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Keybot 244 Ergebnisse  csc.lexum.org  Seite 5
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€€Bien€quð ðelle€aitÐ ” 0 Ðtraditionnellement€adopt €une€approche€lib rale€en€la€mati re,€la€Cour€tient€compteÐ , È Ðdð ðun€certain€nombre€de€facteurs€dans€lð ðexercice€de€ce€pouvoir€discr tionnaire,€dont€:Ý ƒ Ñýè0 1 ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à1.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€le€demandeur€avait€v ritablement€lð ðintentionÐ ô  Ðde€demander€lð ðautorisation€dð ðappel€et€sð ðil€a€fait€part€de€cette€intentionÐ Œ ( Ð €la€partie€adverse€dans€le€d lai€prescrit;Ð $ À ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à2.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€lð ðavocat€a€pr sent €la€demande€de€mani reÐ T ð Ðdiligente;Ð ì ˆ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à3.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€Ô # † X a¼ X X X a¼ù1 # ÔÔ ‡ X a¼ X X X a¼ Ôle€retard€a€fait€lð ðobjet€dð ðune€explicationÐ ¸ Ðsatisfaisante;Ð ´ P ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à4.à0 ø àla€longueur€du€retard;Ð ä € ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à5.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€Ô # † X a¼ X X X a¼Ì5 # ÔÔ ‡ X a¼ X X X a¼ Ôla€d cision€dð ðaccorder€ou€de€refuser€laÐ #° $ Ðprorogation€de€d lai€causera€un€pr judice€indu€ €lð ðune€ou€lð ðautre€desÐ ¬$H & Ðparties;Ð D&à ( ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à6.à0 ø àle€bien„fond €de€la€demande€dð ðautorisation€dð ðappel.Ð t) #, ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌEn€d finitive,€il€faut€toujours€se€demander€si,€eu€ gard€aux€circonstances€et€compteÐ ¤,@&0 Ðtenu€des€facteurs€susmentionn s,€la€prorogation€de€d lai€sð ðimpose€pour€que€justiceÐ
ÐÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýs) Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼-) # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ CE. , US. , L) ÔThe€power€to€extend€time€under€special€circumstances€in€s.€59(1)€of€the€ActÐ d Ðâ âis€a€discretionary€one.€€Although€the€Court€has€traditionally€adopted€a€generous€approachÐ ü ˜ Ðin€granting€extensions€of€time,€a€number€of€factors€guide€it€in€the€exercise€of€itsÐ ” 0 Ðdiscretion,€including:Ý ƒ Ñýs) Ž) ݌Р, È ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à1.à0 ø àWhether€the€applicant€formed€a€ò òbona€fideó ó€intention€to€seek€leave€toÐ \ ø Ðappeal€and€communicated€that€intention€to€the€opposing€party€within€theÐ ô  Ðprescribed€time;Ð Œ ( ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à2.à0 ø àWhether€counsel€moved€diligently;Ð ¼ X ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à3.à0 ø àWhether€a€proper€explanation€for€the€delay€has€been€offered;Ð ì ˆ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à4.à0 ø àThe€extent€of€the€delay;Ð ¸ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à5.à0 ø àWhether€granting€or€denying€the€extension€of€time€will€unduly€prejudiceÐ L è Ðone€or€the€other€of€the€parties;€andÐ ä € ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à6.à0 ø àThe€merits€of€the€application€for€leave€to€appeal.Ð #° $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌThe€ultimate€question€is€always€whether,€in€all€the€circumstances€and€considering€theÐ D&à ( Ðfactors€referred€to€above,€the€justice€of€the€case€requires€that€an€extension€of€time€beÐ Ü'x!* Ðgranted.Ð t) #, ÐÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼%* # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý„0 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼R0 # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ CE. , US. , q0 ÔNotwithstanding€our€sympathy€for€the€difficulties€experienced€by€counsel€forÐ ¤,@&0 Ðthe€applicantð ðs€colleagues,€we€are€all€of€the€view€that€this€is€not€a€case€in€which€anÐ
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Ðdð ðaccusations€dð ðinfraction€en€mati re€de€drogue€port es€contre€lð ðaccus €--€Minist reÏpublic€invoquant€le€privil ge€relatif€aux€indicateurs€de€police€pour€refuser€de€faire€droitÏ €la€requ te€de€lð ðaccus €visant€ €obtenir€la€production€de€la€fiche€de€lð ðinformationÏcommuniqu e€--€Le€juge€du€proc s€a„t„il€commis€une€erreur€en€ordonnant€la€productionÏde€la€fiche€r vis e€de€lð ðinformation€communiqu e€par€lð ðindicateur?
U N ^ % ¬ 0 Y ² n n y y w @ ç 4 ' ; 1 m J ~ · 0 u 5 0 c ª 1 m U N ‚ U N Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð 0 u “ 0  ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ U N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) U N w w w w B Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å B â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Æ ÿ 0  Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å 0 @ R 0 X ’ 0 ` ê 0 b J 0 x ¬ 0 d $ 0 V ˆ 0 V Þ 0 b 4 0 V – 0 V ì 0 r B 0 ˆ ´ 0 Œ 0 Š È 0  R 0 d â 0 H F 0 ˜ Ž 0 Š &! 0 „ °! 0 V 4" 0 š Š" 0 v $# 0 ˜ š# 0 œ 2$ 0 z Î$ 0 ˜ H% 0 † à% 0 œ f& 0 Ž ' 0 Z ' 0 V ê' 0 T @( 0 H ”( 0 j Ü( 0 Z F) 0 h  ) 0 „ * 0 Ž Œ* 0 x + 0 b ’+ 0 d ô+ 0 T X, 0 h ¬, 0 Œ - 0 †  - 0 x &. 0 ˜ ž. 0 n 6/ 0 € ¤/ 0 j $0 0 t Ž0 0 r 1 0 X t1 0 ` Ì1 0 n ,2 0 ‚ š2 0 j 3 0 t †3 0 r ú3 0 j l4 0 f Ö4 0 d 0 Œ  5 0 p ,6 0 p œ6 0 ” 7 0 ”  7 0 j 48 0 l ž8 0 l 9 0 p v9 0 r æ9 0 j X: 0 l Â: 0 l .; 0 p š; 0 r 0 t | 0 z ð 0 | j= 0 ~ æ= 0 t d> 0 z Ø> 0 | R? 0 ~ Î? 0 P L@ 0 H œ@ 0 b ä@ 0 ` FA 0 ` ¦A 0 b B ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X ( 1 É $ ¡ ¡ Ô € X ]ú X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , Ôg : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ h e a d e n g . w p t g : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ r e a s e n g . w p t E D D D  |r"õÅ"ð ð ñ ñ 3| x #-e 3 7 = C I Q Y a g ­ ­ 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) t Ý ƒ ýÜ' ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ ÝÓ Ó„€Ú Ú1Ú Ú€„ ( M 3ýÜ$ § § Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý ( ; 3»$ ´ ´ Ô2 -e ÔÚ Ú0Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 à & Y 3 7 ; A G O W _ e ³ ³ 1 a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) ( @ ø Ð Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( M 3ýÜ$ © © Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý H F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r d üÿ P P d 1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 B J Ž2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ìà X àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o
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Ðdð ðaccusations€dð ðinfraction€en€mati re€de€drogue€port es€contre€lð ðaccus €--€Minist reÏpublic€invoquant€le€privil ge€relatif€aux€indicateurs€de€police€pour€refuser€de€faire€droitÏ €la€requ te€de€lð ðaccus €visant€ €obtenir€la€production€de€la€fiche€de€lð ðinformationÏcommuniqu e€--€Le€juge€du€proc s€a„t„il€commis€une€erreur€en€ordonnant€la€productionÏde€la€fiche€r vis e€de€lð ðinformation€communiqu e€par€lð ðindicateur?
U N ^ % ¬ 0 Y ² n n y y w @ ç 4 ' ; 1 m J ~ · 0 u 5 0 c ª 1 m U N ‚ U N Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð Ð 0 u “ 0  ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ ™ U N ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) U N w w w w B Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å B â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â Æ ÿ 0  Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å Å 0 @ R 0 X ’ 0 ` ê 0 b J 0 x ¬ 0 d $ 0 V ˆ 0 V Þ 0 b 4 0 V – 0 V ì 0 r B 0 ˆ ´ 0 Œ 0 Š È 0  R 0 d â 0 H F 0 ˜ Ž 0 Š &! 0 „ °! 0 V 4" 0 š Š" 0 v $# 0 ˜ š# 0 œ 2$ 0 z Î$ 0 ˜ H% 0 † à% 0 œ f& 0 Ž ' 0 Z ' 0 V ê' 0 T @( 0 H ”( 0 j Ü( 0 Z F) 0 h  ) 0 „ * 0 Ž Œ* 0 x + 0 b ’+ 0 d ô+ 0 T X, 0 h ¬, 0 Œ - 0 †  - 0 x &. 0 ˜ ž. 0 n 6/ 0 € ¤/ 0 j $0 0 t Ž0 0 r 1 0 X t1 0 ` Ì1 0 n ,2 0 ‚ š2 0 j 3 0 t †3 0 r ú3 0 j l4 0 f Ö4 0 d 0 Œ  5 0 p ,6 0 p œ6 0 ” 7 0 ”  7 0 j 48 0 l ž8 0 l 9 0 p v9 0 r æ9 0 j X: 0 l Â: 0 l .; 0 p š; 0 r 0 t | 0 z ð 0 | j= 0 ~ æ= 0 t d> 0 z Ø> 0 | R? 0 ~ Î? 0 P L@ 0 H œ@ 0 b ä@ 0 ` FA 0 ` ¦A 0 b B ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r X ( 1 É $ ¡ ¡ Ô € X ]ú X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , Ôg : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ h e a d e n g . w p t g : \ w i n a p p s \ w p w i n 6 1 e \ w p w i n \ t e m p l a t e \ r e p o r t s \ r e a s e n g . w p t E D D D  |r"õÅ"ð ð ñ ñ 3| x #-e 3 7 = C I Q Y a g ­ ­ 1 . a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) t Ý ƒ ýÜ' ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ ÝÓ Ó„€Ú Ú1Ú Ú€„ ( M 3ýÜ$ § § Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý ( ; 3»$ ´ ´ Ô2 -e ÔÚ Ú0Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 à & Y 3 7 ; A G O W _ e ³ ³ 1 a . i . ( 1 ) ( a ) ( i ) 1 ) a ) ( @ ø Ð Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( M 3ýÜ$ © © Ý ƒ É ! ÝÔ € X %Õ X X X ÔÔ CEUS. , ÔÝ Ý H F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r ( È h H Z ‹ 6 T i m e s N e w R o m a n R e g u l a r d üÿ P P d 1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 B J Ž2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ìà X àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o
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« ! àLð ðarticle16€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareilsÐ 4%° $ Ðde€loterie€vid o)ó ó€est-il€incompatible€avec€lð ðal. 2ò òbó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteÐ &| % Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?
œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌAlthough€the€Court€in€ò òHaigó ó€left€it€open€for€residence€to€be€established€as€an€analogousÐ l è Ðground€in€the€appropriate€case,€I€share€the€trial€judgeð ðs€view€here€that€this€is€not€such€aÐ "€ Ðcase.€€Nothing€suggests€that€Winkler€residents€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€theyÐ œ# " Ðsuffer€from€any€sort€of€prejudice.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýKE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€putting€the€appellantsð ð€case€at€its€best€and€assuming€that€they€couldÐ d(à ( Ðestablish€a€distinction€based€on€an€analogous€ground,€the€legislation€does€notÐ ü)x!* Ðdiscriminate€against€them€in€any€substantive€sense.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€proceedÐ ”+ #, Ðthrough€all€the€contextual€factors€listed€by€Iacobucci€J.€in€ò òLawó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€because€it€is€clearÐ ,-¨$. Ðthat€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€directly€corresponds€to€the€circumstances€of€Winkler€residents.€€TheÐ Ä.@&0 ÐTown€of€Winkler€was€singled€out€in€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€because€it€was€the€ò òonlyÐ \0Ø'2 Ðmunicipalityó ó€to€have€held€a€plebiscite€on€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€The€very€purpose€of€thatÐ „ Ðsection€was€to€respect€the€will€of€Winkler€residents,€as€expressed€in€their€1998€plebiscite.€Ð ˜ ÐViewed€in€the€context€of€that€plebiscite,€I€am€not€convinced€that€any€reasonable€residentÐ ´ 0 Ðof€Winkler€would€feel€that€he€or€she€has€been€marginalized,€devalued€or€ignored€as€aÐ L È Ðmember€of€Canadian€society€(see€ò òLawó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€53).€€There€is€no€harm€to€dignity,Ð ä ` Ðand€no€violation€of€s.€15(1).Ý ƒ % ÑýKE fE ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýìJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€was€noted€above€in€the€s.€2(ò òbó ó)€claim€that€s.€15(1)€might€be€implicatedÐ ¬ ( Ðwhere€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€plebiscite€is€extended€to€some€and€withheld€fromÐ D À Ðothers€based€on€a€prohibited€ground€of€discrimination.€€This€would€be€the€case€if€a€lawÐ Ü X Ðprohibited€members€of€a€certain€race€or€religion€from€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€However,Ð t ð Ðthat€is€not€the€case€in€this€appeal.€€First,€as€previously€noted,€the€distinction€in€s.€16€ofÐ ˆ Ðthe€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€based€on€an€analogous€ground.€€Second,€the€distinction€does€not€affectÐ ¤ Ðthe€qualification€and€ability€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLT€plebiscite€under€theÐ
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92€de€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelle€de€1867ó ó. €€La€Loi€ne€repr sente€pas€une€tentative€deÐ "€ Ðl gif rer€en€mati re€criminelle€ tant€donn €quð ðelle€ne€comporte€aucune€cons quenceÐ œ# " Ðp nale€ni€aucun€objet€relevant€du€droit€criminel.
Ð(1882),€7€App.€Cas.€829,€at€p.€835:Ý ƒ % Ñýd  ÝŒÐ Ô P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à.€.€.€the€Act€does€not€delegate€any€legislative€powers€whatever.€€It€containsÐ "€ Ðwithin€itself€the€whole€legislation€on€the€matters€with€which€it€deals.€€TheÐ Ð"L ! Ðprovision€that€certain€parts€of€the€Act€shall€come€into€operation€only€on€theÐ œ# " Ðpetition€of€a€majority€of€electors€does€not€confer€on€these€persons€power€toÐ h$ä # Ðlegislate.€€Parliament€itself€enacts€the€condition€and€everything€which€is€toÐ 4%° $ Ðfollow€upon€the€condition€being€fulfilled.€€Conditional€legislation€of€thisÐ &| % Ðkind€is€in€many€cases€convenient,€and€is€certainly€not€unusual,€and€the€powerÐ Ì&H & Ðso€to€legislate€cannot€be€denied€to€the€Parliament€of€Canada,€when€theÐ ˜' ' Ðsubject€of€legislation€is€within€its€competency.Ó ÓÐ d(à ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŒ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThrough€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó,€the€Manitoba€Government€has€employed€a€statutoryÐ ”+ #, Ðinstrument€to€bind€itself€to€respect€local€opinion.€€Nowhere€does€the€Act,€in€purpose€orÐ ,-¨$. Ðeffect,€give€municipal€voters€the€power€to€legislate.€€This€case€is€distinguishable€from€ò òReÐ Ä.@&0 ÐThe€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27€Man.€R.€1€(C.A.),€upon€which€theÐ \0Ø'2 Ðinterveners€based€their€argument.€€There,€the€impugned€legislation€allowed€voters€toÐ „ Ðsubmit€laws€for€approval€by€ballot€and,€if€approved,€the€proposed€law€would€be€deemedÐ ˜ Ðan€Act€of€the€provincial€legislature.€€Here,€there€has€been€no€attempt€to€bypass€theÐ ´ 0 ÐLegislative€Assembly€or€to€usurp€its€law„making€function.€€The€Act€merely€allowsÐ L È Ðmunicipalities€to€decide€on€the€applicability€of€the€Act€to€their€communities.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýŒ § ݌Рä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àFinally,€I€would€add€that€the€intervenersð ð€argument€would€severely€restrictÐ  ÐParliament€and€the€provincial€legislatures€from€enacting€ð ðlocal€optionð ð€legislation,€whichÐ ¬ ( Ðwas€upheld€over€a€century€ago€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òRusselló ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€with€respect€to€theÐ D À Ðò òCanada€Temperance€Actó ó.€€That€decision€was€affirmed€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òAttorney„Ð Ü X ÐGeneral€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]€A.C.€193,€and€there€isÐ t ð Ðno€need€to€question€its€continued€validity€as€authority€on€this€issue.€€€Ý ƒ % Ñýì ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌD.€€ò òThe€Claim€under€Section€2(b)€of€the€CharterÐ
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3£Äÿ ÝÔ2 # ÔÚ Ú80Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 Ü àÝ Ýà « àLe€juge€Flinn€a€fait€remarquer€quð ðen€mati re€de€proc dure€sommaire,€leÔ' ø T øþ ÔÐ ´ P Ðminist re€public€ne€pouvait€interjeter€appel€dð ðun€acquittement€que€sur€une€question€deÐ L è Ðdroit€avec€lð ðautorisation€de€la€cour.
Ðthe€accused,€R.D.S.,€came€towards€Constable€Stienburg€on€his€bicycle.€€ConstableÐ Ô/p)4 ÐStienburg€testified€that€R.D.S.€ran€into€his€legs,€and€while€still€on€the€bicycle,€yelledÐ d Ðat€him€and€pushed€him.€€R.D.S.€was€then€arrested€for€interfering€with€the€arrest€ofÐ ü ˜ ÐN.R.,€and€Constable€Stienburg€called€for€back-up.€€Constable€Stienburg€stated€that€heÐ ” 0 Ðput€both€R.D.S.€and€N.R.€in€ð ða€neck€restraintð ð.€€When€R.D.S.€was€finally€brought€toÐ , È Ðthe€police€station,€he€was€read€his€rights,€and€charged€with€the€three€offences.Ý ƒ Ñývx ‘x ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýs| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú66Ú ÚÛ € z B Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€cross-examination,€it€was€suggested€to€Constable€Stienburg€that€R.D.S.Ð ô  Ðhad€been€overcharged.€€It€was€pointed€out€that€R.D.S.€had€no€prior€record€and€it€wasÐ Œ ( Ðsuggested,€although€not€particularly€clearly,€that€R.D.S.€had€been€singled€out€becauseÐ $ À Ðhe€was€black.Ý ƒ Ñýs| Ž| ݌Р¼ X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È ÔB.ò òTestimony€of€R.D.S.ó óÐ ì ˆ ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý»~ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú67Ú ÚÛ € z C Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àR.D.S.€testified€that€he€remembered€that€the€weather€on€the€particular€dayÔ' È ì |~ ÔÐ ¸ Ðwas€misty€and€humid.€€While€riding€his€bike€from€his€grandmotherð ðs€to€his€motherð ðsÐ ´ P Ðhouse€he€saw€the€police€car€and€the€crowd€standing€beside€it.€€A€friend€told€him€thatÐ L è Ðhis€cousin€N.R.€had€been€arrested.€R.D.S.€approached€the€crowd,€and€stopped€his€bikeÐ ä € Ðwhen€he€saw€N.R.€and€the€officer.€R.D.S.€then€tried€to€talk€to€N.R.€to€ask€him€whatÐ |! " Ðhad€happened€and€to€find€out€if€he€should€tell€N.R.ð ðs€mother.€€Constable€StienburgÐ #° $ Ðtold€him:€€ð ðShut€up,€shut€up,€or€youð ðll€be€under€arrest€tooð ð.€€When€R.D.S.€continued€toÐ ¬$H & Ðask€N.R.€if€he€should€call€his€mother,€Constable€Stienburg€arrested€R.D.S.€and€putÐ D&à ( Ðhim€in€a€choke€hold.€€R.D.S.€indicated€that€he€could€not€breathe,€and€that€he€heard€aÐ Ü'x!* Ðwoman€tell€the€officer€to€ð ðLet€that€kid€go€...€.ð ð€€He€also€heard€her€ask€for€his€phoneÐ t) #, Ðnumber.€€He€could€not€talk€so€N.R.€gave€the€number€to€her.€R.D.S.€indicated€that€theÐ +¨$. Ðcrowd€standing€around€were€all€ð ðlittle€kidsð ð€under€the€age€of€12.€€He€denied€that€heÐ ¤,@&0 Ðran€into€anyone€or€that€he€intended€to€run€into€anyone€on€his€bike.€€He€also€testifiedÐ
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ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý ¤ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú95Ú ÚÛ € z _ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àComme€nous€lð ðavons€indiqu €pr c demment,€la€province€dð ðOntario€a€rejet Ô' Ä @$Ú¢ ÔÐ l+Ü#- Ðtoutes€les€recommandations€facultatives€de€la€Commission€en€mati re€de€pensions.
Ðthe€Peace.€€He€then€examined€Albertað ðs€reasons€for€rejecting€the€Commissionð ðsÐ Ô)D"+ Ðrecommendations€and€found€that€they€did€not€pass€the€test€of€simple€rationality.€€HeÐ l+Ü#- Ðfound€that,€apart€from€the€alleged€errors€made€by€the€Commission,€there€were€noÐ -t%/ Ðâ ârational€reasons€for€the€rejection.€€The€trial€judge€declared€ss.€2(a),€2(f)€and€2(g)€of€theÐ œ. '1 ÐOrder€to€be€unconstitutional.€€As€a€remedy,€it€was€ordered€that€the€Commissionð ðsÐ  Ðreport€be€binding€and€that€solicitor„client€costs€be€paid€to€the€respondents.€Ý ƒ 0 ÑýpÁ ‹Á ݌Р( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌà œ à(b)à0 ø àò òCourt€of€Appeal€ó ó((2002),€16€Alta.€L.R.€(4th)€244,€2002€ABCA€274)Ð X È ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à(i)à ø àò òMajority€(Paperny€and€Picard€JJ.A.)ó óÐ ˆ ø ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý)Ç Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú118Ú ÚÛ € z v Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€majority€of€the€Alberta€Court€of€Appeal€agreed€with€the€trial€judge€andÐ ¸ ( Ðdismissed€Albertað ðs€appeal.€€Paperny€J.A.€emphasized€the€constitutional€nature€of€theÐ P À Ðcommission€process.€€She€held€that€the€reasons€did€not€withstand€scrutiny€under€theÐ è X Ðð ðconstitutional€microscopeð ð€(para.€81).€€On€her€interpretation€of€the€ò òReferenceó ó,€theÐ € ð Ðstandard€of€simple€rationality€is€a€high€standard.€€It€demands€ð ða€thorough€and€searchingÐ ˆ Ðexamination€of€the€reasons€profferedð ð€(para.€108).€€Her€interpretation€of€theò ò€ó óprinciplesÐ ° Ðset€out€in€the€ò òReference€ó óis€at€paras.€111„15.€€Paperny€J.A.€found€(at€para.€149)€thatÐ H ¸ ÐAlberta€failed€to€demonstrate€the€ð ðextraordinary€circumstancesð ð€she€thought€wereÐ à P Ðrequired€to€justify€the€rejection€of€any€portion€of€the€Commissionð ðs€report.€€She€heldÐ x è Ðthat€Albertað ðs€reasons€did€not€meet€the€test€of€simple€rationality.€€The€appeal€wasÐ !€ Ðdismissed€with€solicitor„client€costs€throughout.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý)Ç DÇ ÝŒÐ ¨" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à(ii)à ø àò òCð= ðt €J.A.€(Dissenting€in€Part)ó óÐ Ø%H & ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÂÌ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú119Ú ÚÛ € z w Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àCð= ðt €J.A.,€dissenting€in€part,€stated€that€the€standard€of€review€is€a€fairlyÐ )x!* Ðlax€one,€€Ô_ Ôi.e.,Ô_ Ô€that€of€simple€rationality.€€He€examined€each€of€the€Governmentð ðsÐ  * #, Ðreasons€for€rejecting€the€recommended€salary€increase€and€identified€(a)€GovernmentÐ 8,¨$. Ðreasons€for€rejection€which€recognize€demonstrable€errors€made€by€the€Commission;Ð Ð-@&0 Ð(b)€Government€reasons€for€rejection€which,€although€not€alleging€demonstrable€errorÐ h/Ø'2 Ðby€the€Commission,€pass€the€test€of€simple€rationality;€and€(c)€Government€reasons€forÐ  Ðr
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@&0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý˜ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€lð ðesp ce,€ce€principe€est€ galement€ tay €par€lð ðinteraction€explicite€entreÐ „ Ðâ âle€ò òCode€crimineló ó€et€la€l gislation€provinciale€en€mati re€de€jeu.
Ðthe€issues€of€interjurisdictional€immunity€and€paramountcy€do€not€arise€in€this€case,€andÐ Ô P Ðthey€need€not€be€discussed€beyond€what€has€already€been€stated.€Ý ƒ % Ñý¬ü Çü ݌Рl è ÐŒÝ ÝÌC.€€ò òThe€Claim€of€Improper€Delegationó óÐ œ# " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àBefore€turning€to€the€various€ò òCharteró ó€claims,€a€brief€comment€is€warrantedÐ Ì&H & Ðon€the€argument€raised€by€the€intervening€group€of€Alberta€merchants.€€They€challengedÐ d(à ( Ðthe€entire€ò òVLT€Actó ó€on€the€ground€that€it€constitutes€an€improper€abdication€of€theÐ ü)x!* Ðlegislatureð ðs€law„making€powers€and€usurps€the€authority€of€the€Lieutenant€Governor.€Ð ”+ #, ÐThese€interveners€submit€that,€by€allowing€municipalities€to€hold€binding€plebiscites,€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðâ âprovincial€government€has€given€them€the€power€to€make€and€repeal€law.€€This,€theyÐ Ä.@&0 Ðargue,€violates€the€provincial€legislatureð ðs€exclusive€authority€to€make€laws€for€theÐ „ Ðprovince.Ý ƒ % Ñý « ݌Р˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýd Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€submission€fails,€as€the€intervenersð ð€argument€rests€on€an€incorrectÐ L È Ðcharacterization€of€the€impugned€legislation.€€The€ò òVLT€Actó ó€does€not,€in€any€way,Ð ä ` Ðempower€municipal€voters€to€enact€legislation.€€The€Act€has€been€wholly€drafted,Ð | ø Ðdebated€and€enacted€by€the€provincial€legislature,€and€has€been€given€Royal€Assent€byÐ  Ðthe€Lieutenant€Governor.€€It€sets€out€how€the€municipal€plebiscites€will€take€place€andÐ ¬ ( Ðwhat€their€effects€will€be€in€the€relevant€municipalities.€€The€only€role€played€byÐ D À Ðmunicipal€electors€is€in€initiating€and€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€The€results€of€the€plebisciteÐ Ü X Ðdetermine€whether€the€prohibition€in€s.€3€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€will€apply€in€the€municipality.€Ð t ð ÐIn€other€words,€the€application€of€the€statutory€VLT€prohibition€is€conditional€upon€thereÐ ˆ Ðbeing€a€certain€plebiscite€result.€€Consequently,€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€falls€within€the€category€ofÐ ¤ Ðð ðconditional€legislationð ð€which€was€upheld€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó óÐ
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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.
Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ݌Р˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ   Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott
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€€NotreÐ d(à ( ÐCour€a€n anmoins€conclu€ €la€validit €de€la€loi€en€question€ tant€donn €que,€de€par€sonÐ ü)x! * Ðcaract re€v ritable,€elle€touchait€ €lð ðattribution€de€permis,€ €des€mati res€dð ðune€natureÐ ”+ #, Ðlocale,€ainsi€quð ð €la€propri t €et€aux€droits€civils.Ý ƒ % Ñý— ² ݌Р,-¨$.
ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýÿó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú34Ú ÚÛ € z " Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Attorney€General€of€Canadað ðs€intervention€in€support€of€the€provincialÐ l è Ðgovernment€creates€a€situation€of€attempted€federal„provincial€cooperation.€€TheÐ "€ Ðgovernments,€in€the€absence€of€jurisdiction,€cannot€by€simple€agreement€lend€legitimacyÐ œ# " Ðto€a€claim€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€ò òintra€viresó ó.€€However,€given€that€both€federal€andÐ 4%° $ Ðprovincial€governments€guard€their€legislative€powers€carefully,€when€they€do€agree€toÐ Ì&H & Ðshared€jurisdiction,€that€fact€should€be€given€careful€consideration€by€the€courts:€€ò òOPSEUÐ d(à ( Ðv.€Ontario€(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1987]€2€S.C.R.€2,€at€pp.€19„20;€ò òKitkatla€Bandó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,ò ò€ó óatÐ ü)x!* Ðparas.€72„73.Ý ƒ % Ñýÿó ô ݌Р”+ #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÚ÷ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€principle€is€further€bolstered€in€the€present€case€by€the€explicitÐ Ä.@&0 Ðinteraction€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€and€provincial€gaming€legislation.€€Section€207(1)(ò òaó ó)Ð \0Ø'2 Ðof€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€specifically€creates€an€exception€to€the€gaming€and€betting€offencesÐ „ Ðwhere€a€lottery€scheme€has€been€established€by€a€province.€€It€was€first€enacted€in€1969Ð ˜ Ðfor€the€purpose€of€decriminalizing€lotteries€and€allowing€each€province€to€determineÐ ´ 0 Ðwhether€it€wished€to€establish€a€lottery€scheme.€€Where€no€such€scheme€exists,€theÐ L È Ðò òCriminal€Codeó ó€offences€still€apply.€€Parliament€has€intentionally€designed€a€structure€forÐ ä ` Ðgaming€offences€that€affirms€the€double€aspect€of€gaming€and€promotes€federal„Ð | ø Ðprovincial€cooperation€in€this€area.€€Section€207(1)(ò òaó ó)€removes€the€possibility€ofÐ  Ðoperational€conflict,€and€with€it,€any€question€of€paramountcy.Ý ƒ % ÑýÚ÷ õ÷ ݌Р¬ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¬ü Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àI€conclude€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€in€its€entirety,€and€s.€16€in€particular,€are€ò òintraÐ Ü X Ðviresó ó€the€provincial€legislature.€€The€Actð ðs€purposes€are€to€regulate€gaming€in€theÐ t ð Ðprovince€and€to€allow€for€local€input€on€the€issue€of€VLTs,€both€of€which€fall€under€theÐ ˆ Ðpowers€enumerated€in€s.€92€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó.€€It€is€not€an€attempt€to€legislateÐ ¤ Ðcriminal€law,€as€it€has€neither€penal€consequences€nor€a€criminal€law€purpose.€€Finally,Ð
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« ! àLð ðarticle16€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareilsÐ 4%° $ Ðde€loterie€vid o)ó ó€est-il€incompatible€avec€lð ðal. 2ò òbó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteÐ &| % Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?
œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌAlthough€the€Court€in€ò òHaigó ó€left€it€open€for€residence€to€be€established€as€an€analogousÐ l è Ðground€in€the€appropriate€case,€I€share€the€trial€judgeð ðs€view€here€that€this€is€not€such€aÐ "€ Ðcase.€€Nothing€suggests€that€Winkler€residents€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€theyÐ œ# " Ðsuffer€from€any€sort€of€prejudice.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýKE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€putting€the€appellantsð ð€case€at€its€best€and€assuming€that€they€couldÐ d(à ( Ðestablish€a€distinction€based€on€an€analogous€ground,€the€legislation€does€notÐ ü)x!* Ðdiscriminate€against€them€in€any€substantive€sense.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€proceedÐ ”+ #, Ðthrough€all€the€contextual€factors€listed€by€Iacobucci€J.€in€ò òLawó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€because€it€is€clearÐ ,-¨$. Ðthat€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€directly€corresponds€to€the€circumstances€of€Winkler€residents.€€TheÐ Ä.@&0 ÐTown€of€Winkler€was€singled€out€in€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€because€it€was€the€ò òonlyÐ \0Ø'2 Ðmunicipalityó ó€to€have€held€a€plebiscite€on€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€The€very€purpose€of€thatÐ „ Ðsection€was€to€respect€the€will€of€Winkler€residents,€as€expressed€in€their€1998€plebiscite.€Ð ˜ ÐViewed€in€the€context€of€that€plebiscite,€I€am€not€convinced€that€any€reasonable€residentÐ ´ 0 Ðof€Winkler€would€feel€that€he€or€she€has€been€marginalized,€devalued€or€ignored€as€aÐ L È Ðmember€of€Canadian€society€(see€ò òLawó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€53).€€There€is€no€harm€to€dignity,Ð ä ` Ðand€no€violation€of€s.€15(1).Ý ƒ % ÑýKE fE ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýìJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€was€noted€above€in€the€s.€2(ò òbó ó)€claim€that€s.€15(1)€might€be€implicatedÐ ¬ ( Ðwhere€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€plebiscite€is€extended€to€some€and€withheld€fromÐ D À Ðothers€based€on€a€prohibited€ground€of€discrimination.€€This€would€be€the€case€if€a€lawÐ Ü X Ðprohibited€members€of€a€certain€race€or€religion€from€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€However,Ð t ð Ðthat€is€not€the€case€in€this€appeal.€€First,€as€previously€noted,€the€distinction€in€s.€16€ofÐ ˆ Ðthe€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€based€on€an€analogous€ground.€€Second,€the€distinction€does€not€affectÐ ¤ Ðthe€qualification€and€ability€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLT€plebiscite€under€theÐ
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€€Pour€leur€part,€les€intim esÐ ˆ ø Ðpr tendent€que€la€Cour€dð ðappel€f d rale€a€eu€raison€de€recourir€ €lð ðanalyse€en€trois€ tapesÐ  Ð tablie€en€mati re€dð ðinjonctions€interlocutoires€dans€ò òAmerican€Cyanamid€Co.
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ÐÔ_ Ôlð ðauto-incriminationÔ_ Ô€est€enclench €(non€pas€pour€prot ger€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ Ô€contreÐ /¤(3 Ðune€preuve€non€digne€de€foi,€mais€pour€le€prot ger€contre€les€abus€duÐ Ô/p)4 Ðpouvoir€de€Ô_ Ôlð ð tat)Ô_ Ô€et€Ô_ Ôlð ðadmissionÔ_ Ô€en€preuve€du€r sultat€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðalcootestÔ_ Ô€aÐ d Ðdonn €lieu€ €un€proc s€in quitable. €€Les€droits€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ Ô€en€mati re€deÐ 0 Ì Ðjustice€fondamentale€Ô_ Ônð ðontÔ_ Ô€pas€ t €respect s.
ÐÓ Óà0 œ à[The€police]€observed€that€the€Respondent€was€either€providing€improperÐ d Ðâ âsamples€or€placing€his€tongue€over€the€end€of€the€mouthpiece€to€prevent€anyÐ 0 Ì Ðair€entering€the€ASD.€€They€were€at€most€a€foot€away€from€his€face€andÐ ü ˜ Ðobserved€his€actions€in€this€regard.€€After€each€invalid€sample,€he€wasÐ È d Ðinformed€of€the€proper€way€to€provide€a€sample.Ð ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÌà0 œ àÔ_ Ôà ø àEventually,Ô_ Ô€after€a€seventh€invalid€sample,€police€told€the€RespondentÐ , È Ðthat€if€he€did€not€provide€a€proper€sample€on€his€next€attempt,€he€would€beÐ ø ” Ðcharged€with€refusing€to€provide€a€sample.€€The€Respondent€immediatelyÐ Ä ` Ðprovided€a€valid€sample,€which€was€a€Fail.Ó ÓÐ  , œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñým^ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€the€strength€of€that€result,€the€respondent€was€required€to€provide€aÐ À \ Ðbreathalyzer€sample.€€Based€on€the€breathalyzer€reading,€the€respondent€was€ultimatelyÐ X ô Ðcharged€under€s.€253(ò òbó ó)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€and€convicted€at€trial,€for€having€operatedÐ ð Œ Ða€motor€vehicle€with€a€bloodÔ_ Ô„alcoholÔ_ Ô€ratio€exceeding€the€legal€limit€of€80mg€of€alcoholÐ ˆ $ Ðin€100€ml€of€Ô_ Ôblood.Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñým^ ˆ^ ݌Р¼ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý9a Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú22Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondentð ðs€conviction€at€trial€was€set€aside€by€the€summary€convictionÐ P ì Ðappeal€court€and€an€acquittal€was€Ô_ Ôsubstituted.Ô_ Ô€€The€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€dismissedÐ è „ Ðan€appeal€by€the€Crown€against€that€decision€and€the€Crown€further€appeals€to€this€Ô_ ÔCourtÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô.Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñý9a Ta ݌Р€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÔ_ ÔIVÔ_ ÔÐ ° L ! ÐÓ ‹c ÓÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýßc Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àI€turn€now€to€the€judgment€of€the€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€Ô_ Ô((2004),€184Ð à#| % ÐMan.€R.€(2d)€138,€2004€MBCA€46).Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñýßc úc ݌Рx% ' ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýEe Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àSpeaking€for€a€unanimous€Court,€Philp€J.A.€reviewed€the€relevant€case€lawÐ ¨(D"+ Ðand€concluded€that€the€ASD€breath€sample€given€by€the€respondent€was€not€obtained€inÐ @*Ü#- Ðresponse€to€a€valid€demand€under€s.€254(2),€nor€provided€voluntarily.€€Philp€J.A.Ð Ø+t%/ Ðexplained:€Ý ƒ ÑýEe `e ݌Рp- '1 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ /¤(3 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô.Ô_ Ô€.€.€the€accusedð ðs€ð ðagreementð ð€(that€is€the€finding€the€trial€judge€made)€toÐ d Ðprovide€a€breath€sample€for€an€ASD€test€at€the€Public€Safety€Building,€whenÐ 0 Ì Ðhe€was€under€arrest€and€no€longer€had€care€or€control€of€his€vehicle,€was€notÐ ü ˜ Ðin€response€to€the€demand€that€had€
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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.
Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ݌Р˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ   Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott
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* Ðprovinciale€en€raison€de€la€seule€existence€de€consid rations€morales. €€En€accordant€auÐ ”+ #, ÐParlement€la€comp tence€exclusive€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel,€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelleÐ ,-¨$. Ðde€1867ó ó€ne€visait€pas€ €exclure€de€la€comp tence€l gislative€provinciale€toute€mati reÐ Ä.
ÐAny€moral€aspects€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€fall€within€the€doctrine€of€ð ðincidental€effectsð ð,€recentlyÐ Ô P Ðaffirmed€by€this€Court€in€ò òKitkatla€Bandó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€54;€and€ò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.Ð l è Ðv.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.€494,€€2000€SCC€21,€atÐ "€ Ðpara.€23.€€Where€a€law€is€in€pith€and€substance€related€to€the€provincial€legislative€sphere,Ð œ# " Ðit€will€not€be€struck€down€merely€because€it€has€incidental€effects€on€a€federal€head€ofÐ 4%° $ Ðpower.€€For€instance,€in€ò òRio€Hotel€Ltd.€v.€New€Brunswick€(Liquor€Licensing€Board)ó ó,Ð Ì&H & Ð[1987]€2€S.C.R.€59,€it€was€held€that€a€provincial€law€restricting€nude€entertainment€atÐ d(à ( Ðlicensed€taverns€was€valid.€€It€is€reasonable€to€assume€that€such€a€law€would€have€hadÐ ü)x!* Ðsome€incidental€effects€on€public€morality.€€Yet,€the€Court€found€that€the€law€was€validlyÐ ”+ #, Ðenacted€because€in€pith€and€substance€it€dealt€with€licensing,€local€matters,€and€propertyÐ ,-¨$. Ðand€civil€rights.€€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÕç ðç ݌РÄ.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýí Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú32Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€present€appeal,€the€provincial€government€passed€a€law€that€was€ò òó óÐ „ Ðwithin€a€provincial€head€of€legislative€authority.€€Although€there€is€a€possibility€that€localÐ ˜ Ðmorality€may€affect€which€municipalities€choose€to€ban€VLTs€through€bindingÐ ´ 0 Ðplebiscites,€the€dominant€purpose€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€to€express€moral€disapproval€ofÐ L È ÐVLTs.€€In€as€much€as€there€is€a€moral€aspect€to€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó,€this€effect€is€incidental€toÐ ä ` Ðthe€overall€regulatory€scheme,€and€does€not€infringe€on€Parliamentð ðs€exclusive€authorityÐ | ø Ðto€legislate€criminal€law.Ý ƒ % Ñýí «í ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýÿð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú33Ú ÚÛ € z ! Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€making€this€determination,€I€am€mindful€of€the€presumption€ofÐ D À Ðconstitutionality€recognized€in€ò òReference€re€The€Farm€Products€Marketing€Actó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1957]Ð Ü X ÐS.C.R.€198,€at€p.€255;€ò òNova€Scotia€Board€of€Censors€v.€McNeiló ó,ò ò€ó ó[1978]€2€S.C.R.€662,€atÐ t ð Ðpp.€687„88;€ò òRe€Firearms€Actó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€25.€€When€faced€with€two€plausibleÐ ˆ Ðcharacterizations€of€a€law,€we€should€normally€choose€that€which€supports€the€lawð ðsÐ ¤ Ðconstitutional€validity.€€Ý ƒ % Ñýÿð ñ ÝŒÐ
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Ðdroit€en€mati re€dð ðadmissibilit €de€la€preuve€obtenue€par€ coute€ lectronique€ taitÐ Ô)D"+ Ðdevenu,€selon€les€termes€du€jugeSopinka,€un€ð ðfouillis€proc duralð ð€(ò òGarofolió ó,Ð l+Ü#- Ðp.1445).€€Les€diverses€proc dures,€dont€chacune€concernait€une€contestationÐ -t%/ Ðâ âproc durale€distincte€et€reposait€sur€des€assises€juridictionnelles€diff rentes,€portaientÐ œ. '1 Ðg n ralement€le€nom€des€affaires€dans€lesquelles€elles€avaient€ t €engag es.€€IlÐ  Ðsð ðagissait€des€proc dures€suivantes:Ý ƒ 0 Ñý4o Oo ݌Р( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌ(1)à0 œ àun€voir-dire€de€type€ò òParsonsó ó€devant€le€juge€du€proc s€pour€d terminer€si,Ð X È Ð €la€lecture€de€son€texte,€lð ðautorisation€est€valide,€si€lð ðinterception€a€ t Ð ð ` Ðeffectu e€conform ment€aux€modalit s€pr vues€et€si€les€conditionsÐ ˆ ø Ðprescrites€par€la€loi€ont€ t €respect es,€la€r paration€en€cas€de€manquementÐ  Ð tant€lð ðexclusion€en€vertu€de€lð ðancien€art.178.16€du€ò òCode€crimineló ó€(ò òR.€c.Ð ¸ ( ÐParsonsó ó€(1977),€37C.C.C.€(2d)497€(C.A.€Ont.),€conf.€par€[1980]Ð P À Ð1R.C.S.785€(ò òsub€nom.ó ó€ò òCharette€c.€La€Reineó ó));Ð è X œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌ(2)à0 œ àune€demande€de€typeò òWilsonó ó€devant€le€tribunal€ayant€accord €lð ðautorisationÐ ˆ Ðpour€d terminer€si€lð ðaffidavit€est€valide€quant€au€fond,€la€r paration€ tantÐ ° Ðlð ðannulation€de€lð ðautorisation€(ò òWilson€c.€La€Reineó ó,€[1983]€2R.C.S.594);Ð H ¸ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌ(3)à0 œ àune€audience€de€type€ò òGarofolió ó€devant€le€juge€du€proc s€pour€d terminer€siÐ x è Ðlð ðautorisation€est€conforme€ €lð ðart.8€de€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€etÐ !€ Ðlibert só ó,€la€r paration€ tant€une€d cision€concernant€lð ðopportunit €dð ðexclureÐ ¨" " Ðla€preuve€en€vertu€du€par.
Ðwide€or€too€vague.€€The€authorizing€judge€should€grant€the€authorizationÐ )x!* Ðonly€as€far€as€need€is€demonstrated€by€the€material€submitted€by€theÐ Ô)D"+ Ðapplicant.€€[para.€29]Ó Ð ÓÐ  * #, « Ð « Ð ÐÌÓ 9 Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 ÓÓ Ó3.1.3à0 4 àò òIs€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óLeave€Requirement€Consistent€With€Subsequent€€ò òCharterÐ Ð-@&0 Ðó óJurisprudence?ó óÓ ¢Ó ÓÐ œ. '1 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ 9 Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 ÓÐ 40¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÂÔ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThird,€the€appellants€submit€that€three€importantò òó ó€principles,€repeatedlyÐ  Ðenforced€by€this€Court€in€its€ò òCharter€ó ójurisprudence,€favour€the€abolishment,€orÐ ( ˜ Ðalternatively,€the€relaxation€of€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement.€€These€principles€are:Ð À 0 Ðthe€ò òó órecognized€importance€of€a€broad€right€to€cross„examination;€the€lower€standardÐ X È Ðgenerally€applicable€to€the€admissibility€of€defence€evidence;€and€the€need€to€ensureÐ ð ` Ðaccess€to€the€remedial€scheme€in€the€ò òCharteró ó.€Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÂÔ ÝÔ ÝŒÐ ˆ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý×× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThere€is€no€debate€that€these€important€principles€are€relevant€both€in€theÐ ¸ ( Ðformulation€of€an€appropriate€standard€for€allowing€cross„examination€and€in€itsÐ P À Ðapplication.€€However,€the€accusedð ðs€right€to€an€evidentiary€hearing€must€be€consideredÐ è X Ðin€context.€€It€must€also€be€balanced€against€countervailing€interests,€including€the€needÐ € ð Ðto€ensure€that€the€criminal€trial€process€is€not€plagued€by€lengthy€proceedings€that€doÐ ˆ Ðnot€assist€in€the€determination€of€the€relevant€issues.€€As€I€will€explain,€the€appellantsð ðÐ ° Ðargument€ignores€important€contextual€factors.€€When€the€proposed€cross„examinationÐ H ¸ Ðof€an€affiant€is€considered€in€the€context€of€the€review€hearing€and€its€narrow€scope,Ð à P Ðit€is€my€view€that€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement€strikes€an€appropriate€balanceÐ x è Ðbetween€these€competing€interests.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý×× ò× ÝŒÐ !€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ó3.2à0 4 àò òRelevant€Contextual€Factorsó óÐ @$° $ 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÔ # † X ú¸ X X X ú¸jÌ # ÔÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ ÔÝ ‚ 0 ÑýKÝ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€first€contextual€factor€that€is€ignored€by€the€appellantsð ð€argument€hasÐ p'à ( Ðalready€been€mentionedÔ # † X ú¸ X X X ú¸‰Ý # ÔÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ Ô€ð" ð€the€right€to€full€disclosure.€€Under€s.€187(1.4)€of€theÐ )x!* Ðò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€the€defence€has€a
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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.
Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ݌Р˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ   Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott
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@&0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý˜ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€lð ðesp ce,€ce€principe€est€ galement€ tay €par€lð ðinteraction€explicite€entreÐ „ Ðâ âle€ò òCode€crimineló ó€et€la€l gislation€provinciale€en€mati re€de€jeu.
Ðthe€issues€of€interjurisdictional€immunity€and€paramountcy€do€not€arise€in€this€case,€andÐ Ô P Ðthey€need€not€be€discussed€beyond€what€has€already€been€stated.€Ý ƒ % Ñý¬ü Çü ݌Рl è ÐŒÝ ÝÌC.€€ò òThe€Claim€of€Improper€Delegationó óÐ œ# " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àBefore€turning€to€the€various€ò òCharteró ó€claims,€a€brief€comment€is€warrantedÐ Ì&H & Ðon€the€argument€raised€by€the€intervening€group€of€Alberta€merchants.€€They€challengedÐ d(à ( Ðthe€entire€ò òVLT€Actó ó€on€the€ground€that€it€constitutes€an€improper€abdication€of€theÐ ü)x!* Ðlegislatureð ðs€law„making€powers€and€usurps€the€authority€of€the€Lieutenant€Governor.€Ð ”+ #, ÐThese€interveners€submit€that,€by€allowing€municipalities€to€hold€binding€plebiscites,€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðâ âprovincial€government€has€given€them€the€power€to€make€and€repeal€law.€€This,€theyÐ Ä.@&0 Ðargue,€violates€the€provincial€legislatureð ðs€exclusive€authority€to€make€laws€for€theÐ „ Ðprovince.Ý ƒ % Ñý « ݌Р˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýd Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€submission€fails,€as€the€intervenersð ð€argument€rests€on€an€incorrectÐ L È Ðcharacterization€of€the€impugned€legislation.€€The€ò òVLT€Actó ó€does€not,€in€any€way,Ð ä ` Ðempower€municipal€voters€to€enact€legislation.€€The€Act€has€been€wholly€drafted,Ð | ø Ðdebated€and€enacted€by€the€provincial€legislature,€and€has€been€given€Royal€Assent€byÐ  Ðthe€Lieutenant€Governor.€€It€sets€out€how€the€municipal€plebiscites€will€take€place€andÐ ¬ ( Ðwhat€their€effects€will€be€in€the€relevant€municipalities.€€The€only€role€played€byÐ D À Ðmunicipal€electors€is€in€initiating€and€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€The€results€of€the€plebisciteÐ Ü X Ðdetermine€whether€the€prohibition€in€s.€3€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€will€apply€in€the€municipality.€Ð t ð ÐIn€other€words,€the€application€of€the€statutory€VLT€prohibition€is€conditional€upon€thereÐ ˆ Ðbeing€a€certain€plebiscite€result.€€Consequently,€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€falls€within€the€category€ofÐ ¤ Ðð ðconditional€legislationð ð€which€was€upheld€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó óÐ
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'1 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÐ 40¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý£? Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àComme€nous€lð ðexpliquons€dans€les€affaires€ò òÔ_ ÔMalmoÔ_ Ô-Ô_ ÔLevineÔ_ Ôó ó€et€ò òÔ_ ÔCaineÔ_ Ôó ó,€leÐ  Ðdegr €appropri €de€d f rence€ voqu €dans€ò òÔ_ ÔHeywoodÔ_ Ôó ó€est€int gr € €la€norme€applicableÐ ( ˜ Ðen€mati re€de€ð ðdisproportion€exag r eð ð.
ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ B™ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýcš Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€the€issue€of€harm€associated€with€the€use€of€marihuana€for€non„medicalÐ l+Ü#- Ðpurposes,€Rosenberg€Ô_ ÔJ.A.Ô_ Ô€summarized€his€view€of€the€evidence€in€this€case€as€follows:Ý ƒ % Ñýcš ~š ݌Р-t%/ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ œ. '1 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àIn€the€companion€case€of€ò òR.€v.€Clayó ó,€I€have€reviewed€at€greater€lengthÐ  Ðâ âthe€stateð ðs€objectives€in€prohibiting€marihuana.€€First,€the€state€has€anÐ \ Ì Ðinterest€in€protecting€against€the€harmful€effects€of€use€of€that€drug.€€ThoseÐ ( ˜ Ðinclude€bronchial€pulmonary€harm€to€humans;€psychomotor€impairmentÐ ô d Ðfrom€marihuana€use€leading€to€a€risk€of€automobile€accidents€and€noÐ À 0 Ðsimple€screening€device€for€detection;€possible€precipitation€of€relapse€inÐ Œ ü Ðpersons€with€schizophrenia;€possible€negative€effects€on€[the]€immuneÐ X È Ðsystem;€possible€long„term€negative€cognitive€effects€in€children€whoseÐ $ ” Ðmothers€used€marihuana€while€pregnant;€possible€long„term€negativeÐ ð ` Ðcognitive€effects€in€long„term€users;€and€some€evidence€that€some€heavyÐ ¼ , Ðusers€may€develop€a€dependency.€€The€other€objectives€are:€to€satisfyÐ ˆ ø ÐCanadað ðs€international€treaty€obligations€and€to€control€the€domestic€andÐ T Ä Ðinternational€trade€in€illicit€drugs.€€Ð  œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ à(ò òR.€v.€Parkeró ó€(2000),€146€Ô_ ÔC.C.C.Ô_ Ô€Ô_ Ô(3d)Ô_ Ô€193€(Ont.€Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô),€at€para.143)Ó ÓÐ ¸ ( ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÏ¡ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òó óà œ àThe€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€was€of€the€view€that€the€use€of€intoxicants,Ð è X Ðincluding€marihuana,€in€the€privacy€of€oneð ðs€home€is€not€a€fundamental€aspect€ofÐ € ð Ðpersonal€autonomy€and€human€dignity€such€as€to€engage€the€liberty€or€security€interestsÐ ˆ Ðprotected€by€s.€7€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€As€to€the€potential€deprivation€of€liberty€throughÐ ° Ðimprisonment,€Rosenberg€Ô_ ÔJ.A.Ô_ Ô€accepted€for€the€purpose€of€the€appeal€that€there€was€aÐ H ¸ Ðharm€principle€to€the€effect€that€prohibited€activities€must€present€at€least€a€reasonedÐ à P Ðapprehension€of€harm€to€other€individuals€or€society€before€they€can€be€the€subject€ofÐ x è Ða€criminal€prohibition.€€Nevertheless,€even€on€that€basis,€the€Crown€had€established€aÐ !€ Ðreasoned€apprehension€of€harm€associated€with€marihuana€use€that€was€neitherÐ ¨" " Ðinsignificant€nor€trivial.€€In€light€of€the€findings€of€fact€of€the€trial€judge€it€could€notÐ @$° $ Ðbe€said€that€Parliament€lacked€a€rational€basis€for€
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€Lð ðintim e€nð ða€pasÐ ˆ Ðinterjet €appel€devant€la€commission€dð ðappel€en€mati re€d'am nagement€(ð ðcommissionð ð)Ð ¸ Ðet,€bien€quð ðelle€ait€cess €lð ðexploitation€litigieuse,€elle€a€n glig €de€remettre€les€lieux€dansÏleur€ tat€original,€ce€qui€lui€aurait€occasionn €une€d pense€dð ðenviron€45€500€$Ô # † X ½ X X X ½c # Ô.
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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.
Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ݌Р˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ   Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott
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* Ðprovinciale€en€raison€de€la€seule€existence€de€consid rations€morales. €€En€accordant€auÐ ”+ #, ÐParlement€la€comp tence€exclusive€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel,€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelleÐ ,-¨$. Ðde€1867ó ó€ne€visait€pas€ €exclure€de€la€comp tence€l gislative€provinciale€toute€mati reÐ Ä.
ÐAny€moral€aspects€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€fall€within€the€doctrine€of€ð ðincidental€effectsð ð,€recentlyÐ Ô P Ðaffirmed€by€this€Court€in€ò òKitkatla€Bandó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€54;€and€ò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.Ð l è Ðv.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.€494,€€2000€SCC€21,€atÐ "€ Ðpara.€23.€€Where€a€law€is€in€pith€and€substance€related€to€the€provincial€legislative€sphere,Ð œ# " Ðit€will€not€be€struck€down€merely€because€it€has€incidental€effects€on€a€federal€head€ofÐ 4%° $ Ðpower.€€For€instance,€in€ò òRio€Hotel€Ltd.€v.€New€Brunswick€(Liquor€Licensing€Board)ó ó,Ð Ì&H & Ð[1987]€2€S.C.R.€59,€it€was€held€that€a€provincial€law€restricting€nude€entertainment€atÐ d(à ( Ðlicensed€taverns€was€valid.€€It€is€reasonable€to€assume€that€such€a€law€would€have€hadÐ ü)x!* Ðsome€incidental€effects€on€public€morality.€€Yet,€the€Court€found€that€the€law€was€validlyÐ ”+ #, Ðenacted€because€in€pith€and€substance€it€dealt€with€licensing,€local€matters,€and€propertyÐ ,-¨$. Ðand€civil€rights.€€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÕç ðç ݌РÄ.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýí Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú32Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€present€appeal,€the€provincial€government€passed€a€law€that€was€ò òó óÐ „ Ðwithin€a€provincial€head€of€legislative€authority.€€Although€there€is€a€possibility€that€localÐ ˜ Ðmorality€may€affect€which€municipalities€choose€to€ban€VLTs€through€bindingÐ ´ 0 Ðplebiscites,€the€dominant€purpose€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€to€express€moral€disapproval€ofÐ L È ÐVLTs.€€In€as€much€as€there€is€a€moral€aspect€to€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó,€this€effect€is€incidental€toÐ ä ` Ðthe€overall€regulatory€scheme,€and€does€not€infringe€on€Parliamentð ðs€exclusive€authorityÐ | ø Ðto€legislate€criminal€law.Ý ƒ % Ñýí «í ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýÿð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú33Ú ÚÛ € z ! Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€making€this€determination,€I€am€mindful€of€the€presumption€ofÐ D À Ðconstitutionality€recognized€in€ò òReference€re€The€Farm€Products€Marketing€Actó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1957]Ð Ü X ÐS.C.R.€198,€at€p.€255;€ò òNova€Scotia€Board€of€Censors€v.€McNeiló ó,ò ò€ó ó[1978]€2€S.C.R.€662,€atÐ t ð Ðpp.€687„88;€ò òRe€Firearms€Actó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€25.€€When€faced€with€two€plausibleÐ ˆ Ðcharacterizations€of€a€law,€we€should€normally€choose€that€which€supports€the€lawð ðsÐ ¤ Ðconstitutional€validity.€€Ý ƒ % Ñýÿð ñ ÝŒÐ
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Ðdoit€ tre€saisie€dð ðune€demande€de€suspension€aussitð= ðt€que€possible€apr s€le€d but€deÐ Ô)D"+ Ðlð ðinstance;€pour€cette€raison,€chaque€partie€connað3 ðt€tr s€peu€les€forces€et€les€faiblesses€deÐ l+Ü#- Ðla€preuve€de€lð ðautre.€€La€question€de€savoir€si,€par€exemple,€il€y€a€eu€d routementÐ -t%/ Ðd raisonnable€soul ve€des€questions€de€fait€complexes€qui€exigent€lð ðexamen€de€toutesÐ œ. '1 Ðles€circonstances€ €lð ðorigine€du€d routement€all gu .Ý ƒ % Ñý™> ´> ݌Р40¤(3 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¸A Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àVu€mes€conclusions,€je€ne€crois€pas€n cessaire€dð ðexaminer€la€question€du€lienÐ ( ˜ Ðentre€le€d routement€et€Ô_ Ôlð ðinex cutionÔ_ Ô€fondamentale.€€Il€suffit€de€dire€en€lð ðesp ce€que€lð ðuneÐ À 0 Ðou€lð ðautre€des€all gations€concerne€un€diff rend€qui€d coule€du€connaissement€ou€qui€sð ðyÐ X È Ðrapporte.€€Point€nð ðest€besoin€de€d cider€si€le€principe€de€la€divisibilit €sð ðapplique.Ý ƒ % Ñý¸A ÓA ݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌD.à0 ž àò òLð ðarticle€46€de€la€Loi€sur€la€responsabilit €en€mati re€maritimeó óÐ  ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ OD @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýCE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àEntr €en€vigueur€le€8aoðE ðt2001,€le€par.46(1)€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€la€responsabilit Ð P À Ðen€mati re€maritimeó ó€prive€la€Cour€f d rale,€en€pr sence€de€lð ðune€ou€lð ðautre€des€conditionsÐ è X Ð nonc es€aux€al.46(1)ò òaó ó),€ò òbó ó)€ou€ò òcó ó),€du€pouvoir€discr tionnaire€que€lui€conf re€lð ðart.50€deÐ € ð Ðla€ò òLoi€sur€la€Cour€f d raleó ó€de€suspendre€les€proc dures€pour€donner€effet€ €une€clauseÐ ˆ Ðdð ð lection€de€for.€€Le€fait€que€le€port€de€chargement€ou€de€d chargement€effectif€est€situ Ð ° Ðau€Canada€fait€partie€des€conditions€ nonc es.€Dans€la€pr sente€affaire,€nul€neÐ H ¸ Ðcontesterait€que€la€Cour€f d rale€a€comp tence€pour€connað3 ðtre€de€la€demande€desÐ à P Ðintim es€si€ce€nð ð tait€que€lð ðart.46€ne€sð ðapplique€pas€aux€proc dures€engag es€avant€sonÐ x è Ðentr e€en€vigueur:€ò òIncremona-Salerno€Marmi€Affini€Siciliani€(I.S.M.A.S.)€s.n.c.€c.ó ó€ò òCastorÐ !€ Ð(Le)ó ó,€[2002]€A.C.F.€nò òoó ó€1699€(QL),€2002€CAF€479,€par.13-24.€€Lð ðarticle46€de€la€ò òLoi€surÐ ¨" " Ðla€responsabilit €en€mati re€maritimeó ó€nð ðest€donc€pas€pertinent€en€lð ðesp ce.Ý ƒ % ÑýCE ^E ݌Р@$° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýàJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àEn€fait,€il€semblerait,€ €la€lecture€du€par.
ÐFederal€Court,€but€also€of€provincial€courts,€and€those€of€other€jurisdictions.€€See€forÐ Ô)D"+ Ðinstance:€ò òThe€ð ðSeapearlð ð€v.ó ó€ò òSeven€Seas€Dry€Cargo€Shipping€Corp.ó ó,€[1983]€2€F.C.€161Ð l+Ü#- Ð(C.A.),€ò òperó ó€Pratte€J.A.,€at€pp.€176„77,€and€ò òper€ó óLalande€D.J.,€at€p.€180;€ò òAnraj€FishÐ -t%/ ÐProducts€Industries€Ltd.€v.€Hyundai€Merchant€Marine€Co.ó ó€(2000),€262€N.R.€270Ð œ. '1 Ð(F.C.A.),€at€para.€5;€ò òSarabia€v.€ð ðOceanic€Mindoroð ð€(The)€ó ó(1996),€26€B.C.L.R.€(3d)€143Ð 40¤(3 Ð(C.A.),€at€paras.€37„38,€leave€to€appeal€refused,€[1997]€2€S.C.R.€xiv;€ò òMaritime€TelegraphÐ  Ðand€Telephone€Co.€v.ó ó€ò òPre€Print€Inc.ó ó€(1996),€131€D.L.R.€(4th)€471€(N.S.C.A.),€at€p.€483;Ð ( ˜ Ðò òMorrison€v.ó ó€ò òSociety€of€Lloydð ðsó ó€(2000),€224€N.B.R.€(2d)€1€(C.A.),€at€para.€14,€leaves€toÐ À 0 Ðappeal€refused,€[2000]€2€S.C.R.€viii€and€xi;€ò òTrendtex€Trading€Corp.€v.ó ó€ò òCredit€Suisseó ó,Ð X È Ð[1982]€A.C.€679€(H.L.);€ò òThe€Bremen€v.ó ó€ò òZapata€Off„Shore€Co.ó ó,€407€U.S.€1€(1972),€at€p.Ð ð ` Ð15;€ò òAdvanced€Cardiovascular€Systems€Inc.€v.ó ó€ò òUniversal€Specialties€Ltd.ó ó,€[1997]€1Ð ˆ ø ÐN.Z.L.R.€186€(C.A.),€at€p.190.Ð  ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýØÕ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThere€are€also€compelling€public€policy€reasons€in€favour€of€upholding€theÐ P À Ðð ðstrong€causeð ð€test.€€If€the€tripartite€test€were€employed€to€deal€with€situations€like€theÐ è X Ðcase€at€bar,€most€forum€selection€clauses€would€be€rendered€unenforceable,€creatingÐ € ð Ðcommercial€uncertainty€by€unduly€minimizing€the€importance€of€contractualÐ ˆ Ðundertakings.€€Instead€of€requiring€a€plaintiff€to€demonstrate€a€ð ðstrong€causeð ð€to€notÐ ° Ðenforce€a€forum€selection€clause,€the€burden€would€be€on€the€applicant€to€establish€theÐ H ¸ Ðelements€of€the€tripartite€test.€€The€ð ðstrong€causeð ð€test€rightly€places€the€onus€on€theÐ à P Ðplaintiff€who€commences€suit€contrary€to€the€terms€of€a€forum€selection€clause.Ý ƒ % ÑýØÕ óÕ ÝŒÐ x è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÜÙ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àApplying€the€tripartite€test€to€a€situation€of€this€nature€is€also€problematicÐ ¨" " Ðbecause€the€first€part€of€the€test€requires€the€court€to€evaluate€the€likelihood€of€successÐ @$° $ Ðon€the€merits€of€the€case.€€This€part€of€the€test€is€designed€to€allow€a€motions€judge€theÐ Ø%H & Ðopportunity€to€deal€with€legal€issues€in€preliminary€proceedings€without€prejudice€to€theÐ p'à ( Ðfinal€adjudication€of€their€merits.€€In€the€case€of€motions€to€stay€proceedings€based€on€a
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Ðrevanche,€m me€si€le€testament€ordonne€la€vente€du€bien€immobilier,€le€b n ficiaireÐ Ó " Ðviager,€en€Angleterre,€a€le€droit€de€recevoir€tous€les€revenus€tir s€de€ce€bien€jusquð ð €laÐ ¹ Ðvente€de€ce€dernier.€Dans€lð ðun€ou€lð ðautre€cas,€il€nð ðy€a€pas€de€r partition.€Mò òe€ó óSheard€nousÐ Ÿ î Ða€cependant€renvoy s€ €un€certain€nombre€de€d cisions€de€tribunaux€ontariens€qui€ontÐ … Ô Ðconclu€ €lð ðapplication€de€la€r gle€en€mati re€de€biens€immobiliers€improductifs:€ò òIn€reÐ k º ÐCameron€ó ó(1901),€2€O.L.R.€756;€ò òRe€Clarke€ó ó(1903),€6€O.L.R.€551;€ò òRe€Prime€ó ó(1924),€25Ð Q ! ÐO.W.N.€522;€ò òRe€Pears€(No.€1)€ó ó(1926),€31€O.W.N.€235;€ò òRe€Rutherford€ó ó[1933]€O.R.€707,Ð 7 † " Ð[1933]€4€D.L.R.€222€(C.A.).
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8:Ð h/Ø'2 Ð‡Ó Óà0 œ àLð ðinjonction€provisoire€obtenue€dans€le€cadre€dð ðune€demande€interlocutoire,Ð  Ðlaquelle€exige€que€lð ðon€sð ðinterroge€sur€la€solidit €des€arguments€invoqu s,Ð \ Ì Ðsur€le€pr judice€subi€et€sur€la€pr pond rance€des€inconv nients,€estÐ ( ˜ Ðcomparable€au€rejet€dð ðune€requ te€en€suspension€en€raison€de€la€solidit €desÐ ô d Ðarguments€invoqu s€par€les€demandeurs€pour€faire€valoir€que€la€clause€deÐ À 0 Ðcomp tence€ne€sð ðapplique€pas€en€lð ðoccurrence.Ó {  ÓÐ Œ ü œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌLa€Cour€dð ðappel€a€conclu€que,€vu€lð ð volution€de€la€jurisprudence€britannique€etÐ ¼ , Ðcanadienne,€le€crit re€quð ðil€convient€dð ðappliquer€en€mati re€de€suspension€est€lð ðanalyseÐ T Ä Ðen€trois€ tapes€utilis e€pour€statuer€sur€les€demandes€dð ðinjonctions€interlocutoires.Ð ì \ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý6¤ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLa€Cour€dð ðappel€a€rejet €lð ðappel€avec€d pens.Ý ƒ % Ñý6¤ Q¤ ݌РŒ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓIV.à0 ž àò òLes€questions€en€litigeó óò òÐ L ¼ ž Ð ž Ð Ðó óÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ 3¥ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÝ ‚ % Ñý ¦ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ý1.à0 ž àQuel€crit re€sð ðapplique€ €la€demande€de€suspension€des€proc dures€visant€ €donnerÐ | ì Ðeffet€ €la€clause€dð ð lection€de€for€dð ðun€connaissement?Ý ƒ % Ñý ¦ X¦ ݌Р„ ž Ð ž Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌ2.€à0 ž àCe€crit re€englobe-t-il€la€question€de€savoir€sð ðil€y€a€eu€ou€non€inex cutionÐ D ´ Ðfondamentale€ou€Ô ‡ X %± X X X %± ÔÔ USCF. , ÔÔ_ Ôd rogationÔ_ ÔÔ # † X %± X X X %± # ÔÔ CF. , US. , [¨ Ô,€ou€cette€d cision€appartient„elle€ €lð ðinstanceÐ Ü!L ! ÐÔ_ Ôd cisionnelleÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô€du€ressort€dont€ont€convenu€les€parties?Ð t#ä # ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ¦ @ ÓÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓV.à0 ž àò òAnalyseó óÐ ¤& ' ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ò© @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý©ª Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLe€juge€des€requ tes€ne€doit€modifier€lð ðordonnance€discr tionnaire€dð ðunÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprotonotaire€que€dans€les€cas€suivants:€a)€lð ðordonnance€est€entach e€dð ðune€erreurÐ l+Ü#- Ðflagrante,€en€ce€sens€que€le€protonotaire€a€exerc €son€pouvoir€discr tionnaire€sur€leÐ -t%/ Ðfonde
ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÎr Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€court€concluded€that€the€prothonotary€was€obliged€to€take€into€accountÐ l+Ü#- Ðall€the€circumstances€of€the€case€in€determining€whether€the€respondent€had€demonstratedÐ -t%/ Ða€ð ðstrong€causeð ð€in€favour€of€denying€a€stay,€pursuant€to€the€test€set€out€in€ò òTheÐ œ. '1 Ðð ðEleftheriað ðó ó,€an€inquiry€that€did€not€preclude€him€from€concluding€that€the€bill€of€ladingÐ 40¤(3 Ðended€in€Montr al€and€that€its€forum€selection€clause€did€not€apply€thereafter.€€The€courtÐ  Ðadded€that€in€any€event€the€appellant€would€have€the€opportunity€to€raise€its€argumentsÐ ( ˜ Ðregarding€the€existence€of€the€bill€of€lading€and€its€forum€selection€clause€before€a€trialÐ À 0 Ðjudge.Ý ƒ % ÑýÎr ér ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýœv Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€court€dismissed€with€costs€the€motion€to€set€aside€the€order€of€theÐ ˆ ø Ðprothonotary.Ý ƒ % Ñýœv ·v ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓC.à0 ž àò òFederal€Court€of€Appealó ó€(2001),€268€N.R.€364Ð P À ž Õ ž Õ ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ Ïw @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý«x Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà „ àà0 Ü àà œ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€the€test€for€reviewing€decisions€of€aÐ € ð Ðprothonotary€is€whether€the€prothonotaryð ðs€exercise€of€discretion€was€clearly€wrong€andÐ ˆ Ðthat€the€test€for€reviewing€the€exercise€of€discretion€of€a€motions€judge€is€whetherÐ ° Ðsufficient€weight€was€given€to€all€relevant€considerations.Ý ƒ % Ñý«x Æx ݌РH ¸ Ü Õ Ü Õ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý { Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€concluded€thatò ò€The€ð ðEleftheriað ðó ó€did€not€govern€theÐ x è Ðcase,€stating,€at€para.€27:Ý ƒ % Ñý { { ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÓ ÓÌÌà0 œ àà ø àThe€burden€of€the€appellantð ðs€submission€is€that€when,€as€here,€aÐ @$° $ Ðcontract€contains€a€jurisdiction€clause€requiring€that€all€disputes,€whereverÐ %| % Ðthey€arise,€are€to€be€dealt€with€by€the€Courts€of€a€particular€jurisdiction,Ð Ø%H & ÐAnglo„American€and€Anglo„Canadian€jurisprudence€both€conclude€that€theÐ ¤& ' Ðdispute€must€be€dealt€with€by€the€Courts€of€the€jurisdiction€the€parties€haveÐ p'à ( Ðagreed€to.€€The€appellant€says€that€since€ò òThe€Eleftheriaó ó€no€case€in€Anglo„Ð
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Ðappelants€ont€soutenu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€a€ t €adopt e€pour€r glementer€la€moralit Ð Ä. @&0 Ðpublique€et€quð ðelle€repr sentait,€de€ce€fait,€une€tentative€de€l gif rer€en€mati re€criminelle.
ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‚Ý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú29Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àSecond,€the€province€and€individual€municipalities€may€have€any€number€ofÐ l è Ðreasons€for€restricting€gaming€to€certain€locations.€€Some€may€concern€the€localÐ "€ Ðeconomy,€and€others€may€be€purely€aesthetic€or€cultural.€€There€is€no€basis€on€which€toÐ œ# " Ðassume€that€the€dominant€purpose€for€prohibiting€VLTs€in€certain€locations€is€to€regulateÐ 4%° $ Ðpublic€morality.€€Indeed,€the€fact€that€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó€does€not€affect€VLTs€located€atÐ Ì&H & Ðracetracks€or€other€ð ðpremises€dedicated€to€gaming€activityð ð€suggests€that€the€governmentÐ d(à ( Ðwas€not€attempting€to€condemn€VLTs€on€any€moral€basis.€€See€ò òGaming€Control€Actó ó,Ð ü)x!* ÐS.M.€1996,€c.€74,€s.€1.€€Rather,€it€supports€the€interpretation€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€wasÐ ”+ #, Ðdesigned€merely€to€limit€more€ð ðincidentalð ð€contact€with€VLTs€ð" ð€in€taverns,€for€exampleÐ ,-¨$. Ðð" ð€in€municipalities€that€wish€to€do€so.Ý ƒ % Ñý‚Ý Ý ݌РÄ.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýUâ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThird,€the€presence€of€moral€considerations€does€not€ò òper€seó ó€render€a€law€ò òultraÐ „ Ðviresó ó€the€provincial€legislature.€€In€giving€Parliament€exclusive€jurisdiction€over€criminalÐ ˜ Ðlaw,€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó€did€not€intend€to€remove€all€morality€from€provincialÐ ´ 0 Ðlegislation.€€In€many€instances,€it€will€be€impossible€for€the€provincial€legislature€toÐ L È Ðdisentangle€moral€considerations€from€other€issues.€€For€example,€in€the€present€case,€itÐ ä ` Ðis€difficult€to€ignore€the€various€social€costs€associated€with€gambling€and€VLTs.€€As€theÐ | ø ÐDesjardins€Report,€ò òsupraó ó,€examined€in€detail,€government„run€gambling€can€haveÐ  Ðadverse€social€consequences,€including€addiction,€crime,€bankruptcy,€and€reductions€inÐ ¬ ( Ðcharitable€gaming.€€The€provincial€government€can€legitimately€consider€these€socialÐ D À Ðcosts€when€deciding€how€to€regulate€gaming€in€the€province.€€The€fact€that€some€of€theseÐ Ü X Ðconsiderations€have€a€moral€aspect€does€not€invalidate€an€otherwise€legitimate€provincialÐ t ð Ðlaw.Ý ƒ % ÑýUâ pâ ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÕç Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€dominant€purpose€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€to€regulate€gaming€in€the€province.€Ð
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103,€la€r gle€du€ð ðdouble€aspectð ð€sð ðappliqueÐ Ì&H & Ðau€jeu. €€En€cons quence,€tant€le€gouvernement€f d ral€que€les€gouvernements€provinciauxÐ d(à ( Ðpeuvent€l gif rer€en€la€mati re:Ý ƒ % Ñý Ñ ;Ñ ÝŒÐ ü)x!
Ðit€does€not€create€a€provincial€offence.€€Nor€does€it€impose€a€penalty€for€operating€VLTsÐ Ô P Ðin€those€municipalities.€€If€VLT€operators€were€to€be€charged€with€any€offence,€it€wouldÐ l è Ðbe€under€the€gaming€provisions€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€which€prohibit€gambling€ò òexceptó óÐ "€ Ðin€accordance€with€lottery€schemes€conducted€and€managed€by€the€provinces.€€The€effectÐ œ# " Ðof€s.€3(1)€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€simply€to€remove€the€exception€and€give€full€effect€to€theÐ 4%° $ Ðexisting€federal€offences.Ý ƒ % Ñý Æ (Æ ÝŒÐ Ì&H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý~É Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€even€if€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€did€create€a€provincial€offence€or€impose€aÐ ü)x!* Ðfine,€that€would€not€necessarily€make€it€an€attempt€to€legislate€criminal€law.€€SectionÐ ”+ #, Ð92(15)€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó€allows€the€provincial€legislatures€to€impose€finesÐ ,-¨$. Ðor€other€punishments€as€a€means€of€enforcing€valid€provincial€law,€and€the€provincesÐ Ä.@&0 Ðhave€enacted€countless€punishable€offences€within€their€legislative€spheres.€€MotorÐ \0Ø'2 Ðvehicle€offences€are€the€classic€example,€and€they€have€been€declared€constitutionallyÐ „ Ðvalid€in,€ò òinter€aliaó ó,€ò òOð ðGrady€v.€Sparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804€(careless€driving);€andò ò€RossÐ ˜ Ðv.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5€(provincial€licence€suspension€uponÐ ´ 0 Ðconviction€for€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€impaired€driving€offence).€€The€mere€presence€of€aÐ L È Ðprohibition€and€a€penalty€does€not€invalidate€an€otherwise€acceptable€use€of€provincialÐ ä ` Ðlegislative€power.€€Ý ƒ % Ñý~É ™É ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýœÎ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellants€submitted€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€contains€penal€consequencesÐ ¬ ( Ðbecause€it€terminates€all€siteholder€agreements€in€municipalities€that€have€voted€toÐ D À Ðprohibit€VLTs€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Relying€on€this€Courtð ðs€decision€in€ò òJohnsonÐ Ü X Ðv.€Attorney€General€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127,€they€argued€that€the€provisions€of€theÐ t ð Ðò òVLT€Actó ó€result€in€the€forfeiture€of€VLTs,€which€can€be€characterized€as€a€penalty.€Ð ˆ ÐHowever,€the€termination€of€siteholder€agreements€cannot€be€characterized€as€a€forfeitureÐ ¤ Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€the€criminal€law.€€At€all€times€during€a€siteholder€agreement,€theÐ
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103,€la€r gle€du€ð ðdouble€aspectð ð€sð ðappliqueÐ Ì&H & Ðau€jeu. €€En€cons quence,€tant€le€gouvernement€f d ral€que€les€gouvernements€provinciauxÐ d(à ( Ðpeuvent€l gif rer€en€la€mati re:Ý ƒ % Ñý Ñ ;Ñ ÝŒÐ ü)x!
Ðit€does€not€create€a€provincial€offence.€€Nor€does€it€impose€a€penalty€for€operating€VLTsÐ Ô P Ðin€those€municipalities.€€If€VLT€operators€were€to€be€charged€with€any€offence,€it€wouldÐ l è Ðbe€under€the€gaming€provisions€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€which€prohibit€gambling€ò òexceptó óÐ "€ Ðin€accordance€with€lottery€schemes€conducted€and€managed€by€the€provinces.€€The€effectÐ œ# " Ðof€s.€3(1)€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€simply€to€remove€the€exception€and€give€full€effect€to€theÐ 4%° $ Ðexisting€federal€offences.Ý ƒ % Ñý Æ (Æ ÝŒÐ Ì&H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý~É Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€even€if€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€did€create€a€provincial€offence€or€impose€aÐ ü)x!* Ðfine,€that€would€not€necessarily€make€it€an€attempt€to€legislate€criminal€law.€€SectionÐ ”+ #, Ð92(15)€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó€allows€the€provincial€legislatures€to€impose€finesÐ ,-¨$. Ðor€other€punishments€as€a€means€of€enforcing€valid€provincial€law,€and€the€provincesÐ Ä.@&0 Ðhave€enacted€countless€punishable€offences€within€their€legislative€spheres.€€MotorÐ \0Ø'2 Ðvehicle€offences€are€the€classic€example,€and€they€have€been€declared€constitutionallyÐ „ Ðvalid€in,€ò òinter€aliaó ó,€ò òOð ðGrady€v.€Sparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804€(careless€driving);€andò ò€RossÐ ˜ Ðv.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5€(provincial€licence€suspension€uponÐ ´ 0 Ðconviction€for€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€impaired€driving€offence).€€The€mere€presence€of€aÐ L È Ðprohibition€and€a€penalty€does€not€invalidate€an€otherwise€acceptable€use€of€provincialÐ ä ` Ðlegislative€power.€€Ý ƒ % Ñý~É ™É ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýœÎ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellants€submitted€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€contains€penal€consequencesÐ ¬ ( Ðbecause€it€terminates€all€siteholder€agreements€in€municipalities€that€have€voted€toÐ D À Ðprohibit€VLTs€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Relying€on€this€Courtð ðs€decision€in€ò òJohnsonÐ Ü X Ðv.€Attorney€General€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127,€they€argued€that€the€provisions€of€theÐ t ð Ðò òVLT€Actó ó€result€in€the€forfeiture€of€VLTs,€which€can€be€characterized€as€a€penalty.€Ð ˆ ÐHowever,€the€termination€of€siteholder€agreements€cannot€be€characterized€as€a€forfeitureÐ ¤ Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€the€criminal€law.€€At€all€times€during€a€siteholder€agreement,€theÐ
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* Ðgouvernement€passe€sous€silence€le€fait€que€les€traitements€des€juges€dð ðautresÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprovinces€et€ceux€des€juges€f d raux€ont€augment €depuis€lð ðapplication€deÐ  * #, Ðla€recommandation€de€la€Commission€de€1998€en€mati re€de€traitement.€Ð l+Ü#- ÐCela€dit,€je€dois€admettre€que€la€r ponse€de€la€Commission€ €cet€argumentÐ 8,¨$. Ðest€insuffisante.€[par.138]Ó 6ä ÓÐ -t%/ œ Ð œ Ð Ðâ âÐ œ. '1 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý,è Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú57Ú ÚÛ € z 9 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLa€Cour€dð ðappel€a€ensuite€signal €des€probl mes€majeurs€dans€le€rapport€deÐ  Ðâ âla€Commission,€en€particulier€lorsque€cette€derni re€conclut€que€le€refus€dð ðaccorder€uneÐ ( ˜ Ðhausse€irait€ €lð ðencontre€du€ò òRenvoió ó.€€La€cour€a€fait€remarquer€que€le€Gouvernement€auraitÐ À 0 Ðpu,€dans€sa€r ponse,€invoquer€comme€motifs€les€erreurs€de€droit€commises€par€laÐ X È ÐCommission€(par.141).€€Elle€a€soulign €que€ces€erreurs€auraient€pu€ tre€ vit es€si€laÐ ð ` ÐCommission,€qui€nð ðest€pas€form €de€juristes,€avait€pu€b n ficier€des€services€dð ðunÐ ˆ ø Ðconseiller€juridique€ind pendant€charg €de€lð ðaider€dans€ses€d lib rations.€€La€CourÐ  Ðdð ðappel€a€aussi€examin €la€pr tention€du€Gouvernement€que€le€redressement€salarialÐ ¸ ( Ðrecommand €est€excessif,€en€particulier€si€on€le€compare€avec€les€hausses€accord es€auxÐ P À Ðfonctionnaires.€€Elle€a€conclu€que€cette€comparaison€nð ð tait€pas€appropri e€et€que€laÐ è X Ðr ponse,€ €cet€ gard,€ne€satisfaisait€pas€ €la€norme€de€la€rationalit .€€Elle€a€ensuiteÐ € ð Ðexamin €lð ðargument€fond €sur€la€parit €avec€les€juges€de€nomination€f d rale€et€elle€aÐ ˆ Ðjug €que€le€Gouvernement€avait€eu€raison€de€nier€lð ðexistence€dð ðun€lien€entre€lesÐ ° Ðtraitements€des€juges€de€nomination€f d rale€et€ceux€des€juges€de€la€Cour€provinciale.€Ð H ¸ ÐLa€cour€a€alors€analys €si€les€traitements€ taient€suffisants€pour€attirer€des€candidatsÐ à P Ðcomp tents.€€Elle€a€conclu€que€la€position€du€Gouvernement€ tait€rationnelle€et€quð ðelleÐ x è Ðpouvait€ tre€r it r e€dans€la€r ponse€parce€que€la€Commission€ne€lð ðavait€pasÐ !€ Ðconvenablement€analys e.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý,è Gè ݌Р¨" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý
Ðfurther€5%€in€the€succeeding€two€years€to€keep€them€in€reasonableÐ )x!* Ðrelationship€to€judges€of€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€Bench.€Ð Ô)D"+ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àThis€would€result€in€an€annual€salary€as€follows,€beginning€January€1,Ð l+Ü#- Ð2001€and€effective€on€the€same€date€in€the€succeeding€two€years:Ð 8,¨$. œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø à2001€Ô_ Ôð! ðÔ_ Ô€$154,018Ð Ð-@&0 ø Ð ø Ð Ðà0 œ àà ø à2002€Ô_ Ôð! ðÔ US. , CE. , +Ð ÔÔ CE. , US. , ÔÔ_ Ô€$161,709Ð œ. '1 œ Ð œ Ð Ðà œ àà0 ø à2003€Ô_ Ôð! ðÔ US. , CE. , òš ÔÔ CE. , US. , ÔÔ_ Ô€$169,805Ð h/Ø'2 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÐ 40¤(3 Ðà0 œ àà ø àIn€addition,€the€Commission€recommends€that€the€Province€apply€toÐ  Ðthese€annual€salary€amounts,€the€New€Brunswick€Industrial€AggregateÐ \ Ì ÐIndex.€.€.€.Ð ( ˜ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àIn€this€third€year,€the€annual€salaries€of€PCJ€would€be€approximatelyÐ À 0 Ð$30,000€less€than€the€salaries€of€judges€of€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€Bench,€andÐ Œ ü Ðmarginally€lower€than€the€percentage€that€New€Brunswickð ðs€personalÐ X È Ðincome€per€capita€was€in€1999€of€the€national€average.Ó ÓÐ $ ” œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýwž Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Commission€also€made€a€number€of€recommendations€with€respect€toÐ T Ä Ðpensions,€vacations,€health€care€and€life€insurance.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýwž ’ž ݌Рì \ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýΟ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú52Ú ÚÛ € z 4 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Government€rejected€all€the€Commissionð ðs€recommendations€withÐ Œ Ðregard€to€remuneration€except€for€the€increase€based€on€the€provinceð ðs€IndustrialÐ ´ $ ÐAggregate€Index.€€The€Governmentð ðs€response€took€the€form€of€recitals,€which€areÐ L ¼ Ðreproduced€in€the€appendix€and€will€be€dealt€with€at€greater€length€below.€€These€29Ð ä T Ðrecitals€can€be€€condensed€into€three€main€reasons:€€in€the€Governmentð ðs€view,€(1)€theÐ | ì ÐCommission€misunderstood€its€mandate,€(2)€it€is€inappropriate€to€link€the€ProvincialÐ „ ÐCourt€judgesð ð€salary€to€that€of€federally€appointed€judges,€and€(3)€the€judgesð ð€existingÐ ¬ Ðsalary€is€adequate.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýΟ éŸ ÝŒÐ D ´ ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à(1)à ø àò òJudicial€HistoryÐ t#ä # Ðó óÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÏ£ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€reviewing€judge€found€the€Governmentð ðs€reasons€for€rejecting€theÐ ¤& ' ÐCommissionð ðs€salary€recommendations€to€be€rational,€but€held€that€its€reasons€forÐ
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Ý ƒ % ÑýûC ^D ݌Р"€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý I Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€et€la€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Manitoba€ont€toutes€lesÐ 4%° $ Ðdeux€conclu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ Ì&H & Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch.44€(ð ð€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€ð ð),€dans€lð ðensemble,€et€son€art.€16,€enÐ d(à ( Ðparticulier,€nð ðexc daient€pas€la€comp tence€de€la€l gislature€de€la€province€et€ne€violaientÐ ü)x!* Ðpas€non€plus€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó.€€Les€appelants€ont,€par€la€suite,Ð ”+ #, Ðcontest €la€Loi€devant€notre€Cour€en€faisant€valoir€que€lð ðart.€16,€qui€vise€express ment€laÐ ,-¨$. Ðville€de€Winkler,€viole€lð ðal.2ò òbó ó),€lð ðart.7€et€le€par.15(1)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó.€€Ils€ont€aussi€pr tenduÐ Ä.@&0 Ðque€cette€loi€exc de€la€comp tence€du€gouvernement€provincial€du€fait€quð ðelle€empi teÐ \0Ø'2 Ðsur€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel.€€LeÐ „ Ð31octobre2002,€la€Cour€a€rejet €leur€pourvoi€dans€une€d cision€unanime,€dont€voici€lesÐ ˜ Ðmotifs.Ý ƒ % Ñý I 7I ݌Р´ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔII.ò òLes€faitsÐ ä ` Ðó óÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‹N Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Corporation€des€loteries€du€Manitoba€(ð ðCLMð ð)€est€lð ðorganismeÐ  Ðresponsable€de€Ô' ` ä UN Ôlð ðexploitation€des€loteries€ð" ð€y€compris€les€ALV€ð" ð€dans€la€province.€€ElleÐ ¬ ( Ðconclut€avec€des€ð ð€exploitants€de€site€ð ð€des€accords€visant€lð ðinstallation€dð ðALV€dans€leursÐ D À Ð tablissements.€€Lð ðexploitant€du€site€touche€alors€un€pourcentage€des€recettes€g n r es€parÐ Ü X Ðles€ALV.€€Les€ALV€demeurent,€cependant,€la€propri t €de€la€CLM€qui,€aux€termes€deÐ t ð Ðlð ðaccord€dð ðexploitation€de€site,€peut€les€retirer€ €tout€moment€sans€avoir€ €justifier€sonÐ ˆ Ðgeste.Ý ƒ % Ñý‹N ¦N ݌Р¤ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý R Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€appelants,€David€et€EloisaSiemens,€sont€les€seuls€actionnaires€de€Sie-CorÐ Ô P ÐProperties€Inc.,€qui€a€acquis€le€Winkler€Inn€en€1993.€€Ils€ont€d pens €une€sommeÐ l è Ðconsid rable€pour€r nover€et€agrandir€cet€ tablissement,€et€ont€fait€valoir€que€la€pr senceÐ "€ Ðdes€ALV€avait€jou €un€rð= ðle€important€dans€leur€d cision€dð ðinvestir.
ÐResidence€in€Winkler€is€not€an€analogous€ground,€as€there€is€nothing€to€suggest€thatÐ Ô P Ðresidents€there€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€they€suffer€from€any€sort€ofÐ l è Ðprejudice.€€Moreover,€the€legislation€does€not€discriminate€against€the€appellants€in€anyÐ "€ Ðsubstantive€sense.€€Winkler€residents€were€singled€out€in€s.16€because€theirs€was€theÐ œ# " Ðonly€municipality€to€have€already€held€a€plebiscite.€€There€was€no€harm€to€dignity.€€TheÐ 4%° $ Ðpurpose€of€s.16€was€to€respect€the€will€of€the€Winkler€residents€as€expressed€in€thatÐ Ì&H & Ðplebiscite.€€The€section€does€not€affect€the€right€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLTÐ d(à ( Ðplebiscite€under€the€Act€and€they€may€initiate€a€plebiscite€to€reinstate€VLTs€in€theirÐ ü)x!* Ðcommunity.Ð ”+ #, Ðâ âÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òÔ& È Ôâ âCases€Citedó óÐ „ ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó óò òR.€v.€Furtneyó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€89;ò òó óÔ' È „ ú$ Ô€ò òLaw€v.€Canada€(Minister€ofÐ ´ 0 ÐEmployment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€497;€ò òó óò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó ó€(1882),€7Ð L È ÐApp.€Cas.€829;ò ò€ó óò òAttorney-General€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]Ð ä ` ÐA.C.€193;€ò òó óò òHaig€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€2€S.C.R.€995;ò òó óò ò€distinguished:€€ó óò òJohnson€v.€AttorneyÐ | ø ÐGeneral€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127;ò ò€Re€The€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27Ð  ÐMan.€R.€1;ò ò€referred€to:€€ó óò òR.€v.€Big€M€Drug€Mart€Ltd.ó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1985]€1€S.C.R.€295;€ò òEdmontonÐ ¬ ( ÐJournal€v.€Albertaó ó€ò ò(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1989]€2€S.C.R.€1326ò òó ó;€ò òR.€v.€Wholesale€TravelÐ D À ÐGroup€Inc.ó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€154ò òó ó;€ò òThomson€Newspapers€Co.€v.€Canada€(AttorneyÐ Ü X ÐGeneral)ó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.€877ò òó ó;€ò ò€Kitkatla€Band€v.€British€Columbia€(Minister€of€SmallÐ t ð ÐBusiness,€Tourism€and€Culture)ó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.€146,€2002€SCC€31;ò òó ó€ò òOð ðGrady€v.Ð ˆ ÐSparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804;€ò òRoss€v.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5;ò òó óÐ ¤ Ðò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.€v.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.Ð
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« ! àLa€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ  Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch. 44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ à \ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ ¬ ( Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ x ô Ðen€vertu€du€par.
ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ à(C)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àwhether€the€law€in€question€has€a€purpose€or€effect€that€isÐ Ô P Ðdiscriminatory€within€the€meaning€of€the€equality€guarantee.Ó b6 ÓÐ   ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌThe€appellants€submitted€that€part€(A)€of€the€test€was€met€because€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó óÐ Ð"L ! Ðdistinguished€between€residents€of€Winkler€and€all€other€residents€of€Manitoba.€€TheyÐ h$ä # Ðfurther€argued€that€this€distinction€was€based€on€the€analogous€ground€of€residence,€andÐ &| % Ðwas€discriminatory€because€it€denied€them€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€binding€plebisciteÐ ˜' ' Ðon€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€€€Ð 0)¬ ) ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇ: Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú48Ú ÚÛ € z 0 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThere€is€no€merit€in€this€ground€of€appeal.€€First,€although€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLTÐ `,Ü#- ÐActó ó€clearly€makes€a€distinction€between€Winkler€and€other€municipalities,€it€isÐ ø-t%/ Ðimplausible€that€residence€in€Winkler€constitutes€an€analogous€ground€of€discrimination.€Ð / '1 ÐResidence€was€rejected€as€an€analogous€ground€in€both€ò òHaigó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€and€ò òR.€v.€Turpinó ó,Ð „ Ð[1989]€1€S.C.R.€1296.€€Further,€the€majority€in€ò òCorbiere€v.€Canada€(Minister€of€IndianÐ ˜ Ðand€Northern€Affairs)ó ó,€[1999]€2€S.C.R.€203,€clearly€stated€that€the€analogous€groundÐ ´ 0 Ðrecognized€in€that€case€was€ð ðAboriginality„residenceð ð,€and€that€ð ðno€new€water€is€charted,Ð L È Ðin€the€sense€of€finding€residence,€in€the€generalized€abstract,€to€be€an€analogous€groundð ðÐ ä ` Ð(para.€15).€€In€rejecting€the€claimantð ðs€s.€15€argument€in€ò òHaigó ó,€the€majority€explained,€atÐ | ø Ðp.€1044,€why€residence€is€an€unlikely€analogous€ground:Ý ƒ % ÑýÇ: â: ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àIt€would€require€a€serious€stretch€of€the€imagination€to€find€that€ò òpersonsÐ D À Ðmoving€to€Quebec€less€than€six€months€before€a€referendum€dateó ó€areÐ Œ Ðanalogous€to€persons€suffering€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€race,€religionÐ Ü X Ðor€gender.€€People€moving€to€Quebec€less€than€six€months€before€aÐ ¨ $ Ðreferendum€date€do€not€suffer€from€stereotyping,€or€social€prejudice.€Ð t ð ÐThough€its€members€were€unable€to€cast€a€ballot€in€the€Quebec€referendum,Ð @ ¼ Ðthe€group€is€not€one€which€has€suffered€historical€disadvantage,€or€politicalÐ ˆ Ðprejudice.€€Nor€does€the€group€appear€to€be€ð ðdiscrete€and€insularð ð.€Ð Ø T ÐMembership€in€the€group€is€highly€fluid,€with€people€constantly€flowing€inÐ ¤ Ðor€out€once€they€meet€Quebecð ðs€residency€requirements.€€[Emphasis€inÐ p ì Ðoriginal.]Ó ¹? ÓÐ
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ÐÌò òen€appel€de€la€cour€dð ðappel€de€lð ðÔ_ ÔontarioÔ_ Ôó óÐ %P # ÐÌà p àò òResponsabilit €Ô_ Ôd lictuelleÔ_ Ô€ð" ð€Diffamation€ð" ð€Moyens€de€d fense€ð" ð€CommunicationÐ Ø&("% Ðresponsable€concernant€des€questions€dð ðint r t€public€ð" ð€Action€en€libelle€diffamatoire€par€unÐ Ä' #& Ðagent€de€police€contre€un€journal€et€des€journalistes€ayant€publi €des€articles€all guant€quð ðilÐ °( ð€Cour€dð ðappel€€reconnaissant€un€nouveau€moyen€de€d fense€de€journalismeÐ ˆ*Ø%) Ðresponsable,€mais€emp chant€les€d fendeurs€de€sð ðen€pr valoir€parce€quð ðils€ne€lð ðont€pas€invoqu Ð t+Ä&* Ðau€proc s€ð" ð€Y€a-t-il€lieu€de€modifier€les€r gles€de€Ô_ ÔcommonÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔlawÔ_ Ô€en€mati re€de€diffamation€afinÐ `,°'+ Ðdð ðoffrir€une€plus€grande€protection€aux€ nonc s€de€fait€diffamatoires€publi s€de€fa onÐ L-œ(, ÐÔ_ Ôresponsable?€ð" ð€Si€oui,€les€d fendeurs€devraient-ils€pouvoir€invoquer€le€nouveau€moyen€deÐ ° Ðd fense€de€communication€responsable€concernant€des€questions€dð ðint r t€public€dans€le€cadreÐ œ ì Ðdð ðun€nouveau€proc s?Ð ˆ Ø Ðó óÌà p àC,€un€agent€de€la€police€ontarienne,€sð ðest€rendu€ €New€York€peu€apr s€lesÐ ` ° Ð v nements€du€11septembre€2001€ð" ð€sans€autorisation€de€son€employeur€ð" ð€pour€participer€auxÐ L œ Ðop rations€de€recherche€et€de€sauvetage€ €Ground€Zero.€€Un€quotidien€a€publi €des€articlesÐ 8 ˆ Ðindiquant€que€C€sð ð tait€pr sent €sous€un€faux€jour€aux€autorit s€new-yorkaises€et€quð ðil€avaitÐ $ t Ðpossiblement€nui€aux€op rations€de€sauvetage.€€C€a€entam €une€action€en€libelle€diffamatoireÐ ` Ðcontre€le€journal€et€les€journalistes.€€Au€proc s,€les€d fendeurs€ont€invoqu €la€d fense€dð ðimmunit Ð ü L Ðrelative,€mais€ne€se€sont€pas€appuy s€sur€la€d fense€reconnue€en€Angleterre€comme€la€d fense€deÐ è 8 Ðð ðjournalisme€responsableð ð,€laquelle€nð ðavait€pas€encore€ t €reconnue€comme€moyen€de€d fenseÐ Ô $ Ðdistinct€par€les€tribunaux€canadiens.€€Le€juge€de€premi re€instance€a€rejet €la€d fense€dð ðimmunit Ð À Ðrelative€oppos e€par€les€d fendeurs€et€a€soumis€lð ðaffaire€ €lð ðappr ciation€du€jury€pour€quð ðilÐ ¬ ü Ðd termine€si€la€d fense€de€v racit €devait€ tre€retenue.€€Le€jury€a€conclu€que€la€v racit €deÐ ˜ è Ðplusieurs,€mais€pas€de€la€totalit ,€des€imputations€factuelles€dans€les€articles€avait€ t € tablie€et€aÐ „ Ô Ðaccord €des€dommages-int r ts€g n r
ÐCromwellÔ_ ÔJJ.Ô_ ÔÐ (#x ! ÐÔ_ ÔÌò òon€appeal€from€the€court€of€appeal€for€ontarioó óÐ %P # ÐÌò òà p àTorts€ð" ð€Defamation€ð" ð€Defences€ð" ð€Responsible€communication€on€matters€of€publicÐ Ø&("% Ðinterest€ð" ð€Police€constable€suing€newspaper€and€reporters€for€libel€after€articles€were€publishedÐ Ä' #& Ðalleging€that€he€had€misrepresented€himself€and€possibly€interfered€with€rescue€operations€atÐ °( $' ÐGround€Zero€ð" ð€Court€of€Appeal€recognizing€new€responsible€journalism€defence€but€denying€Ð œ)ì$( Ðdefendants€its€protection€because€they€had€not€advanced€it€at€trial€ð" ð€Whether€common€law€ofÐ ˆ*Ø%) Ðdefamation€should€be€modified€to€accord€stronger€protection€to€defamatory€statements€of€factÐ t+Ä&* Ðpublished€responsibly€ð" ð€If€so,€whether€defendants€should€be€able€to€avail€themselves€of€new€defenceÐ `,°'+ Ðof€responsible€communication€on€matters€of€public€interest€at€a€new€trial.Ð L-œ(, Ðó óÌà p àC€was€an€Ontario€police€constable€who,€shortly€after€the€events€of€September11,€2001Ð œ ì Ðand€without€permission€from€his€employer,€travelled€to€New€York€City€to€assist€with€the€search€andÐ ˆ Ø Ðrescue€effort€at€Ground€Zero.€€A€newspaper€published€articles€alleging€that€C€had€misrepresentedÐ t Ä Ðhimself€to€the€authorities€in€New€York€and€possibly€interfered€with€the€rescue€operation.€€C€broughtÐ ` ° Ða€libel€action€against€the€newspaper€and€the€reporters.€€At€trial,€the€defendants€pleaded€qualifiedÐ L œ Ðprivilege€and€did€not€rely€on€the€defence€known€in€England€as€ð ðresponsible€journalismð ð€which,€atÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€time,€had€not€yet€been€recognized€as€a€distinct€defence€by€any€Canadian€court.€€The€trial€judgeÐ $ t Ðrejected€the€defendantsð ð€claim€of€qualified€privilege€and€put€the€case€to€the€jury€to€decide€whetherÐ ` Ðthe€defence€of€truth€had€been€made€out.€€The€jury€found€that€many€but€not€all€of€the€factualÐ ü L Ðimputations€in€the€articles€had€been€proven€true,€and€awarded€C€general€damages.€€The€Court€ofÐ è 8 ÐAppeal€upheld€that€decision.€€The€court€took€the€opportunity€to€establish€a€responsible€journalismÐ Ô $ Ðdefence€in€Ontario€law,€but€held€that€the€defendants€were€not€entitled€to€a€new€trial€and€theÐ À Ðprotection€of€the€new€defence€because€they€had€not€advanced€the€defence€at€trial.Ð ¬ ü ÐÌà p àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€allowed€and€a€new€trial€ordered.Ð „ Ô ÐÌà p àò òPeró ó€McLachlinC.J.€and€Binnie,€LeBel,€Deschamps,€Fish,€Charron,€Rothstein€andÐ \ ¬ ÐCromwellJJ.:€€The€defence€of€responsible€communication€on€matters€of€public€inte
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« ! àLð ðarticle16€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareilsÐ 4%° $ Ðde€loterie€vid o)ó ó€est-il€incompatible€avec€lð ðal. 2ò òbó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteÐ &| % Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?
œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌAlthough€the€Court€in€ò òHaigó ó€left€it€open€for€residence€to€be€established€as€an€analogousÐ l è Ðground€in€the€appropriate€case,€I€share€the€trial€judgeð ðs€view€here€that€this€is€not€such€aÐ "€ Ðcase.€€Nothing€suggests€that€Winkler€residents€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€theyÐ œ# " Ðsuffer€from€any€sort€of€prejudice.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýKE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€putting€the€appellantsð ð€case€at€its€best€and€assuming€that€they€couldÐ d(à ( Ðestablish€a€distinction€based€on€an€analogous€ground,€the€legislation€does€notÐ ü)x!* Ðdiscriminate€against€them€in€any€substantive€sense.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€proceedÐ ”+ #, Ðthrough€all€the€contextual€factors€listed€by€Iacobucci€J.€in€ò òLawó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€because€it€is€clearÐ ,-¨$. Ðthat€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€directly€corresponds€to€the€circumstances€of€Winkler€residents.€€TheÐ Ä.@&0 ÐTown€of€Winkler€was€singled€out€in€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€because€it€was€the€ò òonlyÐ \0Ø'2 Ðmunicipalityó ó€to€have€held€a€plebiscite€on€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€The€very€purpose€of€thatÐ „ Ðsection€was€to€respect€the€will€of€Winkler€residents,€as€expressed€in€their€1998€plebiscite.€Ð ˜ ÐViewed€in€the€context€of€that€plebiscite,€I€am€not€convinced€that€any€reasonable€residentÐ ´ 0 Ðof€Winkler€would€feel€that€he€or€she€has€been€marginalized,€devalued€or€ignored€as€aÐ L È Ðmember€of€Canadian€society€(see€ò òLawó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€53).€€There€is€no€harm€to€dignity,Ð ä ` Ðand€no€violation€of€s.€15(1).Ý ƒ % ÑýKE fE ݌Р| ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýìJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€was€noted€above€in€the€s.€2(ò òbó ó)€claim€that€s.€15(1)€might€be€implicatedÐ ¬ ( Ðwhere€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€plebiscite€is€extended€to€some€and€withheld€fromÐ D À Ðothers€based€on€a€prohibited€ground€of€discrimination.€€This€would€be€the€case€if€a€lawÐ Ü X Ðprohibited€members€of€a€certain€race€or€religion€from€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€However,Ð t ð Ðthat€is€not€the€case€in€this€appeal.€€First,€as€previously€noted,€the€distinction€in€s.€16€ofÐ ˆ Ðthe€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€based€on€an€analogous€ground.€€Second,€the€distinction€does€not€affectÐ ¤ Ðthe€qualification€and€ability€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLT€plebiscite€under€theÐ
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= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a1’ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝLe€pr sent€appel€porte€sur€lð ðinterpr tation€et€lð ðapplication€de€lð ðart. €3155€ò òC.c.Q.€ó ópour€laÐ 8 ˆ Ðreconnaissance€dð ðun€jugement€rendu€en€Ontario€en€mati re€de€recours€collectif.
= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a  Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThis€appeal€concerns€the€interpretation€and€application€of€art.3155€ò òC.C.Q.Ô' è ° P Ôó ó€with€regardÐ À Ðto€the€recognition€of€a€judgment€rendered€in€a€class€proceeding€in€Ontario.€€I€prefer€to€characterizeÐ ˜ è Ðthat€judgment€as€an€external€rather€than€a€foreign€one,€despite€the€language€used€in€the€ò òCivil€CodeÐ p À Ðof€Qu becó ó.€€In€essence,€the€dispute€between€the€parties€raises€threeissues.€€First,€can€a€Quebec€courtÐ H ˜ Ðhearing€an€application€for€recognition€of€an€external€judgment€take€account€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforumÐ p Ðnonconveniensó ó?€€Next,€did€the€Ontario€Superior€Court€of€Justice€adhere€to€the€fundamentalÐ ø H Ðprinciples€of€procedure?€€If€there€were€defects,€did€they€entail€a€contravention€of€the€fundamentalÐ Ð Ðprinciples€of€civil€procedure€within€the€meaning€of€art.3155(3)€ò òC.C.Q.ó ó?€€Finally,€did€the€applicationÐ ¨ ø Ðfor€authorization€in€Quebec€and€the€application€for€certification€in€Ontario€give€rise€to€a€situation€ofÐ € Ð Ðò òlispendensó ó?Ý ƒ % a  / ݌РX ¨ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a7” Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€discussion€of€these€issues€will€also€require€some€comment€on€the€issue€ofÐ $X " Ðinterprovincial€judicial€comity€in€the€conduct€of€interprovincial€class€actions.€€Although€the€outcomeÐ à%0!$ Ðof€this€appeal€does€not€depend€on€the€resolution€of€this€last€issue,€it€is€one€that€now€seems€likely€toÐ ¸' #& Ðaffect€the€conduct€of€class€actions€involving€two€or€more€Canadian€provinces,€as€well€as€relationsÐ )à$( Ðbetween€the€superior€courts€of€different€provinces.€€It€therefore€merits€some€thought,€as€can€be€seenÐ h+¸&* Ðfrom€the€problems€or€reactions€it€appears€to€have€provoked€in€this€case.Ý ƒ % a7” R” ݌Р@-(, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü ˜ A
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Ð‡à œ àò òDroit€criminel€--€D termination€de€la€peine€--€Appels€--€Norme€de€contrð= ðleÐ a Ðapplicable€aux€d cisions€en€mati re€de€peine.ó óÐ ˜ ÐÌà œ àò òDroit€criminel€--€D termination€de€la€peine€--€Agression€sexuelle€--€M thodeÐ 0 È Ðdu€point€de€d part.ó óÐ È ` ÐÌà œ àLð ðaccus €a€plaid €coupable€relativement€ €deux€chefs€dð ðagression€sexuelleÏau€sens€de€lð ðart.
Ðà œ àò òCriminal€law€--€Sentencing€--€Appeals€--€Applicable€standard€of€review€ofÐ a Ðsentencing€decisions.ó óÐ ˜ ÐÌà œ àò òCriminal€law€--€Sentencing€--€Sexual€assault€--€Starting-point€approach.ó óÐ 0 È ÐÌà œ àThe€accused€pleaded€guilty€to€two€counts€of€sexual€assault,€contrary€to€s.271Ïof€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó.€€The€first€offence€occurred€in€1986€when€the€accused€was€29.€€TheÐ ø  Ðcomplainant,€a€16-year-old€girl,€had€been€placed€in€the€accused's€home€by€SocialÏServices.€€She€was€asleep€on€the€living€room€couch€when€the€accused€came€homeÏintoxicated.€€He€undid€her€pants.€€The€complainant€turned€over€on€her€stomach€and€triedÏto€press€herself€into€the€couch,€pretending€to€be€sleeping.€€He€took€off€her€jeans,€startedÏto€kiss€her€buttock€area€and€partially€penetrated€her€vagina€with€his€penis.€€She€had€herÏlegs€pressed€together€and€he€was€trying€to€get€them€apart.€Finally,€he€said€"You're€tooÏdifficult"€and€rolled€onto€the€floor€where€he€fell€asleep.€The€second€offence€occurred€inÏ1993€when€the€accused€was€36.€€The€complainant€was€a€14-year-old€babysitter€for€theÏaccused's€family.€€She€had€fallen€asleep€on€her€stomach€on€a€hide-a-bed.€€She€woke€upÏin€the€middle€of€the€night;€her€underwear€was€pulled€down€and€the€accused€was€on€topÏof€her,€rubbing€her€back€with€one€hand€and€her€buttocks€with€the€other.€€He€also€touchedÏher€pelvis€and€vaginal€areas.€€She€screamed€and€fled€the€house.€€The€sentencing€judgeÏfound€that€neither€of€the€two€assaults€was€a€major€sexual€assault,€as€defined€in€past€casesÏby€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€the€province,€with€a€starting-point€sentence€of€three€years,€andÏimposed€a€sentence€of€12€months€in€custody€for€the€first€offence€and€six€months€for€theÏsecond,€to€be€served€concurrently.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€allowed€the€Crown's€appeal.ρThe€court€found€that€the€sexual€assaults€were€major€ones€and€sentenced€the€accused€to€ÏÔ ‡ X m± X X X m± Ôfour€years€in€custody€for€the€first€offence€and,€considering€the€global€effect€of€theÐ ¨,@&0 Ðsentences,€to€one€year€for€the€second,€to€be€served€consecutively.Ô # † X m± X X X m±[ # ÔÐ @.Ø'2 ÐÐ Ø/p)4 ÐÔ& ` Ôà œ àò òHeldó ó€(Ô ‡ X m± X X X m± ÔLa€Forest,€Lð ðHeureux-Dub ,€Gonthier€and€McLachlin€JJ.Ô # † X m± X X X m±— # Ô€dissenting):Ð h ÐThe€appeal€should€be€allowed.ÌÌà œ àò òPeró ó€Lamer€C.J.€and€Sopinka,€Cory,€Iacobucci€and€Major€JJ.:€€Ô ‡ X m± X X X m± ÔThe€CourtÔ' ` h s Ô€ofÐ 0 È ÐAppealð ðs€decision€is€inconsistent€with€the€deference€that€is€owed€to€sentencing€judges€byÏappellate€courts.€Ô #
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Ý ƒ % ÑýûC ^D ݌Р"€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý I Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€et€la€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Manitoba€ont€toutes€lesÐ 4%° $ Ðdeux€conclu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ Ì&H & Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch.44€(ð ð€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€ð ð),€dans€lð ðensemble,€et€son€art.€16,€enÐ d(à ( Ðparticulier,€nð ðexc daient€pas€la€comp tence€de€la€l gislature€de€la€province€et€ne€violaientÐ ü)x!* Ðpas€non€plus€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó.€€Les€appelants€ont,€par€la€suite,Ð ”+ #, Ðcontest €la€Loi€devant€notre€Cour€en€faisant€valoir€que€lð ðart.€16,€qui€vise€express ment€laÐ ,-¨$. Ðville€de€Winkler,€viole€lð ðal.2ò òbó ó),€lð ðart.7€et€le€par.15(1)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó.€€Ils€ont€aussi€pr tenduÐ Ä.@&0 Ðque€cette€loi€exc de€la€comp tence€du€gouvernement€provincial€du€fait€quð ðelle€empi teÐ \0Ø'2 Ðsur€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel.€€LeÐ „ Ð31octobre2002,€la€Cour€a€rejet €leur€pourvoi€dans€une€d cision€unanime,€dont€voici€lesÐ ˜ Ðmotifs.Ý ƒ % Ñý I 7I ݌Р´ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔII.ò òLes€faitsÐ ä ` Ðó óÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‹N Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Corporation€des€loteries€du€Manitoba€(ð ðCLMð ð)€est€lð ðorganismeÐ  Ðresponsable€de€Ô' ` ä UN Ôlð ðexploitation€des€loteries€ð" ð€y€compris€les€ALV€ð" ð€dans€la€province.€€ElleÐ ¬ ( Ðconclut€avec€des€ð ð€exploitants€de€site€ð ð€des€accords€visant€lð ðinstallation€dð ðALV€dans€leursÐ D À Ð tablissements.€€Lð ðexploitant€du€site€touche€alors€un€pourcentage€des€recettes€g n r es€parÐ Ü X Ðles€ALV.€€Les€ALV€demeurent,€cependant,€la€propri t €de€la€CLM€qui,€aux€termes€deÐ t ð Ðlð ðaccord€dð ðexploitation€de€site,€peut€les€retirer€ €tout€moment€sans€avoir€ €justifier€sonÐ ˆ Ðgeste.Ý ƒ % Ñý‹N ¦N ݌Р¤ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý R Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€appelants,€David€et€EloisaSiemens,€sont€les€seuls€actionnaires€de€Sie-CorÐ Ô P ÐProperties€Inc.,€qui€a€acquis€le€Winkler€Inn€en€1993.€€Ils€ont€d pens €une€sommeÐ l è Ðconsid rable€pour€r nover€et€agrandir€cet€ tablissement,€et€ont€fait€valoir€que€la€pr senceÐ "€ Ðdes€ALV€avait€jou €un€rð= ðle€important€dans€leur€d cision€dð ðinvestir.
ÐResidence€in€Winkler€is€not€an€analogous€ground,€as€there€is€nothing€to€suggest€thatÐ Ô P Ðresidents€there€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€they€suffer€from€any€sort€ofÐ l è Ðprejudice.€€Moreover,€the€legislation€does€not€discriminate€against€the€appellants€in€anyÐ "€ Ðsubstantive€sense.€€Winkler€residents€were€singled€out€in€s.16€because€theirs€was€theÐ œ# " Ðonly€municipality€to€have€already€held€a€plebiscite.€€There€was€no€harm€to€dignity.€€TheÐ 4%° $ Ðpurpose€of€s.16€was€to€respect€the€will€of€the€Winkler€residents€as€expressed€in€thatÐ Ì&H & Ðplebiscite.€€The€section€does€not€affect€the€right€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLTÐ d(à ( Ðplebiscite€under€the€Act€and€they€may€initiate€a€plebiscite€to€reinstate€VLTs€in€theirÐ ü)x!* Ðcommunity.Ð ”+ #, Ðâ âÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òÔ& È Ôâ âCases€Citedó óÐ „ ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó óò òR.€v.€Furtneyó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€89;ò òó óÔ' È „ ú$ Ô€ò òLaw€v.€Canada€(Minister€ofÐ ´ 0 ÐEmployment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€497;€ò òó óò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó ó€(1882),€7Ð L È ÐApp.€Cas.€829;ò ò€ó óò òAttorney-General€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]Ð ä ` ÐA.C.€193;€ò òó óò òHaig€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€2€S.C.R.€995;ò òó óò ò€distinguished:€€ó óò òJohnson€v.€AttorneyÐ | ø ÐGeneral€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127;ò ò€Re€The€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27Ð  ÐMan.€R.€1;ò ò€referred€to:€€ó óò òR.€v.€Big€M€Drug€Mart€Ltd.ó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1985]€1€S.C.R.€295;€ò òEdmontonÐ ¬ ( ÐJournal€v.€Albertaó ó€ò ò(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1989]€2€S.C.R.€1326ò òó ó;€ò òR.€v.€Wholesale€TravelÐ D À ÐGroup€Inc.ó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€154ò òó ó;€ò òThomson€Newspapers€Co.€v.€Canada€(AttorneyÐ Ü X ÐGeneral)ó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.€877ò òó ó;€ò ò€Kitkatla€Band€v.€British€Columbia€(Minister€of€SmallÐ t ð ÐBusiness,€Tourism€and€Culture)ó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.€146,€2002€SCC€31;ò òó ó€ò òOð ðGrady€v.Ð ˆ ÐSparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804;€ò òRoss€v.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5;ò òó óÐ ¤ Ðò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.€v.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.Ð
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€EnÐ Ä Ðparticulier,€comme€le€pr cise€le€par. €3155(1),€le€tribunal€qu b cois€doit€constater€que€le€tribunal€deÐ œ ì Ðlð ð tat€dont€provient€le€jugement€avait€comp tence€sur€la€mati re. €Le€titre€quatri me€ dicte€alors€auxÐ t Ä Ðart.
= ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % aM˜ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€appellant€submits€that€none€of€the€provisions€of€art.3155€ò òC.C.Q.ó ó€stood€in€the€wayÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€its€application€for€recognition€in€Quebec€and€that€the€Quebec€Superior€Court€should€thereforeÐ ` Ðhave€recognized€the€judgment€of€the€Ontario€Superior€Court€of€Justice.€€According€to€theÐ è 8 ÐCorporation,€the€Quebec€court€could€not€raise€the€application€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforumÐ À Ðnonconveniens€ó óby€the€Ontario€court€as€an€issue.€€The€Corporation€adds€that€the€notices€given€inÐ ˜ è ÐQuebec€were€consistent€with€the€fundamental€principles€of€procedure.€€Finally,€it€denies€that€theÐ p À Ðconditions€for€ò òlispendensó ó€were€met.Ý ƒ % aM˜ h˜ ݌РH ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % aÚ› Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€respondent€relies€primarily€on€the€judgment€of€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal€on€theÐ ø H Ðthreeissues€being€discussed.€€He€also€alleges€that€the€Ontario€proceedings€were€conducted€in€aÐ Ð Ðmanner€inconsistent€with€international€public€order,€which€the€appellant€disputes.€€This€argumentÐ ¨ ø Ðneed€not€be€considered€in€the€circumstances€of€this€case.€€Finally,€the€Attorney€General€of€CanadaÐ € Ð Ðhas€intervened€on€the€issue€of€the€application€of€the€doctrine€of€ò òforum€nonconveniens€ó óin€theÐ X ¨ Ðprocedure€for€the€recognition€of€judgments€rendered€in€the€provinces€of€Canada.€€Before€consideringÐ 0"€ Ðthese€questions,€I€believe€it€will€be€helpful€to€summarize€the€rules€governing€the€recognition€ofÐ $X " Ðexternal€judgments€by€Quebec€courts€under€the€ò òCivil€Code€of€Qu becó ó.Ý ƒ % aÚ› õ› ݌Рà%0!$ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ ¸' #& ÐÔ& ˆ Ôâ âÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü À ˜ ä —X Ü H „ Ü ˜ ä —X 9 ÓB.à0 ” àò òLegal€Framework€for€the€Judicial€Recognition€of€External€Judgmentsó óÐ ° ” (#” (# ÐÓ 9 Ü H „ Ü ˜ ä —X Ü H „ Ü À ˜ ä —X 9 ÓÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a#¡ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝThe€rules€on€the€international€jurisdiction€of€Quebec€authorities€and€theÔ' ˆ ° %  Ô€recognition€ofÐ ` ° Ðforeign€or€external€judgments€are€found,€respectively,€in€TitleThree€(arts.3134€to€3154)€andÐ 8 ˆ ÐTitleFour€(arts.3155€to€3168)€of€BookTen€of€the€ò òCivil€Code€of€Qu becó ó€on€private€international€law.€Ð ` ÐThe€twotitles€are€closely€related.€€I€will€come€back€to€this€in€the€course€of€my€analysis.Ý ƒ % a#¡ >¡ ݌Рè 8 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % aÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % a¦£ Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Û]à l àÝ ÝIn€substance,€TitleThree€sets€out€general€rules€and€specific€rules€for€identifying€theÐ ˜ è Ðconnecting€factors€that€will€give€Quebec€authorities€jurisdi
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Ðm canisme€exclusif€et€global€de€r glement€des€diff rends€en€mati re€deÐ )x! * Ðtravail,€particuli rement€dans€le€contexte€du€pr sent€pourvoi.Ó Zâ ÓÐ Ô)D"+ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýkê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€Ô_ Ôlð ðesp ce,Ô_ Ô€je€Ô_ Ônð ðaiÔ_ Ô€aucun€doute€que€nous€sommes€en€pr sence€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€ð ðr gimeÐ -t%/ Ðl gislatif€complet€destin € €r gir€tous€les€aspects€du€rapport€entre€les€parties€dans€le€cadreÐ œ.
Ðdispute€resolution€and€the€jurisdiction€of€the€ordinary€courts,€not€theÐ )x!* Ðrelationship€between€statutory€dispute€resolution€and€the€courts.€€TheÐ Ô)D"+ Ðconcern€that€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€may€jeopardize€theÐ  * #, Ðcomprehensive€dispute€resolution€process€contained€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relationsÐ l+Ü#- Ðlegislation€is€one€that€arises€in€this€latter€situation€as€well.€€Allowing€partiesÐ 8,¨$. Ðto€disputes€which,€by€their€very€nature,€are€those€contemplated€and€regulatedÐ -t%/ Ðby€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€legislation,€to€have€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€would€fly€in€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðface€of€the€demonstrated€intention€of€Parliament€to€provide€an€exclusive€andÐ œ. '1 Ðcomprehensive€mechanism€for€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€dispute€resolution,€particularly€in€theÐ h/Ø'2 Ðcontext€of€the€present€case.Ó ;I ÓÐ 40¤(3 « Ð « Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý‡P Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€this€case,€I€have€no€doubt€that€we€are€dealing€with€a€ð ðcomprehensiveÐ  Ðstatutory€scheme€designed€to€govern€all€aspects€of€the€relationship€of€the€parties€in€aÐ ( ˜ ÐÔ_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€settingð ð:€€see€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.721.€€It€is€clear€that€theÐ À 0 Ðò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó€creates€an€exclusive€and€comprehensive€mechanism€for€the€settlement€ofÐ X È Ðdisputes€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€cases€by€requiring€that€all€grievances€be€submitted€toÐ ð ` Ðarbitration€exclusively.€€Adopting€a€model€other€than€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€inÐ ˆ ø Ðthis€case€would€undermine€the€comprehensiveness€of€the€scheme,€and€would€be€contraryÐ  Ðto€the€Ô_ Ôlegislatureð ðsÔ_ Ô€intention.Ý ƒ Ñý‡P ¢P ݌Р¸ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôà « à(iii)ò òTrend€in€the€Case€Lawó óÐ è X ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý8U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€thiÔ' È è èT Ôs€case,€where€there€is€an€exclusivity€clause€and€a€comprehensive€andÐ ˆ Ðexclusive€scheme€for€the€settlement€of€disputes,€adopting€the€exclusive€jurisdictionÐ ° Ðmodel€is€consistent€with€the€decisions€of€this€Court€in€ò òRegina€Policeó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€ò òWeberó ó,Ð H ¸ Ðò òsupraó ó,€and€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó.€€The€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal,€too,€has€onÐ à P Ðnumerous€occasions€applied€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€to€collective€agreementsÐ x è Ðsubject€to€Ô_ ÔQuebecð ðsÔ_ Ô€ò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó:€see,€for€example,€ò òÔ_ ÔLatulippeÔ_ Ô€v.€Commission€Ô_ ÔscolaireÔ_ ÔÐ !€ Ðde€la€Jeune„Loretteó ó,€[2001]€Ô_ ÔR.J.D.T.Ô_ Ô€26;€ò òÔ_ ÔMayvilleÔ_ Ô€v.€Union€Ô_ ÔcanadienneÔ_ Ô€des€Ô_ ÔtravailleursÔ_ ÔÐ ¨" " Ðen€communication€
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ó óÓ öè ÓÐ Ô)D"+ 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýrê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àTroisi mement,€les€appelants€font€valoir€que€trois€principes€importants,Ð -t%/ Ðmaintes€fois€appliqu s€par€notre€Cour€dans€ses€d cisions€relatives€ €la€ò òCharteó ó,€appuientÐ œ. '1 Ðlð ðabolition€ou,€dans€lð ðalternative,€lð ðassouplissement€de€lð ðobligation€de€justification€duÐ 40¤(3 Ðcontre-interrogatoire€prescrite€dans€ò òGarofolió ó.€€Ces€principes€sont€les€suivants:Ð  Ðlð ðimportance€reconnue€dð ðun€droit€g n ral€de€contre-interroger;€la€norme€moinsÐ ( ˜ Ðrigoureuse€g n ralement€applicable€ €la€recevabilit €de€la€preuve€de€la€d fense;€laÐ À 0 Ðn cessit €de€garantir€lð ðacc s€au€r gime€de€r paration€pr vu€par€la€ò òCharteó ó.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýrê ê ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý î Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àPersonne€ne€conteste€la€pertinence€de€ces€principes,€tant€ €lð ð gard€de€laÐ ˆ ø Ðformulation€dð ðune€norme€appropri e€en€mati re€de€droit€au€contre-interrogatoire€quð ð Ð  Ðlð ð gard€de€lð ðapplication€de€cette€norme.€€Cependant,€le€droit€de€lð ðaccus € €une€auditionÐ ¸ ( Ðde€la€preuve€doit€ tre€examin €dans€son€contexte.€Il€doit€ galement€ tre€mis€en€balanceÐ P À Ðavec€les€int r ts€oppos s,€dont€la€n cessit €de€veiller€ €ne€pas€entraver€le€processusÐ è X Ðjudiciaire€criminel€par€de€longues€proc dures€qui€nð ðaident€en€rien€ €la€r solution€desÐ € ð Ðquestions€pertinentes.€€Comme€je€lð ðexplique€plus€loin,€lð ðargumentation€des€appelantsÐ ˆ Ðne€tient€pas€compte€de€facteurs€contextuels€importants.€€Dans€le€contexte€dð ðuneÐ ° Ðaudience€en€r vision€dont€lð ðobjet€est€limit ,€jð ðestime€que€lð ðobligation€dð ðobtenir€laÐ H ¸ Ðpermission€de€contre-interroger€un€d posant,€prescrite€dans€ò òGarofolió ó,€ tablit€un€justeÐ à P Ð quilibre€entre€ces€int r ts€oppos s.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý î 0î ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ó3.2à0 4 àò òFacteurs€contextuels€pertinentsó óÐ ¨" " 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý ô Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLe€premier€facteur€contextuel€omis€dans€lð ðargumentation€des€appelants€aÐ Ø%H & Ðd j € t €mentionn €ð" ð€il€sð ðagit€du€droit€ €une€communication€compl te.
ÓÐ !€ « Ð « Ð ÐÌMcLachlin€J.€further€noted€how€difficult€it€is€for€the€trial€judge€to€restrict€the€scope€ofÐ @$° $ Ðcross„examination:Ð Ø%H & ÐÌÓ Óà0 « àAttempts€to€restrict€the€scope€of€cross-examination€are€notoriously€fallible.Ð )x!* ÐSince€effective€cross-examination€usually€depends€on€considerable€latitudeÐ Ô)D"+ Ðin€questioning,€a€restricted€cross-examination€may€be€of€little€value.Ð  * #, ÐMoreover,€it€is€often€difficult€to€predict€when€a€particular€question€willÐ l+Ü#- Ðevoke€a€response€that€trenches€on€a€prohibited€area.€[p.€1485]Ó ‘" ÓÐ 8,¨$. « Ð « Ð Ðâ âÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¼$ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àFinally,€as€aptly€argued€by€the€intervener€the€Attorney€General€of€BritishÐ  Ðâ âColumbia,€a€requirement€that€the€defence€meet€a€threshold€test€of€some€sort€beforeÐ ( ˜ Ðengaging€in€cross„examination,€pursuing€a€specific€line€of€inquiry,€or€eliciting€evidenceÐ À 0 Ðin€support€of€a€full€answer€and€defence€is€not€an€anomaly€within€the€criminal€justiceÐ X È Ðsystem.€€To€state€but€a€few€examples:€€hearsay€evidence,€although€sought€to€be€elicitedÐ ð ` Ðby€the€defence,€must€meet€the€requirements€of€necessity€and€reliability;€proposedÐ ˆ ø Ðexpert€evidence€must€meet€the€criteria€set€out€in€ò òR.€v.€Mohanó ó,€[1994]€2€S.C.R.€9;€accessÐ  Ðto€or€cross„examination€on€matters€protected€by€solicitor„client€privilege€must€meet€theÐ ¸ ( Ðrequirements€of€the€ð ðinnocence€at€stakeð ð€exception;€cross„examination€on€aÐ P À Ðcomplainantð ðs€sexual€history€is€prohibited€unless€it€meets€the€test€under€s.€276(1)€ofÐ è X Ðthe€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó;€third„party€records€in€respect€of€certain€offences€listed€underÐ € ð Ðs.278.2€must€be€shown€to€be€likely€relevant€to€an€issue€at€trial€or€to€the€competenceÐ ˆ Ðof€a€witness€to€testify€before€they€will€be€produced;€ò òó ódefences€must€have€an€ð ðair€ofÐ ° Ðrealityð ð€to€them€before€they€are€put€to€the€jury.€€In€this€case,€the€defence€must€simplyÐ H ¸ Ðmake€a€show€of€likely€relevance€on€a€material€issue€before€the€court.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý¼$ ×$ ݌Рà P ÐŒÝ Ý€ÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ ÔÝ ‚ 0 Ñý²+ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€conclusion,€I€am€of€the€view€that€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement€isÐ !€ Ðentirely€consistent€with€ò òCharter€ó óprinciples.€€There€is€no€need€to€revisit€ò òGarofoli€ó óasÐ ¨" " Ðcontended€by€the€appellants.€€Indeed,€I€am€of€the€view€that€it€would€be€unwise€to€Ð @$° $ Ðpermit€cross„examination€of€the€affiant€as€of€right.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý²+ ì+ ݌РØ%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ô
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Ðlð ðassur €avait€ t €plus€prudent,€ou€encore€quð ðune€m saventure€ tait€raisonnablementÐ Ô P Ðpr visible€au€sens€du€droit€en€mati re€de€responsabilit €d lictuelle. €€De€m me,€un€d c sÐ l è Ðnon€voulu€nð ðest€pas€ð ð€non€accidentel€ð ð€du€seul€fait€que€la€victime€exer ait€une€activit Ð "€ Ðdangereuse€ou€risqu e€au€moment€o €il€est€survenu.€€Comme€notre€Cour€lð ða€soulign Ð œ# " Ðdans€lð ðarr t€ò òCanadian€Indemnityó ó,€pr cit ,€p.
Ðunexpected.€€The€two€phrases€have€essentially€the€same€meaning.Ý ƒ % Ñýüh i ÝŒÐ Ô P ÐŒÝ ÝÌBò ò.ó ó€€ò òWhat€Constitutes€Death€by€Accidental€Means?ó óÐ "€ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý k Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€brings€us€to€the€central€question.€€What€constitutes€death€by€ð ðaccidentalÐ 4%° $ Ðmeansð ð?€€As€Spence€J.€pointed€out€in€ò òMutual€of€Omaha€Insurance€Co.€v.€Statsó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1978]Ð Ì&H & Ð2S.C.R.€1153,€at€p.€1164,€the€word€ð ðaccidentð ð€is€ð ðan€ordinary€word€to€be€interpreted€inÐ d(à ( Ðthe€ordinary€language€of€the€peopleð ð.€€Hence,€as€the€British€Columbia€Court€of€AppealÐ ü)x!* Ðemphasized€in€the€case€at€bar,€we€must€focus€on€the€ordinary€personð ðs€understanding€ofÐ ”+ #, Ðthe€phrase,€and€on€ð ðwhether€in€ordinary€and€popular€language€the€event€as€it€happenedÐ ,-¨$. Ðâ âwould€be€described€as€an€accidentð ð€(para.€26).€€Only€in€this€way€can€the€reasonableÐ Ä.@&0 Ðexpectations€of€both€the€insured€and€insurer€be€protected.€€We€must€therefore€inquire€howÐ „ Ðthe€phrase€ð ðdeath€by€accidental€meansð ð€is€used€in€ordinary€language.Ý ƒ % Ñý k »k ݌Р˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAs€a€starting€point,€we€note€that€the€accidental€nature€of€a€particular€meansÐ L È Ðof€death€depends,€in€ordinary€parlance,€on€the€consequences€that€the€ò òinsuredó ó€had€or€didÐ ä ` Ðnot€have€in€mind.€€When€we€speak€of€an€ð ðaccidentalð ð€means€of€death,€we€normally€haveÐ | ø Ðin€mind€a€situation€in€which€someoneð ðs€action€has€had€results€that€this€person€did€notÐ  Ðintend€or€expect.€Unintentional€or€unexpected€death€is€seen€as€accidental;€intentional€orÐ ¬ ( Ðexpected€death€as€non„accidental.€€In€ò òCanadian€Indemnity€Co.€v.€Walkem€Machinery€&Ð D À ÐEquipment€Ltd.ó ó,€[1976]€1€S.C.R.€309,€at€pp.€315„16,€Pigeon€J.€explained€the€termÐ Ü X Ðð ðaccidentð ð€with€reference€to€ò òHalsburyó ó€(vol.€22,€3rd€ed.)€as€ð ðò òany€unlooked€for€mishap€orÐ t ð Ðoccurrenceó óð ð€(emphasis€in€original).€€Similarly,€in€ò òStatsó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,ò ò€ó óat€p.€1164,€this€Court,€ò òperó óÐ ˆ ÐSpence€J.€quoted€Lord€Macnaghtenð ðs€comment€in€ò òFentonó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€p.€448,€that€ð ðtheÐ ¤ Ðexpression€ð ðaccidentð ð€is€used€in€the€popular€and€ordinary€sense€of€the€word€as€denotingÐ
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ÐÌNò òoó ó€du€greffe:24351.Ð l ¼ ÐÌ1997:€€œ11›€mars;€1997:€€26€juin.ÌÌÓ ÓPr sents:€Les€juges€LaForest,€Lð ðHeureux-Dub ,€Sopinka,€Gonthier,€Cory,€Iacobucci€etÏMajor.Ó ÓÌÌÔ& È Ôen€appel€de€la€cour€dð ðappel€f d raleÌÌà œ àò òDroit€maritime€--€Saisie€de€cargaison€--€Dommages-int r ts€--€SaisieÔ' È È ( Ô€ill galeÐ ø"H & Ð--€Propri taire€de€la€cargaison€d posant€un€cautionnement€pour€obtenir€la€mainlev eÏde€la€saisie€de€la€cargaison€--€Saisie€et€engagement€pris€en€mati re€de€cautionnementÏannul s€par€la€œsuite€--›€Le€propri taire€de€la€cargaison€a-t-il€droit€ €desÏdommages-int r ts€pour€la€perte€dð ðint r ts€r sultant€du€d pð= ðt€dð ðun€œcautionnement?€--›ÏLe€propri taire€de€la€cargaison€a-t-il€droit€ €des€dommages-int r ts€pour€saisie€ill galeÏde€la€cargaison€en€lð ðabsence€de€mauvaise€foi€ou€de€n gligence€grave€de€la€part€de€laÏâ âpartie€saisissante?€€œ--›€R gles€de€la€Cour€f d rale,€C.R.C.,€ch.663,€r gles€344,€1003.ó óÐ .p)4 ' Ðà œ àLð ðintim e€nð ða€pas€pr sent €une€cargaison€pour€chargement€sur€le€navire€deÏâ âlð ðappelante€aux€dates€qui€avaient€ t €convenues.
Ðcommencing€an€action€ò òin€rem€ó óagainst€the€cargo€and€an€action€ò òin€personamó ó€against€theÐ a Ðrespondent,€alleging€breach€of€contract.€€It€then€proceeded€to€have€the€respondentð ðs€cargoÏarrested,€pursuant€to€Rule€1003€of€the€ò òFederal€Court€Rulesó ó.€€The€respondent€secured€theÐ ˜ 0 Ðrelease€of€its€cargo€on€bail,€by€posting€security€in€the€amount€of€$80,000.€€ApproximatelyÏ20€months€later,€the€respondent€successfully€brought€a€motion€to€strike€out€theÏappellantð ðs€statement€of€claim€in€the€ò òin€remó ó€action€and€to€set€aside€the€arrest€of€the€cargoÐ ` ø Ðand€the€security€undertaking.€The€appellant€continued€its€action€ò òin€personamó ó.€€TheÐ ø  Ðrespondent€counterclaimed€for€damages€arising€out€of€the€arrest€of€the€cargo.€€The€trialÏjudge€allowed€the€appellantð ðs€claim€for€breach€of€contract€and€dismissed€the€respondentð ðsÏcounterclaim.€€On€appeal,€the€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€set€aside€the€judgment,€dismissedÏthe€breach€of€contract€action€and€awarded€the€respondent€€$36,650€in€damages€for€theÏwrongful€arrest€of€the€cargo,€compensating€the€respondent€for€the€loss€of€interest€incurredÏas€a€result€of€posting€security€and€for€the€loss€of€use€of€working€capital.€€The€appellantÏappealed€to€this€Court€solely€on€the€issue€of€the€damages€for€wrongful€arrest.Ô # † X ‹ X X X ‹ý # ÔÐ ¸ ÐÌÔ& È Ôà œ àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€allowed€in€part.Ð P è ÐÌà œ àÔ ‡ X ‹ X X X ‹ ÔThe€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€did€not€err€in€awarding€damages€for€theÔ' È P Ë Ô€loss€ofÐ €! " Ðinterest€incurred€as€a€result€of€posting€securityÔ # † X ‹ X X X ‹7 # Ô.€€Rule€344€of€the€ò òFederal€Court€Rulesó óÐ #° $ Ðgives€that€court€full€discretionary€power€over€the€payment€of€costs€of€all€parties€involvedÏin€the€proceedings.€€An€award€of€costs€may€include€those€expenses€which€arise€directlyÏfrom€maintaining€the€security€provided€in€order€to€obtain€the€release€of€the€arrestedÏproperty.€€The€Federal€Court€of€Appeal€erred,€however,€in€awarding€damages€for€the€lossÏof€use€of€working€capital€under€the€heading€ð ðdamages€for€wrongful€arrestð ð.€€€A€court€mayÏonly€award€damages€for€wrongful€arrest€where€the€arresting€party€acts€with€either€badÏâ âfaith€or€gross€negligence.€€Ô ‡ X ‹ X X X ‹ ÔHere,€there€is€no€evidence€that€the€appellant€acted€with€eitherÔ # † X ‹ X X X ‹š # Ô.Ð @.Ø'2 ÐAny€change€to€extend€the€scope€of€the€common„law€liability€rule€for€maritime€arrestÏshould€be€made€by€Parliament,€not€the€courts.Ìâ âÌò òCases€Citedó óÐ 0 È ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó ó€ò òÔ ‡ X ‹ X X
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Ðm canisme€exclusif€et€global€de€r glement€des€diff rends€en€mati re€deÐ )x! * Ðtravail,€particuli rement€dans€le€contexte€du€pr sent€pourvoi.Ó Zâ ÓÐ Ô)D"+ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýkê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€Ô_ Ôlð ðesp ce,Ô_ Ô€je€Ô_ Ônð ðaiÔ_ Ô€aucun€doute€que€nous€sommes€en€pr sence€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€ð ðr gimeÐ -t%/ Ðl gislatif€complet€destin € €r gir€tous€les€aspects€du€rapport€entre€les€parties€dans€le€cadreÐ œ.
Ðdispute€resolution€and€the€jurisdiction€of€the€ordinary€courts,€not€theÐ )x!* Ðrelationship€between€statutory€dispute€resolution€and€the€courts.€€TheÐ Ô)D"+ Ðconcern€that€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€may€jeopardize€theÐ  * #, Ðcomprehensive€dispute€resolution€process€contained€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relationsÐ l+Ü#- Ðlegislation€is€one€that€arises€in€this€latter€situation€as€well.€€Allowing€partiesÐ 8,¨$. Ðto€disputes€which,€by€their€very€nature,€are€those€contemplated€and€regulatedÐ -t%/ Ðby€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€legislation,€to€have€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€would€fly€in€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðface€of€the€demonstrated€intention€of€Parliament€to€provide€an€exclusive€andÐ œ. '1 Ðcomprehensive€mechanism€for€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€dispute€resolution,€particularly€in€theÐ h/Ø'2 Ðcontext€of€the€present€case.Ó ;I ÓÐ 40¤(3 « Ð « Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý‡P Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€this€case,€I€have€no€doubt€that€we€are€dealing€with€a€ð ðcomprehensiveÐ  Ðstatutory€scheme€designed€to€govern€all€aspects€of€the€relationship€of€the€parties€in€aÐ ( ˜ ÐÔ_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€settingð ð:€€see€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.721.€€It€is€clear€that€theÐ À 0 Ðò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó€creates€an€exclusive€and€comprehensive€mechanism€for€the€settlement€ofÐ X È Ðdisputes€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€cases€by€requiring€that€all€grievances€be€submitted€toÐ ð ` Ðarbitration€exclusively.€€Adopting€a€model€other€than€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€inÐ ˆ ø Ðthis€case€would€undermine€the€comprehensiveness€of€the€scheme,€and€would€be€contraryÐ  Ðto€the€Ô_ Ôlegislatureð ðsÔ_ Ô€intention.Ý ƒ Ñý‡P ¢P ݌Р¸ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôà « à(iii)ò òTrend€in€the€Case€Lawó óÐ è X ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý8U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€thiÔ' È è èT Ôs€case,€where€there€is€an€exclusivity€clause€and€a€comprehensive€andÐ ˆ Ðexclusive€scheme€for€the€settlement€of€disputes,€adopting€the€exclusive€jurisdictionÐ ° Ðmodel€is€consistent€with€the€decisions€of€this€Court€in€ò òRegina€Policeó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€ò òWeberó ó,Ð H ¸ Ðò òsupraó ó,€and€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó.€€The€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal,€too,€has€onÐ à P Ðnumerous€occasions€applied€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€to€collective€agreementsÐ x è Ðsubject€to€Ô_ ÔQuebecð ðsÔ_ Ô€ò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó:€see,€for€example,€ò òÔ_ ÔLatulippeÔ_ Ô€v.€Commission€Ô_ ÔscolaireÔ_ ÔÐ !€ Ðde€la€Jeune„Loretteó ó,€[2001]€Ô_ ÔR.J.D.T.Ô_ Ô€26;€ò òÔ_ ÔMayvilleÔ_ Ô€v.€Union€Ô_ ÔcanadienneÔ_ Ô€des€Ô_ ÔtravailleursÔ_ ÔÐ ¨" " Ðen€communication€
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Ðtr s€diff rente€et€tr s€lib rale€en€mati re€dð ðinterpr tation€et€dð ðapplication€de€lð ðart. 743.6.€Ð Ô P ÐSelon€ces€arr ts,€le€juge€qui€d termine€la€peine€nð ða€pas€ €se€demander€sð ðil€existe€desÐ l è Ðcirconstances€exceptionnelles€avant€dð ðordonner€lð ðaugmentation€du€temps€dð ð preuve.
ÐFor€example,€soon€after€the€predecessor€to€s.€743.6€came€into€force,€comments€to€thisÐ Ô P Ðeffect€were€made€by€Fish€J.A.€of€the€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òDankyió ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€376,Ð l è Ðand€by€Griffiths€J.A.€of€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òGouletó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€65.€€TheirÐ "€ Ðviews€had€a€significant€influence€on€later€judgments€which€repeatedly€took€up€the€sameÐ œ# " Ðtheme€of€the€exceptional€nature€of€the€provision.€€I€did€so€myself,€while€on€the€QuebecÐ 4%° $ ÐCourt€of€Appeal€in€ò òBoulanger€v.€La€Reineó ó,€[1995]€R.J.Q.€1975,€at€p.1978,€where€IÐ Ì&H & Ðcharacterized€it€as€[ò òtranslationó ó]€ð ðan€exceptional€measureð ð.€€(See€also€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òFergusonó óÐ d(à ( Ð(1995),€64€B.C.A.C.€211;€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òSmithó ó€(1995),€37€C.R.€(4th)€360€(Ont.€Ct.€(Gen.€Div.));Ð ü)x!* Ðò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òOsborne€ó ó(1996),€110€C.C.C.€(3d)€161€(Ont.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.€Nash„Levyó ó€(1998),€207Ð ”+ #, ÐN.B.R.€(2d)€45€(C.A.);€ò òR.€v.ó ó€ò òTraverseó ó€(1998),€126€C.C.C.€(3d)€462€(Man.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.ó óÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òDemedeirosó ó,€[1999]€O.J.€No.€1523€(QL)€(C.A.).)Ý ƒ % Ñý©¬ Ĭ ݌РÄ.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýv³ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOther€appellate€decisions€adopted€what€appears€to€be€a€significantly€differentÐ „ Ðand€broader€approach€to€the€interpretation€and€application€of€s.€743.6.€€According€toÐ ˜ Ðthese€decisions,€a€sentencing€judge€does€not€have€to€look€for€unusual€circumstancesÐ ´ 0 Ðbefore€ordering€delayed€parole.€€The€judge€has€been€granted€discretionary€power€to€beÐ L È Ðused€in€the€appropriate€circumstances,€where€consideration€of€the€relevant€sentencingÐ ä ` Ðfactors€justifies€its€exercise.€€The€Alberta€Court€of€Appeal€summarized€the€gist€of€thisÐ | ø Ðjurisprudential€approach€in€the€following€manner:Ý ƒ % Ñýv³ ‘³ ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àThis€court€has€previously€had€occasion€to€consider€the€scope€of€s.€743.6€inÐ D À Ðò òR.€v.€Matwiyó ó€.€.€.€(1996),€.€.€.€105€C.C.C.€(3d)€251€(C.A.).€This€court€did€notÐ Œ Ðimpose€on€trial€judges€a€requirement€that€they€satisfy€themselves€that€theÐ Ü X Ðcircumstances€were€ð ðextraordinaryð ð€or€ð ðunusualð ð€or€ð ðparticularlyÐ ¨ $ Ðaggravatingð ð€so€as€to€permit€such€an€order€to€be€made.€The€point€made€byÐ t ð ÐMr.€Justice€Iacobucci€in€ò òR.€v.€Shropshireó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€with€respect€to€what€is€nowÐ @ ¼ Ðs.€745.4€applies€with€equal€force€to€this€section.€There€is€nothing€in€s.€743.6Ð ˆ Ðwhich€indicates€that€it€is€a€condition€precedent€to€its€exercise€that€either€theÐ
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” Ð ” Ð Ðó óÌò òà0 ” àà Ü àConvention€relative€au€statut€des€r fugi só ó,€R.T.€Can. €1969€nò òoó ó6,€pr ambule,€art. 33.Ð Ü,t&0 ” Ð ” Ð Ðò òÓ ÓÔ ‡ X ­‡ X X X ­‡ ÔÌà0 ” àà Ü àConvention€sur€la€protection€physique€des€mati res€nucl airesó ó€(1980). Ô # † X ­‡ X X X ­‡iX # Ôò òÐ x.
Ð‡Ó * Ü , ‚X Î ä —X ÿÿ ° œX * Óà Î àò òConstitutional€law€ð" ð€Charter€of€Rights€ð" ð€Fundamental€justice€ð" ðÐ h ÐImmigration€ð" ð€Deportation€ð" ð€Risk€of€torture€ð" ð€Whether€deportation€of€refugeeÏfacing€risk€of€torture€contrary€to€principles€of€fundamental€justice€ð" ð€CanadianÏCharter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€s.€7€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.€I-2,€s.Ï53(1)(b).ÌÌà Î àConstitutional€law€ð" ð€Charter€of€Rights€ð" ð€Fundamental€justice€ð" ðÏVagueness€ð" ð€Whether€terms€ð ðdanger€to€the€security€of€Canadað ð€and€ð ðterrorismð ð€inÏdeportation€provisions€of€immigration€legislation€€unconstitutionally€vague€ð" ðÏCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€s.€7€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.ÏI-2,€ss.€19(1),€53(1)(b).ÌÌà Î àConstitutional€law€ð" ð€Charter€of€Rights€ð" ð€Freedom€of€expression€ð" ðÏFreedom€of€association€ð" ð€Whether€deportation€for€membership€in€terroristÏorganization€infringes€freedom€of€association€and€freedom€of€expression€ð" ð€CanadianÏCharter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€ss.€2(b),€2(d)€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.€I-2,Ïss.€19(1),€53(1)(b).ÌÌà Î àConstitutional€law€ð" ð€Charter€of€Rights€ð" ð€Fundamental€justice€ð" ðÏProcedural€safeguards€ð" ð€Immigration€ð" ð€Convention€refugee€facing€risk€of€torture€ifÏdeported€ð" ð€Whether€procedural€safeguards€provided€to€Convention€refugee€satisfyÏrequirements€of€fundamental€justice€ð" ð€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€s.Ï7€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.€I-2,€s.€53(1)(b).ÌÌà Î àAdministrative€law€ð" ð€Judicial€review€ð" ð€Ministerial€decisions€ð" ð€ÏStandard€of€review€ð" ð€Immigration€ð" ð€Deportation€ð" ð€Approach€to€be€taken€inÏreviewing€decisions€of€Minister€of€Citizenship€and€Immigration€on€whether€refugeeð ðsÐ Ø/p)4 Ðpresence€constitutes€€danger€to€security€of€Canada€and€whether€refugee€facesÏsubstantial€risk€of€torture€upon€deportation€ð" ð€Immigration€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.C.Ô_ Ô€1985,€c.€I-2,Ïs.€53(1)(b).Ìó óÌà Î àThe€appellant€is€a€Convention€refugee€from€Sri€Lanka€who€has€applied€forÏlanded€immigrant€status.€€In€1995,€the€Canadian€government€detained€him€andÏcommenced€deportation€proceedings€on€security€grounds,€based€on€the€opinion€of€theÏCanadian€Security€Intelligence€Service€that€he€was€a€member€and€Ô_ ÔfundraiserÔ_ Ô€of€theÏLiberation€Tigers€of€Tamil€Ô_ ÔEelamÔ_ Ô,€an€organization€alleged€to€be€€engaged€in€terroristÏactivity€in€Sri€Lanka,€and€whose€members€are€also€subject€to€torture€in€Sri€Lanka.€€TheÏFederal€Court,€Trial€Division€
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'1 Ðinterm diaires€une€responsabilit €en€la€mati re€freinerait€manifestement€cette€croissanceÐ 40¤(3 Ðet€ce€d veloppement,€lesquels€ont€permis€la€cr ation€de€lð ðÔ_ U U Ôant m moireÔ_ U U Ô.€La€CommissionÐ  Ða€signal €que,€au€d but,€le€recours€ €lð ðInternet€pour€la€transmission€dð ðð§ ðuvres€musicalesÐ ( ˜ Ð tait€limit €par€Ô_ U U Ôð ðlaÔ_ U U Ô€n cessit €dð ðavoir€une€largeur€de€bande€relativement€grande€pourÐ À 0 Ðtransmettre€des€fichiers€Ô_ U U Ôaudioð ðÔ_ U U Ô€(p.€4).€Cet€obstacle€technique€a€pu€ tre€contourn €gr ceÐ X È Ðnotamment€aux€Ô_ U U Ôð ðant m moiresÔ_ U U ÔÔ_ U U ԁð ð.Ô_ U U Ô€La€Commission€a€dit€( €la€p.€14)€que€Ô_ U U Ôð ð[l]aÔ_ U U Ô€mise€enÐ ð ` Ðant m moire€r duit€le€coðE ðt€de€livraison€des€donn es€en€permettant€lð ðemploi€dð ðune€largeurÐ ˆ ø Ðde€bande€plus€Ô_ U U Ôpetite.ð ðÔ_ U U Ô€Les€progr s€techniques€fulgurants€dans€le€domaine€deÐ  Ðlð ðinformatique€et€la€chute€rapide€du€coðE ðt€support €par€le€consommateur€tiennent€de€laÐ ¸ ( Ðl gende.€Le€professeur€Takach€a€r v l €une€donn e€renversante:€si€lð ðindustrie€automobileÐ P À Ðavait€pu€obtenir€le€m me€rapport€rendement-prix€que€le€secteur€des€microprocesseurs,Ð è X Ðune€automobile€coðE ðterait€aujourdð ðhui€moins€de€cinq€dollars€et€pourrait€parcourir€250€000Ð € ð Ðmilles€avec€un€seul€gallon€dð ðessence;€voir€Ô_ U U ÔTakachÔ_ U U Ô,ò ò€op.€Ô_ U U ÔcitÔ_ U U Ô.ó ó,€p.€21.€Lð ðalin a€2.4(1)ò òbó ó)€traduitÐ ˆ Ðla€volont €du€l gislateur€que€se€poursuive€cet€essor€anim €par€lð ðesprit€dð ðentreprise€malgr Ð ° Ðses€effets€accessoires€sur€les€titulaires€de€droits€dð ðauteur.Ý ƒ % Ñýˆû £û ݌РH ¸ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý' Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú115Ú ÚÛ € z s Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àDe€lð ðavis€de€la€Commission,€les€moyens€Ô_ U U Ôð ðn cessairesÔ_ U U ÔÔ_ U U ԁð ðÔ_ U U Ô€au€sens€de€lð ðal.Ð x è Ð2.4(1)ò òbó ó)€sont€ceux€qui€nð ðont€aucune€incidence€sur€le€contenu€et€qui€sð ðimposent€pourÐ !
Ðcommunication€in€that€medium€of€telecommunication€would€not€be€practicable€or,€in€allÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprobability,€would€not€have€occurredð ð.€€This€is€a€high€eligibility€test€which€could€inhibitÐ l+Ü#- Ðdevelopment€of€more€efficient€means€of€telecommunication.€€SOCAN€and€othersÐ -t%/ Ðrepresenting€copyright€owners€would€always€be€able€to€argue€that€whatever€the€advancesÐ œ. '1 Ðin€the€future,€a€telecommunication€could€still€have€been€practicable€using€the€oldÐ 40¤(3 Ðtechnology,€and€that€one€way€or€the€other€the€telecommunication€would€ð ðin€allÐ  Ðprobabilityð ð€have€occurred.€€In€my€view,€with€respect,€Evans€J.A.€has€placed€the€bar€tooÐ ( ˜ Ðhigh.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý5Q PQ ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý+V Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú114Ú ÚÛ € z r Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àParliament€has€decided€that€there€is€a€public€interest€in€encouragingÐ ð ` Ðintermediaries€who€make€telecommunications€possible€to€expand€and€improve€theirÐ ˆ ø Ðoperations€without€the€threat€of€copyright€infringement.€€To€impose€copyright€liabilityÐ  Ðon€intermediaries€would€obviously€chill€that€expansion€and€development,€as€the€historyÐ ¸ ( Ðof€caching€demonstrates.€€In€the€early€years€of€the€Internet,€as€the€Board€found,€itsÐ P À Ðusefulness€for€the€transmission€of€musical€works€was€limited€by€ð ðthe€relatively€highÐ è X Ðbandwidth€required€to€transmit€audio€filesð ð€(p.€426).€€This€technical€limitation€wasÐ € ð Ðaddressed€in€part€by€using€ð ðcachesð ð.€€As€the€Board€noted,€at€p.€433:€€ð ðCaching€reducesÐ ˆ Ðthe€cost€for€the€delivery€of€data€by€allowing€the€use€of€lower€bandwidth€than€wouldÐ ° Ðotherwise€be€necessary.ð ð€€The€velocity€of€new€technical€developments€in€the€computerÐ H ¸ Ðindustry,€and€the€rapidly€declining€cost€to€the€consumer,€is€legendary.€€Professor€TakachÐ à P Ðhas€unearthed€the€startling€statistic€that€if€the€automobile€industry€was€able€to€achieve€theÐ x è Ðsame€performance„price€improvements€as€has€the€computer€chip€industry,€a€car€todayÐ !€ Ðwould€cost€under€five€dollars€and€would€get€250,000€miles€to€the€gallon€of€gasoline:€seeÐ ¨" " ÐÔ_ ÔTakachÔ_ Ô,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€21.€€Section€2.4(1)(ò òbó ó)€reflects€Parliamentð ðs€priority€that€thisÐ @$° $ Ðentrepreneurial€push€is€to€continue€despite€any€incidental€effects€on€copyright€owners.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý+V FV ݌РØ%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¸] Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú115Ú ÚÛ € z s Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€Boardð ðs€view,€the€means€ð ðnecessaryð ð€under€s.2.4(1)(ò òbó ó)€were€meansÐ )x!* Ðthat€were€content€neutral€and€were€necessary€to€maximize€the€economy€and€cost„Ð
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745.4.€Ý ƒ % Ñý¿é Úé ݌Р"€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýWï Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àð ð€cette€ tape,€comme€lð ðexige€la€loi,€apr s€avoir€accord €la€priorit €auxÐ 4%° $ Ðfacteurs€de€lð ðeffet€dissuasif€et€de€la€r probation€dans€lð ðexamen€de€lð ðensemble€des€crit resÐ Ì&H & Ðet€des€principes€applicables€en€mati re€de€d termination€de€la€peine,€le€tribunal€doitÐ d(à ( Ðd cider€si€cette€sanction€additionnelle€sð ðimpose€au€regard€des€ l ments€de€preuve€soumisÐ ü)x!
Ðapplied€in€a€routine€manner.€€The€power€should€not€be€exercised€in€a€mechanical€orÐ Ô P Ðautomatic€way,€nor€invoked€in€connection€with€every€jail€term€imposed€for€an€offenceÐ l è Ðcovered€by€s.€743.6.€€The€judge€must€once€again€apply€the€sentencing€factors.€€In€this€partÐ "€ Ðof€the€process,€however,€the€addition€of€s.€743.6(2)€requires€that,€in€the€course€of€thisÐ œ# " Ðsecond€balancing,€priority€be€given€to€the€factors€of€general€and€specific€deterrence,€andÐ 4%° $ Ðof€denunciation.€€The€other€factors€remain€relevant,€but,€to€the€extent€of€any€conflict,Ð Ì&H & Ðsubordinated€to€those€identified€by€Parliament.€€It€is€worth€noting€that€Parliament€has€notÐ d(à ( Ðgiven€priority€to€these€specific€factors€in€the€application€of€s.€745.4.€Ó ã¾ ÓÓ ÓÝ ƒ % Ñý]Æ xÆ ÝŒÐ ü)x!* ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýaË Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àò òó óAt€this€stage,€having€given€priority€to€the€factors€of€deterrence€andÐ ,-¨$. Ðdenunciation€as€required€by€law,€and€having€duly€considered€all€the€criteria€andÐ Ä.@&0 Ðprinciples€relevant€to€sentencing,€based€on€the€evidence€at€the€sentencing€hearing€and€atÐ \0Ø'2 Ðtrial,€the€court€must€arrive€at€its€conclusion€as€to€whether€this€additional€punishment€isÐ „ Ðrequired.€€The€prosecution€has€the€burden€of€demonstrating€that€it€is.€€The€judge€mustÐ ˜ Ðsatisfy€himself€or€herself€that€the€order€is€needed€to€reflect€the€objectives€of€sentencing,Ð ´ 0 Ðwith€awareness€of€the€special€weight€ascribed€by€Parliament€to€the€social€imperatives€ofÐ L È Ðdenunciation€and€deterrence.€€Nevertheless,€at€the€end€of€this€intellectual€process,€theÐ ä ` Ðsentencing€decision€must€remain€alive€to€the€nature€and€position€of€delayed€parole€inÐ | ø Ðcriminal€law€as€a€special,€additional€form€of€punishment.€€Hence€it€should€not€be€orderedÐ  Ðwithout€necessity,€in€a€routine€way.€€This€idea€is€acknowledged€by€Griffiths€J.A.€of€theÐ ¬ ( ÐOntario€Court€of€Appeal€in€ò òGouletó ó€(p.€65).€€It€is€this€aspect€of€s.€743.6€that€explains€theÐ D À Ðdevelopment€of€the€jurisprudential€current€emphasizing€its€exceptional€nature.€€The€otherÐ Ü X Ðstream€of€jurisprudence,€which€shies€away€from€using€the€vocabulary€of€an€ð ðexceptionalÐ t ð Ðmeasureð ð,€does€not€seem,€in€practice,€to€have€applied€s.€743.6€€in€a€different€manner.€Ð ˆ ÐNone€of€these€judgments€has€suggested€that€a€delayed€parole€order€should€be€consideredÐ ¤ Ðan€ordinary€measure,€to€be€applied€in€the€normal€course;€they€agree€that€it€should€beÐ
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݌Р³ ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý° Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà i àCependant,€je€ne€crois€pas€quð ðon€puisse€dire€que€le€fait€de€ð ðlaisserð ðÐ y & Ðsð ð chapper€de€la€chaleur€r fute€une€attente€en€mati re€de€vie€priv e€au€sens€o ,€parÐ ¶ Ðexemple,€la€Cour€a€d cid €dans€lð ðaffaire€ò òR.
Ðis€clear€that€warrantless€searches€are€presumptively€unreasonable,€absent€exigentÐ Ô)D"+ Ðcircumstances€(ò òHunter€v.€Southamó ó,€ò òsupraó ó;€ò òCollinsó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€€at€p.€278;€ò òEvansó ó,€ò òsupraó ó;€andÐ l+Ü#- Ðò òGrantó ó,€ò òsupraó ó).€€However,€the€second€question€is€only€reached€if€the€first€question€isÐ -t%/ Ðanswered€in€the€affirmative.Ý ƒ % Ñý$Ï ?Ï ÝŒÐ œ. '1 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ 40¤(3 ÐÓ ÓÓ ? Ü , ‚X ž œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ? ÓE.à0 ž àò òDid€the€Respondent€Have€a€Reasonable€Expectation€of€Privacy€in€the€SubjectÐ  ÐMatter€of€the€FLIR€Image?ó óÓ ? Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X ž œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ? ÓÓ ÓÐ \ Ì ž Ð ž Ð ÐÌà0 œ à(1)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òWhat€Is€the€Subject€Matter€of€a€FLIR€Image?ó óÐ Œ ü ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý©Ó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú34Ú ÚÛ € z " Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€parties€agree€that€for€present€purposes€the€subject€matter€of€FLIRÐ ¼ , Ðtechnology€was€accurately€set€out€in€the€information€used€by€the€RCMP€to€obtain€theÐ T Ä Ðsearch€warrant€after€the€FLIR€overflight,€as€follows:Ý ƒ % Ñý©Ó ÄÓ ÝŒÐ ì \ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àThermal€infrared€systems€are€often€used€to€conduct€ð ðstructure€profilesð ð.€Ð Œ ÐThese€devices€are€passive€instruments€which€are€sensitive€to€only€thermalÐ è X Ðsurface€radiant€temperature.€€The€devices€do€not€see€into,€or€throughÐ ´ $ Ðstructures.€€The€FLIR€system€detects€only€energy€which€is€radiated€fromÐ € ð Ðthe€outside€surface€of€an€object.€€Internal€heat€which€is€transmitted€to€theÐ L ¼ Ðoutside€surface€of€an€object€is€detectable.€€This€device€...€is€essentially€aÐ ˆ Ðcamera€that€takes€photographs€of€heat€instead€of€light€...€The€rooms€ofÐ ä T Ðmarijuana€growing€operations€with€halide€lights€are€warmer€than€theÐ ° Ðaverage€room€in€a€residence.€€The€walls€of€these€rooms€emanate€this€heatÐ | ì Ðto€the€outside,€and€are€therefore€detectable€by€the€FLIR.€€Heat€in€aÐ H ¸ Ðresidence€is€usually€evenly€distributed€throughout€the€buildingð ðs€exterior.€Ð „ ÐBy€comparing€the€pattern€of€heat€emanating€from€the€structure,€it€isÐ à P Ðpossible€to€detect€patterns€of€heat€showing€rooms€or€sections€of€a€structureÐ ¬ Ðthat€may€be€housing€the€marijuana€growing€operation.Ó ÓÐ x è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¶Ú Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€evident€from€the€final€sentence€that€a€FLIR€image€is€only€as€helpful€asÐ ¨" " Ðthe€inferences€that€it€is€capable€of€supporting.€€After€reviewing€the€evidence,€AbellaÐ @$° $ ÐJ.A.€concluded€(at€para.€69):Ý ƒ % Ñý¶Ú ÑÚ ÝŒÐ Ø%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àSome€perfectly€innocent€internal€activities€in€the€
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ò òLa€nature€des€ordonnances€dð ðaugmentation€du€temps€dð ð preuveÐ „ ÐÌó óÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý9Š Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLe€r gime€dð ðaugmentation€du€temps€dð ð preuve€ tabli€ €lð ðart. 743.6Ô' È „ ‰ Ô€refl te€unÐ ´ 0 Ðchangement€relativement€r cent€de€la€politique€l gislative€en€mati re€de€d terminationÐ L È Ðde€la€peine.
Ðof€the€sentence€that€must€be€served€before€the€offender€may€be€released€onÐ „ Ðfull€parole€is€one€half€of€the€sentence€or€ten€years,€whichever€is€less.Ð Ô P œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø à(2)€€[Principles€that€are€to€guide€the€court]€For€greater€certainty,€theÐ l è Ðparamount€principles€which€are€to€guide€the€court€under€this€section€areÐ 8!´ Ðdenunciation€and€specific€or€general€deterrence,€with€rehabilitation€of€theÐ "€ Ðoffender,€in€all€cases,€being€subordinate€to€these€paramount€principles.Ó hV ÓÐ Ð"L ! œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌò òCorrections€and€Conditional€Release€Actó ó,€S.C.€1992,€c.€20Ð &| % ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àò ò120.ó ó€€(1)€€Subject€to€sections€747€and€761€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€and€toÐ 0)¬ ) Ðany€order€made€under€section€741.2€of€that€Act,€an€offender€is€not€eligibleÐ ü)x!* Ðfor€full€parole€until€the€day€on€which€the€offender€has€served€a€period€ofÐ È*D"+ Ðineligibility€of€the€lesser€of€one€third€of€the€sentence€and€seven€years.€Ð ”+ #, œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø à(2)€€Subject€to€any€order€made€under€section€741.2€of€the€ò òCriminalÐ ,-¨$. ÐCodeó ó,€an€offender€who€is€serving€a€life€sentence,€imposed€otherwise€than€asÐ ø-t%/ Ða€minimum€punishment,€is€not€eligible€for€full€parole€until€the€day€on€whichÐ Ä.@&0 Ðthe€offender€has€served€a€period€of€ineligibility€of€seven€years€less€any€timeÐ / '1 Ðspent€in€custody€between€the€day€on€which€the€offender€was€arrested€andÐ \0Ø'2 Ðtaken€into€custody,€in€respect€of€the€offence€for€which€the€sentence€wasÐ „ Ðimposed,€and€the€day€on€which€the€sentence€was€imposed.Ð P Ì œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àò ò128.ó ó€€(1)€€An€offender€who€is€released€on€parole,€statutory€release€orÐ è d Ðunescorted€temporary€absence€continues,€while€entitled€to€be€at€large,€toÐ ´ 0 Ðserve€the€sentence€until€its€expiration€according€to€law.Ð € ü œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø à(2)€€Except€to€the€extent€required€by€the€conditions€of€any€day€parole,Ð ” Ðan€offender€who€is€released€on€parole,€statutory€release€or€unescortedÐ ä ` Ðtemporary€absence€is€entitled,€subject€to€this€Part,€to€remain€at€large€inÐ ° , Ðaccordance€with€the€conditions€of€the€parole,€statutory€release€or€unescortedÐ | ø Ðtemporary€absence€and€is€not€liable€to€be€returned€to€custody€by€reason€ofÐ H Ä Ðthe€sentence€unless€the€parole,€statutory€release€or€unescorted€temporaryÐ  Ðabsence€is€suspended,€cancelled,€terminated€or€revoked.Ó Qb ÓÐ à \ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌV.€€ò òAnalysisó óÐ Œ ÐÌA.€ò òThe€Issueó óÐ @ ¼ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýîj Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€appeal€is€concerned€solely€with€the€questio
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€€Le€cong diement€dð ðO€nð ðest€pas€mati re€ €arbitrage€parce€que€le€syndicatÐ Ä ` Ðet€lð ðemployeur€ont€convenu€de€ne€pas€inclure€dans€la€convention€collective€leÐ \ ø Ðcong diement€des€employ s€ €lð ðessai,€et€le€l gislateur€nð ðentendait€pas€exiger€quð ðils€leÐ ô  Ðfassent.Ð Œ ( ÐÌà œ àLa€Cour€dð ðappel€nð ðaurait€pas€dðE ð,€de€son€propre€chef,€faire€abstraction€desÐ ¼ X Ðexigences€proc durales€n goci es€par€les€ò òó óparties€et€fonder€une€argumentation€sur€laÐ T ð Ðò òLNE.€ó ó€Lð ðalin a€8.06a)€de€la€convention€collective€exige€clairement€du€syndicat€quð ðilÐ ì ˆ Ðinvoque€ð ðles€articles€de€la€convention€qui€auraient€ t €viol sð ð.
Ð8.06(a)€of€the€collective€agreement€clearly€required€the€Union€to€state€ð ðthe€section€orÐ Ô/p)4 Ðsections€of€the€Agreement€which€are€alleged€to€have€been€violatedð ð.€€The€Union€shouldÐ d Ðtherefore€have€raised€s.44€of€the€ò òESAó ó,€barring€employment€discrimination€on€the€basisÐ ü ˜ Ðof€ð ðpregnancy€leaveð ð,€which€the€legislature€has€explicitly€incorporated€into€allÐ ” 0 Ðcollective€agreements€via€s.64.5(1)€of€the€ò òESAó ó.€€This€the€Union€chose€not€to€do.€€EvenÐ , È Ðif€the€failure€to€raise€the€ò òESAó ó€might€have€been€curable€or€seen€as€a€simple€proceduralÐ Ä ` Ðdefect,€the€Union€would€at€the€very€least€have€had€the€obligation€to€raise€the€matter€atÐ \ ø Ðthe€arbitration€stage.€€The€Union€and€O€should€be€bound€by€the€specific€claims€theyÐ ô  Ðmade€and€the€manner€in€which€they€presented€them.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€erred€inÐ Œ ( Ðraising€this€issue,€not€chosen€by€the€parties.Ð $ À ÐÌà œ àO€is€not€without€a€remedy.€€She€may€use€the€mechanisms€carefully€set€outÐ T ð Ðby€the€legislature€to€vindicate€her€human€rights,€and€may€bring€her€claim€before€theÐ ì ˆ ÐHuman€Rights€Commission,€as€the€employer€urged€and€as€the€legislature€intended.Ð „ ÐÌò òÔ& ø ÔCases€Citedó óÐ ´ P ÐÌBy€Iacobucci€J.Ð ä € ÐÌà œ àò òAppÔ' ø ´ š? Ôlied:€€ó óò òMcLeod€v.€Eganó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€517;ò ò€referred€to:ó ó€€ò òVolvoÐ #° $ ÐCanada€Ltd.€v.€U.A.W.,€Local€720ó ó,€[1980]€1S.C.R.178;€ò òDouglas€Aircraft€Co.€ofÐ ¬$H & ÐCanada€v.€McConnelló ó,€[1980]€1S.C.R.245;€ò òDayco€(Canada)€Ltd.€v.€CAW-Canadaó ó,Ð D&à ( Ð[1993]€2S.C.R.230;€ò òToronto€(City)€Board€of€Education€v.€O.S.S.T.F.,€District€15ó ó,Ð Ü'x!* Ð[1997]€1S.C.R.487;€ò òCanada€(Director€of€Investigation€and€Research)€v.€SouthamÐ t) #, ÐInc.ó ó,€[1997]€1S.C.R.748;€ò òC.U.P.E.€v.€Ontario€(Minister€of€Labour)ó ó,€[2003]€1€S.C.R.Ð +¨$. Ð539,€2003SCC29;€ò òCanadian€Broadcasting€Corp.v.€Canada€(Labour€RelationsÐ ¤,@&0 ÐBoard)ó ó,€[1995]€1S.C.R.157;€ò òUnited€Brotherhood€of€Carpenters€and€Joiners€ofÐ
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H.19Ð ü"˜ ÐÓ ñº ÓÌà0 œ àà ø àà œ àà ø àà œ àà ø àò ò5€ó ó€(1)€€Toute€personne€a€droit€ €un€traitement€ gal€en€mati re€dð ðemploi,Ð &¢ " Ðsans€discrimination€fond e€sur€la€race,€lð ðascendance,€le€lieu€dð ðorigine,€laÐ Ò&n # Ðcouleur,€lð ðorigine€ethnique,€la€citoyennet ,€la€croyance,€le€sexe,Ð ž':!
ÐÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àà ø àò ò48.€ó ó(1)€€Ô USCE. , ÔÔ # † X %a X X / X %aöz # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔEvery€collective€agreement€shall€provide€for€the€final€andÐ d Ðbinding€settlement€by€arbitration,€without€stoppage€of€work,€of€allÐ 0 Ì Ðdifferences€between€the€parties€arising€from€the€interpretation,€application,Ð ü ˜ Ðadministration€or€alleged€violation€of€the€agreement,€including€anyÐ È d Ðquestion€as€to€whether€a€matter€is€arbitrable.Ô # † X %a X X # X %a | # ÔÔ ‡ / X %a X X X %a ÔÔ CE. , US. , à{ ÔÐ ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ô Ô ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ , È ÐÌà0 œ àà ø à(12)€€Ô USCE. , ÔÔ # † X %a X X / X %aæ} # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔAn€arbitrator€or€the€chair€of€an€arbitration€board,€as€the€case€mayÐ Ä ` Ðbe,€has€power,Ð  , œ Ð œ Ð Ðà œ àÌà œ àà0 ø à(a)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€require€any€party€to€furnish€particulars€before€or€during€aÐ ( Ä Ðhearing;Ð ô  8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø à(b)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€require€any€party€to€produce€documents€or€things€that€mayÐ Œ ( Ðbe€relevant€to€the€matter€and€to€do€so€before€or€during€theÐ X ô Ðhearing;Ð $ À 8 Ð 8 Ð Ðà œ àà0 ø àÐ ø Ð ø Ð Ðà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(c)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€fix€dates€for€the€commencement€and€continuation€ofÐ ¼ X Ðhearings;Ó S ÓÐ ˆ $ 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(d)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€summon€and€enforce€the€attendance€of€witnesses€and€toÐ ¼ Ðcompel€them€to€give€oral€or€written€evidence€on€oath€in€theÐ ì ˆ Ðsame€manner€as€a€court€of€record€in€civil€cases;€andÓ S ÓÐ ¸ T 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(e)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€administer€oaths€and€affirmations,Ô # † X %a X X # X %aÀ~ # ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a ÔÔ CE. , US. , ‹~ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÐ P ì 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌÔ # † X %a X X # X %aíƒ # ÔÔ CE. , US. , &„ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÔ ‡ # X %a X X X %a Ôà0 œ àand€an€arbitrator€or€an€arbitration€board,€as€the€case€may€be,€has€power,Ó S ÓÐ Ž * œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø àÓ S Ó(f)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€accept€the€oral€or€written€evidence€as€the€arbitrator€or€theÐ &  Ðarbitration€board,€as€the€case€may€be,€in€its€discretion€considersÐ ò Ž Ðproper,€whether€admissible€in€a€court€of€law€or€not;ò òÓ S ÓÐ ¾ Z 8 Ð 8 Ð ÐÌó óÓ S Óà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(g)€à0 8 ø Ð ø Ð àto€enter€any€premises€where€work€is€being€done€or€has€beenÐ V!ò ! Ðdone€by€the€employees€or€in€which€the€employer€carries€onÐ ""¾ " Ðbusiness€or€where€anything€is€taking€place€or€has€taken€placeÐ î"Š # Ðconcerning€any€of€the€differences€submitted€to€the€arbitrator€orÐ º#V $ Ðthe€arbitration€board,€and€inspect€and€view€any€work,€material,Ð †$" % Ðmachinery,€appliance€or€article€therein,€and€interrogate€anyÐ R%î & Ðperson€respec
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Ðpreuve€applicable€en€mati re€civile€ou€selon€celle€applicable€en€mati re€criminelle,€et€siÐ Ô/p)4 Ðla€norme€civile€sð ðappliquait,€y€aurait-il€atteinte€aux€principes€de€justice€fondamentaleÐ d Ð(art.7)€et€au€droit€ €la€pr somption€dð ðinnocence€(al.11ò òdó ó))€garantis€par€la€ò òCharteÐ ü ˜ Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?
Ðà œ àDuring€the€investigation€of€the€second€murder,€the€accused€refused€to€provideÐ d Ðâ âsamples€for€DNA€testing.€€Cigarette€butts€belonging€to€him,€however,€were€taken€afterÐ ü ˜ Ðhis€police€interview,€analysed€as€to€DNA€composition€and€found€to€match€the€semenÐ ” 0 Ðfraction€taken€from€the€second€victim.€€The€scalp€and€pubic€hairs€taken€from€the€accusedÐ , È Ðduring€the€first€murder€investigation€were€analysed€as€to€DNA€composition€and€foundÐ Ä ` Ðto€match€the€analysis€of€the€cigarette€butts€and€the€semen.€The€accused€was€arrested€andÐ \ ø Ðcharged€with€the€first€degree€murder€of€the€second€victim€and€then€re-arrested€andÐ ô  Ðcharged€with€the€first€degree€murder€of€the€first€victim€as€well.Ð Œ ( ÐÌà œ àDefence€counsel€twice€unsuccessfully€applied€to€sever€the€two€murder€countsÐ ¼ X Ðin€the€indictment,€before€the€trial€and€at€the€end€of€a€lengthy€ò òvoir€direó ó.€€Counsel€alsoÐ T ð Ðobjected€to€the€admissibility€of€the€samples€taken€and€used€by€the€police€for€DNAÐ ì ˆ Ðanalysis€and€the€DNA€evidence€itself.€€The€evidence€was€ruled€admissible.€€A€juryÐ „ Ðconvicted€the€accused€on€both€counts.€€His€appeal€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€was€dismissed.Ð ¸ ÐÌà œ àTwo€principal€issues€arose€here.€€First,€whether€a€jury,€to€draw€conclusionsÐ L è Ðfrom€similar€fact€evidence,€was€to€be€satisfied€on€a€civil€or€criminal€standard€of€proofÐ ä € Ðthat€the€same€person€committed€the€acts€in€question,€and€if€the€civil€standard€applied,Ð |! " Ðwhether€the€principles€of€fundamental€justice€(s.7)€and€the€right€to€be€presumed€innocentÐ #° $ Ð(s.11(ò òdó ó))€in€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó€would€be€offended.€€€Second,Ð ¬$H & Ðdid€the€admission€into€evidence€of€hair€samples€obtained€by€consent€for€one€policeÐ D&à ( Ðinvestigation€and€used€in€connection€with€the€separate€later€investigation€offend€theÐ Ü'x!* Ðaccusedð ðs€right€to€be€free€from€unreasonable€search€and€seizure€guaranteed€in€ss.7€andÐ t) #, Ð8€of€the€ò òCharteró ó?Ð +¨$. Ðâ âÐ ¤,@&0 ÐÔ& Ôâ âà œ àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€dismissed.Ð d ÐÌà œ àIn€considering€whether€similar€fact€evidence€should€be€admitted€the€basicÐ ” 0 Ðquestion€to€be€determined€is€whether€the€probative€value€outweighs€the€prejudicial€effect.Ð , È ÐTherefore,€in€cases€where€identity€is€at€issue€and€the€accused€is€shown€to€have€committedÐ Ä ` Ðacts€with€a€striking€similarity€to€the€alleged€crime€the€jury€is€not€asked€to€infer€from€theÐ \ ø Ðaccusedð ðs€habits€or€disposition€that€he€or€she€is€the€type€of€person€who€would€co
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ÓÝ ‚ % NCÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ ÓÝ ‚ % NC2 Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Û]Ý Ýà p àIl€est€important€de€souligner€que€lð ðexigence€minimale€de€pertinence€vraisemblable€deÐ Ô $ Ðcommon€law€ nonc €dans€ò òOð ðConnoró ó€diff re€consid rablement€du€crit re€de€pertinenceÐ ¬ ü Ðvraisemblable€fix €par€le€l gislateur€pour€la€production€de€dossiers€contenant€des€renseignementsÐ „ Ô Ðpersonnels€dans€des€proc dures€en€mati re€dð ðagression€sexuelle€conform ment€au€r gime€deÐ \ ¬ Ðlð ðarr t€ò òMills€ó ó(voirpar.
C ÿÿ ƒ L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ( $$ ” ” ò òÚ Ú1Ú Úó ó @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t c . b , r h v > r u n . h e a d f o r v . ( e n g l i s h ) V . r h v 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 v . V , r h e > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t v . r * h 1 > t i t l e i n b o l d , f l u s h l e f t n o i n d e n t ˆ * h 2 > t i t l e i n 1 0 . 5 p t r e g u l a r , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d e n t Œ , i n d > ( i n d e x e d o r r e p e r t o i r e ) , t e x t 7 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t Š . i n d 1 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) , ( n o v . o r c . i n s i d e )  . i n d 2 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) w i t h 2 v . o r 2 c . i n s i d e d 4 / f t n o t e > e n d o f e n g l i s h f o o t n o t e H * 3 p > 3 . . . c e n t e r ˜ . p r e s > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : P r e s e n t : L a m e r Š . f i l e > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : F i l e N o s : „ . d a t e > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : 1 9 9 2 : V * p 9 > P a r a . i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . š , c r t > t e x t i n 8 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d . e x . : A P P E A L , A P P E L v , c a p > P a r a . i n 9 . 5 p t , j u s t . , a l l i n i t a l i c ˜ 0 c a s e 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l . l e f t , n o i n d e n t e x . : c a s e s œ 0 c a s e 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o c a s e 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l l e f t , n o i n d e n t z 0 c a s e 3 > ( a p p l i e d t o c a s e 1 ) , p a r . 9 . 5 p t j u s t . ˜ , a u 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l l e f t , n o i n d e n t e x . : a u t h o r s † , a u 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o a u 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l u s h & o n e œ 0 s t a t 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l l e f t , n o i n d ( S t a t u t e s , L o i s ) Ž 0 s t a t 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o s t a t 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l u s h & o n e Z 4 f t n o t e f > f o o t n o t e f r a n c a i s e V 2 f t n o t e > f o o t n o t e a n g l a i s e T . r u l e > r u l e c e n t e r 1 i n c h H * 3 * > 3 * * * c e n t e r j ( h
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€€Il€soutient€que€les€dispositions€l gislatives€et€r glementaires€de€la€provinceÐ ì \ Ðen€mati re€de€commercialisation€ne€peuvent€sð ðappliquer€quð ð €la€production€de€pouletsÐ Ä 4 Ðdestin s€aux€march s€du€Qu bec€et€non€ €la€production€de€poulets€r serv sÐ œ Ðexclusivement€aux€march s€interprovinciaux.Ý ƒ % Ñý Š /Š ÝŒÐ t ä ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý™ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àM.
Ðmarketing€scheme€at€issue€here€are€s.€91(2),€which€confers€jurisdiction€over€trade€andÐ Ðcommerce€to€the€federal€government,€and€s.92(10),€which€gives€provincialÐ ± ˜ Ðgovernments€jurisdiction€over€local€works€and€undertakings.Ý ƒ % ÑýwË ’Ë ÝŒÐ I 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý˜Ï Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú33Ú ÚÛ € z ! Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àAs€previously€indicated,€once€the€national€quota€for€chicken€production€isÐ y ` Ðdivided€among€the€provinces,€a€producer€must€be€allotted€an€individual€productionÐ ø Ðquota€in€order€to€produce€chicken€in€the€province.€Chicken€producers€within€eachÐ ©  Ðprovince€receive€only€one€individual€marketing€and€production€quota.€Ý ƒ % Ñý˜Ï ³Ï ݌РA ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÑÑ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú34Ú ÚÛ € z " Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` à€The€provincial€chicken€regulation€expresses€quotas€in€square€meters€of€barnÐ q X Ðspace,€clearly€tying€quotas€to€physical€production€ò òwithinó ó€Quebec.€The€quota€assignedÐ ð Ðto€each€producer€in€a€province€does€not€distinguish€between€what€can€be€marketedÐ ¡ ˆ Ðwithin€the€province€and€what€can€be€marketed€extraprovincially;€rather,€the€decisionÐ 9 Ðwhether€to€market€internally€or€externally€is€up€to€each€producer€once€he€or€she€obtainsÐ Ñ ¸ Ðthe€proper€licences€(ò òCanadian€Chicken€Licensing€Regulationsó ó,€SOR/81„517).€Ð i P ÐQuebecð ðs€chicken€producers€are€free€to€market€their€products€intraprovincially,Ð è Ðextraprovincially€or€in€some€combination€of€the€two,€so€long€as€they€do€not€exceedÐ ™ € Ðtheir€individual€quotas.Ý ƒ % ÑýÑÑ ìÑ ÝŒÐ 1! " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýñÕ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThe€only€requirements€imposed€on€provincial€producers€wishing€to€exportÐ a$H & Ðtheir€product€are€that€they€obtain€a€marketing€and€production€quota€from€the€F d rationÐ ù%à ( Ðand€a€licence€from€the€federal€body.€A€producer€may€not€engage€in€the€marketing€ofÐ ‘'x!* Ðchicken€in€interprovincial€or€export€trade€without€the€appropriate€licence.€The€licensingÐ )) #, Ðrequirement,€however,€is€not€onerous.€On€receipt€of€a€valid€application,€the€federalÐ Á*¨$. Ðbody€is€required€to€issue€a€licence.€For€its€part,€the€producer€is€required€to€abide€by€theÐ Y,@&0 Ðâ âapplicable€laws€and€to€make€regular€reports€detailing€its€extraprovincial€sales.€TheÐ ñ-Ø'2 Ðamount€of€chicken€that€a€producer€may€export€is€not€specified€on€the€licence€and€is,€inÐ Ðtheory,€limited€solely€by€the€quota€amount€assigned€by€the€F d ration.Ý ƒ % ÑýñÕ Ö ÝŒÐ ± ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý`Ú Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àIt€is€important€to€stre
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€€Le€pr sident€occupe€son€poste€pendant€cinq€ans€et€peut€ treÐ Ô)D"+ Ðrenomm € €ce€poste;€les€autres€membres€occupent€leur€poste€pendant€quatre€ans€etÐ l+Ü#- Ðpeuvent€ tre€renomm s€ €leur€poste€(art.15).€€En€plus€des€pouvoirs€particuliers€d critsÐ -t%/ Ðci-dessus,€la€Loi€impose€ €la€Commission€lð ðobligation€g n rale€de€traiter€les€travailleursÐ œ. '1 Ðet€les€personnes€ €leur€charge€de€mani re€juste€et€raisonnable€(par.21.1(1)).€€LaÐ 40¤(3 ÐCommission€est€assist e€dans€son€travail€par€de€nombreux€professionnels€ayant€ €leurÐ  Ðt te€un€directeur€g n ral€qui€est€lð ðadministrateur€principal€de€la€Commission.€€LaÐ ( ˜ ÐCommission€ tablit€et€publie€ galement€des€directives€dð ðorientation€(par.21.1(2)).Ô CECF. , ÔÝ ƒ % Ñý§k Âk ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýyt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , -t ÔÔ_ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s „l # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLaÔ_ Ô€composition€et€les€pouvoirs€de€la€Commission€ainsi€que€la€dur e€desÐ ð ` Ðfonctions€de€ses€membres€montrent€bien€quð ðelle€poss de€une€expertise€vraimentÐ ˆ ø Ðconsid rable€en€mati re€de€traitement€de€tous€les€aspects€du€r gime€dð ðindemnisation€desÐ  Ðaccidents€du€travail.€€Non€seulement€la€Commission€poss de-t-elle€une€expertise€couranteÐ ¸ ( Ðen€mati re€de€traitement€des€demandes€dð ðindemnisation,€dð ð tablissement€des€taux€deÐ P À Ðcotisation€et€de€promotion€de€la€s curit €au€travail,€mais€encore€elle€poss de€uneÐ è X Ðexpertise€pour€ce€qui€est€dð ðassurer€que€le€respect€des€objectifs€de€la€Loi.€€Comme€le€faitÐ € ð Ðremarquer€le€juge€Ô_ ÔWakelingÔ_ Ô€dans€ses€motifs€de€dissidence,€ €la€p.€301:Ý ƒ % Ñýyt ”t ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àÔ # † X s X X X s Vu # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[ò òtraductionó ó]€Ô # † X s X X X s Hy # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[Les€membres€de€la€Commission]€ont€tout€ce€quð ðil€faut,€surÐ H ¸ Ðle€plan€de€lð ðexp rience,€pour€d terminer€comment€la€Loi€peut€le€mieuxÐ „ Ðassurer€une€ volution€continue€et€coh rente€des€objectifs€quð ðelle€vise.€€Je€nð ðaiÐ à P Ðaucune€raison€de€douter€quð ðils€ont€toute€la€comp tence€voulue€pour€trancherÐ ¬ Ðles€diverses€questions€que€la€mesure€l gislative€est€destin e€ €leur€soumettre.Ó y ÓÐ x è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌò òÔ& È ÔLe€probl me€dont€ tait€saisie€la€Commissionó óÔ CECF. , ÔÐ ¨" " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý#| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , û{ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s y # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLa€Loi€contient€trois€dispositions€qui€interdisent€les€poursuites€judiciaires.€Ô' È ¨"Á{ ÔÐ Ø%H & ÐLð ðarticle44€supprime€le€dr
W ݌Р * #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€third€aspect€of€the€system,€the€injury€fund,€also€comes€under€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðauthority€of€the€Board.€The€Board€has€the€responsibility€to€maintain€the€fund€and€collectÐ h/Ø'2 Ðassessments€from€employers.€It€establishes€classes€of€industries€(s.€121(1)),€and€canÐ  Ðsubdivide€those€classes€according€to€the€hazard€they€present€(s.€121(2)).€The€Board€thenÐ ( ˜ Ðassesses€employers€in€each€class€a€percentage€of€their€pay„roll€that€it€considers€sufficientÐ À 0 Ðto€pay€for€injuries€to€workers€in€industries€in€that€class€(s.€135(1)).€There€are€provisionsÐ X È Ðallowing€for€additional€assessments€on€employers€who€have€fatal€accidents€(s.€135.1).€Ý ƒ % Ñý¾ ٠݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òThe€Expertise€of€the€Boardó óÐ  ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý• Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€expertise€of€workersð ð€compensation€boards€was€recognized€early€on.€InÐ P À Ðò òDominion€Cannersó ó,€Idington€J.€noted€at€p.€53€that:Ý ƒ % Ñý• ° ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àThe€past€experience€of€the€members€of€the€board,€no€doubt€wasÐ ˆ Ðsufficient€guide€and€we€should€at€least€give€them€credit€therefor,€andÐ ä T Ðknowledge,€by€this€time,€of€the€Act,€superior,€I€imagine,€to€ours.Ð ° œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ ø ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýH Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAt€the€time€that€the€application€under€s.€168€was€heard,€the€Board€wasÐ à P Ðcomposed€of€at€least€three€members€appointed€by€the€Lieutenant€Governor€in€Council€(s.Ð x è Ð13(1)).€€The€chairman€was€appointed€from€among€the€members€by€the€LieutenantÐ !€ ÐGovernor€in€Council€(s.€14(1)).€€The€members€held€office€at€pleasure,€except€for€theÐ ¨" " Ðchairman,€who€was€appointed€for€five€years€and€was€eligible€for€reappointment€(s.€15).€Ð @$° $ ÐAs€it€stands€today,€the€Board€has€a€maximum€of€five€full„time€members,€including€aÐ Ø%H & Ðchairperson€and€an€even€number€of€members,€half€of€whom€represent€employers€and€halfÐ p'à ( Ðof€whom€represent€workers€(s.€13(1)).€The€employer€representatives€are€chosen€from€aÐ )x!* Ðlist€of€names€submitted€by€employer€associations,€and€the€worker€representatives€areÐ  * #, Ðchosen€from€a€list€of€names€submitted€by€labour€organizations€(s.€13(1.1)).€TheÐ 8,¨$. Ðchairperson€holds€office€for€five€years€and€may€be€reappointed;€the€other€members€holdÐ Ð-@&0 Ðoffice€for€four€years€and€may€be€reappointed€(s.€15).€In€addition€to€the€specific€powersÐ h/Ø'2 Ðdescribed€above,€the€Act€imposes€on€the€Board€the€general€duty€of€treating€workers€a
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Ðcour€si geant€en€r vision€reconnaisse€que€lð ðorganisme€public€est€peut- tre€mieux€plac Ð Ô/p)4 Ðque€les€tribunaux€pour€rendre€une€d cision€dans€certains€domaines€et€quð ðelle€d termineÐ d Ðsi€tel€est€le€cas€de€la€d cision€en€cause. €€Les€d cisions€municipales€en€mati re€deÐ ü ˜ Ðmodification€de€zonage€font€partie€dð ðun€domaine€dans€lequel€lð ðexpertise€desÐ ” 0 Ðmunicipalit s€d passe€celle€des€tribunaux.
ÐŒÝ ÝÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà Ü àà œ àà ø àIn€public€regulation€of€this€sort€there€is€no€such€thing€as€absolute€andÐ d Ðuntrammelled€ð ðdiscretionð ð,€that€is€that€action€can€be€taken€on€any€ground€orÐ 0 Ì Ðfor€any€reason€that€can€be€suggested€to€the€mind€of€the€administrator;€noÐ ü ˜ Ðlegislative€Act€can,€without€express€language,€be€taken€to€contemplate€anÐ È d Ðunlimited€arbitrary€power€exercisable€for€any€purpose,€however€capriciousÐ ” 0 Ðor€irrelevant,€regardless€of€the€nature€or€purpose€of€the€statute.€Ó ¬k ÓÐ ` ü œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýEn Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€second€factor€is€the€statutory€scheme€and€its€provisions,€in€this€case€theÐ  , Ðò òAct€respecting€land€use€planning€and€developmentó ó,€R.S.Q.,€c.€A„19.1,€which€grants€theÐ ( Ä ÐMunicipality€authority€to€ò òó óconsider€a€rezoning€application.€Even€so,€the€absence€of€anÐ À \ Ðappeal€provision€demands€greater€municipal€solicitude€for€fairness.€Enhanced€proceduralÐ X ô Ðprotections€ð ðwill€be€required€when€no€appeal€procedure€is€provided€within€the€statute,Ð ð Œ Ðor€when€the€decision€is€determinative€of€the€issue€and€further€requests€cannot€beÐ ˆ $ Ðsubmittedð ð:€ò òBakeró ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€24,€ò òper€ó óLð ðHeureux„Dub J.Ý ƒ ÑýEn `n ݌Р¼ ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òó óÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýëq Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€third€factor€requires€us€to€consider€the€importance€of€the€decision€to€theÐ P ì ÐCongregation.€€The€stringency€of€procedural€protection€is€directly€proportional€to€theÐ è „ Ðimportance€of€the€decision€to€the€lives€of€those€affected€and€the€nature€of€its€impact€onÐ € Ðthem:€ò òBakeró ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€25;€see€also€ò òKane€v.€Board€of€Governors€of€the€UniversityÐ ´ Ðof€British€Columbiaó ó,€[1980]€1€S.C.R.€1105,€at€p.€1113.€Here,€it€becomes€important€thatÐ ° L ! Ðthe€municipal€decision€affects€the€Congregationð ðs€practice€of€its€religion.€The€right€toÐ H"ä # Ðfreely€adhere€to€a€faith€and€to€congregate€with€others€in€doing€so€is€of€primaryÐ à#| % Ðimportance,€as€attested€to€by€its€protection€in€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€andÐ x% ' ÐFreedomsó ó€and€the€Quebec€ò òCharter€of€human€rights€and€freedomsó ó,€R.S.Q.,€c.€C„12.€Ý ƒ Ñýëq r ݌Р'¬ ) ÐŒÝ Ýò òó óÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýuv Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€fourth€factor€ð" ð€the€legitimate€expectations€of€the€Congregation€ð" ð€alsoÐ @*Ü#- Ðmilitates€in€favour€of€heightened€procedural€protection.€€Where€prior€conduct€creates€forÐ Ø+t%/ Ðthe€claimant€a€legitimate€expectation€that€certain€procedur
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ÓÝ ‚ % NCÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ ÓÝ ‚ % NC2 Ý[Ú ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Û]Ý Ýà p àIl€est€important€de€souligner€que€lð ðexigence€minimale€de€pertinence€vraisemblable€deÐ Ô $ Ðcommon€law€ nonc €dans€ò òOð ðConnoró ó€diff re€consid rablement€du€crit re€de€pertinenceÐ ¬ ü Ðvraisemblable€fix €par€le€l gislateur€pour€la€production€de€dossiers€contenant€des€renseignementsÐ „ Ô Ðpersonnels€dans€des€proc dures€en€mati re€dð ðagression€sexuelle€conform ment€au€r gime€deÐ \ ¬ Ðlð ðarr t€ò òMills€ó ó(voirpar.
C ÿÿ ƒ L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ( $$ ” ” ò òÚ Ú1Ú Úó ó @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t c . b , r h v > r u n . h e a d f o r v . ( e n g l i s h ) V . r h v 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 v . V , r h e > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t v . r * h 1 > t i t l e i n b o l d , f l u s h l e f t n o i n d e n t ˆ * h 2 > t i t l e i n 1 0 . 5 p t r e g u l a r , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d e n t Œ , i n d > ( i n d e x e d o r r e p e r t o i r e ) , t e x t 7 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t Š . i n d 1 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) , ( n o v . o r c . i n s i d e )  . i n d 2 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) w i t h 2 v . o r 2 c . i n s i d e d 4 / f t n o t e > e n d o f e n g l i s h f o o t n o t e H * 3 p > 3 . . . c e n t e r ˜ . p r e s > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : P r e s e n t : L a m e r Š . f i l e > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : F i l e N o s : „ . d a t e > t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . , n o i n d e n t e x . : 1 9 9 2 : V * p 9 > P a r a . i n 9 . 5 p t . j u s t . š , c r t > t e x t i n 8 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d . e x . : A P P E A L , A P P E L v , c a p > P a r a . i n 9 . 5 p t , j u s t . , a l l i n i t a l i c ˜ 0 c a s e 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l . l e f t , n o i n d e n t e x . : c a s e s œ 0 c a s e 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o c a s e 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l l e f t , n o i n d e n t z 0 c a s e 3 > ( a p p l i e d t o c a s e 1 ) , p a r . 9 . 5 p t j u s t . ˜ , a u 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l l e f t , n o i n d e n t e x . : a u t h o r s † , a u 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o a u 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l u s h & o n e œ 0 s t a t 1 > t i t l e i n 9 . 5 p t b o l d , f l l e f t , n o i n d ( S t a t u t e s , L o i s ) Ž 0 s t a t 2 > ( a p p l i e d t o s t a t 1 ) , t e x t i n 9 . 5 p t , f l u s h & o n e Z 4 f t n o t e f > f o o t n o t e f r a n c a i s e V 2 f t n o t e > f o o t n o t e a n g l a i s e T . r u l e > r u l e c e n t e r 1 i n c h H * 3 * > 3 * * * c e n t e r j ( h
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734€et€735:Ð ` ü ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àCet€examen€de€la€jurisprudence€mð ðam ne€ €tirer€les€conclusionsÐ  , Ðsuivantes€quant€ €lð ð tat€actuel€du€droit€en€mati re€de€preuve€de€faitsÐ \ ø Ðsimilaires€au€Canada.
Ðwas€used€to€prove€identity,€made€this€point€clear€(at€p.367):Ý ƒ % Ñýú ݌РÔ/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àIn€similar€fact€cases€it€is€not€sufficient€to€establish€that€the€accused€is€aÐ ü ˜ Ðmember€of€an€abnormal€group€with€the€same€propensities€as€the€perpetrator.€Ð È d ÐThere€must€be€some€further€distinguishing€feature.€€Accordingly,€if€the€crimeÐ ” 0 Ðwas€committed€by€someone€with€homosexual€tendencies,€it€is€not€sufficientÐ ` ü Ðto€establish€that€the€accused€is€a€practising€homosexual€or€indeed€hasÐ , È Ðengaged€in€numerous€homosexual€acts.€€The€tendered€evidence€must€tend€toÐ ø ” Ðshow€that€there€was€some€striking€similarity€between€the€manner€in€whichÐ Ä ` Ðthe€perpetrator€committed€the€criminal€act€and€such€evidence.Ó ÓÐ  , œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌSee€also€ò òR.€v.€Scopellitió ó€(1981),€63€C.C.C.€(2d)€481€(Ont.€C.A.),€at€p.496,€ò òperó ó€MartinÐ À \ ÐJ.A.€(evidence€of€propensity€is€not€admissible€ð ðunless€the€propensity€is€so€highlyÐ X ô Ðdistinctive€or€unique€as€to€constitute€a€signatureð ð).Ð ð Œ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýf# Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú44Ú ÚÛ € z , Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àBecause€similar€fact€evidence€is€admitted€on€the€basis€of€an€objectiveÐ ¼ Ðimprobability€of€coincidence,€the€evidence€necessarily€derives€its€probative€value€fromÐ ¸ T Ðthe€degree€of€similarity€between€the€acts€under€consideration.€€The€probative€value€must,Ð P ì Ðof€course,€significantly€outweigh€the€prejudice€to€the€accused€for€the€evidence€to€beÐ è „ Ðadmissible.€€See€ò òB.€(C.R.)ó ó,€ò òsupraó ó.€€However,€the€majority€in€ò òB.€(C.R.)ó ó,€ò òó óat€pp.732-33,Ð € Ðrejected€the€proposition€that€the€evidence€must€show€a€ð ðstriking€similarityð ð€between€theÐ ´ Ðacts€in€question€in€order€for€the€evidence€to€have€the€requisite€probative€value.€€I€agreeÐ ° L ! Ðthat€the€requirement€of€ð ðstriking€similarityð ð€needs€to€be€qualified.€€This€point€is€carefullyÐ H"ä # Ðmade€in€ò òR.€v.€P.ó ó,€[1991]€3€All€E.R.€337€(H.L.),€where€the€accused€was€charged€with€theÐ à#| % Ðrape€of€both€his€daughters€and€with€committing€incest€with€them.€€The€counts€were€triedÐ x% ' Ðtogether,€and€the€evidence€of€both€daughters€was€admitted€in€relation€to€each€count€toÐ '¬ ) Ðprove€the€commission€of€the€crime€(at€p.348):Ý ƒ % Ñýf# # ݌Р¨(D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àWhen€a€question€of€the€kind€raised€in€this€case€arises€I€consider€that€theÐ Ø+t%/ Ðjudge€must€first€decide€whether€there€is€material€upon€which€the€jury€wouldÐ ¤,@&0 Ðbe€entitled€to€conclude€that€the€evidence€of€one€victim,€about€what€occurredÐ p- '1 Ðto€that€victim,€is€s
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€€Il€faudra€alorsÐ \ ø Ðappliquer€la€norme€de€preuve€en€mati re€criminelle€dans€ces€circonstances€afin€deÐ ô  Ðgarantir€le€respect€de€lð ðexigence€selon€laquelle,€dans€une€poursuite€criminelle,€Ô # † X k¬ X X X k¬ P # ÔÔ ‡ X k¬ X X X k¬ ÔchaqueÐ Œ ( Ð l ment€essentielÔ # † X k¬ X X X k¬ R # ÔÔ ‡ X k¬ X X X k¬ Ô€doit€ tre€prouv €hors€de€tout€doute€raisonnable.
Ðacquittal,€is€irrevocably€deemed€to€have€been€found€conclusively€in€favourÐ /¤(3 Ðof€the€accused.€...Ó {ë ÓÐ Ô/p)4 œ Ð œ Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýxð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú78Ú ÚÛ € z N Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€principle€enunciated€in€ò òGrdicó ó€is€fundamental€to€our€system€of€justice.€Ð d ÐIt€seeks€to€ensure€that€an€accused€need€not€repeatedly€defend€himself€against€the€sameÐ ü ˜ Ðallegations.€€Nevertheless,€in€certain€circumstances,€the€fact€of€an€accusedð ðs€priorÐ ” 0 Ðacquittal€may€have€relevance€to€an€ultimate€issue€in€a€subsequent€trial.€For€example,€inÐ , È Ðò òR.€v.€Ollisó ó,€[1900]€2€Q.B.€758,€the€accused€was€charged€with€obtaining€money€by€falseÐ Ä ` Ðpretences.€€He€had€obtained€funds€in€exchange€for€a€cheque€that€was€later€dishonoured.€Ð \ ø ÐThe€accused€was€acquitted€at€his€first€trial€on€the€basis€that€when€he€gave€the€cheque€toÐ ô  Ðthe€complainant,€he€expected€to€receive€funds€to€cover€it.€€The€accused€was€later€againÐ Œ ( Ðindicted€with€obtaining€money€by€false€pretences,€and€at€his€second€trial€the€CrownÐ $ À Ðadduced€the€evidence€of€the€first€complainant€as€relevant€to€the€accusedð ðs€guilty€state€ofÐ ¼ X Ðmind.€€The€court€held€that€the€evidence€was€properly€admissible.€€As€Widgery€J.€statedÐ T ð Ðin€ò òG.€(an€infant)€v.€Coltartó ó,€[1967]€1€All€E.R.€271€(Q.B.),€at€p.276:Ý ƒ % Ñýxð “ð ÝŒÐ ì ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à...€it€may€well€happen€that€evidence€relating€to€the€charge€giving€rise€to€theÐ ¸ Ðacquittal€will€be€called€on€the€subsequent€charge,€but,€if€it€is€so€called,€it€willÐ è „ Ðbe€called€because€it€has€relevance€to€the€subsequent€charge€ò òquiteÐ ´ P Ðindependently€of€any€question€whether€the€accused€was€guilty€or€innocentÐ € Ðon€the€first€chargeó ó.€[Emphasis€added.]Ó 3ö ÓÐ L è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌOn€the€basis€of€this€reasoning,€the€evidence€of€the€prior€acquittal€in€ò òOllisó ó€was€correctlyÐ |! " Ðadmitted.€€It€was€admitted€to€prove€intent.€€Even€if€the€accused€was€acquitted€of€the€firstÐ #° $ Ðcharge,€the€fact€that€he€had€been€tried€on€similar€charges€once€before€went€to€hisÐ ¬$H & Ðknowledge€of€wrongdoing€irrespective€of€his€guilt€on€the€first€charge.€€The€fact€of€hisÐ D&à ( Ðprior€trial€and€acquittal€could€be€admitted€for€this€limited€purpose,€but€would€of€courseÐ Ü'x!* Ðrequire€a€careful€instruction€from€the€trial€judge.€€Yet,€in€most€situations,€it€will€be€unfairÐ t) #, Ðand€inappropriate€to€admit€the€evidence€underlying€the€prior€acquittal€as€similar€factÐ +¨$. Ðevidence€in€a€subsequent€trial€of€the€same€accused.Ð ¤,@&0 Ðâ âÐ
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Ðpas€dð ðattente€raisonnable€en€mati re€de€vie€priv e.Ý ƒ % Ñýor Šr ݌Р. Ì&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ 0¯(2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý x Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú60Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà i àPour€plus€de€commodit ,€je€r p te€ici€lð ðobservation€formul e€par€leÐ S ÐjugeSopinka€ €la€p.
ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‡3 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú56Ú ÚÛ € z 8 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àA€justified€concern€about€the€advance€of€surveillance€technology€wasÐ l+Ü#- Ðexpressed€by€Abella€J.A.,€at€para.€63:Ý ƒ % Ñý‡3 ¢3 ݌Р-t%/ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ œ. '1 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àIn€my€view,€there€is€an€important€distinction€between€observations€that€areÐ  Ðâ âmade€by€the€naked€eye€or€even€by€the€use€of€enhanced€aids,€such€asÐ \ Ì Ðbinoculars,€which€are€in€common€use,€and€observations€which€are€theÐ ( ˜ Ðproduct€of€technology.Ó ÓÐ ô d œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñým6 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú57Ú ÚÛ € z 9 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€was€also€a€key€element€in€the€decision€of€the€U.S.€Supreme€Court€inÐ $ ” Ðò òKylloó ó€in€which€the€majority€judgment,€written€by€Scalia€J.,€concluded€(at€p.€40):Ý ƒ % Ñým6 ˆ6 ݌Р¼ , ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àWhere,€as€here,€the€Government€uses€a€device€ò òthat€is€not€in€general€publicÐ ì \ Ðuseó ó,€to€explore€details€of€the€home€that€would€previously€have€beenÐ ¸ ( Ðunknowable€without€physical€intrusion,€the€surveillance€is€a€ð ðsearchð ð€andÐ „ ô Ðis€presumptively€unreasonable€without€a€warrant.€[Emphasis€added.]Ó ÓÐ P À œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýž9 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú58Ú ÚÛ € z : Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àScalia€J.€does€not€elaborate€on€what€he€means€by€ð ða€device€that€is€not€inÐ € ð Ðgeneral€public€useð ð€and€the€dissenters€suggested€such€a€standard€is€unworkable€(ò òKylloó ó,Ð ˆ Ðò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€47).€€On€the€evidence€here,€FLIR€imaging€does€ò ònot€ó ódisclose€ð ðdetails€of€theÐ ° Ðhomeð ð,€as€has€already€been€discussed.€€The€terms€ð ðtechnologyð ð€or€ð ða€device€that€is€notÐ H ¸ Ðin€general€public€useð ð€(or€Abella€J.A.ð ðs€reference€to€ð ðenhanced€aids€..€.which€are€inÐ à P Ðcommon€useð ð,€at€para.€63)€are€vague€and€take€in€a€lot€of€territory.€€The€argument,Ð x è Ðpresumably,€is€that€if€an€area€of€our€lives€is€already€exposed€to€surveillance€byÐ !€ Ðcommonly€available€ð ðtechnologyð ð€such€as€binoculars,€we€can€have€no€reasonableÐ ¨" " Ðò òcontinuingó ó€expectation€of€privacy€in€that€respect.€€This€may€be€true,€but€what€is€the€testÐ @$° $ Ðfor€ð ðgeneral€public€useð ð?€€In€my€view,€the€issue€is€not€whether€FLIR€technology€putsÐ Ø%H & Ðthe€police€ò òinsideó ó€the€home,€because€it€does€not,€or€whether€FLIR€is€in€general€ò òpublicÐ p'à ( Ðó óuse€(it€is€not),€but€rather€the€nature€and€quality€of€the€information€ò òaboutó ó€activities€inÐ )x!* Ðthe€home€that€the€police€are€able€to€obtain.€€The€evidence€is€that€a€FLIR€image€of€heatÐ  * #, Ðemanations€is,€on€its€own,€as€Abella€J.A.€acknowledged,€ð ðmeani
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€€Par€cons quent,€affirmer€queÐ  , Ðlð ðentreprise€de€lð ðemployeur€a€cr €ou€sensiblement€accru€le€risque€de€perp tration€deÐ ( Ä Ðlð ðacte€d lictueux€ne€revient€pas€ €dire€quð ðun€employeur€raisonnable€aurait€dðE ð€pr voir€leÐ À \ Ðpr judice€au€sens€traditionnel€du€droit€en€mati re€de€n gligence,€ce€qui€le€rendraitÐ X ô Ðresponsable€de€sa€propre€n gligence.
Ðliability€ceases€to€flow:€€ò òPoland€v.€John€Parr€and€Sonsó ó,€[1927]€1€K.B.€236€(C.A.)€(notingÐ Ô/p)4 Ðthat€the€question€is€often€one€of€degree).€€As€Prosser€and€Keeton€sum€up€Ô ‡ X |ä X X X |ä Ô(ò òProsser€andÐ d ÐKeeton€onó ó€ò òthe€Law€of€Tortsó ó€(5th€ed.€1984),€at€pp.€500„501)Ô # † X |ä X X X |ä$ # Ô,€when€the€harm€is€connectedÐ ü ˜ Ðto€the€employment€enterprise:Ý ƒ % Ñýbý }ý ݌Р” 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÓ ÓÌà0 œ àThe€losses€caused€by€the€torts€of€employees,€which€as€a€practical€matter€areÐ ø ” Ðsure€to€occur€in€the€conduct€of€the€employerð ðs€enterprise,€are€placed€uponÐ Ä ` Ðthat€enterprise€itself,€as€a€required€cost€of€doing€business.€€They€are€placedÐ  , Ðupon€the€employer€because,€having€engaged€in€an€enterprise,€which€will€onÐ \ ø Ðthe€basis€of€all€past€experience€involve€harm€to€others€through€the€torts€ofÐ ( Ä Ðemployees,€and€sought€to€profit€by€it,€it€is€just€that€he,€rather€than€theÐ ô  Ðinnocent€injured€plaintiff,€should€bear€them;€and€because€he€is€better€able€toÐ À \ Ðabsorb€them,€and€to€distribute€them,€through€prices,€rates€or€liabilityÐ Œ ( Ðinsurance,€to€the€public,€and€so€to€shift€them€to€society,€to€the€community€atÐ X ô Ðlarge.Ð $ À œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÌÌÓ T ÓÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà œ àÝ ÝThe€connection€between€the€tort€and€the€employment€is€broad.€€To€say€theÐ T ð Ðemployerð ðs€enterprise€created€or€materially€enhanced€the€risk€of€the€tortious€act€isÐ ì ˆ Ðtherefore€different€from€saying€that€a€reasonable€employer€should€have€foreseen€the€harmÐ „ Ðin€the€traditional€negligence€sense,€making€it€liable€for€its€own€negligence.€€As€FlemingÐ ¸ Ðexplains€(ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€422):Ý ƒ % Ñý 2 ݌Р´ P ÐŒÝ Ý€€Ó ÓÐ L è ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àPerhaps€inevitably,€the€familiar€notion€of€foreseeability€can€here€be€seenÐ ä € Ðonce€more€lurking€in€the€background,€as€undoubtedly€one€of€the€manyÐ ° L ! Ðrelevant€factors€is€the€question€of€whether€the€unauthorised€act€was€a€normalÐ |! " Ðor€expected€incident€of€the€employment.€€But€one€must€not€confuse€theÐ H"ä # Ðrelevance€of€foreseeability€in€this€sense€with€its€usual€function€on€aÐ #° $ Ðnegligence€issue.€€We€are€not€here€concerned€with€attributing€fault€to€theÐ à#| % Ðmaster€for€failing€to€provide€against€foreseeable€harm€(for€example€inÐ ¬$H & Ðconsequence€of€employing€an€incompetent€servant),€but€with€the€measure€ofÐ x% ' Ðrisks€that€may€fairly€be€regarded€as€typical€of€the€enterprise€in€question.€€ò òTheÐ D&à ( Ðinquiry€is€directed€not€at€foreseeability€of€risks€from€specific€conduct,€but€atÐ '¬ )
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Ðque€les€associations€sportives€jouissent€des€avantages€fiscaux€d coulant€du€statut€dð ðð§ ðuvre€deÐ ° Ðbienfaisance,€le€l gislateur€est€mieux€plac €que€les€tribunaux€pour€d cider€en€la€mati re. €€JeÐ ì ˆ Ðsignale,€ €cet€ gard,€quð ðau€Royaume-Uni€la€[ò òtraductionó ó]€ð ðpromotion€du€sport€amateurð ð€a€ t Ð Ä ` Ðreconnue€comme€fin€de€bienfaisance€par€le€l gislateur€(ò òCharities€Act€2006€ó ó(R.„U.),€2006,€ch.
Ðcreated€under€any€law€in€force€in€Canada,€that€is€resident€in€Canada€and€thatÐ Ø ( Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# à(ò òaó ó)à ¿ àis€a€person€described€in€paragraph€149(1)(ò òló ó),€andÐ ° Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# à(ò òbó ó)à ¿ àhas,€as€its€primary€purpose€and€its€primary€function,€the€promotion€of€amateurÐ ˆ Ø Ðathletics€in€Canada€on€a€nation-wide€basis,Ð t Ä Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# àthat€has€applied€to€the€Minister€in€prescribed€form€for€registration,€that€has€beenÐ L œ Ðregistered€and€whose€registration€has€not€been€revoked€under€subsection€168(2);Ð 8 ˆ Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# àà p àð ðregistered€charityð ð€at€any€time€means€Ð ` Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# à(ò òaó ó)à ¿ àa€charitable€organization,€private€foundation€or€public€foundation,€within€theÐ è 8 Ðmeanings€assigned€by€subsection€149.1(1),€that€is€resident€in€Canada€and€was€eitherÐ Ô $ Ðcreated€or€established€in€Canada,€orÐ À Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# à(ò òbó ó)à ¿ àa€branch,€section,€parish,€congregation€or€other€division€of€an€organizationÐ ˜ è Ðor€foundation€described€in€paragraph€(ò òaó ó),€that€is€resident€in€Canada€and€was€eitherÐ „ Ô Ðcreated€or€established€in€Canada€and€that€receives€donations€on€its€own€behalf,Ð p À Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌà0 p àà0 Ì p (#p (# àthat€has€applied€to€the€Minister€in€prescribed€form€for€registration€and€that€is€at€thatÐ H!˜ Ðtime€registered€as€a€charitable€organization,€private€foundation€or€public€foundation;Ð 4"„ Ì (#Ì (# ÐÌÓ Ó...Ð $\ " ÐÓ Ü’ ÓÓ ÓÌò òÔ # † X 7‰ X X X 7‰+Y # ÔÔ CFCE. , ÔInterpretation€Actó ó,€R.S.C.€1985,€c.€I-21Ô CE. , CF. , K“ ÔÐ Ð& "% ÐÌÓ Óà0 p àà Ì àò ò8.1ó óà ¿ àBoth€the€common€law€and€the€civil€law€are€equally€authoritative€andÐ €*Ð%) Ðrecognized€sources€of€the€law€of€property€and€civil€rights€in€Canada€and,€unlessÐ p+À&* Ðotherwise€provided€by€law,€if€in€interpreting€an€enactment€it€is€necessary€to€refer€to€aÐ \,¬'+ Ðprovinceð ðs€rules,€principles€or€concepts€forming€part€of€the€law€of€property€and€civilÐ H-˜(, Ðrights,€reference€must€be€made€to€the€rules,€principles€and€concepts€in€force€in€theÐ ° Ðprovince€at€the€time€the€enactment€is€being€applied.Ó ÓÐ œ ì p (#p (# ÐÌà p àò òAppeal€dismissed€with€costs.Ð L œ Ðó óÌà p àò òSolicitors€for€the€appellant:€€Fasken€Martineau€DuMoulin,€Vancouver.ó óÐ ü L ÐÌà p àò òSolicitor€for€the€respondent:€€Attorney€General€of€Canada,€Ottawa.ó óÐ ¬ ü ÐÌà p àò òSolicitors€for€the€intervener:€Worton€Hunter€&€Callaghan,€Edmonton;€Gowling,€Lafleur,Ð \ ¬ ÐHenderson,€Toronto;€Miller€Thomson,
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€€Le€pr sident€occupe€son€poste€pendant€cinq€ans€et€peut€ treÐ Ô)D"+ Ðrenomm € €ce€poste;€les€autres€membres€occupent€leur€poste€pendant€quatre€ans€etÐ l+Ü#- Ðpeuvent€ tre€renomm s€ €leur€poste€(art.15).€€En€plus€des€pouvoirs€particuliers€d critsÐ -t%/ Ðci-dessus,€la€Loi€impose€ €la€Commission€lð ðobligation€g n rale€de€traiter€les€travailleursÐ œ. '1 Ðet€les€personnes€ €leur€charge€de€mani re€juste€et€raisonnable€(par.21.1(1)).€€LaÐ 40¤(3 ÐCommission€est€assist e€dans€son€travail€par€de€nombreux€professionnels€ayant€ €leurÐ  Ðt te€un€directeur€g n ral€qui€est€lð ðadministrateur€principal€de€la€Commission.€€LaÐ ( ˜ ÐCommission€ tablit€et€publie€ galement€des€directives€dð ðorientation€(par.21.1(2)).Ô CECF. , ÔÝ ƒ % Ñý§k Âk ݌РÀ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýyt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , -t ÔÔ_ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s „l # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLaÔ_ Ô€composition€et€les€pouvoirs€de€la€Commission€ainsi€que€la€dur e€desÐ ð ` Ðfonctions€de€ses€membres€montrent€bien€quð ðelle€poss de€une€expertise€vraimentÐ ˆ ø Ðconsid rable€en€mati re€de€traitement€de€tous€les€aspects€du€r gime€dð ðindemnisation€desÐ  Ðaccidents€du€travail.€€Non€seulement€la€Commission€poss de-t-elle€une€expertise€couranteÐ ¸ ( Ðen€mati re€de€traitement€des€demandes€dð ðindemnisation,€dð ð tablissement€des€taux€deÐ P À Ðcotisation€et€de€promotion€de€la€s curit €au€travail,€mais€encore€elle€poss de€uneÐ è X Ðexpertise€pour€ce€qui€est€dð ðassurer€que€le€respect€des€objectifs€de€la€Loi.€€Comme€le€faitÐ € ð Ðremarquer€le€juge€Ô_ ÔWakelingÔ_ Ô€dans€ses€motifs€de€dissidence,€ €la€p.€301:Ý ƒ % Ñýyt ”t ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àÔ # † X s X X X s Vu # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[ò òtraductionó ó]€Ô # † X s X X X s Hy # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô[Les€membres€de€la€Commission]€ont€tout€ce€quð ðil€faut,€surÐ H ¸ Ðle€plan€de€lð ðexp rience,€pour€d terminer€comment€la€Loi€peut€le€mieuxÐ „ Ðassurer€une€ volution€continue€et€coh rente€des€objectifs€quð ðelle€vise.€€Je€nð ðaiÐ à P Ðaucune€raison€de€douter€quð ðils€ont€toute€la€comp tence€voulue€pour€trancherÐ ¬ Ðles€diverses€questions€que€la€mesure€l gislative€est€destin e€ €leur€soumettre.Ó y ÓÐ x è œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌò òÔ& È ÔLe€probl me€dont€ tait€saisie€la€Commissionó óÔ CECF. , ÔÐ ¨" " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý#| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , û{ ÔÔ # † X s X X X s y # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLa€Loi€contient€trois€dispositions€qui€interdisent€les€poursuites€judiciaires.€Ô' È ¨"Á{ ÔÐ Ø%H & ÐLð ðarticle44€supprime€le€dr
W ݌Р * #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€third€aspect€of€the€system,€the€injury€fund,€also€comes€under€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðauthority€of€the€Board.€The€Board€has€the€responsibility€to€maintain€the€fund€and€collectÐ h/Ø'2 Ðassessments€from€employers.€It€establishes€classes€of€industries€(s.€121(1)),€and€canÐ  Ðsubdivide€those€classes€according€to€the€hazard€they€present€(s.€121(2)).€The€Board€thenÐ ( ˜ Ðassesses€employers€in€each€class€a€percentage€of€their€pay„roll€that€it€considers€sufficientÐ À 0 Ðto€pay€for€injuries€to€workers€in€industries€in€that€class€(s.€135(1)).€There€are€provisionsÐ X È Ðallowing€for€additional€assessments€on€employers€who€have€fatal€accidents€(s.€135.1).€Ý ƒ % Ñý¾ ٠݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òThe€Expertise€of€the€Boardó óÐ  ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý• Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€expertise€of€workersð ð€compensation€boards€was€recognized€early€on.€InÐ P À Ðò òDominion€Cannersó ó,€Idington€J.€noted€at€p.€53€that:Ý ƒ % Ñý• ° ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àThe€past€experience€of€the€members€of€the€board,€no€doubt€wasÐ ˆ Ðsufficient€guide€and€we€should€at€least€give€them€credit€therefor,€andÐ ä T Ðknowledge,€by€this€time,€of€the€Act,€superior,€I€imagine,€to€ours.Ð ° œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ ø ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýH Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAt€the€time€that€the€application€under€s.€168€was€heard,€the€Board€wasÐ à P Ðcomposed€of€at€least€three€members€appointed€by€the€Lieutenant€Governor€in€Council€(s.Ð x è Ð13(1)).€€The€chairman€was€appointed€from€among€the€members€by€the€LieutenantÐ !€ ÐGovernor€in€Council€(s.€14(1)).€€The€members€held€office€at€pleasure,€except€for€theÐ ¨" " Ðchairman,€who€was€appointed€for€five€years€and€was€eligible€for€reappointment€(s.€15).€Ð @$° $ ÐAs€it€stands€today,€the€Board€has€a€maximum€of€five€full„time€members,€including€aÐ Ø%H & Ðchairperson€and€an€even€number€of€members,€half€of€whom€represent€employers€and€halfÐ p'à ( Ðof€whom€represent€workers€(s.€13(1)).€The€employer€representatives€are€chosen€from€aÐ )x!* Ðlist€of€names€submitted€by€employer€associations,€and€the€worker€representatives€areÐ  * #, Ðchosen€from€a€list€of€names€submitted€by€labour€organizations€(s.€13(1.1)).€TheÐ 8,¨$. Ðchairperson€holds€office€for€five€years€and€may€be€reappointed;€the€other€members€holdÐ Ð-@&0 Ðoffice€for€four€years€and€may€be€reappointed€(s.€15).€In€addition€to€the€specific€powersÐ h/Ø'2 Ðdescribed€above,€the€Act€imposes€on€the€Board€the€general€duty€of€treating€workers€a
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€€Deuxi mement,€la€loi€interdit€ð ðtousð ð€les€droits€dð ðactionÐ Ô)D"+ Ðlorsque€les€travailleurs€sont€bless s€au€cours€de€leur€emploi,€sans€aucune€exception€pourÐ l+Ü#- Ðles€actions€fond es€uniquement€sur€des€motifs€non€li s€ €lð ðemploi.€€Troisi mement,€cetteÐ -t%/ Ðâ âth orie€permettrait€aux€travailleurs€bless s€dð ðintenter€des€actions€contre€leur€employeurÐ œ. '1 Ðpour€un€autre€motif€de€responsabilit ,€ce€qui€irait€ €lð ðencontre€de€lð ðobjet€de€la€l gislationÐ  Ðen€mati re€dð ðaccidents€du€travail.Ý ƒ % Ñý½µ ص ݌Р( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôò òLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€de€la€Saskatchewanó ó€(1993),€115€Ô_ ÔSaskÔ_ Ô.€R.€111Ô CECF. , ÔÐ X È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý½» Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , •» ÔÔ # † X s X X X s ‰¶ # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔLe€juge€Ô_ ÔScheibelÔ_ Ô€a€statu €que€la€Commission€avait€conclu€ €juste€titre€queÔ' È X » ÔÐ ˆ ø ÐPro„Crane,€Ô_ ÔSaskPowerÔ_ Ô€et€le€gouvernement€ taient€des€employeurs€dont€les€travailleursÐ  Ðparticipaient€directement€ €une€industrie.€€Il€a€d cid €que,€vu€quð ðune€industrie€est€uneÐ ¸ ( Ðentreprise€de€tout€genre,€ce€que€le€gouvernement€fait€constitue€son€industrie.€€En€lð ðesp ce,Ð P À Ðlð ðindustrie€du€gouvernement€consistait€ €appliquer€des€normes€d'hygi ne€et€de€s curit Ð è X Ðau€travail.€€Si€les€faits€all gu s€par€les€intim s€sont€v ridiques,€ils€ont€alors€ t €bless s€ Ð € ð Ðla€suite€dð ðune€omission€relative€ €cette€industrie,€et€le€gouvernement€ tait€donc€vis €parÐ ˆ Ðla€LoiÔ CECF. , Ô.Ý ƒ % Ñý½» Ø» ݌Р° ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýNÀ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú9Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ CF. , CE. , À ÔÔ # † X s X X X s ‰¼ # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s ÔAu€sujet€de€la€norme€de€contrð= ðle,€le€juge€Ô_ ÔScheibelÔ_ Ô€a€conclu€que,€du€fait€queÐ à P Ðla€Commission€est€assujettie€ €une€clause€privative€Ô # † X s X X X s Á # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ôv ritableÔ # † X s X X X s  # ÔÔ ‡ X s X X X s Ô,€le€crit re€de€contrð= ðle€estÐ x è Ðcelui€du€caract re€manifestement€d raisonnable.€€Il€a€jug €quð ðon€nð ðavait€pas€prouv €queÐ !€ Ðla€d cision€de€la€Commission€ tait€manifestement€d raisonnable,€ni€que€la€CommissionÐ ¨" " Ðavait€exc d €sa€comp tence.
/ Ð / Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(c)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àadministration€of€the€compensation€schemes€and€adjudication€ofÐ Ô)D"+ Ðclaims€handled€by€an€independent€commission,€andÐ  * #, / Ð / Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð à(d)à0 / ø Ð ø Ð àcompensation€to€injured€workers€provided€quickly€without€courtÐ 8,¨$. Ðproceedings.Ð -t%/ / Ð / Ð ÐÌâ âÓ éî ÓÐ œ. '1 ÐI€would€note€that€these€four€principles€are€interconnected.€For€instance,€security€ofÐ  Ðâ âpayment€is€assured€by€the€existence€of€an€injury€fund€that€is€maintained€throughÐ ( ˜ Ðcontributions€from€employers€and€administered€by€an€independent€commission,€theÐ À 0 ÐWorkersð ð€Compensation€Board.€The€principle€of€quick€compensation€without€the€needÐ X È Ðfor€court€proceedings€similarly€depends€upon€the€fund€and€the€adjudication€of€claims€byÐ ð ` Ðthe€Board.€The€principle€of€no„fault€recovery€assists€the€goal€of€speedy€compensation€byÐ ˆ ø Ðreducing€the€number€issues€that€must€be€adjudicated.€The€bar€to€actions€is€not€ancillaryÐ  Ðto€this€scheme€but€central€to€it.€If€there€were€no€bar,€then€the€integrity€of€the€systemÐ ¸ ( Ðwould€be€compromised€as€employers€sought€to€have€their€industries€exempted€from€theÐ P À Ðrequirement€of€paying€premiums€toward€an€insurance€system€that€did€not,€in€fact,€provideÐ è X Ðthen€with€any€insurance.Ð € ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý8ö Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€cases€also€support€the€conclusion€that€the€legislature€intended€to€commitÐ ° Ðexclusively€to€the€Board€the€question€of€whether€the€statutory€bar€applied.€€In€ò òDominionÐ H ¸ ÐCanners€Ltd.€v.€Costanzaó ó,€[1923]€S.C.R.€46,€Duff€J.€(as€he€then€was)€found€that€theÐ à P Ðproper€inference€from€provisions€similar€to€the€ones€in€issue€here€was€that€the€authorityÐ x è Ðto€pass€on€the€issue€was€solely€vested€in€the€Board.€He€commented,€at€p.€54:Ý ƒ % Ñý8ö Sö ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àThe€autonomy€of€the€board€is,€I€think,€one€of€the€central€features€of€theÐ @$° $ Ðsystem€set€up€by€the€Workmenð ðs€Compensation€Act.€One€at€least€of€theÐ %| % Ðmore€obvious€advantages€of€this€very€practical€method€of€dealing€withÐ Ø%H & Ðthe€subject€of€compensation€for€industrial€accidents€is€that€the€waste€ofÐ ¤& ' Ðenergy€and€expense€in€legal€proceedings€and€a€canon€of€interpretationÐ p'à ( Ðgoverned€in€its€application€by€refinement€upon€refinement€leading€toÐ
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Ða€eu€raison€de€d cider€quð ðil€y€a€mati re€ €arbitrage€du€fait€que€les€droits€et€obligationsÐ 8 Ô Ðsubstantiels€pr vus€par€la€ò òLNEó ó€sont€incorpor s€dans€la€convention€collective.Ô' þ j fÆ ÔÝ ƒ % ÑýÆ ªÆ ݌РРl ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýQÊ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àJe€souligne€en€outre€que€la€Commission€ontarienne€des€droits€de€laÐ ¦ B Ðpersonne€est€intervenue€en€lð ðesp ce€afin€de€sð ðassurer€que€sa€comp tence€ne€soit€pasÐ > Ú Ð cart e€parce€que€lð ðemploy e€l s e€est€assujettie€ €une€convention€collective€ €lð ð gardÐ Ö!
Ðand€other€employment„related€statutes.€€ò òó óIf€the€terms€of€the€collective€agreement€are€inÐ d Ðconflict€with€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Codeó ó,€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Code€ó ówill€prevail.€€ApplyingÐ ü ˜ Ðthis€reasoning€to€the€facts€of€this€case,€Morden€J.A.€found€that€the€right€of€the€employerÐ ” 0 Ðunder€the€collective€agreement€to€discharge€a€probationary€employee€ð ðfor€any€reasonÐ , È Ðsatisfactory€to€the€employerð ð€is€in€direct€conflict€with€s.€5(1)€of€the€ò òHuman€RightsÐ Ä ` ÐCodeó ó.€€He€concluded€that€Article€8.06€should€be€read€down€not€to€include€the€powerÐ \ ø Ðto€discharge€for€discriminatory€reasons.Ý ƒ % ÑýGž bž ݌Рô  ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýp£ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€end,€however,€Morden€J.A.€chose€not€to€rely€on€the€precedingÐ Ê f Ðanalysis€for€the€purpose€of€disposing€of€the€appeal.€€His€reasoning€was€that€he€felt€thatÐ b þ Ðthe€requirement€of€an€express€conflict€between€the€statute€and€the€collective€agreementÐ ú – Ðcould€involve€some€incongruity.€€In€his€view,€the€requirement€of€a€direct€conflictÐ ’ . Ðbetween€the€statute€and€the€agreement€would€have€the€incongruous€result€that€anÐ * Æ Ðarbitrator€will€find€the€dispute€arbitrable€and€resolve€it€on€the€basis€of€the€externalÐ Â ^ Ðstatute€where€the€parties€have€said€something€inconsistent€with€the€statute,€but€notÐ Z ö Ðwhere€they€have€said€nothing€at€all€on€the€matter.€€Noting€that€this€feature€of€s.Ð ò Ž Ð48(12)(j)€results€in€some€uncertainty€regarding€the€scope€of€its€application,€MordenÐ Š & ÐJ.A.€chose€not€to€resolve€the€matter€on€this€basis.Ý ƒ % Ñýp£ ‹£ ݌Р""¾ " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý ¨ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àInstead,€Morden€J.A.€decided€the€matter€with€reference€to€the€ò òEmploymentÐ ø%” & ÐStandards€Actó óÔ ‡ / X %a X X X %a Ô€(ð ðò òESAó óð ð)ò òÔ # † X %a X X / X %a © # Ôó ó,€which€he€considered€to€be€a€much€firmer€ground.€€Morden€J.A.Ð ',!( Ðfirst€noted€that€s.€44€of€the€ò òESA€ó óprovides€that€an€employer€shall€not€dismiss€anÐ ()Ä"* Ðemployee€because€the€employee€takes€pregnancy€leave€or€parental€leave.€€He€thenÐ À*\$, Ðnoted€that€under€s.€64.5(1)€of€the€ò òESAó ó€the€terms€and€conditions€of€the€Act€areÐ X,ô%. Ðenforceable€ò òó óagainst€the€employer€as€if€they€were€a€part€of€the€collective€agreement.€€InÐ ð-Œ'0 Ðview€of€the€direct€incorporation€of€the€ò òESA€ó óinto€the€collective€agreement,€Morden€J.A.Ð ˆ/$)2 Ðfound€that€the€Board€had€jurisdiction€to€consider€whether€the€dismissal€of€Ms.€Oð ðBrienÐ d Ðwas€inconsistent€with€s.€44
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, }: ÔEnfin,€le€fait€que€le€syndicat€ne€sð ðest€pas€conform €aux€exigencesÐ ¼ X Ðproc durales€de€la€convention€collective,€sò òó óelon€lesquellesò ò€ó óun€grief€en€mati re€deÐ T ð Ðcong diement€doit€pr ciser€la€disposition€de€la€convention€collective€qui€aurait€ t Ð ì ˆ Ðviol e,€ne€lð ðemp che€pas€dð ðinvoquer€ult rieurement€lð ðart.
ÐÐ Ô/p)4 Ðà œ àLastly,€the€Unionð ðs€failure€to€comply€with€the€procedural€requirements€ofÐ d Ðthe€collective€agreement,€which€demand€that€a€discharge€grievance€must€set€out€theÐ ü ˜ Ðsection€of€the€collective€agreement€that€is€alleged€to€have€been€violated,€does€notÐ ” 0 Ðpreclude€the€Union€from€subsequently€raising€s.44€of€the€ò òESAó ó€as€a€potential€basis€ofÐ , È Ðliability.€Procedural€requirements€should€not€be€stringently€enforced€in€those€instances€Ð Ä ` Ðwhere,€as€here,€the€employer€suffered€no€prejudice.Ð \ ø ÐÌà œ àò òPeró ó€Major€and€LeBel€JJ.€(dissenting):€€Oð ðs€ò òHuman€Rights€Codeó ó€claim€is€notÐ Œ ( Ðthe€subject€of€the€agreement€between€her€employer€and€her€Union,€and€is€therefore€notÐ $ À Ðarbitrable.€€Unless€the€legislature€passes€legislation€incorporating€the€substance€of€itsÐ ¼ X Ðstatutes€into€collective€agreements,€it€is€to€be€assumed€that€unions€and€employers€mayÐ T ð Ðdefine€which€employees€and€disputes€are€covered€by€a€collective€agreement€andÐ ì ˆ Ðtherefore€have€access€to€binding€arbitration,€as€long€as€the€agreement€does€not€conflictÐ „ Ðwith€statute€or€public€policy.€€Absent€legislative€action,€courts€should€not€on€their€ownÐ ¸ Ðinitiative€interfere€with€the€terms€of€a€collective€agreement.€€Here,€the€ò òHuman€RightsÐ ´ P ÐCodeó ó€is€not€implicitly€incorporated€into€all€collective€agreements.€To€read€intoÐ L è Ðs.48(12)(j)€of€the€ò òLRAó ó€the€extraordinary€power€to€take€jurisdiction€of€any€claim€basedÐ ä € Ðon€statute,€despite€the€plain€wishes€of€the€parties€to€the€contract,€is€a€subversion€of€theÐ |! " Ðlegislative€intent.€€If€the€legislature€wished€to€thus€expand€the€power€of€arbitrators,€itÐ #° $ Ðwould€have€signalled€its€intent€more€clearly.€€Oð ðs€dismissal€is€not€arbitrable€becauseÐ ¬$H & Ðher€Union€and€her€employer€agreed€not€to€cover€the€dismissal€of€probationaryÐ D&à ( Ðemployees€in€their€collective€agreement,€and€the€legislature€did€not€intend€to€requireÐ Ü'x!* Ðthat€they€do€so.Ð t) #, ÐÌà œ àIt€was€improper€for€the€Court€of€Appeal,€ò òsua€sponteó ó,€to€ignore€theÐ ¤,@&0 Ðprocedural€requirements€negotiated€by€the€parties€and€raise€the€ò òESAó ó€argument.€€ArticleÐ
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Ðpreuve€applicable€en€mati re€civile€ou€selon€celle€applicable€en€mati re€criminelle,€et€siÐ Ô/p)4 Ðla€norme€civile€sð ðappliquait,€y€aurait-il€atteinte€aux€principes€de€justice€fondamentaleÐ d Ð(art.7)€et€au€droit€ €la€pr somption€dð ðinnocence€(al.11ò òdó ó))€garantis€par€la€ò òCharteÐ ü ˜ Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?
Ðà œ àDuring€the€investigation€of€the€second€murder,€the€accused€refused€to€provideÐ d Ðâ âsamples€for€DNA€testing.€€Cigarette€butts€belonging€to€him,€however,€were€taken€afterÐ ü ˜ Ðhis€police€interview,€analysed€as€to€DNA€composition€and€found€to€match€the€semenÐ ” 0 Ðfraction€taken€from€the€second€victim.€€The€scalp€and€pubic€hairs€taken€from€the€accusedÐ , È Ðduring€the€first€murder€investigation€were€analysed€as€to€DNA€composition€and€foundÐ Ä ` Ðto€match€the€analysis€of€the€cigarette€butts€and€the€semen.€The€accused€was€arrested€andÐ \ ø Ðcharged€with€the€first€degree€murder€of€the€second€victim€and€then€re-arrested€andÐ ô  Ðcharged€with€the€first€degree€murder€of€the€first€victim€as€well.Ð Œ ( ÐÌà œ àDefence€counsel€twice€unsuccessfully€applied€to€sever€the€two€murder€countsÐ ¼ X Ðin€the€indictment,€before€the€trial€and€at€the€end€of€a€lengthy€ò òvoir€direó ó.€€Counsel€alsoÐ T ð Ðobjected€to€the€admissibility€of€the€samples€taken€and€used€by€the€police€for€DNAÐ ì ˆ Ðanalysis€and€the€DNA€evidence€itself.€€The€evidence€was€ruled€admissible.€€A€juryÐ „ Ðconvicted€the€accused€on€both€counts.€€His€appeal€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€was€dismissed.Ð ¸ ÐÌà œ àTwo€principal€issues€arose€here.€€First,€whether€a€jury,€to€draw€conclusionsÐ L è Ðfrom€similar€fact€evidence,€was€to€be€satisfied€on€a€civil€or€criminal€standard€of€proofÐ ä € Ðthat€the€same€person€committed€the€acts€in€question,€and€if€the€civil€standard€applied,Ð |! " Ðwhether€the€principles€of€fundamental€justice€(s.7)€and€the€right€to€be€presumed€innocentÐ #° $ Ð(s.11(ò òdó ó))€in€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó€would€be€offended.€€€Second,Ð ¬$H & Ðdid€the€admission€into€evidence€of€hair€samples€obtained€by€consent€for€one€policeÐ D&à ( Ðinvestigation€and€used€in€connection€with€the€separate€later€investigation€offend€theÐ Ü'x!* Ðaccusedð ðs€right€to€be€free€from€unreasonable€search€and€seizure€guaranteed€in€ss.7€andÐ t) #, Ð8€of€the€ò òCharteró ó?Ð +¨$. Ðâ âÐ ¤,@&0 ÐÔ& Ôâ âà œ àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€dismissed.Ð d ÐÌà œ àIn€considering€whether€similar€fact€evidence€should€be€admitted€the€basicÐ ” 0 Ðquestion€to€be€determined€is€whether€the€probative€value€outweighs€the€prejudicial€effect.Ð , È ÐTherefore,€in€cases€where€identity€is€at€issue€and€the€accused€is€shown€to€have€committedÐ Ä ` Ðacts€with€a€striking€similarity€to€the€alleged€crime€the€jury€is€not€asked€to€infer€from€theÐ \ ø Ðaccusedð ðs€habits€or€disposition€that€he€or€she€is€the€type€of€person€who€would€co
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` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à...ˆÐ Ô/p)4 Їà0 ` àà " à3ò òó óð ðò òó óà ä àsp cifier,€pour€chaque€zone,€les€constructions€ou€les€usages€quiÐ d Ðsont€autoris s€et€ceux€qui€sont€prohib s,€y€compris€les€usages€et€ dificesÐ 0 Ì Ðpublics,€ainsi€que€les€densit s€dð ðoccupation€du€sol;Ð ü ˜ ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à...ˆÐ ” 0 ÐÌà0 ` àò ò123.ó óà " àLes€articles€124€ €127€sð ðappliquent€ €lð ð gard€de:Ð , È ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà ` àà0 " à1ð ðà ä àtout€r glement€de€zonage,€de€lotissement€ou€de€construction;Ð Ä ` " Ð " Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€..ˆÐ \ ø ÐÌà0 ` àà " à4ð ðà ä àtout€r glement€qui€modifie€ou€remplace€lð ðun€de€ceux€mentionn sÐ ô  Ðaux€paragraphes€1ð ð€ €3ð ð.Ð À \ ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÓ Ó...Ð X ô ÐÓ  ‰ ÓÌà0 ` àà " àPour€lð ðapplication€de€la€pr sente€section,€est€susceptible€dð ðapprobationÐ ð Œ Ðr f rendaire€tout€r glement€qui€remplit€les€conditions€suivantes:Ð ¼ X ` Ð ` Ð Ðò òó óÌà0 ` àà " à1ð ðà ä àavoir€pour€objet€de€modifier€le€r glement€de€zonage€ou€deÐ T ð Ðlotissement€en€ajoutant,€modifiant,€rempla ant€ou€supprimant€une€dispositionÐ ¼ Ðqui€porte€sur€une€mati re€pr vue€ €lð ðun€des€paragraphes€1ð ð€ €5ð ð,€6ð ð,€10ð ð,€11ð ðÐ ì ˆ Ðet€16.1ð ð€ €22ð ð€du€deuxi me€alin a€de€lð ðarticle113€ou€au€troisi me€alin a€deÐ ¸ T Ðcet€article€ou€sur€une€mati re€pr vue€ €lð ðun€des€paragraphes€1ð ð,€3ð ð€et€4.1ð ð€duÐ „ Ðdeuxi me€alin a€de€lð ðarticle€115;Ð P ì ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà " à2ð ðà ä àne€pas€ tre€un€r glement€de€concordance€qui€apporte€uneÐ è „ Ðmodification€vis e€au€paragraphe€1ð ð,€en€vertu€de€lð ðun€des€articles€58,€59,€102Ð ´ P Ðet€110.4,€uniquement€pour€tenir€compte€de€la€modification€ou€de€la€r visionÐ € Ðdu€sch ma€dð ðam nagement€et€de€d veloppement€ou€de€lð ðentr e€en€vigueur€duÐ L è Ðplan€dð ðurbanisme€original€ou€de€la€modification€ou€de€la€r vision€du€plan.Ð ´ ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à...ˆÐ ° L ! ÐÌà0 ` àò ò124.à " àó óLe€conseil€de€la€municipalit €adopte€un€projet€de€tout€r glement€ Ð H"ä # Ðlð ð gard€duquel€sð ðapplique€le€pr sent€article.Ð #° $ ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à...ˆÐ ¬$H & ÐÌà0 ` àò ò125.à " àó óLa€municipalit €tient€une€assembl e€publique€sur€le€projet€de€r glementÐ D&à ( Ðpar€lð ðinterm diaire€du€maire€ou€dð ðun€autre€membre€du€conseil€d sign €par€leÐ '¬ ) Ðmaire.Ð Ü'x!
ì Ð ì Ð Ðà Ê àà0 Œ àuseà0 N Œ Ð Œ Ð àCommercialà0 ” N Ð N Ð à2à0 ì ” Ð ” Ð à(C„2)Ð /¤(3 ì Ð ì Ð Ðà Ê àà0 Œ àuseà0 N Œ Ð Œ Ð àCommercialà0 ” N Ð N Ð à3à0 ì ” Ð ” Ð à(C„3)Ð Ô/p)4 ì Ð ì Ð Ð‡Ó Ó...Ð d ÐÓ Š ÓÌà0 Ê àPà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð àuseà0 N Œ Ð Œ Ð àCommunityà0 ” N Ð N Ð à1à0 ì ” Ð ” Ð à(P„1)Ð ü ˜ ì Ð ì Ð Ðà Ê àà0 Œ àuseà0 N Œ Ð Œ Ð àCommunityà0 ” N Ð N Ð à2à0 ì ” Ð ” Ð à(P„2)Ð È d ì Ð ì Ð Ðà Ê àà0 Œ àuseà0 N Œ Ð Œ Ð àCommunityà0 ” N Ð N Ð à3à0 ì ” Ð ” Ð à(P„3)Ð ” 0 ì Ð ì Ð Ðà Ê àà0 Œ àuseà0 N Œ Ð Œ Ð àCommunityà0 ” N Ð N Ð à4à0 ì ” Ð ” Ð à(P„4)Ð ` ü ì Ð ì Ð ÐÌà Ê àà0 Œ àò ò2.2.3.2€ò òCommercial€2€(Local)ó óó óÐ ø ” Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà Ê àà0 Œ àThis€zone€is€reserved€for€uses€in€the€nature€of€sales€and€service€...€.Ð  , Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð àThis€classification€includes,€but€is€not€limited€to,€the€establishments€listedÐ ( Ä Ðbelow€and€establishments€of€a€similar€nature€...:Ð ô  Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌÓ Ó...Ð Œ ( ÐÓ — ÓÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð à-€hotels,€motels,€night€clubs,€social€clubs,€exhibition€halls;Ð $ À Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌÓ Ó...Ð ¼ X ÐÓ L ÓÌà Ê àò òà0 Œ à2.2.3.3€ò òCommercial€3€(Regional)ó óó óÐ T ð Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð àThis€zone€is€reserved€for€uses€in€the€nature€of€sales€and€service€and€forÐ ì ˆ Ðsmall-scale€industries/businesses€....Ð ¸ T Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð àThis€classification€includes,€but€is€not€limited€to,€the€establishments€listedÐ P ì Ðbelow€and€establishments€of€a€similar€nature:Ð ¸ Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð à-€Commercial€1€(neighbourhood)€and€Commercial€2€(local)€uses;€Ð ´ P Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à...ˆÐ L è ÐÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð àò ò2.2.5.3ó ó€ò òò òCommunity€3€(Regional)ó óó óÐ ä € Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð àThis€zone€is€reserved€for€the€following€activities€relating€to€publicÐ |! " Ðadministration,€education,€recreation,€health€care€and€community-orientedÐ H"ä # Ðcultural€activities:Ð #° $ Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà@ À À & V à...€ˆÐ ¬$H & ÐÌà0 Ê àà0 Œ Ê Ð Ê Ð à-€places€of€worship;Ó ÓÐ D&à ( Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌ(4)€€ò òAct€respecting€land€use€planning€and€developmentó ó,€R.S.Q.,€c.€A-19.1Ð t) #, ÐÌÓ Óà0 Ê àò ò113.ó óà Œ àThe€council€of€a€municipality€may€adopt€a€zoning€by-law€for€its€wholeÐ ¤,@&0 Ðterritory€or€any€part€thereof.Ð p- '1 Ê Ð Ê Ð ÐÌà0 Ê àà Œ àA€zoning€by-law€may€include€provisions€regarding€one€or€more€of€theÐ /¤(3 Ðfollowing€objects:Ð Ô/p)4 Ê Ð Ê Ð Ð‡Ó Ó...Ð d ÐÓ ÓÌà0 Ê àà Œ à(3)à N àto€specify,€for€each€zone,€the€structures€and€uses€that€are€authorizedÐ ü ˜ Ðand€those€that€are€prohibited,€including€public€uses€and€buildings,€and€the€land
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Ðpermette€que€des€craintes€et€des€propensions€irrationnelles€faussent€lð ðapplicationÐ h Ô Ðl gitime€des€conditions€ tablies€en€la€mati re. €€Il€nð ðest€pas€n cessaire€de€sð ðappuyer€surÐ l Ðla€jurisprudence€ou€la€doctrine€pour€affirmer€que€les€r actions€ motives€de€gens€malÐ ˜ Ðinform s€sont€ext rieures€ €notre€syst me€de€mise€en€libert €sous€caution.Ý ƒ % Ñý ê #ê ݌Р0 œ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýÿî Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú109Ú ÚÛ € z m Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà µ àComme€nous€lð ðavons€vu,€lð ðintim e€a€ nonc €plusieurs€motifs€particuliersÐ #r Ðde€refuser€la€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€qui€pourraient€relever€de€lð ðð ðadministration€deÐ ž$ " Ðla€justiceð ð.€€Bien€quð ðil€soit€possible€de€consid rer€que€certains€de€ces€motifs€favorisentÐ 6&¢ $ Ðle€bon€fonctionnement€du€syst me€de€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€(comme,€parÐ Î': & Ðexemple,€refuser€la€mise€en€libert €sous€caution€pour€prot ger€lð ðaccus €lui„m me),€laÐ f)Ò!( Ðcapacit €de€donner€un€ou€deux€exemples€isol s€de€cas€o €le€refus€dð ðaccorder€la€mise€enÐ þ*j#* Ðlibert €sous€caution€peut€ tre€justifi €pour€dð ðautres€motifs€que€ceux€ num r s€ €lð ðal.ò òaó ó)Ð –, %, Ðâ âou€ €lð ðal.€ò òbó ó)€ne€saurait€justifier€le€libell €g n ral€de€lð ðal.515(10)ò òcó ó).€€Le€l gislateur€peutÐ ..š&. Ðl gif rer€de€mani re€ €inclure€ces€motifs€pr cis€sð ðil€le€juge€n cessaire,€mais€tel€nð ðest€pasÐ ” Ðlð ðobjet€de€la€disposition€en€cause€dans€la€pr sente€affaire.ò òÝ ƒ % Ñýÿî ï ݌Р, ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌó óÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý"ô Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú110Ú ÚÛ € z n Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà µ àEn€r sum ,€m me€si,€dans€dð ðautres€circonstances,€lð ðon€pourrait€consid rerÐ n Ðque€les€facteurs€ num r s€ €lð ðal.
Ðforth.Ð Ô* %, ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÂt Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú103Ú ÚÛ € z g Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àConsequently,€I€am€of€the€view€that€this€Courtð ðs€holding€in€ò òCanadianÐ ª.Ø(0 ÐBroadcasting€Corp.€v.€New€Brunswick€(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1996]€3€S.C.R.€480Ð B0p*2 Ð(ð ðò òCBCó óð ð),€namely€that€the€phrase€ð ðproper€administration€of€justiceð ð€provided€anÐ Ò Ðintelligible€standard€by€which€a€presiding€judge€could€exclude€members€of€the€publicÐ j ˜ Ðfrom€criminal€proceedings,€cannot€be€used€to€support€a€similar€conclusion€in€the€caseÐ 0 Ðat€bar.€€The€Courtð ðs€holding€in€ò òCBC€ó ówas€based€on€its€conclusion€that,€in€the€context€ofÐ š È Ðs.€486(1)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€the€phrase€ð ðproper€administration€of€justiceð ð€engagedÐ 2 ` Ðspecific€fundamental€values€such€as€the€ability€of€courts€to€control€their€own€processÐ Ê ø Ðin€furtherance€of€the€rule€of€law,€and€the€power€of€courts€to€regulate€the€publicity€ofÐ b  Ðtheir€proceedings€in€order€to€protect€the€innocent€and€safeguard€privacy€interests:€€see€Ð ú ( Ðò òCBCó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€paras.€36„43.€€By€engaging€these€specific€values,€the€phrase€ð ðproperÐ ’ À Ðadministration€of€justiceð ð,€in€the€context€of€s.€486(1),€provided€an€ð ðintelligible€standardÐ * X Ð...€according€to€which€the€judiciary€[could]€exercise€the€discretion€conferredð ð:€€ò òCBCó ó,Ð Â ð Ðat€para.€59.€ò ò€ó óIn€contrast,€as€I€have€stated,€I€can€find€no€parallel€values€engaged€by€theÐ Z ˆ Ðphrase€ð ðmaintain€confidence€in€the€administration€of€justiceð ð,€as€it€is€found€in€s.Ð ò Ð515(10)(ò òcó ó).€€The€mere€fact€that€this€phrase€is€well€known€does€not€serve€to€endow€itÐ Š ¸ Ðwith€an€intrinsic€legitimacy.€€On€the€contrary,€the€proper€approach€is€to€examine€theÐ " P Ðphrase€in€its€statutory€context€and€in€light€of€the€specific€values€engaged:€€ò òCBCó ó,€atÐ º è Ðpara.€36.€€In€the€context€of€s.€515(10)(ò òcó ó),€the€phrase€ð ðmaintain€confidence€in€theÐ R € Ðadministration€of€justiceð ð€fails€to€engage€any€legitimate€specific€values€and€thus€doesÐ ê " Ðnot€provide€the€judiciary€with€an€ð ðintelligible€standardð ð.Ý ƒ % ÑýÂt Ýt ݌Р‚"° $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýt~ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú104Ú ÚÛ € z h Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àBy€enacting€s.€515(10)(ò òcó ó),€Parliament€has€essentially€revived,€albeit€withÐ X&† ( Ðmore€elaborate€wording,€the€old€ð ðpublic€interestð ð€ground€that€this€Court€struck€downÐ ð' "* Ðin€ò òMoralesó ó.€€In€ò òRe€Powers€and€The€Queen€ó ó(1972),€9€C.C.C.€(2d)€533€(Ont.€H.C.),€atÐ ˆ)¶#, Ðpp.€544„45,€the€ð ðpublic€interestð ð€ground€was€defi
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€€Par€cons quent,€la€conclusion€du€ConseilÐ Œ ( Ðque€le€cong diement€discriminatoire€dð ðun€employ € €lð ðessai€est€mati re€ €arbitrageÐ $ À Ðnð ðest€pas€manifestement€d raisonnable€et€doit€ tre€confirm e.Ô CECF.
Ðcollective€agreement€and€falls€squarely€within€the€Boardð ðs€jurisdiction.€€Accordingly,Ð Ô/p)4 Ðthe€Boardð ðs€finding€that€the€discriminatory€discharge€of€a€probationary€employee€isÐ d Ðarbitrable€is€not€patently€unreasonable€and€should€be€upheld.Ð ü ˜ ÐÌà œ àEven€if€there€was€no€basis€on€which€to€conclude€that€the€alleged€violationÐ , È Ðof€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Code€ó óis€arbitrable,€the€application€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€of€theÐ Ä ` Ðò òESA€ó óleads€to€the€conclusion€that€the€subject€matter€of€Oð ðs€grievance€is€arbitrable.€€TheÐ \ ø Ðjoint€effect€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€is€that€each€collective€agreement€is€deemed€to€containÐ ô  Ða€provision€that€prohibits€the€discharge€of€a€probationary€employee€because€she€tookÐ Œ ( Ðor€intends€to€take€pregnancy€leave.€€Thus,€the€subject€matter€of€Oð ðs€grievance€clearlyÐ $ À Ðconstitutes€a€dispute€that€arises€under€a€collective€agreement€over€which€the€Board€hasÐ ¼ X Ðjurisdiction.€€Ð T ð ÐÌà œ àIt€was€not€improper€for€the€Court€of€Appeal€to€take€into€account€the€factÐ „ Ðthat€the€substantive€rights€and€obligations€of€the€ò òESA€ó óare€incorporated€directly€intoÐ ¸ Ðeach€collective€agreement.€€The€finding€under€review€is€not€the€Boardð ðs€finding€thatÐ ´ P Ðs.5(1)€of€the€ò òHuman€Rights€Code€ó óis€enforceable€against€the€employer,€but€its€findingÐ L è Ðthat€Oð ðs€grievance€is€arbitrable.€€If€the€Court€of€Appeal€had€upheld€the€DivisionalÐ ä € ÐCourtð ðs€decision€to€reverse€the€arbitration€award€without€taking€into€account€theÐ |! " Ðpotential€impact€of€ss.44€and€64.5(1)€of€the€ò òESAó ó,€it€would€arguably€have€committedÐ #° $ Ðan€error€of€law.€Ð ¬$H & ÐÌà œ àThe€Union€was€not€bound€by€its€prior€decision€not€to€seek€enforcement€ofÐ Ü'x!* Ðs.44€of€the€ò òESAó ó€at€the€initial€hearing.€€The€purpose€of€s.64.5(4)€of€the€ò òESAó ó€is€not€toÐ t) #, Ðbind€a€union€to€such€a€prior€decision,€but,€rather,€to€affirm€the€principle€that€anÐ +¨$. Ðemployee€to€whom€a€collective€agreement€applies€is€not€entitled€to€file€or€maintain€aÐ ¤,@&0 Ðcomplaint€under€the€Act.€Ð
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€€Toutefois,€notre€Cour€nð ðaurait€eu€aucune€raisonÐ , È Ðvalable€de€mettre€de€cð= ðt €les€m canismes€de€contrð= ðle€d mocratique€pr vus€par€laÐ Ä ` Ðl gislation€municipale€du€Qu bec€en€mati re€de€zonage.Ý ƒ Ñýe9 €9 ݌Р\ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýq= Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú84Ú ÚÛ € z T Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àJe€note€enfin€que€la€fusion€des€municipalit s€a€probablement€entrað3 ðn €certainsÐ Œ ( Ðchangements€relativement€au€zonage€de€la€municipalit ,€qui€fait€maintenant€partie€de€laÐ $ À Ðville€de€St„J rð= ðme.
Ðunreasonable€and€arbitrary€manner€and€had€acted€in€bad€faith.€€Although€theseÐ Ô/p)4 Ðcontentions€are€not€supported€by€the€evidence,€they€do€show€that€an€argument€relatingÐ d Ðto€procedural€fairness,€based€on€the€reasons€given€for€the€municipalityð ðs€negativeÐ ü ˜ Ðdecisions,€could€have€been€raised€by€the€appellants,€but€they€declined€to€do€so€at€theÐ ” 0 Ðhearing€before€this€Court.Ý ƒ Ñý¨å Ãå ݌Р, È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýüè Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú87Ú ÚÛ € z W Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThe€municipalityð ðs€decision€to€refuse€to€amend€its€zoning€by-law€is€within€theÐ \ ø Ðscope€of€its€discretionary€power,€as€it€had€to€decide€whether€it€would€be€appropriate€toÐ ô  Ðamend€the€by-law.€€The€municipality€had€a€range€of€options€at€its€disposal,€and€itsÐ Œ ( Ðconstituting€act€did€not€dictate€which€one€it€should€select€(ò òBaker€v.ó ó€ò òCanada€(Minister€ofÐ $ À ÐCitizenship€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€2S.C.R.817,€at€para.52).€€This€type€of€decisionÐ ¼ X Ðmade€by€an€administrative€authority€can€at€times€be€subject€to€a€duty€of€proceduralÐ T ð Ðfairness.€For€example,€the€ò òAct€respecting€administrative€justiceó ó,€R.S.Q.,€c.€J-3€(ð ðò òAAJó óð ð),Ð ì ˆ Ðwhich€was€enacted€by€the€Quebec€legislature€on€December16,1996,€and€came€into€forceÐ „ Ðon€April1,1998,€after€the€facts€giving€rise€to€this€case€took€place,€requires€governmentÐ ¸ Ðdepartments€and€bodies€to€comply€with€procedural€fairness€in€their€discretionaryÐ ´ P Ðdecision-making€processes.€Thus,€the€organizations€to€which€this€act€applies€have€a€dutyÐ L è Ðto€act€fairly€(s.2€ò òAAJó ó),€including€a€requirement€to€give€reasons€for€any€unfavourableÐ ä € Ðdecisions€they€make€(ss.5€and€8€ò òAAJó ó).€€As€municipalities€are€not€subject€to€this€actÐ |! " Ð(s.3ò òAAJó ó),€it€must€be€determined€whether€they€are€subject€to€the€same€duty€by€virtue€ofÐ #° $ Ðthe€legal€rules€gradually€developed€by€the€common€law€to€define€the€obligations€ofÐ ¬$H & Ðprocedural€fairness€applicable€to€government€organizations.Ý ƒ Ñýüè é ݌РD&à ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýrð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú88Ú ÚÛ € z X Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àIn€ò òBakeró ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€this€Court€stated€that€ð ð[t]he€fact€that€a€decision€isÐ t) #, Ðadministrative€and€affects€ð ðthe€rights,€privileges€or€interests€of€an€individualð ð€is€sufficientÐ +¨$. Ðto€trigger€the€application€of€the€duty€of€fairness:ò òCardinal€v.€Director€of€Kent€Institutionó ó,Ð ¤,@&0 Ð[1985]€2S.C.R.643,€at€p.653ð ð€(para.20).€€To€define€the€variable€content€of€this€duty,Ð
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€Evansó ó,€[1993]€3€R.C.S.€653,€il€a€ t Ð $ À Ðjug €quð ðune€conclusion€de€fait€pr liminaire€d terminant€lð ðutilisation€dð ðun€ l ment€deÐ ¼ X Ðpreuve€est€normalement€assujettie€ €la€norme€de€preuve€applicable€en€mati re€civile,€queÐ T ð Ðla€conclusion€soit€tir e€par€le€juge€du€proc s€ €lð ð tape€de€lð ðadmissibilit €ou€par€le€jury€auÐ ì ˆ Ðd but€de€ses€d lib rations.
Ðstandard€of€proof€beyond€a€reasonable€doubt€will€govern€the€juryð ðs€determinationÐ d Ðwhether€one€person€must€have€committed€both€acts.Ý ƒ % ÑýRÔ mÔ ÝŒÐ ü ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¢Ø Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú74Ú ÚÛ € z J Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellant€argues€that€because€similar€fact€evidence€carries€with€it€theÐ , È Ðdanger€of€prejudicial€misuse€by€the€trier,€a€high€standard€of€proof€should€be€imposed€asÐ Ä ` Ða€precondition€of€its€use.€€However,€the€danger€that€a€jury€will€misuse€similar€factÐ \ ø Ðevidence€by€engaging€in€the€prohibited€line€of€reasoning€is€avoided€by€the€strict€test€forÐ ô  Ðadmissibility€which€ensures€that€the€evidence€is€sufficiently€probative€to€outweigh€theÐ Œ ( Ðrisk€of€prejudicial€misuse,€coupled€with€a€cautionary€instruction€against€making€improperÐ $ À Ðuse€of€the€evidence.€€These€safeguards€ensure€that€the€evidence€is€possessed€of€legitimateÐ ¼ X Ðprobative€value€before€it€reaches€the€trier€of€fact€and€that€the€jury€will€appreciate€its€trueÐ T ð Ðrelevance.€€Depriving€the€jury€of€resort€to€proper€use€of€the€evidence€once€it€has€beenÐ ì ˆ Ðadmitted€would€do€nothing€to€guard€against€its€improper€use.Ý ƒ % Ñý¢Ø ½Ø ݌Р„ ÐŒÝ ÝÔ °Ÿ ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýˆÝ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú75Ú ÚÛ € z K Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€this€basis,€the€correct€approach€to€a€consideration€of€similar€fact€evidenceÐ ´ P Ðby€a€jury€is€the€ð ðcumulativeð ð€or€ð ðpoolingð ð€approach.€€Thus,€as€a€general€rule€whereÐ L è Ðsimilar€fact€evidence€is€adduced€to€prove€identity,€the€jury€should€be€instructed€that€onceÐ ä € Ðthey€have€concluded€that€there€is€sufficient€likelihood€that€the€same€person€committedÐ |! " Ðthe€alleged€similar€acts,€they€may€consider€all€the€evidence€relating€to€the€similar€acts€inÐ #° $ Ðconsidering€whether€the€accused€is€guilty€of€the€act€in€question.Ý ƒ % ÑýˆÝ £Ý ݌Р¬$H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÔ& ” Ôà œ à2.à0 ø àò òUse€of€Evidence€Underlying€a€Prior€Acquittal€as€Similar€Fact€EvidenceÐ Ü'x!* Ðin€a€Subsequent€Proceeding€Against€the€Same€Accusedó óÓ ·à ÓÐ ¨(D"+ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¸á Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú76Ú ÚÛ € z L Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àFinally,€the€appellant€relies€upon€cases€in€which€the€Crown€was€prohibitedÔ' ” Ü'Éà ÔÐ Ø+t%/ Ðfrom€adducing€as€similar€fact€evidence€in€a€subsequent€trial€of€the€same€accused,Ð p- '1 Ðtestimony€given€in€proceedings€in€which€the€accused€was€acquitted.€€See,€e.g.,€ò òR.€v.Ð /¤(3 ÐCullenó ó€(1989),€52€C.C.C.€(3d)€459€(Ont.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.€Verneyó ó€(1993),€87€C.C.C.€(3d)€363Ð d Ð(Ont.€C.A.);€ò òR.€v.€M.€(R.A.)ó ó€(1994),€94€C.C.C.€(3d)€459€(Man
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€€La€distinction€entre€un€employ €et€unÏentrepreneur€ind pendant€est€utile€non€seulement€en€mati re€de€responsabilit €du€faitÏdð ðautrui€mais€aussi€lorsquð ðil€sð ðagit€dð ðappliquer€diverses€lois€sur€lð ðemploi,€de€d terminerÏsi€une€action€pour€cong diement€injustifi €peut€ tre€intent e,€dð ð tablir€des€cotisationsÏen€mati re€dð ðimpð= ðt€sur€le€revenu€ou€de€taxe€dð ðaffaires,€de€dresser€lð ðordre€de€collocationÏdans€le€cas€o €un€employeur€devient€insolvable€ou€dð ðappliquer€des€droits€contractuelsÏ(Flannigan,€ò òloc.€cit.ó ó,€p.25).
, ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ E ÓÓ L € Uf ( 3 L ÓÝ ‚ 3£ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 3£Â> ÝÔ2 Uf ÔÚ ÚIÚ Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 4 àÝ Ýò òFactsó óÝ ƒ 3£Â> í> ݌Рe$H & 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý•? Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àThe€respondent,€671122€Ontario€Limited,€formerly€Design€DynamicsÐ •'x!* ÐLimited€(ð ðDesignð ð),€was€Canadian€Tire€Corporationð ðs€principal€supplier€of€syntheticÏsheepskin€car€seat€covers€for€30€years.€€Canadian€Tire€was€the€party€in€the€position€ofÏstrength€in€the€relationship.€€This€is€so€as€it€represented€more€than€60€percent€of€theÏCanadian€seat€cover€market€and,€by€1983,€was€Designð ðs€largest€customer€accountingÏfor€over€50€percent€of€its€sales.Ý ƒ % Ñý•? °? ݌Р/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýBB Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àIn€June€1984,€Design€lost€Canadian€Tireð ðs€business.€€Robert€Summers,€theÐ µ ˜ Ðhead€of€Canadian€Tireð ðs€automotive€division,€advised€Design€that€another€company,Ïthe€appellants€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€and€Sagaz€Industries€Inc.€(collectivelyÏð ðSagazð ð),€would€be€replacing€Design€as€Canadian€Tireð ðs€seat€cover€supplier.€€Sagaz€isÏa€Florida€corporation€and€the€appellant,€Joseph€Kavana,€is€its€president.€€SagazÏIndustries€Inc.€continues€to€supply€Canadian€Tire€and€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€isÏinactive.Ý ƒ % ÑýBB ]B ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý E Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àSummers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€supply€relationship€with€Design€inÐ u X Ðfavour€of€Sagaz€because€of€bribery€in€the€form€of€a€ð ðkickbackð ð€scheme.€€Sagaz€retainedÏAmerican€Independent€Marketing€Inc.€(ð ðAIMð ð),€a€New€York€corporation,€to€assist€inÏmarketing€Sagazð ðs€seat€covers€to€Canadian€Tire.€€AIM€was€owned€and€controlled€byÏStewart€Landow.€€It€was€later€determined€that€Summers€accepted€a€bribe€from€LandowÏand€AIM€in€relation€to€the€Sagaz€seat€cover€contract.€€Specifically,€SummersÏincorporated€a€sham€corporation,€International€Marketing€Consultants€(ð ðIMCð ð),€toÏreceive€the€bribery€money.€€Summers€employed€a€surrogate,€Anthony€Brathwaite,€asÏa€token€manager€of€IMC.€€Brathwaite€was€the€puppet€of€Summers€who€received€all€theÏprofits€of€IMC.€€Summers€entered€into€an€agreement€with€Landow€whereby€LandowÏ(through€AIM)€would€pay€Summers€(through€IMC)€two€percent€of€all€sales€by€SagazÏto€Canadian€Tire€of€synthetic€seat€covers€in€order€to€ensure€the€sales€occurred.€€As€aÏresult€of€the€bribe,€Summers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€relationship€with€Design.Ý ƒ % Ñý E 6E ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý&J Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ €
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160,€il€y€a€saisie€chaque€fois€que€lð ð tat€prend,€sans€leÐ Œ ( Ðconsentement€dð ðun€citoyen,€un€bien€appartenant€ €ce€dernier€et€ €lð ð gard€duquel€il€a€uneÐ $ À Ðattente€raisonnable€en€mati re€de€respect€de€la€vie€priv e.
Ðrespondent€that€they€were€treating€his€consent€as€a€blanket€consent€to€the€useÐ /¤(3 Ðof€the€sample€in€relation€to€other€offences€in€which€he€might€be€a€suspect.€Ð Ô/p)4 ÐI€express€no€opinion€on€the€question€of€whether€there€would€have€been€aÐ d Ðseizure€if€the€intention€of€the€police€to€use€the€sample€in€respect€of€theÐ 0 Ì Ð[earlier]€assault€case,€and€the€subsequent€appropriation€of€the€sample€for€thatÐ ü ˜ Ðpurpose,€did€not€exist€until€some€time€after€the€seizure€of€the€blood€for€useÐ È d Ðin€the€[later]€case.€...Ð ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àThe€degree€of€awareness€of€the€consequences€of€the€waiver€of€the€s.8Ð , È Ðright€required€of€an€accused€in€a€given€case€will€depend€on€its€particularÐ ø ” Ðfacts.€€Obviously,€it€will€not€be€necessary€for€the€accused€to€have€a€detailedÐ Ä ` Ðcomprehension€of€every€possible€outcome€of€his€or€her€consent.€€However,Ð  , Ðhis€or€her€understanding€should€include€the€fact€that€the€police€are€alsoÐ \ ø Ðplanning€to€use€the€product€of€the€seizure€in€a€different€investigation€fromÐ ( Ä Ðthe€one€for€which€he€or€she€is€detained.Ó % ÓÐ ô  œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌThus€the€general€principle€to€be€taken€from€ò òBordenó ó€is€that€the€scope€of€a€valid€consentÐ $ À Ðmay€be€limited€by€the€extent€of€the€accusedð ðs€knowledge€and€the€information€given€toÐ ¼ X Ðthe€accused€as€to€the€consequences€of€giving€his€consent.€€The€majority€specifically€leftÐ T ð Ðopen€the€issue€raised€by€the€appellant€in€this€case.Ð ì ˆ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýN, Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú86Ú ÚÛ € z V Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€noteworthy€that€both€Lamer€C.J.€(Gonthier€J.€concurring)€and€McLachlinÐ ¸ ÐJ.€expressed€an€opinion€on€this€issue€in€ò òobiteró ó.€€As€Lamer€C.J.€stated,€at€pp.153-54:Ý ƒ % ÑýN, i, ݌Р´ P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àWhile€I€do€not€think€it€necessary€or€desirable€to€deal€with€the€broaderÐ ä € Ðquestion€of€what€is€required€for€a€valid€consent,€I€agree€with€Iacobucci€J.€thatÐ ° L ! Ðthe€individual€must€be€told€about€the€anticipated€purpose€known€to€theÐ |! " Ðpolice€when€the€consent€is€requested.Ð H"ä # œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àHowever,€in€agreeing,€ò òI€would€not€wish€to€be€taken€as€accepting€theÐ à#| % Ðgeneral€proposition€that€the€consent,€once€validly€given€in€the€criminal€lawÐ ¬$H & Ðcontext,€constrains€the€uses€that€may€be€made€of€the€sample€or€the€results€ofÐ x% ' Ðanalysis€thereofó ó.€€Such€an€approach€runs€the€risk€of€consideringÐ D&à ( Ðinvestigations€and€consents€to€searches€and€seizures€in€watertightÐ '¬ ) Ðcompartments.€€[Emphasis€added.]Ó Õ- ÓÐ Ü'x!* œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌMcLachlin€J.
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€€Il€faut€donc€r futer€toute€affirmation€selonÐ ³ ` Ðlaquelle€la€diminution€de€lð ðattente€ò òsubjective€ó óen€mati re€de€vie€priv e€se€traduiraÐ C ð Ðautomatiquement€par€une€diminution€correspondante€de€la€protection€constitutionnelle.
Ðhouse€under€surveillance€was€the€respondentð ðs€home.Ý ƒ % ÑýYæ tæ ݌РÔ)D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(3)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òDid€the€Respondent€Have€a€ò òSubjective€ó óExpectation€of€Privacy€in€theÐ -t%/ ÐSubject€Matter€of€the€FLIR€Image?ó óÐ Ð-@&0 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ ÓÐ h/Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý1é Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondent€did€not€testify€on€the€ò òvoir€direó ó€on€his€s.€24(2)€applicationÐ  Ðto€exclude€the€evidence,€but€in€my€view€it€may€be€presumed€unless€the€contrary€isÐ ( ˜ Ðshown€in€a€particular€case€that€information€about€what€happens€ò òinsideó ó€the€home€isÐ À 0 Ðregarded€by€the€occupants€as€private.€€Such€an€expectation€is€rooted€in€the€ancient€lawÐ X È Ðof€trespass€and€finds€its€modern€justification€in€the€intimacies€of€personal€and€familyÐ ð ` Ðlife.€€This€is€the€approach€adopted€by€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€and,€so€far€as€it€goes,Ð ˆ ø ÐI€agree€with€it.Ý ƒ % Ñý1é Lé ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŠì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Crown€takes€the€position€that€the€escape€of€heat€from€ò òoutsideó ó€a€home,Ð P À Ðlike€the€escape€of€smoke€from€a€fireplace€chimney€or€cooking€odours€from€a€kitchenÐ è X Ðfan,€represents€the€ò òvoluntaryó ó€exposure€of€information.€€Thus,€the€Crown€argues,€theÐ € ð Ðrespondent€could€have€had€no€reasonable€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€in€theÐ ˆ Ðinformation€obtained€in€the€FLIR€overflight.€€The€raw€information,€to€the€extent€it€wasÐ ° Ðdiscernible€to€the€naked€eye,€had€been€abandoned€to€the€public€domain€inÐ H ¸ Ðcircumstances€where€casual€observers€or€passers„by€were€under€no€obligation€to€keepÐ à P Ðthe€information€confidential.Ý ƒ % ÑýŠì ¥ì ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý@ð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€true€that€a€person€can€have€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ ¨" " Ðwhat€he€or€she€knowingly€exposes€to€the€public,€or€to€a€section€of€the€public,€orÐ @$° $ Ðabandons€in€a€public€place€(ò òR.€v.€Boersmaó ó,€[1994]€2€S.C.R.€488;€ò òStillmanó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€atÐ Ø%H & Ðpara.€62,€ò òper€ó óCory€J.,€and€at€para.€226,€ò òper€ó óMcLachlin€J.€(as€she€then€was),€dissenting;Ð p'à ( Ðò òEvansó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€50,€ò òperó ó€Major€J.,€concurring;€ò òBaron€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€1€S.C.R.Ð )x!* Ð416,€at€p.€453;€ò òDymentó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€435;€and€ò òR.€v.€Monneyó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€652,€atÐ  * #, Ðpara.€45).Ý ƒ % Ñý@ð [ð ݌Р8,¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýåó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€I€do€not€think€it€can€be€said€that
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Ðassoci e€ €la€propri t €priv e€et€la€possession€de€cette€propri t €constituait€une€protectionÐ Ô)D"+ Ðcontre€les€intrus.€€Si€les€droits€de€propri t €priv e€ taient€respect s€et€que€les€rideaux€desÐ l+Ü#- Ðmaisons€ taient€tir s€(ou€les€ponts„levis€des€ch teaux,€lev s),€les€mandataires€du€roiÐ -t%/ Ðpouvaient€observer€ €distance,€mais€ils€ne€disposaient€dð ðaucun€moyen€de€savoir€ce€quiÐ œ. '1 Ðse€passait€ €lð ðint rieur.€€La€protection€offerte€par€les€droits€de€propri t €a€diminu € Ð 40¤(3 Ðmesure€que€la€technologie€a€progress .€€Lð ð coute€ lectronique,€par€exemple,€peut€ treÐ  Ðmise€en€ð§ ðuvre€ €distance€sans€intrusion€physique.€€Les€images€FLIR€peuvent€ tre€prisesÐ ( ˜ Ðdð ðun€avion.€€Les€tribunaux€ont€h sit € €accepter€lð ðid e€que€lð ðaire€de€protection€de€la€vieÐ À 0 Ðpriv e€doit€r tr cir€ €mesure€que€la€technologie€se€d veloppe.€€Ils€ont€plutð= ðt€reconnu€queÐ X È Ðles€droit€en€mati re€de€propri t €priv e€servaient,€dans€une€certaine€mesure,€de€v hiculeÐ ð ` Ðau€droit€ €la€vie€priv e€que€conf rait€ €lð ðorigine€la€propri t €dð ðun€bien€et,€par€cons quent,Ð ˆ ø Ð €mesure€quð ðaugmentait€la€capacit €technique€de€lð ð tat€de€fureter,€lð ðid e€dð ðune€aire€de€vieÐ  Ðpriv e€prot g e€sð ðest€pr cis e€et€d velopp e.€€Cð ðest€ainsi€que€notre€Cour€a€adopt ,€dansÐ ¸ ( Ðlð ðarr t€ò òHunter€c.€Southamó ó,€pr cit ,€le€point€de€vue€selon€lequel€lð ðart.8€ð ðprot ge€lesÐ P À Ðpersonnes€et€non€les€lieuxð ð€(p.159).€€Voir€ galement€ò òR.€c.€Thompsonó ó,€[1990]Ð è X Ð2R.C.S.1111,€p.1142.Ý ƒ % ÑýxŠ “Š ÝŒÐ € ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓA.à0 ž àò òLa€recherche€dð ðun€ quilibreó óÐ ° ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ë’ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¹“ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€m me€temps,€la€vie€ conomique€et€sociale€cr e€des€demandesÐ à P Ðconcurrentes.€€Les€citoyens€tiennent€ €leur€vie€priv e,€mais€ils€veulent€ galement€ treÐ x è Ðprot g s.€€La€r pression€du€crime€et€la€s curit €sont€des€pr occupations€l gitimes€toutÐ !€ Ðaussi€valables.€€Ainsi,€lð ðart.8€de€la€ò òCharteó ó€reconnað3 ðt€la€validit €des€fouilles,€perquisitionsÐ ¨" " Ðet€saisies€ò ònon€abusivesó ó.€€Il€faut€ tablir€un€ quilibre,€comme€le€jugeDickson€lð ða€indiqu Ð @$° $ Ðdans€ò òHunter€c.€Southamó ó,€pr cit ,€€p.159„160:Ý ƒ % Ñý¹“ Ô“ ݌РØ%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « à...€il€faut€appr cier€si,€dans€une€situation€donn e,€le€droit€du€public€de€neÐ )x!* Ðpas€ tre€importun €par€le€gouvernement€doit€c der€le€pas€au€droit€duÐ Ô)D"+ Ðgouvernement€de€sð ðimmisce
Ðnecessarily€enjoys€s.8€protection.Ý ƒ % Ñý0± K± ݌РÔ)D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý½³ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú27Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€distinction€between€informational€and€territorial€privacy€is€of€someÐ -t%/ Ðassistance€in€drawing€the€ð ðreasonablenessð ð€line€in€the€factual€situation€before€theÐ œ. '1 ÐCourt.€€Whereas€Abella€J.A.€treated€the€FLIR€imaging€as€ò òequivalentó ó€to€a€search€ò òofó ó€theÐ 40¤(3 Ðhome,€and€thus€ð ðworthy€of€the€stateð ðs€highest€respectð ð€(para.€33),€I€think€it€is€moreÐ  Ðaccurately€characterized€as€an€external€search€for€information€ò òaboutó ó€the€home€whichÐ ( ˜ Ðmay€or€may€not€be€capable€of€giving€rise€to€an€inference€about€what€was€actually€goingÐ À 0 Ðon€inside,€depending€on€what€other€information€is€available.Ý ƒ % Ñý½³ س ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýP· Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú28Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àMoreover,€because€I€emphasize€the€informational€aspect,€my€focus€is€onÐ ˆ ø Ðthe€quality€of€information€that€FLIR€imaging€can€actually€deliver,€whereas€Abella€J.A.,Ð  Ðlooking€to€safeguard€the€home,€looked€more€to€the€ð ðtheoretical€capacityð ð€of€the€FLIRÐ ¸ ( Ðtechnology.€€For€example,€her€reasons€include€the€prediction€that€ð ð[t]he€nature€of€theÐ P À Ðintrusiveness€is€subtle€but€almost€Orwellian€in€its€theoretical€capacityð ð€(para.€79).Ý ƒ % ÑýP· k· ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý º Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú29Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€my€view,€with€respect,€the€reasonableness€line€has€to€be€determined€byÐ ˆ Ðlooking€at€the€information€generated€by€ò òexisting€ó óFLIR€technology,€and€then€evaluatingÐ ° Ðits€impact€on€a€reasonable€privacy€interest.€€If,€as€expected,€the€capability€of€FLIR€andÐ H ¸ Ðother€technologies€will€improve€and€the€nature€and€quality€of€the€information€hereafterÐ à P Ðchanges,€it€will€be€a€different€case,€and€the€courts€will€have€to€deal€with€its€privacyÐ x è Ðimplications€at€that€time€in€light€of€the€facts€as€they€then€exist.Ý ƒ % Ñý º 1º ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý7½ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àCounsel€for€the€respondent€of€course€views€these€matters€somewhatÐ @$° $ Ðdifferently.€€He€points€to€the€observation€of€La€Forest€J.€in€ò òR.€v.€Wongó ó,€[1990]€3€S.C.R.Ð Ø%H & Ð36,€a€case€dealing€with€surveillance€by€ò òvideoó ó€camera,€at€pp.€43„44:Ý ƒ % Ñý7½ R½ ݌Рp'à ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àIn€ò òDuarteó ó€[[1990]€1€S.C.R.€30],€this€Court€held€that€unauthorizedÐ  * #, Ðelectronic€ò òaudioó ó€surveillance€violates€s.€8€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€It€would€beÐ l+Ü#- Ðwrong€to€limit€the€implications€of€th
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ÓÔ& È ÔC.à0 àò òLa€question€de€savoir€si€le€droit€et€la€preuve€ tayent€les€dommages-int r tsÐ  Ðaccord s€par€le€juryó óÐ \ Ì Ð Ð ÐÓ ^ ÓÌÓ 3 Ü , ‚X ` Œ ‰X Ü , ‚X ` Œ ‰X 3 ÓÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýd_ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú52Ú ÚÛ € z 4 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àUn€certain€nombre€de€questions€se€posent€relativement€auxÔ' È  f^ ÔÐ À 0 Ðdommages-int r ts.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýd_ _ ݌РX È ÐŒÝ ÝÌà0 ` àÔ& ` Ô(1)à Œ àò òPreuve€du€pr judiceó óÐ ˆ ø ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý a Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àLð ðappelante€a€fait€t moigner€CaraBrown,€ €titre€dð ðexperte€en€mati re€deÐ ¸ ( ÐÔ' ` ˆ ­` Ôdommages-int r ts.
} L X k I ÓÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý– Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐv # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔThere€was€evidence€that€the€University€had€breached€these€duties€throughÐ ˆ ø Ðthe€negligence€of€its€employees.€€The€task€of€the€reviewing€court€is€not€to€agree€orÐ  Ðdisagree€with€the€juryð ðs€conclusions,€but€just€to€satisfy€itself€that€there€was€evidence€onÐ ¸ ( Ðwhich€the€jury,€properly€instructed,€could€reasonably€conclude€as€it€did.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐI # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔThe€issue€forÐ P À Ðthe€jury€was€the€failure€of€her€professors€even€to€ò òseek€ó ófrom€the€appellant€an€explanationÐ è X Ðof€a€missing€footnote€before€embarking€on€a€course€of€action€fraught€with€danger€forÐ € ð Ðher€hoped„for„career.Ý ƒ ` Ñý– ± ݌Рˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐ # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý¾ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAs€might€be€expected,€the€recollections€of€events€of€the€various€participantsÐ H ¸ Ðdiffered.€€There€was€no€suggestion€that€any€of€the€respondents€had€acted€in€bad€faith.Ý ƒ ` Ñý¾ ٠݌Рà P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý@ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€jury€clearly€concluded€that€Professor€Bella€should€have€done€what€bothÐ !€ ÐProfessor€Dempster€and€officials€at€CPS€recommended,€namely€check€out€the€ð ðfootnoteÐ ¨" " Ðissueð ð€with€the€appellant€before€proceeding€on€a€course€of€action,€in€concert€withÐ @$° $ ÐDr.Rowe,€based€on€nothing€more€than€speculation.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãО # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔProfessor€Karen€Mitchell€(who,€asÐ Ø%H & Ðsessional€lecturer,€also€taught€the€appellant)€told€the€jury€it€was€not€uncommon€forÐ p'à ( Ðstudents€to€make€errors€in€footnoting.€€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐZ # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔProfessor€Dempster€testified€that€in€ProfessorÐ )x!* ÐBellað ðs€position,€in€writing€to€the€appellant,€she€ð ðwould€have€made€reference€toÐ  * #, Ðappendix€A,€a€clear€referenceð ð.Ý ƒ ` Ñý@ [ ݌Р8,¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñýª Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLooking€at€the€broader€duty,€the€jury€heard€that€Professor€Dempster€told€theÐ  Ðâ âappellant,€in€effect,€that€she€was€unfit€to€be€a€social€worker.€€The€jury€must€haveÐ ( ˜ Ðconcluded€that€Professor€Dempster€knew€of€Professor€Bellað ðs€speculation€thatÐ À 0 ÐAppendix€A€was€autobiographical,€but€failed€to€check€the€facts€before€delivering€aÐ X È Ðjudgment€on€the€appellantð ðs€career€prospects.€Ý ƒ ` Ñýª Š݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐc # ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ `
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€€En€cons quence,€la€Cour€sup rieure€nð ða€commisÐ Ô)D"+ Ðaucune€erreur€lorsquð ðelle€sð ðest€d clar e€incomp tente€pour€connað3 ðtre€du€litige€par€le€motifÐ l+Ü#- Ðque€lð ðarbitre€de€griefs€avait€une€comp tence€exclusive€en€la€mati re.€Ý ƒ 0 Ñý®¬ ɬ ݌Р-t%/ ÐŒÝ ÝÌà « à(ii)à0 " àò òLe€monopole€de€la€repr sentation€syndicaleó óÐ 40¤(3 " Ð " Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýϰ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú56Ú ÚÛ € z 8 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àPar€ailleurs,€le€fait€dð ðattribuer€le€statut€de€repr sentant€ €lð ðintim €Bisaillon,Ð  Ðsð ðil€ tait€fait€droit€ €sa€requ te€en€autorisation€de€recours€collectif,€serait€incompatibleÐ ( ˜ Ðavec€les€mandats€l gaux€de€repr sentation€que€le€ò òCode€du€travailó ó€accorde€aux€neufÐ À 0 Ðsyndicats€accr dit s€repr sentant€les€salari s€de€Concordia.
ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýŒ0 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àWhen€a€grievance€arbitrator€finds€it€impossible€to€resolve€a€dispute€or€a€partÐ l+Ü#- Ðof€a€dispute€because€he€or€she€does€not€have€jurisdiction€over€the€parties,€the€ordinaryÐ -t%/ Ðcourts€retain€jurisdiction€over€the€dispute€(Gagnon,€at€p.547).€€Such€situations€are€likelyÐ œ. '1 Ðto€arise€where€the€grievance€arbitrator€cannot€claim€to€have€authority€over€personsÐ 40¤(3 Ðconsidered€to€be€third€parties€in€relation€to€the€collective€agreement€and€cannot€renderÐ  Ðdecisions€against€them.€€However,€there€is€nothing€to€prevent€thirdparties€fromÐ ( ˜ Ðvoluntarily€and€expressly€submitting€to€a€grievance€arbitratorð ðs€jurisdiction,€therebyÐ À 0 Ðbestowing€jurisdiction€upon€him€or€her:€ò òCanadian€Union€of€Public€Employees€v.Ð X È ÐCanadian€Broadcasting€Corp.ó ó,€[1992]€2€S.C.R.€7.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýŒ0 §0 ݌Рð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÖ4 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€inherent€limits€on€their€ò òin€personam€ó ójurisdiction€do€not€mean€thatÐ  Ðgrievance€arbitrators€have€to€ensure€that€their€decisions€have€no€effect€on€thirdparties.Ð ¸ ( ÐIt€is€possible€for€thirdparties€who€do€not€belong€to€the€bargaining€unit,€such€as€companyÐ P À Ðmanagers,€to€be€directly€or€indirectly€affected€by€an€arbitration€award.€€However,€theseÐ è X Ðthirdparties€will€not€be€legally€bound€by€the€award:€ò òSyndicat€des€professionnelles€etÐ € ð Ðprofessionnels€du€gouvernement€du€Qu bec€v.€Paquet€(Coll ge€dð ðenseignement€g n ralÐ ˆ Ðet€professionnel€r gional€de€Lanaudi re€et€Syndicat€des€professionnelles€etÐ ° Ðprofessionnels€du€gouvernement€du€Qu bec,€section€locale8)ó ó,€[2005]€Q.J.€No.678€(QL),Ð H ¸ Ð2005€QCCA€109,€at€para.40.€€As€we€shall€see,€the€mere€fact€that€the€same€issue€arisesÐ à P Ðin€the€collective€agreements€of€several€different€bargaining€units€with€a€single€employerÐ x è Ðdoes€not€oust€the€jurisdiction€of€the€grievance€arbitrator€in€favour€of€the€ordinary€courts.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÖ4 ñ4 ݌Р!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ( Ôà œ à(iii)à0 Ü àò òResidual€Jurisdiction€of€the€Superior€Courtó óÐ @$° $ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý¢: Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú42Ú ÚÛ € z * Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àGrievance€arbitrators€have€very€broad€powers,€both€explicit€and€implicit,€soÐ p'à ( Ðas€to€be€able€to€grant€any€remedies€needed€to€implement€the€collective€agreement:€see,ò òÐ )x!* Ðinter€aliaó ó,€s.100.12€ò òL.C.ó ó€and€R.P.Gagnon,€L.LeBel€and€P.Verge,€ò òDroit€du€travailó óÐ  * #, Ð(2nded.€1991),€at€p.710.€€Despite€this€broad€arbitral€jurisdictio
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Ð t €tr s€influenc €par€les€m thodes€de€la€common€law€en€raison€de€lð ð tablissement€dð ðuneÐ Ô)D"+ Ðstructure€judiciaire€et€de€m thodes€de€conduite€des€proc s€d riv es€du€mod leÐ l+Ü#- Ðbritannique,€comme€de€lð ðadoption€formelle€du€droit€de€la€preuve€anglais€en€mati reÐ -t%/ Ðcommerciale,€avant€la€fin€du€18ò òeó ó€si cle,€ainsi€que€le€rappelle€Walton€(F.€P.€Walton,€ò òLeÐ œ. '1 Ðdomaine€et€lð ðinterpr tation€du€Code€civil€du€Bas„Canadaó ó€(1980),€p.€47;€voir€aussiÐ 40¤(3 ÐJ.E.C.€Brierley€et€R.A.Macdonald,ò ò€Quebec€Civil€Law€:€An€Introduction€to€QuebecÐ  ÐPrivate€Lawó ó€(1993),€p.€687„689).€Ý ƒ Ñý:ä Uä ݌Р( ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý`í Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€premi res€dispositions€l gislatives€qu b coises€sur€le€secretÐ X È Ðprofessionnel€t moignent€de€cette€influence€de€la€common€law.€€En€effet,€les€textesÐ ð ` Ðl gislatifs€adopt s€au€19ò òeó ó€si cle€abordaient€le€secret€professionnel€comme€un€probl meÐ ˆ ø Ðde€proc dure,€en€reconnaissant,€ €lð ðinstar€de€la€common€law,€lð ðexistence€dð ðun€privil geÐ  Ðprot geant€le€client€contre€la€divulgation€des€communications€intervenues€entre€lui€et€sonÐ ¸ ( Ðconseiller€juridique.€€Les€articles€275€duò ò€Code€de€proc dure€civileó ó€de€1867€et€332€deÐ P À Ðcelui€de€1897€ont€employ €cette€technique€(A.€Cardinal,€ð ð€Quelques€aspects€modernesÐ è X Ðdu€secret€professionnel€de€lð ðavocat€ð ð€(1984),€44€ò òR.€du€B.ó ó€237,€p.€246).€€Selon€cet€auteur,Ð € ð Ðla€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Qu bec€aurait€dð ðailleurs€utilis €cette€m me€m thode€pour€reconnað3 ðtreÐ ˆ Ðlð ðexistence€du€ð ðò òlitigation€privilegeó óð ð,€destin € €prot ger€la€confidentialit €des€documentsÐ ° Ðpr par s€pour€un€avocat€dans€la€perspective€dð ðun€proc s€en€cours€ou€appr hend ,€en€droitÐ H ¸ Ðde€la€preuve€du€Qu bec€au€d but€du€20ò òeó ó€si cle€(Cardinal,€ò òloc.cit.ó ó,ò ò€ó óp.266;ò ò€Montreal€StreetÐ à P ÐRailway€Co.€c.€Feigleman€ó ó(1912),€22€B.R.€102,€p.118).€€Ainsi,€avant€de€se€pr occuperÐ x è Ðdu€contenu€du€secret€professionnel,€le€l gislateur€qu b cois€sð ðest€satisfait€de€lui€accorderÐ !€ Ðune€protection€judiciaire,€rattach e€aux€exigences€du€proc s€civil€contradictoire.Ý ƒ Ñý`í {í ݌Р¨" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý°ô Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àUne€m thode€diff rente,€ax e€celle„l €sur€la€cr ation€dð ðune€obligation€auÐ Ø%H & Ðsilence€dð ðo €d coulait€un€droit€ €sa€protection,€nð ðest€apparue€que€plus€tard€dans€des€loisÐ p'à ( Ðsur€lð ðorganisation€de€professions€comme€celle€dð ðavocat,€de€notaire€ou€de€m dec
ÐR gie€and€the€government€concerning€theÐ ˜! 2 Ðproject?ð ðÐ 1 ' % d"Ô 3 1 ÐÓ ¥Š ÓÓ ‡‹ ÓÌò òó óÔ*‹ ƒ f H h « d « d d d Ü d d Ü [ d d [ d H e Ü Ð Ü Ð ‹ ÔÔ, d d ÔÔ, Ü d d ÔÔ, [ d d ÔÔ+ ÔÐ ? 5 ø$h 5 ø$h  7@ 23. ‰ 7@ ‰‹ ‹? ÐÔ_ ÔÓ Ó23.Ô_ ÔÐ G = 8 \%Ì 6 7@ 23. 7@ ‹ ‹G ÐGeorges€Boss Ð \%Ì 7 ÐOct.€22,€1998Ð (&˜ 8 ÐEng.€UGB„18Ð ' ô&d 9 ‹ ‹' ÐÓ Ó(A)€Give€the€names€of€persons€consultedÐ \%Ì : Ðfrom€December€7,€1995€to€March€18,€1996Ð (&˜ ; Ðbefore€coming€to€the€decision€to€resiliate€theÐ ô&d Ðcontracts.€Ð À'0 = ÐÌ(B)€Provide€all€documents€pertaining€to€theÐ X)È!? Ðproject€that€were€received€by€Mr.€Boss €orÐ $*”"@ Ðany€other€member€of€the€Ô_ ÔR gieÔ_ Ôð ðs€executiveÐ ð*`#A Ðcommittee.Ð 1 ' % ¼+,$B 1 ÐÓ ,Ž ÓÓ  ÓÌÌò òó óÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ ÓÝ ‚ % Ñý?‘ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€appellant€objected€to€each€of€these€questions€on€the€grounds€that€theyÐ è/X(F Ðwere€covered€by€immunity€from€disclosure,€one€of€the€components€of€professionalÐ  Ðsecrecy€under€Quebec€civil€law.€€Questions€19€and€23(B)€appear€to€raise€the€issue€of€theÐ ( ˜ Ðapplication€of€the€immunity€from€disclosing€documents€prepared€for€the€purposes€of€aÐ À 0 Ðtrial,€which€corresponds€to€the€common€law€concept€of€litigation€privilege€(J.€Sopinka,Ð X È ÐS.€N.€Lederman€and€A.€W.€Bryant,ò ò€The€Law€of€Evidence€in€Canadaó ó€(2nd€ed.€1999),€atÐ ð ` Ðpp.€745„46;€J.„C.€Royer,ò ò€La€preuve€civileó ó€(3rd€ed.€2003),€at€pp.€868„72).€€The€SuperiorÐ ˆ ø ÐCourt€dismissed€the€objections€to€these€two€questions.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€rendered€aÐ  Ðmore€subtly€qualified€decision.€€It€upheld€the€objection€in€part,€ruling€that€the€trial€judgeÐ ¸ ( Ðshould€have€examined€the€documents€before€rendering€a€decision.€€The€appellant€stillÐ P À Ðmaintains€that€the€Superior€Court€should€have€upheld€the€objection€without€reviewingÐ è X Ðthe€documents.€€The€respondent€had€no€objections€to€the€solution€adopted€by€the€CourtÐ € ð Ðof€Appeal.€With€respect€to€the€other€questions€still€in€issue,€the€objections€were€rejectedÐ ˆ Ðunreservedly.€€Nevertheless,€the€respondent€still€argues€that€the€presence€of€a€third€party,Ð ° Ða€facilitator€who€chaired€the€meeting€of€December2,€1995,€amounted€to€an€impliedÐ H ¸ Ðwaiver€of€professional€secrecy.Ý ƒ % Ñý?‘ f‘ ݌Рà P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýw˜ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAs€general€and€preliminary€as€these€questions€may€have€appeared,€we€mustÐ !€ Ðnow€clarify€the€content€ascribed€to€them€by€the€respondent€since€the€outset€of€this€matter.€Ð ¨" " ÐIn€this€action€for€damages,
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€€La€distinction€entre€un€employ €et€unÏentrepreneur€ind pendant€est€utile€non€seulement€en€mati re€de€responsabilit €du€faitÏdð ðautrui€mais€aussi€lorsquð ðil€sð ðagit€dð ðappliquer€diverses€lois€sur€lð ðemploi,€de€d terminerÏsi€une€action€pour€cong diement€injustifi €peut€ tre€intent e,€dð ð tablir€des€cotisationsÏen€mati re€dð ðimpð= ðt€sur€le€revenu€ou€de€taxe€dð ðaffaires,€de€dresser€lð ðordre€de€collocationÏdans€le€cas€o €un€employeur€devient€insolvable€ou€dð ðappliquer€des€droits€contractuelsÏ(Flannigan,€ò òloc.€cit.ó ó,€p.25).
, ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ E ÓÓ L € Uf ( 3 L ÓÝ ‚ 3£ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 3£Â> ÝÔ2 Uf ÔÚ ÚIÚ Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 4 àÝ Ýò òFactsó óÝ ƒ 3£Â> í> ݌Рe$H & 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý•? Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àThe€respondent,€671122€Ontario€Limited,€formerly€Design€DynamicsÐ •'x!* ÐLimited€(ð ðDesignð ð),€was€Canadian€Tire€Corporationð ðs€principal€supplier€of€syntheticÏsheepskin€car€seat€covers€for€30€years.€€Canadian€Tire€was€the€party€in€the€position€ofÏstrength€in€the€relationship.€€This€is€so€as€it€represented€more€than€60€percent€of€theÏCanadian€seat€cover€market€and,€by€1983,€was€Designð ðs€largest€customer€accountingÏfor€over€50€percent€of€its€sales.Ý ƒ % Ñý•? °? ݌Р/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýBB Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àIn€June€1984,€Design€lost€Canadian€Tireð ðs€business.€€Robert€Summers,€theÐ µ ˜ Ðhead€of€Canadian€Tireð ðs€automotive€division,€advised€Design€that€another€company,Ïthe€appellants€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€and€Sagaz€Industries€Inc.€(collectivelyÏð ðSagazð ð),€would€be€replacing€Design€as€Canadian€Tireð ðs€seat€cover€supplier.€€Sagaz€isÏa€Florida€corporation€and€the€appellant,€Joseph€Kavana,€is€its€president.€€SagazÏIndustries€Inc.€continues€to€supply€Canadian€Tire€and€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€isÏinactive.Ý ƒ % ÑýBB ]B ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý E Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àSummers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€supply€relationship€with€Design€inÐ u X Ðfavour€of€Sagaz€because€of€bribery€in€the€form€of€a€ð ðkickbackð ð€scheme.€€Sagaz€retainedÏAmerican€Independent€Marketing€Inc.€(ð ðAIMð ð),€a€New€York€corporation,€to€assist€inÏmarketing€Sagazð ðs€seat€covers€to€Canadian€Tire.€€AIM€was€owned€and€controlled€byÏStewart€Landow.€€It€was€later€determined€that€Summers€accepted€a€bribe€from€LandowÏand€AIM€in€relation€to€the€Sagaz€seat€cover€contract.€€Specifically,€SummersÏincorporated€a€sham€corporation,€International€Marketing€Consultants€(ð ðIMCð ð),€toÏreceive€the€bribery€money.€€Summers€employed€a€surrogate,€Anthony€Brathwaite,€asÏa€token€manager€of€IMC.€€Brathwaite€was€the€puppet€of€Summers€who€received€all€theÏprofits€of€IMC.€€Summers€entered€into€an€agreement€with€Landow€whereby€LandowÏ(through€AIM)€would€pay€Summers€(through€IMC)€two€percent€of€all€sales€by€SagazÏto€Canadian€Tire€of€synthetic€seat€covers€in€order€to€ensure€the€sales€occurred.€€As€aÏresult€of€the€bribe,€Summers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€relationship€with€Design.Ý ƒ % Ñý E 6E ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý&J Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ €
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€€La€distinction€entre€un€employ €et€unÏentrepreneur€ind pendant€est€utile€non€seulement€en€mati re€de€responsabilit €du€faitÏdð ðautrui€mais€aussi€lorsquð ðil€sð ðagit€dð ðappliquer€diverses€lois€sur€lð ðemploi,€de€d terminerÏsi€une€action€pour€cong diement€injustifi €peut€ tre€intent e,€dð ð tablir€des€cotisationsÏen€mati re€dð ðimpð= ðt€sur€le€revenu€ou€de€taxe€dð ðaffaires,€de€dresser€lð ðordre€de€collocationÏdans€le€cas€o €un€employeur€devient€insolvable€ou€dð ðappliquer€des€droits€contractuelsÏ(Flannigan,€ò òloc.€cit.ó ó,€p.25).
, ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ E ÓÓ L € Uf ( 3 L ÓÝ ‚ 3£ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 3£Â> ÝÔ2 Uf ÔÚ ÚIÚ Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 4 àÝ Ýò òFactsó óÝ ƒ 3£Â> í> ݌Рe$H & 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý•? Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú5Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àThe€respondent,€671122€Ontario€Limited,€formerly€Design€DynamicsÐ •'x!* ÐLimited€(ð ðDesignð ð),€was€Canadian€Tire€Corporationð ðs€principal€supplier€of€syntheticÏsheepskin€car€seat€covers€for€30€years.€€Canadian€Tire€was€the€party€in€the€position€ofÏstrength€in€the€relationship.€€This€is€so€as€it€represented€more€than€60€percent€of€theÏCanadian€seat€cover€market€and,€by€1983,€was€Designð ðs€largest€customer€accountingÏfor€over€50€percent€of€its€sales.Ý ƒ % Ñý•? °? ݌Р/p)4 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýBB Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àIn€June€1984,€Design€lost€Canadian€Tireð ðs€business.€€Robert€Summers,€theÐ µ ˜ Ðhead€of€Canadian€Tireð ðs€automotive€division,€advised€Design€that€another€company,Ïthe€appellants€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€and€Sagaz€Industries€Inc.€(collectivelyÏð ðSagazð ð),€would€be€replacing€Design€as€Canadian€Tireð ðs€seat€cover€supplier.€€Sagaz€isÏa€Florida€corporation€and€the€appellant,€Joseph€Kavana,€is€its€president.€€SagazÏIndustries€Inc.€continues€to€supply€Canadian€Tire€and€Sagaz€Industries€Canada€Inc.€isÏinactive.Ý ƒ % ÑýBB ]B ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý E Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà 4 àà œ àSummers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€supply€relationship€with€Design€inÐ u X Ðfavour€of€Sagaz€because€of€bribery€in€the€form€of€a€ð ðkickbackð ð€scheme.€€Sagaz€retainedÏAmerican€Independent€Marketing€Inc.€(ð ðAIMð ð),€a€New€York€corporation,€to€assist€inÏmarketing€Sagazð ðs€seat€covers€to€Canadian€Tire.€€AIM€was€owned€and€controlled€byÏStewart€Landow.€€It€was€later€determined€that€Summers€accepted€a€bribe€from€LandowÏand€AIM€in€relation€to€the€Sagaz€seat€cover€contract.€€Specifically,€SummersÏincorporated€a€sham€corporation,€International€Marketing€Consultants€(ð ðIMCð ð),€toÏreceive€the€bribery€money.€€Summers€employed€a€surrogate,€Anthony€Brathwaite,€asÏa€token€manager€of€IMC.€€Brathwaite€was€the€puppet€of€Summers€who€received€all€theÏprofits€of€IMC.€€Summers€entered€into€an€agreement€with€Landow€whereby€LandowÏ(through€AIM)€would€pay€Summers€(through€IMC)€two€percent€of€all€sales€by€SagazÏto€Canadian€Tire€of€synthetic€seat€covers€in€order€to€ensure€the€sales€occurred.€€As€aÏresult€of€the€bribe,€Summers€terminated€Canadian€Tireð ðs€relationship€with€Design.Ý ƒ % Ñý E 6E ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý&J Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú8Ú ÚÛ €
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€€Il€faut€donc€r futer€toute€affirmation€selonÐ ³ ` Ðlaquelle€la€diminution€de€lð ðattente€ò òsubjective€ó óen€mati re€de€vie€priv e€se€traduiraÐ C ð Ðautomatiquement€par€une€diminution€correspondante€de€la€protection€constitutionnelle.
Ðhouse€under€surveillance€was€the€respondentð ðs€home.Ý ƒ % ÑýYæ tæ ݌РÔ)D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(3)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òDid€the€Respondent€Have€a€ò òSubjective€ó óExpectation€of€Privacy€in€theÐ -t%/ ÐSubject€Matter€of€the€FLIR€Image?ó óÐ Ð-@&0 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ ÓÐ h/Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý1é Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondent€did€not€testify€on€the€ò òvoir€direó ó€on€his€s.€24(2)€applicationÐ  Ðto€exclude€the€evidence,€but€in€my€view€it€may€be€presumed€unless€the€contrary€isÐ ( ˜ Ðshown€in€a€particular€case€that€information€about€what€happens€ò òinsideó ó€the€home€isÐ À 0 Ðregarded€by€the€occupants€as€private.€€Such€an€expectation€is€rooted€in€the€ancient€lawÐ X È Ðof€trespass€and€finds€its€modern€justification€in€the€intimacies€of€personal€and€familyÐ ð ` Ðlife.€€This€is€the€approach€adopted€by€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€and,€so€far€as€it€goes,Ð ˆ ø ÐI€agree€with€it.Ý ƒ % Ñý1é Lé ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŠì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Crown€takes€the€position€that€the€escape€of€heat€from€ò òoutsideó ó€a€home,Ð P À Ðlike€the€escape€of€smoke€from€a€fireplace€chimney€or€cooking€odours€from€a€kitchenÐ è X Ðfan,€represents€the€ò òvoluntaryó ó€exposure€of€information.€€Thus,€the€Crown€argues,€theÐ € ð Ðrespondent€could€have€had€no€reasonable€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€in€theÐ ˆ Ðinformation€obtained€in€the€FLIR€overflight.€€The€raw€information,€to€the€extent€it€wasÐ ° Ðdiscernible€to€the€naked€eye,€had€been€abandoned€to€the€public€domain€inÐ H ¸ Ðcircumstances€where€casual€observers€or€passers„by€were€under€no€obligation€to€keepÐ à P Ðthe€information€confidential.Ý ƒ % ÑýŠì ¥ì ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý@ð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€true€that€a€person€can€have€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ ¨" " Ðwhat€he€or€she€knowingly€exposes€to€the€public,€or€to€a€section€of€the€public,€orÐ @$° $ Ðabandons€in€a€public€place€(ò òR.€v.€Boersmaó ó,€[1994]€2€S.C.R.€488;€ò òStillmanó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€atÐ Ø%H & Ðpara.€62,€ò òper€ó óCory€J.,€and€at€para.€226,€ò òper€ó óMcLachlin€J.€(as€she€then€was),€dissenting;Ð p'à ( Ðò òEvansó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€50,€ò òperó ó€Major€J.,€concurring;€ò òBaron€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€1€S.C.R.Ð )x!* Ð416,€at€p.€453;€ò òDymentó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€435;€and€ò òR.€v.€Monneyó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€652,€atÐ  * #, Ðpara.€45).Ý ƒ % Ñý@ð [ð ݌Р8,¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýåó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€I€do€not€think€it€can€be€said€that
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Ðpoulet.€€Lð ðint gration€du€ð ðcontingent€f d ralð ð€et€du€ð ðcontingent€provincialð ð,€d finisÐ Ô'D # Ðdans€le€R glement€f d ral,€ tait€clairement€voulue.€€Le€Parlement€nð ða€pu€avoir€lð ðintentionÐ ¬) "% Ðque€lð ðoffice€f d ral€ tablisse€10€s ries€diff rentes€de€r gles€dð ðadministration€deÐ „+ô#' Ðcontingents€quð ðil€faudrait€modifier€chaque€fois€que€les€r gles€provinciales€en€la€mati reÐ \-Ì%) Ðsont€modifi es.
ÐÌò òÓ Óà0 ` àà Œ à16.ó ó€(1)à ä àThe€Governor€in€Council€may,€by€proclamation,€establish€anÐ l  Ðagency€with€powers€relating€to€any€farm€product€or€farm€products€theÐ 8 \ Ðmarketing€of€which€in€interprovincial€and€export€trade€is€not€regulatedÐ ( Ðpursuant€to€the€ò òCanadian€Wheat€Board€Actó ó€or€the€ò òCanadian€DairyÐ Ð ô ÐCommission€Actó ó€where€the€Governor€in€Council€is€satisfied€that€a€majorityÐ œ À Ðof€the€producers€of€the€farm€product€or€of€each€of€the€farm€products€inÐ h Œ ÐCanada€is€in€favour€of€the€establishment€of€an€agency.Ð 4 X ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÓ 6 Ü , ‚X ` ‚, N ô Ü , ‚X ` „, ô 6 Óà ` àò òà0 Œ à21.ó óà N àThe€objects€of€an€agency€areÐ Ì ð Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÓ : Ü , ‚X ` „, ô Ü , ‚X ` ‚, N ä ¼F : ÓÌà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð à(ò òaó ó)à ¸ àto€promote€a€strong,€efficient€and€competitive€production€andÐ d ˆ Ðmarketing€industry€for€the€regulated€product€or€products€in€relation€toÐ 0 T Ðwhich€it€may€exercise€its€powers;€andÐ ü Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð à(ò òbó ó)à ¸ àto€have€due€regard€to€the€interests€of€producers€and€consumers€ofÐ ” ¸ Ðthe€regulated€product€or€products.Ð ` „ Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà Œ àò ò22.ó ó€(1)à ä àSubject€to€the€proclamation€by€which€it€is€established€and€to€anyÐ ø Ðsubsequent€proclamation€altering€its€powers,€an€agency€may€Ð Ä è ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÓ Óà0 @ ` à...Ð \ € ÐÓ lJ ÓÌà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð à(ò òbó ó)à ¸ àimplement€a€marketing€plan€the€terms€of€which€are€set€out€in€theÐ ô " Ðproclamation€establishing€it€or€in€any€subsequent€proclamation€issuedÐ À!ä # Ðunder€subsection€17(2)€in€respect€of€it;Ð Œ"° $ Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌÓ Óà0 @ ` à...Ð $$H & ÐÓ ÛK ÓÌà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð à(ò òfó ó)à ¸ àwhere€it€is€empowered€to€implement€a€marketing€plan,€make€suchÐ ¼%à ( Ðorders€and€regulations€as€it€considers€necessary€in€connection€therewith,Ð ˆ&¬ ) Ðbut€all€such€orders€and€regulations€shall,€in€the€case€of€orders€andÐ T'x!* Ðregulations€that€are€of€a€class€to€which€paragraph€7(1)(ò òdó ó)€is€madeÐ (D"+ Ðapplicable,€be€submitted€to€the€Council€before€the€making€thereof,€andÐ ì( #, Ðin€any€other€case,€be€submitted€to€the€Council€either€before€or€after€theÐ ¸)Ü#- Ðmaking€thereof€...Ð „*¨$. Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÌÓ Óà @ ` à...Ð ,@&0 ÐÓ §N ÓÌà0 ` àà0 Œ ` Ð ` Ð à(ò ònó ó)à ¸ àdo€all€such€other€things€as€are€necessary€or€incidental€to€the€exerciseÐ ´-Ø'2 Ðof€any€of€its€powers€or€the€carrying€out€of€any€of€its€functions€under€thisÐ €.¤(3 ÐAct.Ð L/p)4 Œ Ð Œ Ð ÐÐ 0
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Ðà œ àLð ðaccus €a€ t €acquitt €relativement€ €des€infractions€en€mati re€deÏstup fiants. €€En€appel,€le€minist re€public€a€pr tendu€que€le€juge€du€proc s€avaitÏcommis€des€erreurs€dans€ses€directives€au€jury€concernant€lð ðadmissibilit €de€la€preuveÏpar€ouð5 ð-dire€dð ðun€coauteur€dð ðun€complot.
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€€Il€faut€donc€r futer€toute€affirmation€selonÐ ³ ` Ðlaquelle€la€diminution€de€lð ðattente€ò òsubjective€ó óen€mati re€de€vie€priv e€se€traduiraÐ C ð Ðautomatiquement€par€une€diminution€correspondante€de€la€protection€constitutionnelle.
Ðhouse€under€surveillance€was€the€respondentð ðs€home.Ý ƒ % ÑýYæ tæ ݌РÔ)D"+ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(3)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òDid€the€Respondent€Have€a€ò òSubjective€ó óExpectation€of€Privacy€in€theÐ -t%/ ÐSubject€Matter€of€the€FLIR€Image?ó óÐ Ð-@&0 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ ÓÐ h/Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý1é Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondent€did€not€testify€on€the€ò òvoir€direó ó€on€his€s.€24(2)€applicationÐ  Ðto€exclude€the€evidence,€but€in€my€view€it€may€be€presumed€unless€the€contrary€isÐ ( ˜ Ðshown€in€a€particular€case€that€information€about€what€happens€ò òinsideó ó€the€home€isÐ À 0 Ðregarded€by€the€occupants€as€private.€€Such€an€expectation€is€rooted€in€the€ancient€lawÐ X È Ðof€trespass€and€finds€its€modern€justification€in€the€intimacies€of€personal€and€familyÐ ð ` Ðlife.€€This€is€the€approach€adopted€by€the€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€and,€so€far€as€it€goes,Ð ˆ ø ÐI€agree€with€it.Ý ƒ % Ñý1é Lé ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŠì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Crown€takes€the€position€that€the€escape€of€heat€from€ò òoutsideó ó€a€home,Ð P À Ðlike€the€escape€of€smoke€from€a€fireplace€chimney€or€cooking€odours€from€a€kitchenÐ è X Ðfan,€represents€the€ò òvoluntaryó ó€exposure€of€information.€€Thus,€the€Crown€argues,€theÐ € ð Ðrespondent€could€have€had€no€reasonable€subjective€expectation€of€privacy€in€theÐ ˆ Ðinformation€obtained€in€the€FLIR€overflight.€€The€raw€information,€to€the€extent€it€wasÐ ° Ðdiscernible€to€the€naked€eye,€had€been€abandoned€to€the€public€domain€inÐ H ¸ Ðcircumstances€where€casual€observers€or€passers„by€were€under€no€obligation€to€keepÐ à P Ðthe€information€confidential.Ý ƒ % ÑýŠì ¥ì ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý@ð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€is€true€that€a€person€can€have€no€reasonable€expectation€of€privacy€inÐ ¨" " Ðwhat€he€or€she€knowingly€exposes€to€the€public,€or€to€a€section€of€the€public,€orÐ @$° $ Ðabandons€in€a€public€place€(ò òR.€v.€Boersmaó ó,€[1994]€2€S.C.R.€488;€ò òStillmanó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€atÐ Ø%H & Ðpara.€62,€ò òper€ó óCory€J.,€and€at€para.€226,€ò òper€ó óMcLachlin€J.€(as€she€then€was),€dissenting;Ð p'à ( Ðò òEvansó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€50,€ò òperó ó€Major€J.,€concurring;€ò òBaron€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€1€S.C.R.Ð )x!* Ð416,€at€p.€453;€ò òDymentó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€435;€and€ò òR.€v.€Monneyó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€652,€atÐ  * #, Ðpara.€45).Ý ƒ % Ñý@ð [ð ݌Р8,¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ Ð-@&0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýåó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú41Ú ÚÛ € z ) Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€I€do€not€think€it€can€be€said€that
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€Wilsonó ó€(1999),€44€O.R.€(3d)€673€(C.A.)€(recours€collectif€€certifi €en€mati re€de€fauteÐ ´ Ðprofessionnelle€m dicale€bien€que€lð ðaction€[ò òtraductionó ó]€ð ðconcern[e]€des€all gationsÐ L ¸ Ðvisant€une€pratique€g n rale€contraire€aux€normes€acceptables,€suivie€pendant€plusieursÏann esð ð€(p.€683));€ò òChace€c.
ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý³_ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€only€issue€on€this€appeal€is€whether€the€respondents€have€satisfied€theÐ ” Ðclass€certification€requirements€set€out€in€s.€4€of€British€Columbiað ðs€ò òClass€ProceedingsÐ , ˜ ÐActó ó.Ý ƒ % Ñý³_ Î_ ÝŒÐ Ä 0 Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌII.à0 œ àò òJudgmentsó óÐ ô ` œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŸa Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€Supreme€Court€of€British€Columbia,€Kirkpatrick€J.€deniedÐ $  Ðcertification:€(1998),€65€Ô_ ÔB.C.L.R.Ô_ Ô€(3d)€382.€€First€addressing€s.€4(1)(a),€Kirkpatrick€J.Ïfound€that€the€statement€of€claim€did€not€disclose€a€cause€of€action€based€onÏmisrepresentation,€emotional€harm€and€mental€suffering,€breach€of€fiduciary€duty€owedÏto€parents€or€other€third€parties,€or€educational€malpractice.€€She€found,€however,€thatÏthe€statement€of€claim€did€disclose€causes€of€action€based€on€the€claims€of€abuse€ofÏstudents,€the€claims€of€ð ðsecondaryð ð€abuse€committed€by€students€against€otherÏstudents€or€third€parties,€and€breach€of€fiduciary€duty€owed€to€the€students.€ÏKirkpatrick€J.€also€found€that€respondents€had€stated€an€identifiable€class,€as€requiredÏby€s.€4(1)(b).Ý ƒ % ÑýŸa ºa ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý€e Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àKirkpatrick€J.€rejected€the€contention,€however,€that€there€were€issuesÐ ¬" " Ðcommon€to€the€class€as€required€by€s.€4(1)(c).€€She€addressed€each€of€the€assertedÏcommon€issues€in€turn.€€As€to€the€negligence€issues,€she€reasoned€that€the€standard€ofÏcare€owed€by€the€defendant€would€not€have€been€constant€over€the€42„year€periodÏidentified€in€the€statement€of€claim€and,€while€this€problem€could€be€partiallyÏaddressed€by€subdividing€the€42„year€period€and€determining€the€standard€of€care€forÏeach€subdivision,€ð ð[Ô_ Ôs]uchÔ_ Ô€an€approach€would€not€resolve€the€anticipated€problems€ofÏindividuals€who€spanned€one€or€more€periods,€or€whose€own€individual€circumstancesÏchanged€along€with€the€standard€of€care€during€the€times€in€questionð ð€(p.€402).€Ð l/Ø'2 ÐFurther,€variations€in€the€standard€of€care€would€ð ðnot€necessarily€relate€only€to€whenÏthe€claim€is€alleged€to€have€arisen,€but€will€likely€depend€also€on€who€advances€theÏclaim,€who€is€alleged€to€have€perpetrated€the€wrong,€and,€perhaps,€the€nature€of€theÏabuse€allegedð ð€(p.€403).€€Ý ƒ % Ñý€e ›e ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý„j Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àKirkpatrick€J.€rejected€the€misrepresentation€issues€as€common€to€the€classÐ Œ ø Ðfor€similar€reasons,€writing€that€these€is
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ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýLP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àò òLa€juge€Ô_ ÔAbellaÔ_ Ôó óð" ð€Il€y€a€plus€de25€ans,€la€Cour€a€d clar €constitutionnelÐ l+Ü#- Ðun€programme€f d ral-provincial€de€production€et€de€commercialisation€des€ð§ ðufs.€Ð -t%/ ÐAndr Ô_ ÔPellandÔ_ Ô,€ leveur€de€poulets€du€Qu bec,€dont€la€production€est€assujettie€ €unÐ œ. '1 Ðprogramme€similaire,€demande€le€r examen€de€la€constitutionnalit €du€programme.Ý ƒ % ÑýLP gP ݌Р40¤(3 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôò òContexteó óÐ ( ˜ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý S Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àDans€lð ðarr t€de€principe€quð ðelle€a€rendu€en1978,€maintenant€appel Ô' È ( ÛR Ô€ð ðò òRenvoiÐ X È Ðsur€les€ð§ ðufsó óð ð€(ò òRenvoi€relatif€ €la€Loi€sur€lð ðorganisation€du€march €des€produitsÐ ð ` Ðagricolesó ó,€[1978]€2Ô_ ÔR.C.S.Ô_ ԁ1198),€la€Cour€Ó Ì Óa€unanimement€confirm €la€constitutionnalit Ð ˆ ø Ðdð ðun€programme€national€de€commercialisation€agricole€que€le€Parlement€et€les€provincesÐ ` Ð Ðont€ labor €conjointement€ €la€suite€de€lð ð volution€de€la€jurisprudence€de€la€Cour.€Ð 8 ¨ ÐDepuis,€le€ò òRenvoi€sur€les€ð§ ðufsó ó€est€devenu€la€r f rence€en€mati re€de€programmeÐ € Ðf d ral-provincial€de€commercialisation.Ý ƒ % Ñý S &S ݌Рè X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÖV Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àApr s€le€prononc €de€la€d cision€dans€le€ò òRenvoi€sur€les€ð§ ðufsó ó,€leÐ ˜ Ðgouvernement€f d ral€et€les€provinces€ont€conclu,€en€1978,€lð ðò òAccord€f d ral-provincialÐ p à Ðrelatif€ €la€mise€en€place€dð ðun€syst me€global€de€commercialisation€du€poulet€au€CanadaÐ H ¸ Ðó ó(ð ðAccord€f d ral-provincialð ð).Ý ƒ % ÑýÖV ñV ݌Р ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Y Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àPour€assurer€une€commercialisation€efficace€des€poulets€et€unÐ Ð#@ Ðapprovisionnement€r gulier€de€ce€produit€au€consommateur€canadien,€lð ðAccordÐ ¨% " Ðf d ral-provincial€vise€ € tablir€un€r gime€de€r glementation€harmonieux€dans€lequelÐ €'ð $ Ðsont€incorpor es€les€comp tences€l gislatives€des€deux€ordres€de€gouvernement.
ÐÓ Óà0 ` àà Œ àThe€view€of€the€four€judges€in€the€ò òOntario€Reference€ó ówas€that€the€factÐ Ðthat€a€transaction€took€place€wholly€within€a€province€did€not€necessarilyÐ å Ì Ðmean€that€it€was€thereby€subject€solely€to€provincial€control.€€TheÐ ± ˜ Ðregulation€of€some€such€transactions€relating€to€products€destined€forÐ } d Ðinterprovincial€trade€could€constitute€a€regulation€of€interprovincial€tradeÐ I 0 Ðand€be€beyond€provincial€control.Ð ü ` Ð ` Ð ÐÓ 5¿ ÓÓ ÓÌà0 ` àà Œ àWhile€I€agree€with€the€view€of€the€four€judges€in€theò ò€Ontario€Referenceó óÐ ­ ” Ðthat€a€trade€transaction,€completed€in€a€province,€is€not€necessarily,€by€thatÐ y ` Ðfact€alone,€subject€only€to€provincial€control,€I€also€hold€the€view€that€ò òtheÐ E , Ðfact€that€such€a€transaction€incidentally€has€some€effect€upon€a€companyÐ ø Ðengaged€in€interprovincial€trade€does€not€necessarily€prevent€its€beingÐ Ý Ä Ðsubject€to€such€controló ó.Ð ©  ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌà0 ` àà Œ àI€agree€with€the€view€of€Abbott€J.,€in€the€ò òOntario€Referenceó ó,€that€eachÐ A ( Ðtransaction€and€each€regulation€must€be€examined€in€relation€to€its€ownÐ ô Ðfacts.€.€.€.€ò òThey€did€not€purport€directly€to€control€or€to€restrict€such€trade.€Ð Ù À ÐThere€was€no€evidence€that,€in€fact,€they€did€control€or€restrict€it.€€The€mostÐ ¥ Œ Ðthat€can€be€said€of€them€is€that€they€had€some€effect€upon€the€cost€of€doingÐ q X Ðbusiness€in€Quebec€of€a€company€engaged€in€interprovincial€trade,€and€that,Ð = $ Ðby€itself,€is€not€sufficient€to€make€them€invalid.ó ó€€[Emphasis€added;€pp.€253„Ð ð Ð54.]Ó ‰Á ÓÐ Õ ¼ ` Ð ` Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÕÆ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àThis€analysis€underlies€the€concern€expressed€by€Laskin€C.J.€in€the€ò òEggÐ ì ÐReferenceó ó,€and€it€arises€whenever€there€is€overlapping€jurisdiction.€Ó 9 Ü , ‚X ` ø Ü Œ 8 ô Ü , ‚X ` „, ô 9 ÓLaws€enacted€underÐ  „ Ðthe€jurisdiction€of€one€level€of€government€often€overflow€into€or€have€incidentalÐ 5 Ðimpact€on€the€jurisdiction€of€the€other€governmental€level.€That€is€why€a€reviewingÐ Í ´ Ðcourt€is€required€to€focus€on€the€core€character€of€the€impugned€legislation,€as€thisÐ e L ! ÐCourt€did€in€ò òCarnationó ó;€ò òAttorney„General€for€Manitoba€v.€Manitoba€Egg€and€PoultryÐ ý!ä # ÐAssnó ó.,€[1971]€S.C.R.€689;€the€ò òEgg€Referenceó ó;€ò òCanadian€Industrial€Gas€&€Oiló ó€ò òLtd.€v.Ð •#| % ÐGovernment€of€Saskatchewanó ó,€[1978]€2€S.C.R.€545;€ò òó óandò ò€Central€Canada€Potashó ó€ò òCoó ó.Ð -% ' Ðò òv.€Government€of€Saskatchewanó ó,€[1979]€1€S.C.R.€42.Ý ƒ % ÑýÕÆ ðÆ ÝŒÐ Å&¬ )
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| ÐÔ_ ÔMotifs€d pos s:€€22€octobre€1998.ÌÌÓ ÓPr sents:Le€juge€en€chef€Lamer€et€les€juges€Lð ðHeureux-Dub ,€Gonthier,€McLachlin,ÏIacobucci,€Bastarache€et€Binnie.Ó ÓÌÌen€appel€de€la€cour€dð ðappel€de€lð ðontarioÌÌà œ àò òDroit€municipal€„„€Enqu te€judiciaire€„„€Municipalit €adoptant€uneÐ Ä \ Ðr solution€visant€lð ðouverture€dð ðune€enqu te€judiciaire€sur€certaines€op rationsÏimmobili res€„„€Promoteurs€immobiliers€faisant€d livrer€des€assignations€ €des€ lus€etÏ €des€fonctionnaires€municipaux€„„€La€r solution€satisfait-elle€aux€exigences€de€la€LoiÏsur€les€municipalit s? €„„€Lð ðenqu te€judiciaire€empi te„t„elle€sur€la€comp tence€f d raleÏen€mati re€de€droit€criminel?
ЇReasons€delivered:€€October€22,€1998.ÌÌÓ ÓPresent:Lamer€Ô_ ÔC.J.Ô_ Ô€and€Lð ðHeureux-Dub ,€Gonthier,€McLachlin,€Iacobucci,€BastaracheÏand€BinnieJJ.Ó ÓÌÌon€appeal€from€the€court€of€appeal€for€ontarioÌÌà œ àò òMunicipal€law€„„€Judicial€inquiry€„„€Municipality€passing€resolution€toÐ Ä \ Ðestablish€judicial€inquiry€concerning€certain€land€transactions€„„€Land€developersÏcausing€summonses€to€be€issued€to€municipal€officials€„„€Whether€resolution€compliesÏwith€requirements€of€Municipal€Act€„„€Whether€judicial€inquiry€trenches€on€federalÏcriminal€law€power€„„€Whether€quashing€of€summonses€issued€to€municipal€officialsÏprevented€land€developers€from€assembling€proper€record€„„€Whether€requirements€ofÏnatural€justice€breached€by€procedure€adopted€at€inquiry€pre„hearing€„„€Municipal€Act,ÏÔ_ ÔR.S.O.Ô_ Ô€1990,€c.€M.45,€s.100(1)€„„€Constitution€Act,€1867,€s.91(27).ó óÐ ì „ ÐÌà œ àò òConstitutional€law€„„€Division€of€powers€„„€Judicial€inquiry€„„€MunicipalityÐ ´ Ðauthorizing€judicial€inquiry€concerning€certain€land€transactions€„„€Whether€judicialÏinquiry€trenches€on€federal€criminal€law€power€„„€Municipal€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.O.Ô_ Ô€1990,€c.M.45,Ïs.100(1)€„„€Constitution€Act,€1867,€s.91(27).ó óÐ ä#| % ÐÌà œ àò òAdministrative€law€„„€Natural€justice€„„€Judicial€inquiry€„„€MunicipalityÐ '¬ ) Ðauthorizing€judicial€inquiry€concerning€certain€land€transactions€„„€WhetherÏrequirements€of€natural€justice€breached€by€procedure€adopted€at€inquiry€pre„hearing€„„ÏMunicipal€Act,€Ô_ ÔR.S.O.Ô_ Ô€1990,€c.M.45,€s.100(1)ó ó.Ð Ü+t%/ Ðâ âÐ t- '1 ÐÔ_ Ôà œ àAs€a€result€of€a€series€of€land€transactions€with€the€appellant€ConsortiumÏâ âDevelopments€(Clearwater)€Ltd.€(ð ðConsortiumð ð),€a€private€developer,€the€town€ofÏClearwater€acquired€a€40„acre€park€and€some€rights€to€adjoining€land,€and€ConsortiumÏemerged€with€107€acres€of€unserviced€land€intended€for€residential€development.€ÏClearwater€and€the€former€city€of€Sarnia€were€subsequently€amalgamated.€€QuestionsÏarose€soon€after€amalgamation€regarding€the€propriety€of€the€land€transactions.€€Ô ‡ X -¦ X X X -¦ ÔIt€wasÐ ` ø Ðalleged€that€the€town€had€paid€inflated€prices€for€the€land€it€acquired€as€a€park,€whileÏConsortium€paid€too€little.€€Ô # † X -¦ X X X -¦0 # ÔLocal€taxpayers€petitioned€the€Minister€of€Municipal€AffairsÐ  ( Ðto€convene€an€inquiry€under€s.178€of€the€ò òMunicipal€Actó ó.€€The€Ministry€investigated€andÐ ( À Ðdecided€not€to€order€a€provincial€inquiry,€but€referred€the€matter€to€the€provincial€police.€ÏThe€police€eventua
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4 ñ.ñ 4 ñÔ_ ÔÐ 4 Ì « Ð « Ð ÐÓ –¾ ÓÌPour€r glementer€efficacement€ce€Ô_ ÔcybercourtageÔ_ Ô,€les€organismes€de€r glementationÏdoivent€ galement€ tre€en€mesure€de€r agir€et€dð ðoutrepasser€des€fronti res€lorsquð ðil€estÏl galement€possible€de€le€faire.ÌÌÝ ‚ 0 gÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 gBà Ýà „ àÚ ƒ Ç Ú29Ú ÚÛ € Ç Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àBien€quð ðelle€ne€mette€pas€directement€en€question€le€besoin€g n ral€desÐ ø  Ðorganismes€de€r glementation€des€valeurs€mobili res€de€partager€des€renseignements,Ïlð ðintim e€soutient€que€cet€objectif€peut€ tre€atteint€dð ðautres€mani res,€au€moyenÏnotamment€dð ðune€loi€f d rale,€la€ò òLoi€sur€lð ðentraide€juridique€en€mati re€criminelleó ó,Ð À X ÐL.R.C.€(1985),€ch.
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« Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýçx Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLe€jugeMoore€qui€a€pr sid €lð ðenqu te€pr liminaire€en€lð ðesp ce€a€ nonc Ð l ð Ðcorrectement€le€crit re€applicable€en€mati re€de€renvoi€ €proc s€et€le€fardeauÐ ˆ Ðcorrespondant€qui€incombe€au€minist re€public.
Ðall€the€evidence€has€been€takenð ð€the€judge€shall:Ý ƒ % ÑýR` m` ÝŒÐ Ô X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(ò òaó ó)€if€in€his€opinion€there€is€sufficient€evidence€to€put€the€accused€on€trialÐ ˆ Ðfor€the€offence€charged€or€any€other€indictable€offence€in€respect€of€theÐ Ð T Ðsame€transaction,€order€the€accused€to€stand€trial;Ó ·a ÓÐ œ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý c Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIf€there€is€sufficient€evidence€upon€which€a€reasonable€and€properlyÐ Ì P Ðinstructed€jury€could€convict,€the€preliminary€inquiry€judge€must€commit€the€accusedÐ d è Ðto€trial:€€see€ò òUnited€States€of€America€v.€Shephardó ó,€[1977]€2€S.C.R.€1067,€at€p.€1080.€Ð ü!€ ÐThus,€where€the€Crown€has€adduced€direct€evidence€on€all€the€elements€of€the€offence,Ð ”# " Ðthe€preliminary€inquiry€judge€must€commit€the€accused€to€trial€even€if€the€defenceÐ ,%° $ Ðproffers€exculpatory€evidence:€€see€ò òR.€v.€Arcurió ó,€[2001]€2€S.C.R.€828,€2001€SCC€54,Ð Ä&H & Ðat€para.€29.€€It€is,€however,€a€jurisdictional€error€for€a€preliminary€inquiry€judge€toÐ \(à ( Ðcommit€an€accused€to€trial€where€there€is€no€evidence€on€an€essential€element€of€theÐ ô)x!* Ðcharge:€€seeò ò€Skogmanó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.€104.Ý ƒ % Ñý c c ݌РŒ+ #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýJg Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAs€for€the€discharge€of€an€accused,€s.€548(1)€directs€that€the€preliminaryÐ ¼.@&0 Ðinquiry€judge€shall:Ý ƒ % ÑýJg eg ݌РT0Ø'2 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à(ò òbó ó)€discharge€the€accused,€if€in€his€opinion€on€the€whole€of€the€evidence€noÐ ˜ Ðsufficient€case€is€made€out€to€put€the€accused€on€trial€for€the€offenceÐ à d Ðcharged€or€any€other€indictable€offence€in€respect€of€the€same€transaction.Ó ‡h ÓÐ ¬ 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýéi Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€preliminary€inquiry€judge€in€this€appeal,€Moore€J.,€correctly€stated€theÐ Ü ` Ðtest€for€committal€and€the€corresponding€onus€that€falls€on€the€Crown.€€He€alsoÐ t ø Ðrecognized€that€a€preliminary€inquiry€judge€is€not€permitted€to€assess€credibility€orÐ  Ðreliability,€and€that€where€more€than€one€inference€can€be€drawn€from€the€evidence,Ð ¤ ( Ðonly€the€inferences€that€favour€the€Crown€are€to€be€considered.€€A€preliminary€inquiryÐ
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Ðd cision€de€lð ðancien€TAS,€qui€avait€interpr t €sa€loi€habilitante€comme€lui€conf rantÐ Ô)D"+ Ðune€comp tence€en€mati re€dð ðapplication€de€la€ò òCharteó ó.€€Comme€nous€lð ðavons€vu,€leÐ l+Ü#- Ðpar.67(2)€pr voit€que€le€TAS€ð ðne€doit€pas€examiner€les€questions€suivantes€ni€rendreÐ -t%/ Ðde€d cisions€ €leur€sujetð ð:€ð ðla€constitutionnalit €dð ðune€disposition€dð ðune€loi€ou€dð ðunÐ œ. '1 Ðr glementð ð€et€ð ðlð ðautorisation€l gislative€en€vertu€de€laquelle€un€r glement€a€ t €prisÐ 40¤(3 Ðen€application€dð ðune€loið ð.€€Lð ðexamen€de€lð ðune€ou€lð ðautre€de€ces€questions€pourraitÐ  Ðavoir€pour€effet€de€rendre€un€r glement€ou€une€disposition€l gislative€inapplicable.Ý ƒ % ÑýzÜ •Ü ÝŒÐ ( ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý©à Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú79Ú ÚÛ € z O Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àDans€ses€motifs,€mon€coll gue€le€jugeBastarache€affirme€que€la€r vocationÐ X È Ðde€la€comp tence€relative€ €la€ò òCharteó ó€pr vue€par€le€par.67(2)€ne€sð ðapplique€pas€ €laÐ ð ` Ðcomp tence€relative€au€Code€parce€que€la€violation€de€la€ò òCharte€ó óa€pour€cons quenceÐ ˆ ø Ðlð ðinvalidit €l gislative€alors€que€le€non-respect€du€Code€ne€m ne€quð ð €une€d clarationÐ  Ðdð ðinapplicabilit .€€La€diff rence€entre€une€d claration€dð ðinvalidit €et€une€d clarationÐ ¸ ( Ðdð ðinapplicabilit €explique,€selon€lui,€pourquoi€le€l gislateur€a€r voqu €la€comp tenceÐ P À Ðrelative€ €la€ò òCharteó ó,€mais€non€celle€relative€au€Code.€€Cette€th se,€en€toute€d f rence,Ð è X Ðne€tient€pas€compte€du€fait€que€les€tribunaux€administratifs€nð ðont€pas€le€pouvoir€deÐ € ð Ðfaire€des€d clarations€formelles€dð ðinvalidit .€€Ils€nð ðont€comp tence€que€pour€refuserÐ ˆ Ðdð ðappliquer€la€disposition€attentatoire.€€Le€l gislateur€a€r voqu €la€comp tence€du€TASÐ ° Ðen€mati re€dð ðapplication€de€la€ò òCharteó ó€parce€quð ðil€ne€voulait€pas€que€celui-ci€d clareÐ H ¸ Ðinapplicable€une€partie€quelconque€de€la€loi.€€Cð ðest€pr cis ment€ce€qui€pourrait€arriverÐ à P Ðsi€celui-ci€appliquait€le€Code.Ý ƒ % Ñý©à Äà ݌Рx è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÆæ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú80Ú ÚÛ € z P Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àSelon€moi,€la€conclusion€ vidente€qui€se€d gage€du€retrait€sp cifique€deÐ ¨" " Ðlð ðexamen€fond €sur€la€ò òCharte€ó óet€de€lð ðexamen€qui€constitue€un€exc s€de€pouvoir€est€queÐ @$° $ Ðle€l gislateur€ne€voulait€pas€que€le€TAS€soit€en€mesure€de€refuser€dð ðappliquer€lð ðune€deÐ Ø%H & Ðses€dispositions€habilitantes€en€la€d clarant€inop rante,€tout€simplement.
, ‚X œ ø Ü 8  ÓÌ5.à0 ž àò òCostsó óÐ n!Ð ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8  Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8  ºZ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýp[ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú54Ú ÚÛ € z 6 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellantsð ð€request€for€reimbursement€of€their€disbursements€beforeÐ %€ Ðthis€Court€will€be€granted.€€The€parties€did€not€seek€costs€and€therefore€none€will€beÐ ö&X " Ðawarded.Ý ƒ % Ñýp[ ‹[ ݌РÎ(0!$ ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ àThe€reasons€of€LeBel,€Deschamps€and€Abella€JJ.€were€delivered€byÐ ~,à$( ÐÓ 6 Ü , ‚X « Œ ‰X Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8  6 ÓÌÐ .0(, Ð‡Ý ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýº] Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú55Ú ÚÛ € z 7 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àò òAbella€J.ó ó€(dissenting)€ð" ð€The€government€of€Ontario€created€a€specialÐ ž Ðprogram€for€the€efficient€and€effective€delivery€of€income€support€benefits€to€personsÐ v Ø Ðwith€disabilities.€€Though€not€excluded€from€general€social€assistance€benefits,€€thoseÐ N ° Ðwhose€sole€impairment€is€alcohol€or€drug€addiction€are€excluded€from€this€particularÐ & ˆ Ðprogram.€Ý ƒ % Ñýº] Õ] ݌Рþ ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý/` Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú56Ú ÚÛ € z 8 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThis€case€is€not€about€access,€about€the€applicability€of€human€rightsÐ ® Ðlegislation,€or€about€whether€the€government€is€entitled€to€refuse€to€provide€disabilityÐ † è Ðbenefits€to€individuals€whose€only€substantial€impairment€is€an€alcohol€or€drugÐ ^ À Ðdependency.€€It€is€about€statutory€interpretation.€€Specifically,€it€is€about€the€scope€ofÐ 6 ˜ Ðthe€legislatureð ðs€intention€when€it€enacted€a€statutory€provision€depriving€anÐ p Ðadministrative€tribunal€of€jurisdiction€to€decide€whether€any€of€its€enabling€provisionsÐ æ H Ðwere€ò òultra€viresó ó€or€violated€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó.€€WithÐ ¾ Ðrespect,€I€do€not€share€the€view€of€my€colleague€Bastarache€J.€that€this€legislativeÐ – ø Ðdirection€has€no€effect€on€a€tribunalð ðs€ability€to€apply€the€Ontario€ò òHuman€Rights€Codeó ó,Ð n!Ð ÐR.S.O.€1990,€c.€H.19€(ð ðCodeð ð),€so€as€to€render€legislation€inapplicable.€€Ý ƒ % Ñý/` J` ݌РF#¨ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý e Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú57Ú ÚÛ € z 9 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€Social€Benefits€Tribunal€(ð ðSBTð ð)€was€created€to€hear€appeals€dealingÐ ö&X " Ðwith€Ontarioð ðs€general€social€assistance€regime€under€€the€ò òOntario€Works€Act,€1997ó ó,Ð Î(0!$ ÐS.O.€1997,€c.€25,€Sch.€A€(ð ðOWAð ð),€and€Ontarioð ðs€special€income€support€program€forÐ ¦* #& Ðpersons€with€disabilities€under€the€ò òOntario€Disability€Support€Program€Act,€1997ó ó,€S.O.Ð ~,à$( Ð1997,€c.€25,€Sch.€B€(ð ðODSPAð ð).€The€OWA€šprescribes€the€general€structure,Ð V.¸&* Ðcompositio
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