.€146,€2002€SCC€31;ò òó ó€ò òOð ðGrady€v.Ð ˆ ÐSparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804;€ò òRoss€v.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5;ò òó óÐ ¤ Ðò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.€v.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.Ð

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Ðlð ðassur €avait€ t €plus€prudent,€ou€encore€quð ðune€m saventure€ tait€raisonnablementÐ Ô P Ðpr visible€au€sens€du€droit€en€mati re€de€responsabilit €d lictuelle. €€De€m me,€un€d c sÐ l è Ðnon€voulu€nð ðest€pas€ð ð€non€accidentel€ð ð€du€seul€fait€que€la€victime€exer ait€une€activit Ð "€ Ðdangereuse€ou€risqu e€au€moment€o €il€est€survenu.€€Comme€notre€Cour€lð ða€soulign Ð œ# " Ðdans€lð ðarr t€ò òCanadian€Indemnityó ó,€pr cit ,€p.

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Ðunexpected.€€The€two€phrases€have€essentially€the€same€meaning.Ý ƒ % Ñýüh i ÝŒÐ Ô P ÐŒÝ ÝÌBò ò.ó ó€€ò òWhat€Constitutes€Death€by€Accidental€Means?ó óÐ "€ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý k Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€brings€us€to€the€central€question.€€What€constitutes€death€by€ð ðaccidentalÐ 4%° $ Ðmeansð ð?€€As€Spence€J.€pointed€out€in€ò òMutual€of€Omaha€Insurance€Co.€v.€Statsó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1978]Ð Ì&H & Ð2S.C.R.€1153,€at€p.€1164,€the€word€ð ðaccidentð ð€is€ð ðan€ordinary€word€to€be€interpreted€inÐ d(à ( Ðthe€ordinary€language€of€the€peopleð ð.€€Hence,€as€the€British€Columbia€Court€of€AppealÐ ü)x!* Ðemphasized€in€the€case€at€bar,€we€must€focus€on€the€ordinary€personð ðs€understanding€ofÐ ”+ #, Ðthe€phrase,€and€on€ð ðwhether€in€ordinary€and€popular€language€the€event€as€it€happenedÐ ,-¨$. Ðâ âwould€be€described€as€an€accidentð ð€(para.€26).€€Only€in€this€way€can€the€reasonableÐ Ä.@&0 Ðexpectations€of€both€the€insured€and€insurer€be€protected.€€We€must€therefore€inquire€howÐ „ Ðthe€phrase€ð ðdeath€by€accidental€meansð ð€is€used€in€ordinary€language.Ý ƒ % Ñý k »k ݌Р˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAs€a€starting€point,€we€note€that€the€accidental€nature€of€a€particular€meansÐ L È Ðof€death€depends,€in€ordinary€parlance,€on€the€consequences€that€the€ò òinsuredó ó€had€or€didÐ ä ` Ðnot€have€in€mind.€€When€we€speak€of€an€ð ðaccidentalð ð€means€of€death,€we€normally€haveÐ | ø Ðin€mind€a€situation€in€which€someoneð ðs€action€has€had€results€that€this€person€did€notÐ  Ðintend€or€expect.€Unintentional€or€unexpected€death€is€seen€as€accidental;€intentional€orÐ ¬ ( Ðexpected€death€as€non„accidental.€€In€ò òCanadian€Indemnity€Co.€v.€Walkem€Machinery€&Ð D À ÐEquipment€Ltd.ó ó,€[1976]€1€S.C.R.€309,€at€pp.€315„16,€Pigeon€J.€explained€the€termÐ Ü X Ðð ðaccidentð ð€with€reference€to€ò òHalsburyó ó€(vol.€22,€3rd€ed.)€as€ð ðò òany€unlooked€for€mishap€orÐ t ð Ðoccurrenceó óð ð€(emphasis€in€original).€€Similarly,€in€ò òStatsó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,ò ò€ó óat€p.€1164,€this€Court,€ò òperó óÐ ˆ ÐSpence€J.€quoted€Lord€Macnaghtenð ðs€comment€in€ò òFentonó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€p.€448,€that€ð ðtheÐ ¤ Ðexpression€ð ðaccidentð ð€is€used€in€the€popular€and€ordinary€sense€of€the€word€as€denotingÐ

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ó óÓ öè ÓÐ Ô)D"+ 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýrê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àTroisi mement,€les€appelants€font€valoir€que€trois€principes€importants,Ð -t%/ Ðmaintes€fois€appliqu s€par€notre€Cour€dans€ses€d cisions€relatives€ €la€ò òCharteó ó,€appuientÐ œ. '1 Ðlð ðabolition€ou,€dans€lð ðalternative,€lð ðassouplissement€de€lð ðobligation€de€justification€duÐ 40¤(3 Ðcontre-interrogatoire€prescrite€dans€ò òGarofolió ó.€€Ces€principes€sont€les€suivants:Ð  Ðlð ðimportance€reconnue€dð ðun€droit€g n ral€de€contre-interroger;€la€norme€moinsÐ ( ˜ Ðrigoureuse€g n ralement€applicable€ €la€recevabilit €de€la€preuve€de€la€d fense;€laÐ À 0 Ðn cessit €de€garantir€lð ðacc s€au€r gime€de€r paration€pr vu€par€la€ò òCharteó ó.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýrê ê ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý î Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àPersonne€ne€conteste€la€pertinence€de€ces€principes,€tant€ €lð ð gard€de€laÐ ˆ ø Ðformulation€dð ðune€norme€appropri e€en€mati re€de€droit€au€contre-interrogatoire€quð ð Ð  Ðlð ð gard€de€lð ðapplication€de€cette€norme.€€Cependant,€le€droit€de€lð ðaccus € €une€auditionÐ ¸ ( Ðde€la€preuve€doit€ tre€examin €dans€son€contexte.€Il€doit€ galement€ tre€mis€en€balanceÐ P À Ðavec€les€int r ts€oppos s,€dont€la€n cessit €de€veiller€ €ne€pas€entraver€le€processusÐ è X Ðjudiciaire€criminel€par€de€longues€proc dures€qui€nð ðaident€en€rien€ €la€r solution€desÐ € ð Ðquestions€pertinentes.€€Comme€je€lð ðexplique€plus€loin,€lð ðargumentation€des€appelantsÐ ˆ Ðne€tient€pas€compte€de€facteurs€contextuels€importants.€€Dans€le€contexte€dð ðuneÐ ° Ðaudience€en€r vision€dont€lð ðobjet€est€limit ,€jð ðestime€que€lð ðobligation€dð ðobtenir€laÐ H ¸ Ðpermission€de€contre-interroger€un€d posant,€prescrite€dans€ò òGarofolió ó,€ tablit€un€justeÐ à P Ð quilibre€entre€ces€int r ts€oppos s.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý î 0î ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ó3.2à0 4 àò òFacteurs€contextuels€pertinentsó óÐ ¨" " 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý ô Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLe€premier€facteur€contextuel€omis€dans€lð ðargumentation€des€appelants€aÐ Ø%H & Ðd j € t €mentionn €ð" ð€il€sð ðagit€du€droit€ €une€communication€compl te.

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ÓÐ !€ « Ð « Ð ÐÌMcLachlin€J.€further€noted€how€difficult€it€is€for€the€trial€judge€to€restrict€the€scope€ofÐ @$° $ Ðcross„examination:Ð Ø%H & ÐÌÓ Óà0 « àAttempts€to€restrict€the€scope€of€cross-examination€are€notoriously€fallible.Ð )x!* ÐSince€effective€cross-examination€usually€depends€on€considerable€latitudeÐ Ô)D"+ Ðin€questioning,€a€restricted€cross-examination€may€be€of€little€value.Ð  * #, ÐMoreover,€it€is€often€difficult€to€predict€when€a€particular€question€willÐ l+Ü#- Ðevoke€a€response€that€trenches€on€a€prohibited€area.€[p.€1485]Ó ‘" ÓÐ 8,¨$. « Ð « Ð Ðâ âÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¼$ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àFinally,€as€aptly€argued€by€the€intervener€the€Attorney€General€of€BritishÐ  Ðâ âColumbia,€a€requirement€that€the€defence€meet€a€threshold€test€of€some€sort€beforeÐ ( ˜ Ðengaging€in€cross„examination,€pursuing€a€specific€line€of€inquiry,€or€eliciting€evidenceÐ À 0 Ðin€support€of€a€full€answer€and€defence€is€not€an€anomaly€within€the€criminal€justiceÐ X È Ðsystem.€€To€state€but€a€few€examples:€€hearsay€evidence,€although€sought€to€be€elicitedÐ ð ` Ðby€the€defence,€must€meet€the€requirements€of€necessity€and€reliability;€proposedÐ ˆ ø Ðexpert€evidence€must€meet€the€criteria€set€out€in€ò òR.€v.€Mohanó ó,€[1994]€2€S.C.R.€9;€accessÐ  Ðto€or€cross„examination€on€matters€protected€by€solicitor„client€privilege€must€meet€theÐ ¸ ( Ðrequirements€of€the€ð ðinnocence€at€stakeð ð€exception;€cross„examination€on€aÐ P À Ðcomplainantð ðs€sexual€history€is€prohibited€unless€it€meets€the€test€under€s.€276(1)€ofÐ è X Ðthe€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó;€third„party€records€in€respect€of€certain€offences€listed€underÐ € ð Ðs.278.2€must€be€shown€to€be€likely€relevant€to€an€issue€at€trial€or€to€the€competenceÐ ˆ Ðof€a€witness€to€testify€before€they€will€be€produced;€ò òó ódefences€must€have€an€ð ðair€ofÐ ° Ðrealityð ð€to€them€before€they€are€put€to€the€jury.€€In€this€case,€the€defence€must€simplyÐ H ¸ Ðmake€a€show€of€likely€relevance€on€a€material€issue€before€the€court.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý¼$ ×$ ݌Рà P ÐŒÝ Ý€ÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ ÔÝ ‚ 0 Ñý²+ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€conclusion,€I€am€of€the€view€that€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement€isÐ !€ Ðentirely€consistent€with€ò òCharter€ó óprinciples.€€There€is€no€need€to€revisit€ò òGarofoli€ó óasÐ ¨" " Ðcontended€by€the€appellants.€€Indeed,€I€am€of€the€view€that€it€would€be€unwise€to€Ð @$° $ Ðpermit€cross„examination€of€the€affiant€as€of€right.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý²+ ì+ ݌РØ%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ô

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€EnÐ Ä Ðparticulier,€comme€le€pr cise€le€par. €3155(1),€le€tribunal€qu b cois€doit€constater€que€le€tribunal€deÐ œ ì Ðlð ð tat€dont€provient€le€jugement€avait€comp tence€sur€la€mati re. €Le€titre€quatri me€ dicte€alors€auxÐ t Ä Ðart.

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= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % aM˜ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€appellant€submits€that€none€of€the€provisions€of€art.3155€ò òC.C.Q.ó ó€stood€in€the€wayÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€its€application€for€recognition€in€Quebec€and€that€the€Quebec€Superior€Court€should€thereforeÐ ` Ðhave€recognized€the€judgment€of€the€Ontario€Superior€Court€of€Justice.€€According€to€theÐ è 8 ÐCorporation,€the€Quebec€court€could€not€raise€the€application€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforumÐ À Ðnonconveniens€ó óby€the€Ontario€court€as€an€issue.€€The€Corporation€adds€that€the€notices€given€inÐ ˜ è ÐQuebec€were€consistent€with€the€fundamental€principles€of€procedure.€€Finally,€it€denies€that€theÐ p À Ðconditions€for€ò òlispendensó ó€were€met.Ý ƒ % aM˜ h˜ ݌РH ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % aÚ› Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€respondent€relies€primarily€on€the€judgment€of€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal€on€theÐ ø H Ðthreeissues€being€discussed.€€He€also€alleges€that€the€Ontario€proceedings€were€conducted€in€aÐ Ð Ðmanner€inconsistent€with€international€public€order,€which€the€appellant€disputes.€€This€argumentÐ ¨ ø Ðneed€not€be€considered€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case.€€Finally,€the€Attorney€General€of€CanadaÐ € Ð Ðhas€intervened€on€the€issue€of€the€application€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforum€nonconveniens€ó óin€theÐ X ¨ Ðprocedure€for€the€recognition€of€judgments€rendered€in€the€provinces€of€Canada.€€Before€consideringÐ 0"€ Ðthese€questions,€I€believe€it€will€be€helpful€to€summarize€the€rules€governing€the€recognition€ofÐ $X " Ðexternal€judgments€by€Quebec€courts€under€the€ò òCivil€Code€of€Qu becó ó.Ý ƒ % aÚ› õ› ݌Рà%0!$ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ ¸' #& ÐÔ& ˆ Ôâ âÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü À ˜ ä —X Ü H „ Ü ˜ ä —X 9 ÓB.à0 ” àò òLegal€Framework€for€the€Judicial€Recognition€of€External€Judgmentsó óÐ ° ” (#” (# ÐÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü ˜ ä —X Ü H „ Ü À ˜ ä —X 9 ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a#¡ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€rules€on€the€international€jurisdiction€of€Quebec€authorities€and€theÔ' ˆ ° %  Ô€recognition€ofÐ ` ° Ðforeign€or€external€judgments€are€found,€respectively,€in€TitleThree€(arts.3134€to€3154)€andÐ 8 ˆ ÐTitleFour€(arts.3155€to€3168)€of€BookTen€of€the€ò òCivil€Code€of€Qu becó ó€on€private€international€law.€Ð ` ÐThe€twotitles€are€closely€related.€€I€will€come€back€to€this€in€the€course€of€my€analysis.Ý ƒ % a#¡ >¡ ݌Рè 8 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a¦£ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝIn€substance,€TitleThree€sets€out€general€rules€and€specific€rules€for€identifying€theÐ ˜ è Ðconnecting€factors€that€will€give€Quebec€authorities€jurisdi

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Ðtr s€diff rente€et€tr s€lib rale€en€mati re€dð ðinterpr tation€et€dð ðapplication€de€lð ðart. 743.6.€Ð Ô P ÐSelon€ces€arr ts,€le€juge€qui€d termine€la€peine€nð ða€pas€ €se€demander€sð ðil€existe€desÐ l è Ðcirconstances€exceptionnelles€avant€dð ðordonner€lð ðaugmentation€du€temps€dð ð preuve.

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ÐFor€example,€soon€after€the€predecessor€to€s.€743.6€came€into€force,€comments€to€thisÐ Ô P Ðeffect€were€made€by€Fish€J.A.€of€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òDankyió ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€376,Ð l è Ðand€by€Griffiths€J.A.€of€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òGouletó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€65.€€TheirÐ "€ Ðviews€had€a€significant€influence€on€later€judgments€which€repeatedly€took€up€the€sameÐ œ# " Ðtheme€of€the€exceptional€nature€of€the€provision.€€I€did€so€myself,€while€on€the€QuebecÐ 4%° $ ÐCourt€of€Appeal€in€ò òBoulanger€v.€La€Reineó ó,€[1995]€R.J.Q.€1975,€at€p.1978,€where€IÐ Ì&H & Ðcharacterized€it€as€[ò òtranslationó ó]€ð ðan€exceptional€measureð ð.€€(See€also€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òFergusonó óÐ d(à ( Ð(1995),€64€B.C.A.C.€211;€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òSmithó ó€(1995),€37€C.R.€(4th)€360€(Ont.€Ct.€(Gen.€Div.));Ð ü)x!* Ðò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òOsborne€ó ó(1996),€110€C.C.C.€(3d)€161€(Ont.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.€Nash„Levyó ó€(1998),€207Ð ”+ #, ÐN.B.R.€(2d)€45€(C.A.);€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òTraverseó ó€(1998),€126€C.C.C.€(3d)€462€(Man.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.ó óÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òDemedeirosó ó,€[1999]€O.J.€No.€1523€(QL)€(C.A.).)Ý ƒ % Ñý©¬ Ĭ ݌РÄ.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýv³ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOther€appellate€decisions€adopted€what€appears€to€be€a€significantly€differentÐ „ Ðand€broader€approach€to€the€interpretation€and€application€of€s.€743.6.€€According€toÐ ˜ Ðthese€decisions,€a€sentencing€judge€does€not€have€to€look€for€unusual€circumstancesÐ ´ 0 Ðbefore€ordering€delayed€parole.€€The€judge€has€been€granted€discretionary€power€to€beÐ L È Ðused€in€the€appropriate€circumstances,€where€consideration€of€the€relevant€sentencingÐ ä ` Ðfactors€justifies€its€exercise.€€The€Alberta€Court€of€Appeal€summarized€the€gist€of€thisÐ | ø Ðjurisprudential€approach€in€the€following€manner:Ý ƒ % Ñýv³ ‘³ ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àThis€court€has€previously€had€occasion€to€consider€the€scope€of€s.€743.6€inÐ D À Ðò òR.€v.€Matwiyó ó€.€.€.€(1996),€.€.€.€105€C.C.C.€(3d)€251€(C.A.).€This€court€did€notÐ Œ Ðimpose€on€trial€judges€a€requirement€that€they€satisfy€themselves€that€theÐ Ü X Ðcircumstances€were€ð ðextraordinaryð ð€or€ð ðunusualð ð€or€ð ðparticularlyÐ ¨ $ Ðaggravatingð ð€so€as€to€permit€such€an€order€to€be€made.€The€point€made€byÐ t ð ÐMr.€Justice€Iacobucci€in€ò òR.€v.€Shropshireó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€with€respect€to€what€is€nowÐ @ ¼ Ðs.€745.4€applies€with€equal€force€to€this€section.€There€is€nothing€in€s.€743.6Ð ˆ Ðwhich€indicates€that€it€is€a€condition€precedent€to€its€exercise€that€either€theÐ

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Ý ƒ % ÑýûC ^D ݌Р"€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý I Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€et€la€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Manitoba€ont€toutes€lesÐ 4%° $ Ðdeux€conclu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ Ì&H & Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch.44€(ð ð€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€ð ð),€dans€lð ðensemble,€et€son€art.€16,€enÐ d(à ( Ðparticulier,€nð ðexc daient€pas€la€comp tence€de€la€l gislature€de€la€province€et€ne€violaientÐ ü)x!* Ðpas€non€plus€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó.€€Les€appelants€ont,€par€la€suite,Ð ”+ #, Ðcontest €la€Loi€devant€notre€Cour€en€faisant€valoir€que€lð ðart.€16,€qui€vise€express ment€laÐ ,-¨$. Ðville€de€Winkler,€viole€lð ðal.2ò òbó ó),€lð ðart.7€et€le€par.15(1)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó.€€Ils€ont€aussi€pr tenduÐ Ä.@&0 Ðque€cette€loi€exc de€la€comp tence€du€gouvernement€provincial€du€fait€quð ðelle€empi teÐ \0Ø'2 Ðsur€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel.€€LeÐ „ Ð31octobre2002,€la€Cour€a€rejet €leur€pourvoi€dans€une€d cision€unanime,€dont€voici€lesÐ ˜ Ðmotifs.Ý ƒ % Ñý I 7I ݌Р´ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔII.ò òLes€faitsÐ ä ` Ðó óÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‹N Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Corporation€des€loteries€du€Manitoba€(ð ðCLMð ð)€est€lð ðorganismeÐ  Ðresponsable€de€Ô' ` ä UN Ôlð ðexploitation€des€loteries€ð" ð€y€compris€les€ALV€ð" ð€dans€la€province.€€ElleÐ ¬ ( Ðconclut€avec€des€ð ð€exploitants€de€site€ð ð€des€accords€visant€lð ðinstallation€dð ðALV€dans€leursÐ D À Ð tablissements.€€Lð ðexploitant€du€site€touche€alors€un€pourcentage€des€recettes€g n r es€parÐ Ü X Ðles€ALV.€€Les€ALV€demeurent,€cependant,€la€propri t €de€la€CLM€qui,€aux€termes€deÐ t ð Ðlð ðaccord€dð ðexploitation€de€site,€peut€les€retirer€ €tout€moment€sans€avoir€ €justifier€sonÐ ˆ Ðgeste.Ý ƒ % Ñý‹N ¦N ݌Р¤ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý R Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€appelants,€David€et€EloisaSiemens,€sont€les€seuls€actionnaires€de€Sie-CorÐ Ô P ÐProperties€Inc.,€qui€a€acquis€le€Winkler€Inn€en€1993.€€Ils€ont€d pens €une€sommeÐ l è Ðconsid rable€pour€r nover€et€agrandir€cet€ tablissement,€et€ont€fait€valoir€que€la€pr senceÐ "€ Ðdes€ALV€avait€jou €un€rð= ðle€important€dans€leur€d cision€dð ðinvestir.

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ÐResidence€in€Winkler€is€not€an€analogous€ground,€as€there€is€nothing€to€suggest€thatÐ Ô P Ðresidents€there€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€they€suffer€from€any€sort€ofÐ l è Ðprejudice.€€Moreover,€the€legislation€does€not€discriminate€against€the€appellants€in€anyÐ "€ Ðsubstantive€sense.€€Winkler€residents€were€singled€out€in€s.16€because€theirs€was€theÐ œ# " Ðonly€municipality€to€have€already€held€a€plebiscite.€€There€was€no€harm€to€dignity.€€TheÐ 4%° $ Ðpurpose€of€s.16€was€to€respect€the€will€of€the€Winkler€residents€as€expressed€in€thatÐ Ì&H & Ðplebiscite.€€The€section€does€not€affect€the€right€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLTÐ d(à ( Ðplebiscite€under€the€Act€and€they€may€initiate€a€plebiscite€to€reinstate€VLTs€in€theirÐ ü)x!* Ðcommunity.Ð ”+ #, Ðâ âÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òÔ& È Ôâ âCases€Citedó óÐ „ ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó óò òR.€v.€Furtneyó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€89;ò òó óÔ' È „ ú$ Ô€ò òLaw€v.€Canada€(Minister€ofÐ ´ 0 ÐEmployment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€497;€ò òó óò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó ó€(1882),€7Ð L È ÐApp.€Cas.€829;ò ò€ó óò òAttorney-General€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]Ð ä ` ÐA.C.€193;€ò òó óò òHaig€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€2€S.C.R.€995;ò òó óò ò€distinguished:€€ó óò òJohnson€v.€AttorneyÐ | ø ÐGeneral€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127;ò ò€Re€The€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27Ð  ÐMan.€R.€1;ò ò€referred€to:€€ó óò òR.€v.€Big€M€Drug€Mart€Ltd.ó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1985]€1€S.C.R.€295;€ò òEdmontonÐ ¬ ( ÐJournal€v.€Albertaó ó€ò ò(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1989]€2€S.C.R.€1326ò òó ó;€ò òR.€v.€Wholesale€TravelÐ D À ÐGroup€Inc.ó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€154ò òó ó;€ò òThomson€Newspapers€Co.€v.€Canada€(AttorneyÐ Ü X ÐGeneral)ó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.€877ò òó ó;€ò ò€Kitkatla€Band€v.€British€Columbia€(Minister€of€SmallÐ t ð ÐBusiness,€Tourism€and€Culture)ó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.€146,€2002€SCC€31;ò òó ó€ò òOð ðGrady€v.Ð ˆ ÐSparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804;€ò òRoss€v.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5;ò òó óÐ ¤ Ðò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.€v.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.Ð

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Ðappelants€ont€soutenu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€a€ t €adopt e€pour€r glementer€la€moralit Ð Ä. @&0 Ðpublique€et€quð ðelle€repr sentait,€de€ce€fait,€une€tentative€de€l gif rer€en€mati re€criminelle.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‚Ý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú29Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àSecond,€the€province€and€individual€municipalities€may€have€any€number€ofÐ l è Ðreasons€for€restricting€gaming€to€certain€locations.€€Some€may€concern€the€localÐ "€ Ðeconomy,€and€others€may€be€purely€aesthetic€or€cultural.€€There€is€no€basis€on€which€toÐ œ# " Ðassume€that€the€dominant€purpose€for€prohibiting€VLTs€in€certain€locations€is€to€regulateÐ 4%° $ Ðpublic€morality.€€Indeed,€the€fact€that€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó€does€not€affect€VLTs€located€atÐ Ì&H & Ðracetracks€or€other€ð ðpremises€dedicated€to€gaming€activityð ð€suggests€that€the€governmentÐ d(à ( Ðwas€not€attempting€to€condemn€VLTs€on€any€moral€basis.€€See€ò òGaming€Control€Actó ó,Ð ü)x!* ÐS.M.€1996,€c.€74,€s.€1.€€Rather,€it€supports€the€interpretation€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€wasÐ ”+ #, Ðdesigned€merely€to€limit€more€ð ðincidentalð ð€contact€with€VLTs€ð" ð€in€taverns,€for€exampleÐ ,-¨$. Ðð" ð€in€municipalities€that€wish€to€do€so.Ý ƒ % Ñý‚Ý Ý ݌РÄ.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýUâ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThird,€the€presence€of€moral€considerations€does€not€ò òper€seó ó€render€a€law€ò òultraÐ „ Ðviresó ó€the€provincial€legislature.€€In€giving€Parliament€exclusive€jurisdiction€over€criminalÐ ˜ Ðlaw,€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó€did€not€intend€to€remove€all€morality€from€provincialÐ ´ 0 Ðlegislation.€€In€many€instances,€it€will€be€impossible€for€the€provincial€legislature€toÐ L È Ðdisentangle€moral€considerations€from€other€issues.€€For€example,€in€the€present€case,€itÐ ä ` Ðis€difficult€to€ignore€the€various€social€costs€associated€with€gambling€and€VLTs.€€As€theÐ | ø ÐDesjardins€Report,€ò òsupraó ó,€examined€in€detail,€government„run€gambling€can€haveÐ  Ðadverse€social€consequences,€including€addiction,€crime,€bankruptcy,€and€reductions€inÐ ¬ ( Ðcharitable€gaming.€€The€provincial€government€can€legitimately€consider€these€socialÐ D À Ðcosts€when€deciding€how€to€regulate€gaming€in€the€province.€€The€fact€that€some€of€theseÐ Ü X Ðconsiderations€have€a€moral€aspect€does€not€invalidate€an€otherwise€legitimate€provincialÐ t ð Ðlaw.Ý ƒ % ÑýUâ pâ ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÕç Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€dominant€purpose€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€to€regulate€gaming€in€the€province.€Ð

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'1 Ðinterm diaires€une€responsabilit €en€la€mati re€freinerait€manifestement€cette€croissanceÐ 40¤(3 Ðet€ce€d veloppement,€lesquels€ont€permis€la€cr ation€de€lð ðÔ_ U U Ôant m moireÔ_ U U Ô.€La€CommissionÐ  Ða€signal €que,€au€d but,€le€recours€ €lð ðInternet€pour€la€transmission€dð ðð§ ðuvres€musicalesÐ ( ˜ Ð tait€limit €par€Ô_ U U Ôð ðlaÔ_ U U Ô€n cessit €dð ðavoir€une€largeur€de€bande€relativement€grande€pourÐ À 0 Ðtransmettre€des€fichiers€Ô_ U U Ôaudioð ðÔ_ U U Ô€(p.€4).€Cet€obstacle€technique€a€pu€ tre€contourn €gr ceÐ X È Ðnotamment€aux€Ô_ U U Ôð ðant m moiresÔ_ U U ÔÔ_ U U ԁð ð.Ô_ U U Ô€La€Commission€a€dit€( €la€p.€14)€que€Ô_ U U Ôð ð[l]aÔ_ U U Ô€mise€enÐ ð ` Ðant m moire€r duit€le€coðE ðt€de€livraison€des€donn es€en€permettant€lð ðemploi€dð ðune€largeurÐ ˆ ø Ðde€bande€plus€Ô_ U U Ôpetite.ð ðÔ_ U U Ô€Les€progr s€techniques€fulgurants€dans€le€domaine€deÐ  Ðlð ðinformatique€et€la€chute€rapide€du€coðE ðt€support €par€le€consommateur€tiennent€de€laÐ ¸ ( Ðl gende.€Le€professeur€Takach€a€r v l €une€donn e€renversante:€si€lð ðindustrie€automobileÐ P À Ðavait€pu€obtenir€le€m me€rapport€rendement-prix€que€le€secteur€des€microprocesseurs,Ð è X Ðune€automobile€coðE ðterait€aujourdð ðhui€moins€de€cinq€dollars€et€pourrait€parcourir€250€000Ð € ð Ðmilles€avec€un€seul€gallon€dð ðessence;€voir€Ô_ U U ÔTakachÔ_ U U Ô,ò ò€op.€Ô_ U U ÔcitÔ_ U U Ô.ó ó,€p.€21.€Lð ðalin a€2.4(1)ò òbó ó)€traduitÐ ˆ Ðla€volont €du€l gislateur€que€se€poursuive€cet€essor€anim €par€lð ðesprit€dð ðentreprise€malgr Ð ° Ðses€effets€accessoires€sur€les€titulaires€de€droits€dð ðauteur.Ý ƒ % Ñýˆû £û ݌РH ¸ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý' Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú115Ú ÚÛ € z s Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àDe€lð ðavis€de€la€Commission,€les€moyens€Ô_ U U Ôð ðn cessairesÔ_ U U ÔÔ_ U U ԁð ðÔ_ U U Ô€au€sens€de€lð ðal.Ð x è Ð2.4(1)ò òbó ó)€sont€ceux€qui€nð ðont€aucune€incidence€sur€le€contenu€et€qui€sð ðimposent€pourÐ !

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Ðcommunication€in€that€medium€of€telecommunication€would€not€be€practicable€or,€in€allÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprobability,€would€not€have€occurredð ð.€€This€is€a€high€eligibility€test€which€could€inhibitÐ l+Ü#- Ðdevelopment€of€more€efficient€means€of€telecommunication.€€SOCAN€and€othersÐ -t%/ Ðrepresenting€copyright€owners€would€always€be€able€to€argue€that€whatever€the€advancesÐ œ. '1 Ðin€the€future,€a€telecommunication€could€still€have€been€practicable€using€the€oldÐ 40¤(3 Ðtechnology,€and€that€one€way€or€the€other€the€telecommunication€would€ð ðin€allÐ  Ðprobabilityð ð€have€occurred.€€In€my€view,€with€respect,€Evans€J.A.€has€placed€the€bar€tooÐ ( ˜ Ðhigh.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý5Q PQ ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý+V Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú114Ú ÚÛ € z r Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àParliament€has€decided€that€there€is€a€public€interest€in€encouragingÐ ð ` Ðintermediaries€who€make€telecommunications€possible€to€expand€and€improve€theirÐ ˆ ø Ðoperations€without€the€threat€of€copyright€infringement.€€To€impose€copyright€liabilityÐ  Ðon€intermediaries€would€obviously€chill€that€expansion€and€development,€as€the€historyÐ ¸ ( Ðof€caching€demonstrates.€€In€the€early€years€of€the€Internet,€as€the€Board€found,€itsÐ P À Ðusefulness€for€the€transmission€of€musical€works€was€limited€by€ð ðthe€relatively€highÐ è X Ðbandwidth€required€to€transmit€audio€filesð ð€(p.€426).€€This€technical€limitation€wasÐ € ð Ðaddressed€in€part€by€using€ð ðcachesð ð.€€As€the€Board€noted,€at€p.€433:€€ð ðCaching€reducesÐ ˆ Ðthe€cost€for€the€delivery€of€data€by€allowing€the€use€of€lower€bandwidth€than€wouldÐ ° Ðotherwise€be€necessary.ð ð€€The€velocity€of€new€technical€developments€in€the€computerÐ H ¸ Ðindustry,€and€the€rapidly€declining€cost€to€the€consumer,€is€legendary.€€Professor€TakachÐ à P Ðhas€unearthed€the€startling€statistic€that€if€the€automobile€industry€was€able€to€achieve€theÐ x è Ðsame€performance„price€improvements€as€has€the€computer€chip€industry,€a€car€todayÐ !€ Ðwould€cost€under€five€dollars€and€would€get€250,000€miles€to€the€gallon€of€gasoline:€seeÐ ¨" " ÐÔ_ ÔTakachÔ_ Ô,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€21.€€Section€2.4(1)(ò òbó ó)€reflects€Parliamentð ðs€priority€that€thisÐ @$° $ Ðentrepreneurial€push€is€to€continue€despite€any€incidental€effects€on€copyright€owners.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý+V FV ݌РØ%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¸] Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú115Ú ÚÛ € z s Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€Boardð ðs€view,€the€means€ð ðnecessaryð ð€under€s.2.4(1)(ò òbó ó)€were€meansÐ )x!* Ðthat€were€content€neutral€and€were€necessary€to€maximize€the€economy€and€cost„Ð

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ÐÌò òen€appel€de€la€cour€dð ðappel€de€lð ðÔ_ ÔontarioÔ_ Ôó óÐ %P # ÐÌà p àò òResponsabilit €Ô_ Ôd lictuelleÔ_ Ô€ð" ð€Diffamation€ð" ð€Moyens€de€d fense€ð" ð€CommunicationÐ Ø&("% Ðresponsable€concernant€des€questions€dð ðint r t€public€ð" ð€Action€en€libelle€diffamatoire€par€unÐ Ä' #& Ðagent€de€police€contre€un€journal€et€des€journalistes€ayant€publi €des€articles€all guant€quð ðilÐ °( ð€Cour€dð ðappel€€reconnaissant€un€nouveau€moyen€de€d fense€de€journalismeÐ ˆ*Ø%) Ðresponsable,€mais€emp chant€les€d fendeurs€de€sð ðen€pr valoir€parce€quð ðils€ne€lð ðont€pas€invoqu Ð t+Ä&* Ðau€proc s€ð" ð€Y€a-t-il€lieu€de€modifier€les€r gles€de€Ô_ ÔcommonÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔlawÔ_ Ô€en€mati re€de€diffamation€afinÐ `,°'+ Ðdð ðoffrir€une€plus€grande€protection€aux€ nonc s€de€fait€diffamatoires€publi s€de€fa onÐ L-œ(, ÐÔ_ Ôresponsable?€ð" ð€Si€oui,€les€d fendeurs€devraient-ils€pouvoir€invoquer€le€nouveau€moyen€deÐ ° Ðd fense€de€communication€responsable€concernant€des€questions€dð ðint r t€public€dans€le€cadreÐ œ ì Ðdð ðun€nouveau€proc s?Ð ˆ Ø Ðó óÌà p àC,€un€agent€de€la€police€ontarienne,€sð ðest€rendu€ €New€York€peu€apr s€lesÐ ` ° Ð v nements€du€11septembre€2001€ð" ð€sans€autorisation€de€son€employeur€ð" ð€pour€participer€auxÐ L œ Ðop rations€de€recherche€et€de€sauvetage€ €Ground€Zero.€€Un€quotidien€a€publi €des€articlesÐ 8 ˆ Ðindiquant€que€C€sð ð tait€pr sent €sous€un€faux€jour€aux€autorit s€new-yorkaises€et€quð ðil€avaitÐ $ t Ðpossiblement€nui€aux€op rations€de€sauvetage.€€C€a€entam €une€action€en€libelle€diffamatoireÐ ` Ðcontre€le€journal€et€les€journalistes.€€Au€proc s,€les€d fendeurs€ont€invoqu €la€d fense€dð ðimmunit Ð ü L Ðrelative,€mais€ne€se€sont€pas€appuy s€sur€la€d fense€reconnue€en€Angleterre€comme€la€d fense€deÐ è 8 Ðð ðjournalisme€responsableð ð,€laquelle€nð ðavait€pas€encore€ t €reconnue€comme€moyen€de€d fenseÐ Ô $ Ðdistinct€par€les€tribunaux€canadiens.€€Le€juge€de€premi re€instance€a€rejet €la€d fense€dð ðimmunit Ð À Ðrelative€oppos e€par€les€d fendeurs€et€a€soumis€lð ðaffaire€ €lð ðappr ciation€du€jury€pour€quð ðilÐ ¬ ü Ðd termine€si€la€d fense€de€v racit €devait€ tre€retenue.€€Le€jury€a€conclu€que€la€v racit €deÐ ˜ è Ðplusieurs,€mais€pas€de€la€totalit ,€des€imputations€factuelles€dans€les€articles€avait€ t € tablie€et€aÐ „ Ô Ðaccord €des€dommages-int r ts€g n r

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ÐCromwellÔ_ ÔJJ.Ô_ ÔÐ (#x ! ÐÔ_ ÔÌò òon€appeal€from€the€court€of€appeal€for€ontarioó óÐ %P # ÐÌò òà p àTorts€ð" ð€Defamation€ð" ð€Defences€ð" ð€Responsible€communication€on€matters€of€publicÐ Ø&("% Ðinterest€ð" ð€Police€constable€suing€newspaper€and€reporters€for€libel€after€articles€were€publishedÐ Ä' #& Ðalleging€that€he€had€misrepresented€himself€and€possibly€interfered€with€rescue€operations€atÐ °( $' ÐGround€Zero€ð" ð€Court€of€Appeal€recognizing€new€responsible€journalism€defence€but€denying€Ð œ)ì$( Ðdefendants€its€protection€because€they€had€not€advanced€it€at€trial€ð" ð€Whether€common€law€ofÐ ˆ*Ø%) Ðdefamation€should€be€modified€to€accord€stronger€protection€to€defamatory€statements€of€factÐ t+Ä&* Ðpublished€responsibly€ð" ð€If€so,€whether€defendants€should€be€able€to€avail€themselves€of€new€defenceÐ `,°'+ Ðof€responsible€communication€on€matters€of€public€interest€at€a€new€trial.Ð L-œ(, Ðó óÌà p àC€was€an€Ontario€police€constable€who,€shortly€after€the€events€of€September11,€2001Ð œ ì Ðand€without€permission€from€his€employer,€travelled€to€New€York€City€to€assist€with€the€search€andÐ ˆ Ø Ðrescue€effort€at€Ground€Zero.€€A€newspaper€published€articles€alleging€that€C€had€misrepresentedÐ t Ä Ðhimself€to€the€authorities€in€New€York€and€possibly€interfered€with€the€rescue€operation.€€C€broughtÐ ` ° Ða€libel€action€against€the€newspaper€and€the€reporters.€€At€trial,€the€defendants€pleaded€qualifiedÐ L œ Ðprivilege€and€did€not€rely€on€the€defence€known€in€England€as€ð ðresponsible€journalismð ð€which,€atÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€time,€had€not€yet€been€recognized€as€a€distinct€defence€by€any€Canadian€court.€€The€trial€judgeÐ $ t Ðrejected€the€defendantsð ð€claim€of€qualified€privilege€and€put€the€case€to€the€jury€to€decide€whetherÐ ` Ðthe€defence€of€truth€had€been€made€out.€€The€jury€found€that€many€but€not€all€of€the€factualÐ ü L Ðimputations€in€the€articles€had€been€proven€true,€and€awarded€C€general€damages.€€The€Court€ofÐ è 8 ÐAppeal€upheld€that€decision.€€The€court€took€the€opportunity€to€establish€a€responsible€journalismÐ Ô $ Ðdefence€in€Ontario€law,€but€held€that€the€defendants€were€not€entitled€to€a€new€trial€and€theÐ À Ðprotection€of€the€new€defence€because€they€had€not€advanced€the€defence€at€trial.Ð ¬ ü ÐÌà p àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€allowed€and€a€new€trial€ordered.Ð „ Ô ÐÌà p àò òPeró ó€McLachlinC.J.€and€Binnie,€LeBel,€Deschamps,€Fish,€Charron,€Rothstein€andÐ \ ¬ ÐCromwellJJ.:€€The€defence€of€responsible€communication€on€matters€of€public€inte

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« ! àLa€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ  Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch. 44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ à \ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ ¬ ( Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ x ô Ðen€vertu€du€par.

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ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ à(C)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àwhether€the€law€in€question€has€a€purpose€or€effect€that€isÐ Ô P Ðdiscriminatory€within€the€meaning€of€the€equality€guarantee.Ó b6 ÓÐ   ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌThe€appellants€submitted€that€part€(A)€of€the€test€was€met€because€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó óÐ Ð"L ! Ðdistinguished€between€residents€of€Winkler€and€all€other€residents€of€Manitoba.€€TheyÐ h$ä # Ðfurther€argued€that€this€distinction€was€based€on€the€analogous€ground€of€residence,€andÐ &| % Ðwas€discriminatory€because€it€denied€them€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€binding€plebisciteÐ ˜' ' Ðon€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€€€Ð 0)¬ ) ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇ: Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú48Ú ÚÛ € z 0 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThere€is€no€merit€in€this€ground€of€appeal.€€First,€although€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLTÐ `,Ü#- ÐActó ó€clearly€makes€a€distinction€between€Winkler€and€other€municipalities,€it€isÐ ø-t%/ Ðimplausible€that€residence€in€Winkler€constitutes€an€analogous€ground€of€discrimination.€Ð / '1 ÐResidence€was€rejected€as€an€analogous€ground€in€both€ò òHaigó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€and€ò òR.€v.€Turpinó ó,Ð „ Ð[1989]€1€S.C.R.€1296.€€Further,€the€majority€in€ò òCorbiere€v.€Canada€(Minister€of€IndianÐ ˜ Ðand€Northern€Affairs)ó ó,€[1999]€2€S.C.R.€203,€clearly€stated€that€the€analogous€groundÐ ´ 0 Ðrecognized€in€that€case€was€ð ðAboriginality„residenceð ð,€and€that€ð ðno€new€water€is€charted,Ð L È Ðin€the€sense€of€finding€residence,€in€the€generalized€abstract,€to€be€an€analogous€groundð ðÐ ä ` Ð(para.€15).€€In€rejecting€the€claimantð ðs€s.€15€argument€in€ò òHaigó ó,€the€majority€explained,€atÐ | ø Ðp.€1044,€why€residence€is€an€unlikely€analogous€ground:Ý ƒ % ÑýÇ: â: ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àIt€would€require€a€serious€stretch€of€the€imagination€to€find€that€ò òpersonsÐ D À Ðmoving€to€Quebec€less€than€six€months€before€a€referendum€dateó ó€areÐ Œ Ðanalogous€to€persons€suffering€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€race,€religionÐ Ü X Ðor€gender.€€People€moving€to€Quebec€less€than€six€months€before€aÐ ¨ $ Ðreferendum€date€do€not€suffer€from€stereotyping,€or€social€prejudice.€Ð t ð ÐThough€its€members€were€unable€to€cast€a€ballot€in€the€Quebec€referendum,Ð @ ¼ Ðthe€group€is€not€one€which€has€suffered€historical€disadvantage,€or€politicalÐ ˆ Ðprejudice.€€Nor€does€the€group€appear€to€be€ð ðdiscrete€and€insularð ð.€Ð Ø T ÐMembership€in€the€group€is€highly€fluid,€with€people€constantly€flowing€inÐ ¤ Ðor€out€once€they€meet€Quebecð ðs€residency€requirements.€€[Emphasis€inÐ p ì Ðoriginal.]Ó ¹? ÓÐ