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€Beckeró ó,€pr cit . €€En€mati re€familiale,€cette€pr occupation€peutÐ ô ø Ðsoulever€les€questions€accessoires€suivantes:Ð Œ ÐÌà0 œ à (i)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð àLe€demandeur€a-t-il€conf r €l'avantage€ €titre€de€don€valide€ouÐ ¼ À Ðconform ment€ €une€obligation€valide€que€la€common€law,€l'ò òequityó óÐ T X Ðou€la€loi€lui€imposaient€envers€le€d fendeur?

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Ðrelationship€enhanced€the€income€earning€capacity€and€the€ability€of€the€other€toÐ ü Ðacquire€assets.Ð ” ˜ ÐÌà œ àIn€a€family€relationship,€the€contribution€need€not€be€directly€linked€to€aÐ Ä È Ðspecific€property€in€order€to€permit€the€imposition€of€a€constructive€trust.€€This€remedyÐ \ ` Ðneed€not€be€as€rigorously€limited€in€a€family€situation€as€it€is€in€a€commercial€contextÐ ô ø Ðbecause€the€expectations€of€the€parties€in€the€two€situations€are€very€different.€€TheÐ Œ Ðconstructive€trust€accords€well€in€a€family€situation€in€that€the€parties€to€theÐ $ ( Ðrelationship€expect€to€receive€on€dissolution€of€the€relationship€not€a€fee€for€servicesÐ ¼ À Ðbased€on€market€value€but€rather€a€fair€share€of€the€property€or€wealth€accumulatedÐ T X Ðthrough€joint€effort.€€The€grant€of€a€constructive€trust€may€be€inappropriate,€however,Ð ì ð Ðwhere€the€rights€of€ò òbona€fideó ó€third€parties€would€be€affected.Ð „ ˆ ÐÌà œ àIn€a€quasi-marital€relationship€where€the€rights€of€third€parties€are€notÐ ´ ¸ Ðinvolved,€the€choice€between€a€monetary€award€and€a€constructive€trust€will€beÐ L P Ðdiscretionary€and€should€be€exercised€flexibly.€€The€decision€as€to€which€property€(ifÐ ä è Ðthere€is€more€than€one)€should€be€made€the€subject€of€a€constructive€trust€is€also€aÐ |"€ Ðdiscretionary€one.€€It€too€should€be€based€on€common€sense€and€a€desire€to€achieve€aÐ $ " Ðfair€result€for€both€parties.Ð ¬%° $ ÐÌà œ àSituations€may€occur€where€an€award€for€a€monetary€sum€may€be€the€mostÐ Ü(à ( Ðappropriate€remedy.€€A€number€of€considerations€exist:€€(a)€whether€the€plaintiff'sÐ t*x!* Ðentitlement€is€relatively€small€compared€to€the€value€of€the€whole€property€in€question;Ð , #, Ð(b)€whether€the€defendant€is€able€to€satisfy€the€plaintiff's€claim€without€a€sale€of€theÐ ¤-¨$. Ðwhole€property€in€question;€(c)€whether€the€plaintiff€has€a€special€attachment€to€theÐ

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€Smith,Ð S Ðâ âó ó[1967]€R.C.S.€702.€Dans€cette€affaire,€la€principale€question€ tait€de€savoir€si€la€ò òLoi€sur€lesÐ ] ¬ Ðjeunes€d linquants€ó ódans€son€ensemble€ tait€ò òintra€vires€ó ódu€Parlement€du€Canada€en€tant€queÐ ¶ Ðloi€valide€en€mati re€criminelle.

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ÐÏ à¡± á > þÿ y { þÿÿÿ x ÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿÿì¥Á @ ñ ¿ . bjbj0 0 .” Rb Rb ˜w ˆ ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ˆ v v v € Œ Œ Œ $ $ $ 8 \ x , ó4 ¶ ° ° ° ° ° ‹ ‹ ‹ Û3 ½ ˜4 ˜4 ˜4 ˜4 ˜4 ˜4 ©5 R û7 P ˜4 Œ $' ‹ ‹ $' $' ˜4 Œ Œ ° ° Û 4 x+ x+ x+ $' ü Œ ° Œ ° Û3 x+ $' Û3 x+ x+ n G2 Œ Œ 3 ° ¤ ½á/51È $ ) „ O3 ¯3 , Ã4 0 ó4 o3 K8 ¤* | K8 @ 3 Œ Œ Œ Œ K8 Œ 3 ‹ ° ; ¢ x+ Ý ù" + ‹ ‹ ‹ ˜4 ˜4 „ $ + X $ Supreme Court of Canada Regional Municipality of Peel v. Mackenzie et al., [1982] 2 S.C.R. 9 Date: 1982-07-22 The Regional Municipality of Peel Appellant; and Thomas MacKenzie and Viking Houses, a Division of Marshall Children’s Foundation Respondents; and The Attorney General of Canada, the Attorney General for Ontario and the Attorney General of Quebec Interveners. File No.: 16212. 1981: December 3; 1982: July 22. Present: Laskin C.J. and Martland, Ritchie, Dickson, Beetz, Estey, Mclntyre, Chouinard and Lamer JJ. ON APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL FOR ONTARIO. Constitutional law—Juvenile delinquents—Municipalities—Support of child—Federal Act authorizing a court to order a municipality to pay for the support of a juvenile delinquent—Whether provision necessarily incidental to Parliament’s criminal law power—Juvenile Delinquents Act, R.S.C. 1970, c. J-3, s. 20(1),(2)—British North America Act, 1867, s. 91(27), 92(8). This appeal is concerned with the validity of a provincial judge’s custody order, under s. 20 of the Juvenile Delinquents Act, which directed the appellant municipality to which the delinquent child belongs to contribute to the child’s support. Appellant appealed unsuccessfully to Ontario’s Supreme Court and Court of Appeal. The issue before this Court is whether the enactment of s. 20(2), in so far as it purports to authorize the imposition by Court order of a financial burden on municipalities, was ancillary to and necessarily incidental to the proper exercise by Parliament of its legislative power under s. 91(27) of the British North America Act, 1867. Held: The appeal should be allowed. Parliament did not have the authority to enact s. 20(2), in so far as it

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€2009.)€€Sauf€dans€quelques€mati res€fondamentales,€tenant€par€exempleÐ \ È Ðstrictement€ €lð ð tat€des€personnes,€comme€lð ða€conclu€par€exemple€la€Cour€sup rieure€duÐ ô ` ÐQu bec€dans€lð ðaffaireò ò€Ô_ ÔMousseauÔ_ Ôó ó,€pr cit e,ò òó ó€lð ðarbitre€peut€statuer€sur€des€r gles€dð ðordreÐ Œ ø Ðpublic,€puisquð ðelles€peuvent€faire€lð ðobjet€de€la€convention€dð ðarbitrage.

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Ðnumber€of€states€where€arbitration€is€governed€by€legal€rules€analogous€to€those€nowÐ Ô-@&0 Ðfound€in€Quebec€law.€€The€courts€in€those€countries€have€limited€the€consideration€ofÐ l/Ø'2 Ðsubstantive€public€order€to€reviewing€the€outcome€of€the€award€as€it€relates€to€publicÐ ” Ðorder.€€(See:€E.Ô_ ÔGaillardÔ_ Ô€and€J.Savage,€eds.,ò ò€Ô_ ÔFouchardÔ_ Ô,€Ô_ ÔGaillardÔ_ Ô,€Goldman€onÐ , ˜ ÐInternational€Commercial€Arbitrationó ó€(1999),€at€pp.955-56,€No.1649;€J.-B.Racine,Ð Ä 0 Ðò òÔ_ ÔLð ðarbitrageÔ_ Ô€commercial€international€et€Ô_ Ôlð ðordreÔ_ Ô€publicó ó,€vol.309€(1999),€at€pp.538-55,Ð \ È Ðin€particular€at€pp.539€and€543;€ò òSoci t €Seagram€France€Distribution€v.€Soci t €GEÐ ô ` ÐÔ_ ÔMassenezÔ_ Ôó ó,€Cass.€civ.€2ò òeó ó,€May3,2001,€ò òRev.€arb.€ó ó2001.4.805,€note€Yves€Ô_ ÔDerainsÔ_ Ô.)€€AndÐ Œ ø Ðlastly,€in€considering€the€validity€of€the€award,€the€clear€rule€stated€in€art.946.2€ò òÔ_ ÔC.C.P.Ô_ Ôó ó,Ð $ Ðwhich€prohibits€a€court€from€inquiring€into€the€merits€of€the€dispute,€must€be€followed.€Ð ¼ ( ÐIn€applying€a€concept€as€flexible€and€changeable€as€public€order,€these€fundamentalÐ T À Ðprinciples€must€be€adhered€to€in€determining€the€validity€of€an€arbitration€award.Ý ƒ ÑýRú mú ÝŒÐ ì X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýÖ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú55Ú ÚÛ € z 7 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€case€raises€a€number€of€aspects€of€the€application€of€the€rules€andÐ ˆ Ðprinciples€that€form€part€of€public€order.€€We€must€first€ask€whether€copyright,€as€a€moralÐ ´ Ðright,€is€analogous€to€the€matters€enumerated€in€art.2639,€para.1€ò òÔ_ ÔC.C.Q.Ô_ Ôó ó€and€is€thereforeÐ L ¸ Ðoutside€the€jurisdiction€ò òratione€materiaeó ó€of€the€arbitration€system.€€Second,€we€mustÐ ä P Ðdetermine€whether€that€provision€prohibits€arbitration€as€to€the€ownership€of€copyrightÐ | è Ðbased€on€the€ò òerga€omnesó ó€nature€of€this€type€of€decision.€€And€third,€although€the€questionÐ !€ Ðof€the€validity€of€the€contracts€was€not€before€the€arbitrator€in€this€case,€as€we€have€seen,Ð ¬" " Ðbecause€of€the€discussion€that€took€place€between€the€parties,€it€is€nonetheless€useful€toÐ D$° $ Ðconsider€whether€the€arbitrator€might€have€had€the€authority€to€declare€the€publishingÐ Ü%H & Ðcontracts€invalid€because€of€the€defects€of€form€that€were€alleged€to€exist€in€them,€underÐ t'à ( Ðthe€rules€set€out€in€ss.31€and34€of€the€ò òAct€respecting€the€professional€status€of€artistsó ó.Ý ƒ ÑýÖ ñ ÝŒÐ )x!* ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à(Ô_ ÔiÔ_ Ô)à0 ø àò òPublic€Order€and€the€Nature€of€Copyrightó óÐ

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Ðbiens€libres€de€charge€du€d fendeur€d'une€fiducie€ou€d'un€privil ge€auÐ 0 '1 Ðprofit€du€demandeur€m me€si€l'origine€de€ces€biens€ne€peut€ tre€ð ðretrac eð ðÐ ü Ðpar€l'application€des€r gles€traditionnelles€d'ò òequityó ó€en€la€mati re.

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Ðmistake€within€two€days,€did€nothing€to€correct€it€and€went€into€liquidation€some€fourÐ ü Ðweeks€later.€€Goulding€J.€held€that€the€defendant€was€a€constructive€trustee€of€theÐ ” ˜ Ðmoney€paid€under€mistake.€€But€he€left€open€the€question€whether€equity's€traditionalÐ , 0 Ðtracing€rules€should€be€applied€in€order€to€identify€the€plaintiff's€payment.€€Goff€andÐ Ä È ÐJones€maintain€that€if€the€tracing€rules€were€applied€then€it€is€extremely€unlikely€thatÐ \ ` Ðthe€plaintiff's€claim€would€succeed.€€Yet,€as€they€point€out,€it€would€seem€unjust€toÐ ô ø Ðallow€the€defendant's€general€creditors€to€benefit€from€the€mistaken€payment€when€theÐ Œ Ðdefendant€knew€of€the€mistake€and€did€nothing€to€correct€it.€€Therefore,€the€authorsÐ $ ( Ðargue€on€p.80€of€their€book€that:Ð ¼ À ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ àTo€protect€a€plaintiff€the€court€will€have€to€impose€a€trust€on,€or€a€lienÐ ì ð Ðover,€the€defendant's€unencumbered€assets€for€the€plaintiff's€benefit€evenÐ ¸ ¼ Ðif€those€assets€cannot€be€"identified"€through€the€application€of€traditionalÐ „ ˆ Ðequitable€tracing€rules.€€If€a€court€reaches€this€conclusion€it€will€do€soÐ P T Ðbecause€it€recognises€that€a€trust€or€lien€should€be€imposed€simply€becauseÐ Ðthe€defendant's€assets€were€swollen€by€the€mistaken€payment.Ó ÓÐ è ì œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ àIn€ò òLac€Minerals€Ltd.€v.€International€Corona€Resources€Ltd.ó ó,€[1989]€2Ð ÐS.C.R.€574,€it€was€determined€that€the€constructive€trust€is€not€reserved€to€situationsÐ °!´ Ðwhere€a€right€of€property€is€recognized.€€As€a€remedy,€the€constructive€trust€may€beÐ H#L ! Ðused€to€ò òcreateó ó€a€right€of€property€and€this€obviates€the€need€to€find€a€pre„existingÐ à$ä # Ðproperty€right€by€means€of€equitable€tracing€rules.€€However,€LaForest€J.€indicated€thatÐ x&| % Ða€restitutionary€proprietary€remedy€should€not€automatically€be€granted.€€He€found€that,Ð ( ' Ðsince€proprietary€rights€give€the€plaintiff€priority€over€the€legitimate€claims€of€thirdÐ ¨)¬ ) Ðparty€creditors,€further€guidance€was€needed€for€determining€those€situations€in€whichÐ @+D"+ Ðit€would€be€appropriate€to€award€a€proprietary€remedy.€€Thus,€LaForestJ.€concludedÐ Ø,Ü#- Ðâ âthat€the€constructive€trust€should€only€be€awarded€when€the€personal€monetary€awardÐ p.t%/ Ðis€insufficient;€that€is,€when€there€is€reason€to€grant€to€the€plaintiff€the€additional€rightsÐ ü Ðthat€flow€from€recognition€of€a€right€of€property.Ð ” ˜ Ðâ âÌà œ àI€agree€with€my€colleague€that€there€is€a€need€to€limit€the€use€of€the€Ð Ä È Ðconstructive€trust€remedy€in€a€commercial

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Ðacquitt €leur€dette€envers€la€soci t €ont€droit€de€la€r int grer€et€dð ðy€vivre€sans€courir€leÐ Ô X Ðrisque€dð ð tre€d valoris s€et€injustement€stigmatis s.Ý ƒ % Ñý€z ›z ÝŒÐ l ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý ~ Ýà ` àÚ ƒ z Ú64Ú ÚÛ € z @ Ûà ¸ àÝ Ýà x àLð ðemploy €incarc r €qui€nð ða€pas€encore€acquitt €sa€dette€envers€la€soci t Ð œ Ðest€vis €par€lð ðart.

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Ðbecause€he€had€been€convicted.Ý ƒ % Ñýäa ÿa ÝŒÐ Ô X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýüc Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú59Ú ÚÛ € z ; Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThis€Court€is€reluctant€to€intervene€where€there€is€no€manifest€error,€even€ifÐ ˆ Ðthe€finding€of€fact€is€made€by€an€appellate€court.€€In€ò òSt-Jean€v.€Mercieró ó,€[2002]€1S.C.R.Ð œ Ð491,€2002€SCC€15,€Gonthier€J.,€speaking€for€a€unanimous€Court,€reiterated€that€theÐ 4 ¸ Ðprinciple€of€non„intervention€by€an€appellate€court€in€respect€of€questions€of€fact€appliesÐ Ì P Ðnot€only€to€the€first€appellate€level,€but€also€to€a€second€appellate€level,€such€as€this€CourtÐ d è Ðin€relation€to€the€Court€of€Appeal€(at€para.46):Ý ƒ % Ñýüc d ÝŒÐ ü!€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àDespite€the€freedom€with€which€this€Court€can€reconsider€the€evidence€andÐ ,%° $ Ðð ðsubstitute€its€own€findings€of€fact€for€that€of€the€first€court€of€appealð ðs€ifÐ ø%| % Ðdisagreement€occursð ð€(ò òSchwartz€ó ó[ò òv.€Canadaó ó,€[1996]€1€S.C.R.€254],€atÐ Ä&H & Ðpara.37),€that€disagreement€must€nonetheless€stem€from€a€clear€satisfactionÐ ' ' Ðthat€an€error€has€occurred€in€the€first€appellate€courtð ðs€assessment€of€theÐ \(à ( Ðfacts.Ó g ÓÐ ()¬ ) « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýgi Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú60Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThis€Court€must€be€satisfied€that€the€first€appellate€court€erred€in€assessingÐ X,Ü#- Ðthe€evidence.€€In€this€case,€because€the€fact€that€Mr.Roy€was€an€exemplary€employee€isÐ ð-t%/ Ðnot€disputed,€this€could€not€have€been€a€dismissal€for€a€disciplinary€offence€or€some€otherÐ ˆ/ '1 Ðcause€of€that€nature.€€Accordingly,€there€are€only€two€reasons€that€could€have€been€theÐ | Ðcause€of€the€dismissal:€€the€fact€that€Mr.Roy€had€a€criminal€conviction€or€the€fact€thatÐ ˜ Ðhe€was€not€available€because€he€was€incarcerated.€€After€reviewing€the€record,€I€am€notÐ ¬ 0 Ðsatisfied€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€committed€any€error€such€as€would€warrantÐ D È Ðintervention€by€this€Court€when€it€found€that€Mr.Roy€was€not€dismissed€owing€to€theÐ Ü ` Ðmere€fact€of€is€conviction.Ý ƒ % Ñýgi ‚i ÝŒÐ t ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý›m Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú61Ú ÚÛ € z = Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àAt€first€glance,€the€finding€made€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€might€suggest€thatÐ ¤ ( Ðthe€court€placed€the€burden€on€the€appellant€to€prove€that€Mr.Royð ðs€conviction€was€theÐ

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, ( ÔAvec€les€progr s€r alis s€dans€les€domaines€scientifiques€et€technologiques,Ð ü ˜ Ðla€preuve€pr sent e€aux€tribunaux,€particuli rement€en€mati re€dð ðidentification,€a€chang Ð ” 0 Ðau€fil€des€ans.

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Ðviolence.€€The€tapes€may€provide€cogent€and€convincing€evidence€of€culpability€orÐ /¤(3 Ðequally€powerful€and€convincing€evidence€of€innocence.Ð Ô/p)4 ” Ð ” Ð Ð‡à@ Ù Ù ' V à...ˆÐ d ÐÌà0 ” àAs€well€the€necessary€equipment€ò òmustó ó€be€made€available€so€that€the€jury€may€listenÐ ü ˜ Ðto€the€tapes€themselves.€€[Emphasis€added.]Ó ÓÐ È d ” Ð ” Ð ÐÔ ‡ X xt X X X xt ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý}† Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ” àÔ # † X xt X X X xt]† # ÔI€agree€with€the€reasoning€and€conclusion€on€this€issue€set€out€in€ò òÔ_ ÔPleichÔ_ Ôó ó€andÐ ø ” Ðò òÔ_ ÔRowbothamÔ_ Ôó ó.€€A€tape,€particularly€if€it€is€not€challenged€as€to€its€accuracy€or€continuity,Ð , Ðcan€provide€the€most€cogent€evidence€not€only€of€the€actual€words€used€but€in€the€mannerÐ ( Ä Ðin€which€they€were€spoken.€€A€tape€will€very€often€have€a€better€and€more€accurateÐ À \ Ðrecollection€of€the€words€used€and€the€manner€in€which€they€were€spoken€than€a€witnessÐ X ô Ðwho€was€a€party€to€the€conversation€or€overheard€the€words.€As€a€result€of€ò òÔ_ ÔRowbothamÔ_ Ôó ó,Ð ð Œ Ðthe€trier€of€fact€in€Ontario€was€very€properly€authorized€to€use€his€or€her€own€senses€inÐ ˆ $ Ðdetermining€the€weight€that€should€be€accorded€to€the€evidence€of€an€audio€tape.€€ThereÐ ¼ Ðis€no€reason€why€this€same€reasoning€should€not€be€applied€to€videotapes.Ý ƒ % Ñý}† ˜† ÝŒÐ ¸ T ÐŒÝ ÝÔ ‡ X xt X X X xt ÔÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý˜‹ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ” àÔ # † X xt X X X xtx‹ # ÔThe€admission€of€videotapes€as€evidence€seems€to€be€a€natural€progression€fromÐ è „ Ðaudio€tapes.€€In€ò òR.€v.€B.€(Ô_ ÔK.G.Ô_ Ô)ó ó,€[1993]€1€S.C.R.€740,€at€pp.768€and€774,€this€CourtÐ € Ðpraised€the€evidence€obtained€from€videotapes€as€a€ð ðmilestoneð ð€contributing€to€theÐ ´ Ðð ðtriumph€of€a€principled€analysis€over€a€set€of€ossified€judicially€created€categoriesð ð.€€InÐ ° L ! Ðò òR.€v.€Ô_ ÔLeaneyÔ_ Ôó ó,€[1989]€2€S.C.R.€393,€the€main€identification€evidence€against€the€accusedÐ H"ä # Ðwas€a€videotape€of€the€crime€in€progress€and€the€testimony€of€five€police€officers.€Ð à#| % ÐAlthough€this€Court€held€that€the€evidence€of€four€of€the€police€officers€ought€to€haveÐ x% ' Ðbeen€excluded,€it€upheld€the€conviction€of€Ô_ ÔLeaneyÔ_ Ô€on€the€basis€of€ò òthe€trial€judgeð ðs€ownÐ '¬ ) Ðobservations€of€the€videotape€and€his€comparison€of€the€tape€to€the€accused€in€the€boxó ó.€Ð ¨(D"+ ÐAt€page415,€Ô_ ÔMcLachlinÔ_ Ô€J.,€for€the€majority,€stated:Ý ƒ % Ñý˜‹ ³‹ ÝŒÐ @*Ü#- ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 ” àà œ àGiven€the€trial€judgeð ðs€clear€statement€that€he€arrived€at

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€Ó Ó€Ó 6¿ ÓIl€a€choisi€dð ðen€faire€uneÐ ˆ Ðprotection€autonome.Ý ƒ % Ñý4º Oº ÝŒÐ œ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýß¿ Ýà ` àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ¸ àÝ Ýà x àò òó óLa€protection€contre€la€discrimination€fond e€sur€les€ant c dents€judiciairesÐ Ì P Ðnð ðest€pas€dð ðapplication€g n rale. €€Dð ðabord,€ €la€diff rence€des€motifs€ num r s€ €lð ðart.Ð d è Ð10,€elle€ne€sð ðapplique€quð ðen€mati re€dð ðemploi:€ð ð€Nul€ne€peut€cong dier,€refuserÐ ü!

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Ðdestroys€a€fundamental€right€or€freedom.€€A€criminal€record€is€the€directÐ Œ Ðconsequence€of€unlawful€acts€intentionally€committed€by€the€person€withÐ Ô X Ðthat€record....€€That€person€could€certainly€not€claim€to€have€been€deniedÐ $ Ðequality€of€value€and€dignity€.€.€.€when€it€was€the€person€himself€or€herselfÐ l ð Ðwho€impaired€that€value€and€dignity€by€committing€the€acts€that€resulted€inÐ 8 ¼ Ðthe€convictions.ò òÐ ˆ « Ð « Ð ÐÓ « ÓÌó óÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‚° Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òà « àó óWhen€the€Commission€lost€in€the€courts,€it€turned€to€the€legislature:Ð h ì ÐBrunelle,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.321.€€In€1982,€the€Commission€was€asked€to€comment€on€Bill€86Ð „ Ð(ò òAct€to€amend€the€Charter€of€Human€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó),€and€it€proposed€that€theÐ ˜ Ðlegislature€include€the€following€provision€in€the€ò òQuebec€Charteró ó:Ý ƒ % Ñý‚° ° ÝŒÐ 0!´ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « à[ò òtranslationó ó]€€In€the€Charter,€the€expression€ð ðsocial€conditionð ð€shall€beÐ `$ä # Ðinterpreted€as€including€having€a€criminal€record.Ó Ï² ÓÐ ,%° $ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¿³ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€legislature€did€not€agree€with€that€proposal,€and€instead€enacted€s.18.2,Ð \(à ( Ðthe€initial€version€of€which€read€as€follows€(National€Assembly€of€Qu bec,€ò òJournal€desÐ ô)x!* Ðd batsó ó,€3rd€Sess.,€32nd€Leg.,€Commission€permanente€de€la€justice,€ tude€du€projet€deÐ Œ+ #, Ðloi€nò òoó ó86,€December€17,€1982,€No.232,€at€p.B-11766):Ý ƒ % Ñý¿³ Ú³ ÝŒÐ $-¨$. Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ ¼.@&0 ÐÓ Óà0 « à[ò òtranslationó ó]€€No€one€may€dismiss,€refuse€to€hire€or€otherwise€penalizeÐ | Ðâ âa€person€in€his€employment€owing€to€the€mere€fact€that€he€was€convicted€ofÐ H Ì Ða€penal€or€criminal€offence,€if€the€offence€was€in€no€way€connected€with€theÐ ˜ Ðemployment€and€five€years€have€passed€since€the€conviction,€or€if€the€personÐ à d Ðhas€obtained€a€pardon€for€the€offence.Ð ¬ 0 « Ð « Ð ÐÓ !¶ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý(¸ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àExcept€for€two€amendments€that€are€not€in€issue€in€this€case,€one€of€whichÐ ” Ðwas€made€in€1982€during€legislative€consideration€of€the€bill€and€the€other€of€whichÐ ¨ , Ðoccurred€in€1990€(ò òAct€to€amend€various€legislative€provisions€respecting€theÐ @ Ä Ðimplementation€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedureó ó,€S.Q.€1990,€c.€4,€s.133)ò òó ó,€this€is€the€textÐ Ø \ Ðthat€was€in€force€at€the€time€of€the€events€that€concern€us€here.Ý ƒ % Ñý(¸ C¸ ÝŒÐ p ô ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÖº Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú19Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThis€text€undoubted

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€€Par€exemple,€on€a€soutenu€queÐ ü Ðces€services€ne€peuvent€donner€lieu€ €une€r paration€fond e€sur€l'enrichissement€sansÐ ” ˜ Ðcause€parce€que€l'appelante€a€volontairement€assum €le€rð= ðle€d' pouse€et€de€belle-m re. €Ð , 0 ÐOn€a€ galement€affirm €que€le€droit€en€mati re€d'enrichissement€sans€cause€ne€devraitÐ Ä È Ðpas€reconnað3 ðtre€ces€services€parce€qu'ils€sont€offerts€par€amour€et€affection€naturels.

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Ðlarge€sums€of€money€which€were€used€to€pay€off€the€mortgage€and€to€accumulateÐ ü Ðfamily€assets.€€The€house€reflected€a€fair€approximation€of€the€value€of€the€appellant'sÐ ” ˜ Ðefforts€in€acquiring€the€family€assets.Ð , 0 ÐÌà œ àò òPeró ó€L'Heureux-Dub ,€Gonthier€and€CoryJJ.:An€unjust€enrichmentÐ \ ` Ðrequires€an€enrichment,€a€corresponding€deprivation€by€the€person€who€supplied€theÐ ô ø Ðenrichment,€and€an€absence€of€any€juristic€reason€for€the€enrichment€itself.€€Given€anÐ Œ Ðenrichment,€it€almost€invariably€follows€that€there€is€a€corresponding€deprivationÐ $ ( Ðsuffered€by€the€person€who€provided€the€enrichment.€€In€a€marriage€or€a€long„termÐ ¼ À Ðrelationship,€it€should€be€taken,€absent€cogent€evidence€to€the€contrary,€that€theÐ T X Ðenrichment€of€one€party€will€result€in€a€deprivation€to€the€other.Ð ì ð ÐÌà œ àThe€constructive€trust€remedy€may€be€applied€where€a€spouse,€includingÐ Ðcommon€law€spouse,€has€contributed€to€the€preservation,€maintenance€or€improvementÐ ´ ¸ Ðof€property€but€not€directly€to€its€acquisition.€€Respondent€here€conceded€beingÐ L P Ðenriched€by€appellant's€work€and€contributions.Ð ä è ÐÌà œ àA€person€cannot€be€expected€to€forego€compensation€or€an€interest€in€theÐ $ " Ðproperty€in€return€for€contributions€made€merely€because€that€person€loved€the€otherÐ ¬%° $ Ðperson€in€the€relationship.€€There€need€not€be€any€evidence€of€a€promise€to€marry€orÐ D'H & Ðto€compensate.€€"Spousal€services"€given€by€one€party€to€the€other€in€the€relationshipÐ Ü(à ( Ðshould€be€taken€as€being€given€with€the€expectation€of€compensation€absent€evidenceÐ t*x!* Ðto€the€contrary.€€The€nature€and€duration€of€the€relationship,€as€well€as€the€contributionÐ , #, Ðmade,€should€be€considered.€€Relief€in€the€form€of€a€personal€judgment€or€propertyÐ ¤-¨$. Ðinterest€should€adequately€reflect€the€fact€that€the€unpaid€services€of€one€party€to€theÐ

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€€Un€tel€r sultat€est€conforme€ €la€pratiqueÐ ” 0 Ðbien€ tablie€des€tribunaux€canadiens€en€mati re€de€dissociation€des€limitesÐ , È Ðinconstitutionnelles€du€droit€de€vote€constat es€tant€dans€les€lois€provincialesÐ Ä ` Ðque€f d rales.Ý ƒ 3£3Õ `Õ ÝŒÐ \ ø œ Ð œ Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌò òConclusionó óÔ& È ÔÐ Œ ( ÐÌà „ àÝ " ‚ 3£ 4 " ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 3£^Ü ÝÔ2 # ÔÚ Ú53Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 œ àÝ Ýà ø àPourÔ' È Œ 0Ü Ô€r sumer,€en€admettant€que€la€ò òCharteó ó€sð ðapplique,€les€dispositionsÐ ¼ X Ðde€lð ðal.119ò òcó ó)€de€la€ò òLoi€ lectoraleó ó€violent€les€droits€garantis€par€lð ðart.

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Ðstill€existed€that€his€conviction€would€be€overturned€on€Ô_ Ôappeal.Ð Ô/p)4 ÐÓ Ü , „ œ ø Ü 8 ô Ü , „ œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÔ # † X p4 X X X p4Ùœ # ÔÔ ‡ X p4 X X X p4 ÔÌà „ àÔ2 ÿÿ 0 ÔÚ Ú49Ú ÚÔ3 Ôà œ àÔ # † X p4 X X X p4°ž # ÔÔ ‡ X p4 X X X p4 ÔClearly€if€an€appeal€was€successful€it€would€be€difficult€to€undo€the€damageÐ ü ˜ Ðimposed€by€s.€119Ô_ Ô(Ô # † X p4 X X X p4LŸ # ÔÔ ‡ X T- X X X p4 ÔcÔ_ ÔÔ # † X p4 X X X T- # ÔÔ ‡ X p4 X X X p4 Ô)€by€the€removal€of€the€member€from€the€Legislative€Assembly.€Ð ” 0 ÐHowever,€the€issue€of€what€happens€pending€an€appeal€is€not€in€itself€determinative€ofÐ , È Ðthe€s.€1€analysis.€€While€suspending€the€removal€of€an€elected€member€pending€an€appealÐ Ä ` Ðcould€have€been€an€option€chosen€by€the€Legislature,€as€has€been€done€with€someÐ \ ø Ðelection„related€statutes€in€other€provinces€and€even€in€New€Brunswick€itself,€it€wouldÐ ô Ðhave€the€effect€of€leaving€both€the€convicted€member€and€his€constituents€in€a€state€ofÐ Œ ( Ðsuspended€animation€that€would€do€nothing€to€enhance€respect€for€the€democratic€systemÐ $ À Ðor€further€the€goal€of€effective€representation.Ð ¼ X ÐÔ # † X p4 X X X p4d # ÔÔ ‡ X p4 X X X p4 ÔÌà „ àÔ2 ÿÿ 1 ÔÚ Ú50Ú ÚÔ3 Ôà œ àÔ # † X p4 X X X p4¼£ # ÔÔ ‡ X p4 X X X p4 ÔGiven€that€there€is€no€stay€of€the€operation€of€s.€119Ô_ Ô(Ô # † X p4 X X X p4X¤ # ÔÔ ‡ X T- X X X p4 ÔcÔ_ ÔÔ # † X p4 X X X T-á¤ # ÔÔ ‡ X p4 X X X p4 Ô)€pending€an€appeal,Ð ì ˆ Ðthe€issue€was€raised€both€before€the€trial€judge€and€before€this€Court€regarding€theÐ „ Ðconsequences€flowing€from€a€successful€appeal€of€a€conviction€under€the€ò òElections€Actó ó.€Ð ¸ ÐIn€particular,€counsel€for€the€appellant€argued€that€the€five„year€disqualification€wouldÐ ´ P Ðapply€to€an€individual€even€if€the€conviction€was€subsequently€overturned€on€appeal.€€InÐ L è Ðsupport€of€this€proposition,€he€referred€us€to€the€trial€judge€who€had€proceeded€with€hisÐ ä € Ðanalysis€on€the€assumption€that€once€a€sitting€member€had€been€forced€to€vacate€his€orÐ |! " Ðher€seat€such€member€could€not€be€restored€to€it.€€I€take€this€to€mean€that€the€vacancyÐ #° $ Ðcreated€by€the€operation€of€s.€119Ô_ Ô(Ô # † X p4 X X X p44¥ # ÔÔ ‡ X T- X X X p4 ÔcÔ_ ÔÔ # † X p4 X X X T-Í¨ # ÔÔ ‡ X p4 X X X p4 Ô)€could€not€be€set€aside€even€if€the€conviction€wasÐ ¬$H & Ðoverturned€on€appeal€before€a€by„election€was€held.€€However,€I€see€nothing€in€the€trialÐ D&à ( Ðjudgeð ðs€reasons€or€in€the€statute€itself€to€suggest€that€the€five„year€disqualification€wouldÐ Ü'x!* Ðnot€cease€to€apply€upon€a€successf

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€€Elle€a€retenuÐ ¼ ( Ðlð ðargument€de€lð ðappelant€portant€que,€pour€avoir€un€sens€concret,€le€droit€ €la€vie€priv eÐ T À Ðen€mati re€de€renseignements€personnels€doit€viser€tant€leur€acquisition€que€leurÐ ì X Ðutilisation€subs quente.

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Ðwas€within€the€requirements€of€s.€16(2)€of€the€Act€and€thus€the€complaint€in€regard€to€thisÐ Ô-@&0 Ðrefusal€was€not€well„founded.€€In€regards€to€the€exemptions€claimed€in€respect€ofÐ l/Ø'2 Ðinformation€held€in€Bank€015,€the€Privacy€Commissioner€concluded€that,€with€theÐ ” Ðexception€of€two€documents,€the€undisclosed€material€was€properly€exempted€under€theÐ , ˜ ÐAct.€€The€Privacy€Commissioner€asked€the€Solicitor€General€to€disclose€two€documentsÐ Ä 0 Ðbut€the€request€was€refused.€€The€Commissioner€informed€the€appellant€that€this€was€theÐ \ È Ðfirst€case€in€which€a€Minister€had€refused€to€accept€a€recommendation€that€informationÐ ô ` Ðbe€disclosed.€€The€documents€were€subsequently€disclosed,€with€portions€excised,€afterÐ Œ ø Ðthe€judicial€review€proceeding€was€initiated.Ý ƒ % ÑýÒŒ íŒ ÝŒÐ $ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýã‘ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThree€years€after€the€original€access€request,€the€appellant€filed€anÐ T À Ðapplication€in€the€Federal€Court,€Trial€Division€under€s.€41€of€the€Act€for€a€review€ofÐ ì X ÐCSISð ðs€refusal€to€disclose€the€information.€€Section€41€provides€that€where€a€person€hasÐ „ ð Ðrequested€access€to€information,€has€been€denied,€and€has€filed€a€complaint€with€theÐ ˆ ÐPrivacy€Commissioner,€he€or€she€may€then€apply€to€the€Federal€Court€for€a€judicialÐ ´ Ðreview€of€the€refusal.Ý ƒ % Ñýã‘ þ‘ ÝŒÐ L ¸ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÉ” Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú15Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àCSIS€released€additional€documents€to€the€appellant€in€July€1992.€€CSISÐ | è Ðdisclosed€211€pages,€portions€of€which€were€excised€claiming€exemptions€under€ss.€19,Ð !€ Ð21,€22(1)(ò òaó ó),€22(1)(ò òbó ó)€and€26€of€the€Act.€€CSIS€maintains€its€position€of€non„disclosureÐ ¬" " Ðwith€respect€to€all€documents€contained€in€Bank€010€and€the€remainder€of€documents€inÐ D$° $ ÐBank€015,€including€the€excised€portions€therefrom,€based€on€disclosure€exemptions€inÐ Ü%H & Ðss.€19,€21,€22€and€26€of€the€Act.Ý ƒ % ÑýÉ” ä” ÝŒÐ t'à ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇ— Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àPrior€to€the€commencement€of€the€judicial€review€hearing,€the€appellant€filedÐ ¤* #, Ðnotice€of€intent€to€challenge€the€s.€51€mandatory€procedure€provision€under€ss.€7,€8€andÐ

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€€Sous€r serve€desÐ Œ ø Ðquestions€int ressant€lð ðordre€public€et€certaines€mati res€comme€lð ð tat€des€personnes,€ilÐ $ Ðlaisse€aux€parties€la€libert €de€soumettre€tout€conflit€ €lð ðarbitrage€et€de€d terminer€lesÐ ¼ ( Ðtermes€de€la€saisine€de€lð ðarbitre€(art.€2639€ò òÔ_ ÔC.c. Qó ó.Ô_ Ô).

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Ðand€P.-G.Ô_ ÔJobinÔ_ Ô,€€ò òLes€obligationsó ó€(5th€ed.€1998),€at€pp.151-52;€ò òAuerbach€v.€ResortsÐ Ô-@&0 ÐInternational€Hotel€Inc.ó ó,€[1992]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ Ô€302€(Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô),€at€p.304;€ò òÔ_ ÔGouletÔ_ Ô€v.€Transamerica€LifeÐ l/Ø'2 ÐInsurance€Co.€of€Canadaó ó,€[2002]€1€S.C.R.€719,€2002€SCC€21,€at€paras.43-46)€€ò òó óTheÐ ” Ðdevelopment€and€application€of€the€concept€of€public€order€allows€for€a€considerableÐ , ˜ Ðamount€of€judicial€discretion€in€defining€the€fundamental€values€and€principles€of€a€legalÐ Ä 0 Ðsystem.€€In€interpreting€and€applying€this€concept€in€the€realm€of€consensual€arbitration,Ð \ È Ðwe€must€therefore€have€regard€to€the€legislative€policy€that€accepts€this€form€of€disputeÐ ô ` Ðresolution€and€even€seeks€to€promote€its€expansion.€€For€that€reason,€in€order€to€preserveÐ Œ ø Ðdecision-making€autonomy€within€the€arbitration€system,€it€is€important€that€we€avoidÐ $ Ðextensive€application€of€the€concept€by€the€courts.€€Such€wide€reliance€on€public€order€inÐ ¼ ( Ðthe€realm€of€arbitration€would€jeopardize€that€autonomy,€contrary€to€the€clear€legislativeÐ T À Ðapproach€and€the€judicial€policy€based€on€it.€€(ò òÔ_ ÔLaurentienneÔ_ Ô-vie,€Ô_ ÔcompagnieÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôdð ðassuranceÔ_ ÔÐ ì X Ðinc.€v.€Empire,€Ô_ ÔcompagnieÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôdð ðassuranceÔ_ Ô-vieó ó,€[2000]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ Ô€1708€(Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô),€at€p.1712;Ð „ ð Ðò òÔ_ ÔMousseauÔ_ Ô€v.€Soci t €de€Ô_ ÔgestionÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔPaquinÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôlt eÔ_ Ôó ó,€[1994]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ Ô€2004€(Sup.€Ct.),€at€p.2009,Ð ˆ Ðciting€J.€E.€C.€Ô_ ÔBrierleyÔ_ Ô,€ð ðÔ_ ÔChapitreÔ_ Ô€XVIII€de€la€convention€Ô_ Ôdð ðarbitrageÔ_ Ô,€art.2638-2643ð ð,€inÐ ´ ÐBarreau€du€Qu bec€et€Chambre€des€notaires€du€Qu bec,€ò òLa€r forme€du€Code€civil:Ð L ¸ Ðobligations,€Ô_ ÔcontratsÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ônomm sÔ_ Ôó ó€(1993),€vol.2,€at€pp.1067,€1081-82;€J.€E.€C.€Ô_ ÔBrierleyÔ_ Ô,€ð ðÔ_ ÔUneÔ_ ÔÐ ä P ÐÔ_ ÔloiÔ_ Ô€nouvelle€pour€le€Qu bec€en€Ô_ Ômati reÔ_ Ô€Ô_ Ôdð ðarbitrageÔ_ Ôð ð€(1987),€47€ò òR.€du€B.ó ó€259,€at€p.267;Ð | è ÐL.Y.Ô_ ÔFortierÔ_ Ô,€ð ðDelimiting€the€Spheres€of€Judicial€and€Arbitral€Power:€ð ðBeware,€My€Lord,Ð !€ Ðof€Jealousyð ðð ð€(2001),€80€ò òCan.€Bar€Rev.ó ó143)Ý ƒ Ñý³à Îà ÝŒÐ ¬" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýâñ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àA€broad€interpretation€of€the€concept€of€public€order€in€art.2639,€para.1Ð Ü%H & Ðò òÔ_ ÔC.C.Q.Ô_ Ôó ó€has€been€expressly€rejected€by€the€legislature,€which€has€specified€that€the€fact€thatÐ t'à ( Ðthe€rules€applied€by€an€arbitrator€are€in€the€nature€of€rules€of€public€order€is€not€a€ground

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2ò òaó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó€englobe€leÐ , È Ðdroit€de€croire€ce€que€lð ðon€veut€en€mati re€religieuse,€le€droit€de€professer€ouvertementÐ Ä ` Ðnos€croyances€religieuses€et€le€droit€de€les€manifester€par€leur€enseignement€et€leurÐ \ ø Ðpropagation,€par€la€pratique€religieuse€et€par€le€culte:€ò òBig€M€Drug€Martó ó,€pr cit ,Ð ô Ðp.

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Ðif€theò ò€Proposed€Act€ó ówere€adopted,€religious€officials€could€be€required€to€perform€same„Ð Ô/p)4 Ðsex€marriages€contrary€to€their€religious€beliefs.€€Absent€state€compulsion€on€religiousÐ d Ðofficials,€this€conjecture€does€not€engage€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€If€a€promulgated€statute€were€toÐ ü ˜ Ðenact€compulsion,€we€ò òó óconclude€that€such€compulsion€would€almost€certainly€run€afoulÐ ” 0 Ðof€the€ò òCharteró ó€guarantee€of€freedom€of€religion,€given€the€expansive€protection€affordedÐ , È Ðto€religion€by€s.€2(ò òaó ó)€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€Ý ƒ 0 Ñýî/ 0 ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý‚3 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú57Ú ÚÛ € z 9 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€right€to€freedom€of€religion€enshrined€in€s.€2(ò òaó ó)€of€the€ò òCharteró óÐ ô Ðencompasses€the€right€to€believe€and€entertain€the€religious€beliefs€of€oneð ðs€choice,€theÐ Œ ( Ðright€to€declare€oneð ðs€religious€beliefs€openly€and€the€right€to€manifest€religious€beliefÐ $ À Ðby€worship,€teaching,€dissemination€and€religious€practice:€€ò òBig€M€Drug€Martó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€atÐ ¼ X Ðpp.€336„37.€€The€performance€of€religious€rites€is€a€fundamental€aspect€of€religious€Ð T ð Ðpractice.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý‚3 3 ÝŒÐ ì ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý6 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú58Ú ÚÛ € z : Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIt€therefore€seems€clear€that€state€compulsion€on€religious€officials€toÐ ¸ Ðperform€same„sex€marriages€contrary€to€their€religious€beliefs€would€violate€theÐ ´ P Ðguarantee€of€freedom€of€religion€under€s.€2(ò òaó ó)€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€It€also€seems€apparent€that,Ð L è Ðabsent€exceptional€circumstances€which€we€cannot€at€present€foresee,€such€a€violationÐ ä € Ðcould€not€be€justified€under€s.€1€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý6 š6 ÝŒÐ |! " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý)9 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú59Ú ÚÛ € z ; Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€question€we€are€asked€to€answer€is€confined€to€the€performance€of€same„Ð ¬$H & Ðsex€marriages€by€religious€officials.€€However,€concerns€were€raised€about€theÐ D&à ( Ðcompulsory€use€of€sacred€places€for€the€celebration€of€such€marriages€and€about€beingÐ Ü'x!* Ðcompelled€to€otherwise€assist€in€the€celebration€of€same„sex€marriages.€€The€reasoningÐ t) #, Ðthat€leads€us€to€conclude€that€the€guarantee€of€freedom€of€religion€protects€against€theÐ +¨$. Ðcompulsory€celebration€of€same„sex€marriages,€suggests€that€the€same€would€hold€forÐ ¤,@&0 Ðthese€concerns.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý)9 D9 ÝŒÐ

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€€Tant€que€lð ðaccusation€estÐ Ô)D"+ Ðmaintenue,€il€nð ðest€pas€n cessaire€de€tenir€compte€de€la€dangerosit €de€lð ðaccus €ni€de€laÐ l+Ü#- Ðprotection€du€public€parce€que€dð ðautres€facteurs€justifient€la€comp tence€du€ParlementÐ -t%/ Ð €son€ gard,€ €savoir€la€comp tence€en€mati re€de€proc dure€criminelle.Ý ƒ % Ñý® É ÝŒÐ œ.

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Ðunder€the€protective€branch€of€the€criminal€law,€when€it€is€proven€that€the€NCR€offenderÐ Ô)D"+ Ðpresents€a€significant€threat€to€the€public.€However,€the€situation€is€different€with€respectÐ l+Ü#- Ðto€accused€found€unfit€to€stand€trial:€the€criminal€lawð ðs€jurisdiction€over€the€unfit€accusedÐ -t%/ Ðdoes€not€stem€from€the€protective€branch€of€the€criminal€law,€unless€he€or€she€is€foundÐ œ. '1 Ðto€be€dangerous.€Rather,€the€criminal€justice€system€maintains€jurisdictional€control€overÐ 40¤(3 Ðthe€accused€found€unfit€to€stand€trial€because€that€person€is€subject€to€a€criminalÐ Ðaccusation€and€pending€proceedings.€As€long€as€this€accusation€is€maintained,€it€is€notÐ ( ˜ Ðnecessary€to€consider€the€dangerousness€of€the€accused€or€the€protection€of€the€publicÐ À 0 Ðbecause€other€considerations€justify€Parliamentð ðs€jurisdiction€in€regards€to€accused€foundÐ X È Ðunfit€to€stand€trial,€namely€its€jurisdiction€over€criminal€procedure.Ý ƒ % Ñý‹æ ¦æ ÝŒÐ ð ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýCì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àParliamentð ðs€power€in€matters€of€criminal€law,€under€s.€91(27)€of€theÐ Ðò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó,€expressly€includes€ð ðthe€[p]rocedure€in€[c]riminal€[m]attersð ð.€ItsÐ ¸ ( Ðjurisdiction€over€criminal€procedure€was€discussed€by€this€Court€in€ò òAttorney€General€ofÐ P À ÐQuebec€v.€Lechasseuró ó,€[1981]€2€S.C.R.€253,€at€p.€262:Ý ƒ % ÑýCì ^ì ÝŒÐ è X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 « àà ø àThat€the€present€s.€455,€no€less€than€its€forerunners,€is€within€federalÐ ˆ Ðcompetence€as€an€exercise€of€power€in€relation€to€the€criminal€law,€includingÐ ä T Ðprocedure€in€a€criminal€matter,€appears€to€me€to€be€incontestable.€TheÐ ° Ðsection€makes€it€possible€for€a€charge€of€an€indictable€offence€to€be€broughtÐ | ì Ðbefore€a€justice€of€the€peace€or€a€magistrate€to€consider€the€issue€of€aÐ H ¸ Ðsummons€or€a€warrant€in€respect€of€the€charge.€ò òThe€criminal€process€is€thusÐ „ Ðinitiated€and€this€initiation€is€integral€to€the€process.ó óÓ ‹î Ó€[Emphasis€added.]Ð à P « Ð « Ð ÐÌFrom€the€time€a€person€is€accused€of€a€crime€under€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€the€criminalÐ !€ Ðprocess€is€validly€engaged€and€its€hold€on€the€accused€found€unfit€to€stand€trial€isÐ ¨" " Ðestablished.€Therefore,€the€authority€to€establish€a€scheme€to€administer€the€rights€of€theÐ @$° $ Ðaccused€found€unfit€to€stand€trial€flows€from€Parliamentð ðs€jurisdiction€on€criminal€law,Ð Ø%H & Ðincluding€criminal€procedure.Ð p'à ( ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý^ó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€system€of€Crown€

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ò òTh orie€de€la€propri t Ð j'à ( Ðó óÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýß Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€Ô' È j'œ Ôcat gories€traditionnelles€du€droit€des€biens€correspondent€parfoisÐ š* #, Ðdifficilement€aux€r alit s€de€la€propri t €en€mati re€dð ðhydrocarbures,€un€probl me€queÐ 2,¨$.

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ÐÌò òÓ ÓAmoco€Canada€Oil€and€Gas,€Amoco€Canada€Resources€Ltd.,€Ð l ÐAmoco€Canada€Energy€Ltd.,€3061434€Canada€Ltd.,€Empress€Ð 8 \ ÐGas€Corp.€Ltd.,€Encor€Energy€Corporation€Inc.,€Gulf€Canada€Ð ( ÐResources€Limited,€Home€Oil€Company€Limited,€Imperial€Oil€Ð Ð ô ÐResources,€Imperial€Oil€Resources€Limited,€Imperial€Oil€Resources€Ð œ À ÐProduction€Limited,€Jethro€Development€Ltd.,€Kerr-McGee€Ð h Œ ÐCanada€Ltd.,€McColl-Frontenac€Inc.,€Mobil€Oil€Canada,€Morgan€Ð 4 X ÐHydrocarbons€Inc.,€Murphy€Oil€Company€Ltd.,€Petro„Canada,€Ð $ ÐRoyal€Trust€Energy€Resources€II€Corporation,€RTEC€One€Ð Ì ð ÐResources€Inc.€and€Suncor€Inc.ó óà€ Ü Ü ; Ð àò òRespondentsó óÓ ï ÓˆÐ ˜ ¼ ÐÌand€betweenÐ È ì ÐÌò òÓ ÓCarlAnderson€and€RichardW.C.Anderson,€Co-executors€of€Ð ø Ðthe€Estate€of€ChrisAnderson,€deceased,€CarlAnderson,€Ð Ä è ÐLaureenAnderson,€RichardW.C.Anderson,€GondaHumble,€Ð ´ ÐMargaretMayNewland,€MaryRoss€and€LillianRowlesó óà€ w w Ð àò òAppellantsÓ ] ÓˆÐ \ € ÐÌv.ó óÐ Œ"° $ ÐÌò òÓ ÓAmoco€Canada€Oil€and€Gas,€Amoco€Canada€Resources€Ltd.,€Ð ¼%à ( ÐAmoco€Canada€Energy€Ltd.,€3061434€Canada€Ltd.,€Canol€Ð ˆ&¬ ) ÐResources€Ltd.,€Dominion€Explorers€Inc.,€Empress€Gas€Ð T'x!* ÐCorp.€Ltd.,€Gentra€One€Resources€Inc.,€Gulf€Canada€Ð (D"+ ÐResources€Limited,€Home€Oil€Company€Limited,€International€Ð ì( #, ÐOiltex€Ltd.,€Jethro€Development€Ltd.,€Kerr-McGee€Canada€Ð ¸)Ü#- ÐLtd.,€Mobil€Oil€Canada,€Mobil€Oil€Canada€Ltd.,€Mobil€Ð „*¨$. ÐResources€Ltd.,€Murphy€Oil€Company€Ltd.,€Ocelot€Energy€Inc.,€Ð P+t%/ ÐPetro-Canada,€Suncor€Inc.,€Talisman€Energy€Inc.€and€Westrock€Ð ,@&0 ÐEnergy€Resources€II€Corporationó óà€ Ü Ü ; Ð àò òRespondentsó óÓ ö ÓˆÐ è, '1 Ðâ âÐ €.¤(3 Ö ÐÔ& È Ôâ âand€betweenÐ Š ÐÌò òÓ ÓMargueriteJ.Bouskill,€Executrix€of€the€Estate€ofÐ º 0 ÐÔ' È Š O ÔThomasCharles€Bouskill,€deceased,€MargueriteJ.Bouskill,Ð † ü ÐGeraldineSadieMcArthurand€MayEleanorWinteró óà€ w w Ð àò òAppellantsó óÓ ‰ ÓˆÐ R È ÐÌò òv.ó óÐ ‚ ø ÐÌò òÓ ÓCanadian€Fina€Oil€Limited,€Home€Oil€Company€Limited,€Ð ² ( ÐPetrofina€Canada€Ltd.,€Petro-Canada€Enterprises€Inc.,€Ð ~ ô ÐPetro-Canada€Inc.€and€Petro„Canadaó óà€ Ü Ü ; Ð àò òRespondentsó óÓ æ ÓˆÐ J À ÐÌand€betweenÐ z ð ÐÌò òÔ& d ÔÓ ÓBruceWesleyBurns,€Executor€of€the€Estate€ofÐ ª ÐWycliffeThomasBurns,€deceased,€BruceWesleyBurns,Ð v ì ÐRobertLyleBurns€and€Stanley€Roy€Burnsó óà€ w w Ð àò òAppellantsó óÔ' d ª & ÔÓ 2 ÓˆÐ B ¸ ÐÌò òv.ó óÐ r è ÐÌò òÓ ÓAmoco€Canada€Oil€and€Gas,€Amoco€Canada€Resources€Ltd.,€Ð ¢" " ÐAmoco€Canada€Energy€Ltd.,€3061434€Canada€Lt

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ÐÔ_ Ôcomp tence€en€cette€mati re. €€Comme€la€Cour€lð ða€affirm €dans€lð ðarr t€ò òWilson€c. €LaReineó ó,Ð Ô X Ð[1983]€2R.C.S.594,€p. 599,€cette€r gle€estÝ ƒ % ÑýT^ o^ ÝŒÐ l ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àun€principe€fondamental€ tabli€depuis€longtemps€[selon€lequel]€uneÐ œ Ðordonnance€rendue€par€une€cour€comp tente€est€valide,€concluante€et€a€forceÐ h ì Ðex cutoire,€ €moins€dð ð tre€infirm e€en€appel€ou€l galement€annul e.

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ÐS.C.R.€460,€2001€SCC€44,€at€para.€25,€ò òperó ó€Binnie€J.).€€The€final€requirement,€known€asÐ Ô X Ðð ðmutualityð ð,€has€been€largely€abandoned€in€the€United€States€and€has€been€the€subjectÐ l ð Ðof€much€academic€and€judicial€debate€there€as€well€as€in€the€United€Kingdom€and,€toÐ ˆ Ðsome€extent,€in€this€country.€€(See€G.€D.€Watson,€ð ðò òó óDuplicative€Litigation:€Issue€Estoppel,Ð œ ÐAbuse€of€Process€and€the€Death€of€Mutualityð ð€(1990),€69€ò òCan.€Bar€Rev.ó ó€623,€at€pp.Ð 4 ¸ Ð648-51.)€€In€light€of€the€different€conclusions€reached€by€the€courts€below€on€theÐ Ì P Ðapplicability€of€issue€estoppel,€I€think€it€is€useful€to€examine€that€debate€more€closely.€Ý ƒ % ÑýŒç §ç ÝŒÐ d è ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÜí Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€first€two€requirements€of€issue€estoppel€are€met€in€this€case.€€The€finalÐ ”# " Ðrequirement€of€mutuality€of€parties€has€not€been€met.€€In€the€original€criminal€case,€theÐ ,%° $ Ðò òlisó ó€was€between€Her€Majesty€the€Queen€in€right€of€Canada€and€Glenn€Oliver.€€In€theÐ Ä&H & Ðarbitration,€the€parties€were€CUPE€and€the€City€of€Toronto,€Oliverð ðs€employer.€€It€isÐ \(à ( Ðunnecessary€to€decide€whether€Oliver€and€CUPE€should€reasonably€be€viewed€as€priviesÐ ô)x!* Ðfor€the€purpose€of€the€application€of€the€mutuality€requirement€since€it€is€clear€that€theÐ Œ+ #, ÐCrown,€acting€as€prosecutor€in€the€criminal€case,€is€not€privy€with€the€City€of€Toronto,Ð $-¨$. Ðnor€would€it€be€with€a€provincial,€rather€than€a€municipal,€employer€(as€in€the€ò òOntarioÐ ¼.@&0 Ðv.€O.P.S.E.U.ó ó€case,€released€concurrently).€€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÜí ÷í ÝŒÐ T0Ø'2 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý5ò Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThere€has€been€much€academic€criticism€of€the€mutuality€requirement€of€theÐ ˜ Ðdoctrine€of€issue€estoppel.€€In€his€article,€Professor€Watson,€ò òsupraó ó,€argues€that€explicitlyÐ ¬ 0 Ðabolishing€the€mutuality€requirement,€as€has€been€done€in€the€United€States,€would€bothÐ D È Ðreduce€confusion€in€the€law€and€remove€the€possibility€that€a€strict€application€of€issueÐ Ü ` Ðestoppel€may€work€an€injustice.€€The€arguments€made€by€him€and€others€(see€also€D.€J.Ð t ø ÐLange,€ò òThe€Doctrine€of€Res€Judicata€in€Canadaó ó€(2000)),€urging€Canadian€courts€toÐ Ðabandon€the€mutuality€requirement€have€been€helpful€in€articulating€a€principledÐ ¤ ( Ðapproach€to€the€bar€against€relitigation.€€In€my€view,€however,€appropriate€guidance€isÐ

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ÐÓ ö= ÓÌÓ Óò òQuestion€Ô_ Ô2ñ Ö ñ:ñ Ö ñó óñ × ñ:ñ × ñÔ_ Ôà b àIf€the€answer€to€question€1€is€yes,€would€the€infringement€have€been€Ð ¿ ˜ Ðà àà b àdemonstrably€justified€in€a€free€and€democratic€society€pursuant€to€s.€1€¼à àà b àof€the€ò òCanadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedomsó ó?Ð W 0 ÐÌÓ wA ÓÔ # † X m„ X X X m„ˆ= # ÔÔ ‡ X m„ X X X m„ Ôà àÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý_C Ýà î àÚ ƒ z Ú54Ú ÚÛ € z 6 Ûà F àÝ Ýà àThis€Court€has€recently€held€in€ò òCorbiere€v.€Canada€(Minister€of€Indian€andÐ ‡ ` ÐNorthern€Affairs)ó ó,€[1999]€2€S.C.R.€203,€at€para.€50,€that€constitutional€questions€can€beÐ ø Ðrestated€provided€that€there€is€no€ð ðsubstantive€prejudice€.€.€.€caused€to€attorneys€general€orÏanyone€else€by€the€wording€of€the€question,€or€that€they€would€reasonably€have€made€aÏdifferent€decision€about€exercising€their€right€to€interveneð ð.€€In€my€opinion,€none€of€theÏparties€are€prejudiced€by€the€reformulation€of€the€question,€nor€would€any€potentialÏinterveners€have€made€a€different€decision€about€exercising€their€right€to€intervene.€€€Ô # † X m„ X X X m„3C # ÔÔ ‡ X m„ X X X m„ ÔAs€IÐ ð Ðhave€already€mentioned,€both€the€motions€judge€and€the€Court€of€Appeal€approached€thisÏcase€as€though€a€prospective€breach€of€s.€7€was€at€issueÔ # † X m„ X X X m„¨F # ÔÔ ‡ X m„ X X X m„ Ô.€€Consequently,€the€partiesð ð€writtenÐ G Ðand€oral€arguments€in€this€appeal€are€equally€applicable€to€the€restated€constitutionalÏquestions€as€they€are€to€the€original€questions.€Ý ƒ % Ñý_C zC ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýH Ýà î àÚ ƒ z Ú55Ú ÚÛ € z 7 Ûà F àÝ Ýà àHaving€explained€the€approach€I€will€be€taking€in€this€appeal,€I€will€state€myÐ § € Ðconclusions€at€the€outset.€€The€Ministerð ðs€application€to€extend€the€original€custody€orderÏpursuant€to€Part€IV€of€the€ò òÔ # † X m„ X X X m„’G # ÔÔ ‡ X m„ X X X m„ ÔFamily€Services€Actó óÔ # † X m„ X X X m„0J # ÔÔ ‡ X m„ X X X m„ Ô€threatened€to€restrict€the€appellantð ðs€right€toÐ ×"° $ Ðsecurity€of€the€person.€€This€restriction€would€not€have€been€in€accordance€with€theÏprinciples€of€fundamental€justice€were€the€appellant€unrepresented€by€counsel€at€the€custodyÏhearing.€€Section€7€guarantees€every€parent€the€right€to€a€fair€hearing€when€the€state€seeksÏto€obtain€custody€of€their€children.€€In€certain€circumstances,€which€obtain€in€this€case,€theÏparentð ðs€right€to€a€fair€hearing€requires€the€government€to€provide€the€parent€with€state„¼funded€counsel.€€To€avoid€a€prospective€breach€of€s.€7,€the€motions€judge,€who€was€underÏâ âa€duty€to€ensure€the€fairnes

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€€Compte€tenu€de€cetÐ Ô)D"+ Ðacquittement,€il€ne€pourra€ tre€d clar €coupable€des€ð ðinfractions€inclusesð ð€dð ðagressionÐ l+Ü#- Ðsexuelle€ou€de€contacts€sexuels€que€si€le€minist re€public€peut€d montrer€que€lð ðaffaireÐ -t%/ Ðrel ve€de€lð ðart.662€du€ò òCode.ó óÝ ƒ 0 ÑýfØ Ø ÝŒÐ œ. '1 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ 40¤(3 ÐÔ& È ÔE.ò òLe€droit€applicable€en€mati re€dð ðinfractions€ó óð ðò òinclusesó óð ðÐ ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý'Ü Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àUne€infraction€est€ð ðincluseð ð€si€ses€ l ments€constitutifs€sont€compris€dansÔ' È ³Û ÔÐ À 0 Ðlð ðinfraction€imput e€(telle€quð ðelle€est€d crite€dans€la€disposition€qui€la€cr e€ou€telleÐ X È Ðquð ðelle€est€port e€dans€le€chef€dð ðaccusation)€ou€si€le€ò òCode€crimineló ó€la€qualifieÐ ð ` Ðexpress ment€dð ðinfraction€comprise€ou€incluse.€€Le€crit re€est€strict:€lð ðinfraction€doitÐ ˆ ø Ðð ðn cessairementð ð€ tre€comprise,€comme€lð ðaffirmait€le€jugeMartland€dans€lð ðarr tÐ Ðò òLafrance€c.€La€Reineó ó,€[1975]2R.C.S.201,€p.214:Ý ƒ 0 Ñý'Ü BÜ ÝŒÐ ¸ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à...€lð ðinfraction€cr e€par€lð ðart.281€[balade€dans€une€voiture€vol e]€nð ðest€pasÐ è X Ðò òn cessairement€compriseó ó€dans€lð ðinfraction€de€vol€[...]€et€nð ðest€pas€compriseÐ ´ $ Ðdans€le€chef€dð ðaccusation€port €en€la€pr sente€esp ce.€€[Je€souligne.]Ó oß ÓÐ € ð œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌCe€qui€nð ðest€pas€ð ðn cessairement€comprisð ð€est€exclu.€€Voir€ galement€ò òFergusson€c.€TheÐ ° ÐQueenó ó,€[1962]R.C.S.229,€p.233;€ò òBarton€c.€The€Kingó ó,€[1929]R.C.S.42,€p.46-48.Ð H ¸ ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÒá Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLð ðinterpr tation€stricte€de€lð ðart.662€est€li e€ €lð ðexigence€de€notificationÐ x è Ðraisonnable€du€risque€couru€sur€le€plan€juridique,€comme€le€juge€Sheppard€lð ða€soulign Ð !€ Ðdans€lð ðarr t€ò òR.€c.€Manueló ó€(1960),€128C.C.C.383€(C.A.C.-B.):Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÒá íá ÝŒÐ ¨" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø à[ò òtraductionó ó]€De€plus,€pour€constituer€une€infraction€incluse,Ð Ø%H & Ðlð ðinclusion€doit€ tre€une€ò òcomposante€si€claire€et€essentielle€de€lð ðinfractionÐ ¤& ' Ðimput eó ó€que€lð ðaccus €qui€lit€le€chef€dð ðaccusation€sera,€ò òdans€tous€les€cas,Ð p'à ( Ðraisonnablement€inform €quð ðil€devra€se€d fendre€non€seulement€contreÐ

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ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àò ò662.ó ó€(1)€A€count€in€an€indictment€is€divisible€and€where€theÐ l+Ü#- Ðcommission€of€the€offence€charged,€ò òas€described€in€the€enactment€creatingÐ 8,¨$. Ðit€or€as€charged€in€the€countó ó,€includes€the€commission€of€another€offence,Ð -t%/ Ðwhether€punishable€by€indictment€or€on€summary€conviction,€the€accusedÐ Ð-@&0 Ðmay€be€convictedÐ œ. '1 œ Ð œ Ð Ðâ âÐ h/Ø'2 Ðà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(ò òaó ó)à 8 àof€an€offence€so€included€that€is€proved,€notwithstanding€thatÐ Ðâ âthe€whole€offence€that€is€charged€is€not€proved;€orÐ \ Ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(ò òbó ó)à 8 àof€an€attempt€to€commit€an€offence€so€included.Ó ÓÐ ô d Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌII.€€ò òAnalysisó óÐ $ ” ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýr‚ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àAn€important€function€of€an€indictment€is€to€put€the€accused€on€formalÐ T Ä Ðnotice€of€his€or€her€potential€legal€jeopardy.€€It€is€equally€important,€of€course,€that€ifÐ ì \ Ðthe€Crown€can€establish€some€but€not€all€of€the€facts€described€in€the€indictment€or€setÐ „ ô Ðout€in€the€statutory€definition€of€the€offence,€and€such€partial€proof€satisfies€theÐ Œ Ðconstituent€elements€of€a€lesser€and€included€offence,€that€the€result€be€not€an€acquittalÐ ´ $ Ðbut€a€conviction€on€the€included€offence.€€As€Professor€Glanville€Williams€wrote,€ð ðanÐ L ¼ Ðincluded€offence€is€one€that€is€made€out€of€bits€of€the€offence€chargedð ð€(ð ðIncludedÐ ä T ÐOffencesð ð€(1991),€55€ò òJ.€Crim.€Ló ó.€234,€at€p.€234).€€Any€other€outcome€would€result€inÐ | ì Ða€waste€of€the€resources€expended€on€the€trial.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýr‚ ‚ ÝŒÐ „ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÈ† Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Crownð ðs€argument€in€this€appeal€triggers€the€notice€issue.€€An€accusedÐ D ´ Ðis€entitled€to€be€ò òproperly€apprised€ó óof€the€charge€or€charges€he€or€she€is€required€toÐ Ü!L ! Ðmeet:€€ò òR.€v.€Gu rinó ó,€[1996]€Q.J.€No.€3746€(QL)€(C.A.),€at€para.€36.€€The€question€is€notÐ t#ä # Ðwhat€the€respondent€knew€or€did€not€know€about€his€daughterð ðs€age.€€It€would€beÐ %| % Ðremarkable€if€he€ò òdid€notó ó€know€her€age.€€He€may€also€know€of€other€aspects€of€theÐ ¤& ' Ðevents€at€issue€that€could€have€given€rise€to€additional€charges,€but€the€question€is€whatÐ

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€ð" ð€Est-ce€quð ðen€lð ðesp ce€la€preuve€par€double€ouð5 ð-dire€ manant€dð ðunÐ ÐÔ_ ÔcoconspirateurÔ_ Ô€ne€pr sentait€pas€les€conditions€requises€en€mati re€de€fiabilit €ou€deÐ ( ˜ Ðn cessit €et€aurait€dðE ð€ tre€ cart e?Ð À 0 ÐÌà œ àDroit€criminel€ð" ð€Preuve€ð" ð€Admissibilit €ð" ð€Interception€deÐ ð ` Ðcommunications€ð" ð€ change€ €trois€ð" ð€Appel€t l phonique€ €un€tiers€initi €par€uneÐ ˆ ø Ðpersonne€nomm e€dans€lð ðautorisation€dð ð coute€ lectronique€ð" ð€Cette€personne€etÐ ÐÔ_ Ôlð ðaccus €parlent€tour€ €tour€avec€le€tiers€durant€lð ðappel€ð" ð€Selon€lð ðautorisation,€lesÐ ¸ ( Ðpoliciers€devaient€cesser€dð ð couter€lorsque€la€personne€nomm e€dans€lð ðautorisationÐ P À Ðne€participait€pas€ €la€conversation€ð" ð€Les€portions€de€la€conversation€t l phoniqueÐ è X Ðau€cours€desquelles€lð ðaccus €et€le€tiers€parlaient€ensemble€auraient-elles€dðE ð€ treÐ € ð Ð cart es?€ð" ð€La€personne€nomm e€dans€lð ðautorisation€continuait-elle€dð ð tre€partie€ Ð ˆ Ðla€communication?

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ÐÌò òHer€Majesty€The€Queenó óà€ Ð àò òRespondentó óˆÐ l ÐÌand€Ð œ À ÐÌò òAttorney€General€of€Canada€and€Attorney€General€of€Ontarioó óà€ . . ; Ð àò òIntervenersˆÐ Ì ð Ðó óÌò òIndexed€as:R.€ò òv.ó ó€Maparaó óÐ ü ÐÌò òNeutral€citation:2005SCC23.ó óÐ , P ÐÌFile€No.:29750.Ð \ € ÐÌ2004:December16;€2005:April27.Ð Œ"° $ ÐÌÓ ÓPresent:€McLachlin€C.J.€and€Bastarache,€Binnie,€LeBel,€Fish,€Abella€and€Charron€JJ.Ó ÓÐ ¼%à ( ÐÌon€appeal€from€the€court€of€appeal€for€british€columbiaÐ ì( #, ÐÌò òà œ àCriminal€law€ð" ð€Evidence€ð" ð€Admissibility€ð" ð€Hearsay€ð" ð€Ô_ ÔCo-conspiratorð ðsÔ_ ÔÐ ,@&0 Ðexception€Ô_ Ôð" ðÔ_ Ô€Double€hearsay€Ô_ Ôð" ðÔ_ Ô€Whether€Ô_ Ôco-conspiratorð ðsÔ_ Ô€exception€to€hearsay€ruleÐ ´-Ø'2 Ðmeets€requirements€of€Ô_ ÔprincipledÔ_ Ô€approach€to€hearsay€ð" ð€Whether€double€hearsayÐ L/p)4 Ðevidence€of€co-conspirator€lacked€necessity€or€reliability€Ô_ ÔinÔ_ Ô€circumstances€of€this€caseÐ Ðand€ought€to€have€been€excluded.Ð ( ˜ ÐÌà œ àCriminal€law€ð" ð€Evidence€ð" ð€Admissibility€ð" ð€Interception€ofÐ X È Ðcommunications€ð" ð€Three-way€communication€ð" ð€Named€person€in€wiretapÐ ð ` Ðauthorization€initiating€phone€call€with€third€party€ð" ð€Named€person€and€accusedÐ ˆ ø Ðalternately€speaking€with€third€party€during€call€ð" ð€Authorization€requiring€police€toÐ Ðstop€listening€when€named€person€not€party€to€communication€ð" ð€Whether€interceptsÐ ¸ ( Ðof€telephone€conversation€between€accused€and€third€party€should€have€been€excludedÐ P À ÐÔ_ Ôð" ðÔ_ Ô€Whether€named€person€still€party€to€communication.Ð è X ÐÌà œ àó óThe€accused€and€his€co-conspirators,€including€B,€W€and€C,€were€chargedÐ ˆ Ðwith€first€degree€murder.€€The€victim€was€shot€to€death€in€the€Ô_ Ôaccusedð ðsÔ_ Ô€car€lot.€€TheÐ ° ÐCrown€alleged€that€the€Ô_ Ôaccusedð ðsÔ_ Ô€part€in€the€conspiracy€was€to€lure€the€victim€to€theÐ H ¸ Ðlot.€€At€the€Ô_ Ôaccusedð ðsÔ_ Ô€trial,€B€testified€that€prior€to€the€murder,€W€had€told€him€that€theÐ à P Ðaccused€had€a€job€for€them.€€The€Ô_ ÔCrownð ðsÔ_ Ô€evidence€also€included€an€intercepted€phoneÐ x è Ðcall€between€W€and€C,€a€target€named€in€the€wiretap€authorization.€€During€the€call,Ð !€ ÐC€and€the€accused€spoke€alternately€with€W.€€At€the€same€time,€the€accused€receivedÐ ¨" " Ða€call€on€his€own€phone€from€the€victim€and€the€Ô_ Ôaccusedð ðsÔ_ Ô€side€of€the€conversation€wasÐ @$° $ Ðpicked€up€by€the€wiretap.€€He€told€the€victim€to€meet€him€at€the€lot€in€15minutes€andÐ Ø%H & Ðthen€informed€W€about€this€arrangement.€€Although€the€authorization€re

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Ðmati re€relevant€du€droit€f d ral,€les€tribunaux€cr s€par€la€province€en€vertu€de€saÐ Ô-@&0 Ðcomp tence€g n rale€sur€lð ðadministration€de€la€justice€auront€comp tence€sur€touteÐ l/Ø'2 Ðmati re,€juridictions€confondues€(H.

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Ðfederal€law€to€a€specific€court,€the€courts€constituted€by€the€province€pursuant€to€itsÐ Ô-@&0 Ðgeneral€power€to€legislate€in€relation€to€the€administration€of€justice€will€have€jurisdictionÐ l/Ø'2 Ðover€any€matter,€regardless€of€legislative€jurisdiction€(H.€Ô_ ÔBrunÔ_ Ô€and€G.€Ô_ ÔTremblayÔ_ Ô,€ò òDroitÐ ” ÐÔ_ ÔconstitutionnelÔ_ Ôó ó€(4th€ed.€2002),€at€p.777).€€As€this€Court€stated€in€ò òCanada€(Human€RightsÐ , ˜ ÐCommission)€v.€Canadian€Liberty€Netó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.€626,€at€para.28:Ý ƒ Ñý@³ [³ ÝŒÐ Ä 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àThus,€even€when€squarely€within€the€realm€of€valid€federal€law,€the€FederalÐ ô ` ÐCourt€of€Canada€is€not€presumed€to€have€jurisdiction€in€the€absence€of€anÐ À , Ðexpress€federal€enactment.€€On€the€other€hand,€by€virtue€of€their€generalÐ Œ ø Ðjurisdiction€over€all€civil€and€criminal,€provincial,€federal,€and€constitutionalÐ X Ä Ðmatters,€provincial€superior€courts€do€enjoy€such€a€presumption.Ó '¸ ÓÐ $ œ !œ ! ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý=º Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú44Ú ÚÛ € z , Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€ò òOntario€(Attorney€General)€v.€Pembina€Exploration€Canada€Ltdó ó.,€[1989]Ð T À Ð1€S.C.R.€206,€this€Court€had€to€determine€whether€a€province€had€the€power€to€grantÐ ì X Ðjurisdiction€to€a€small€claims€court€to€hear€admiralty€law€cases.€€La€ForestJ.€found€thatÐ „ ð Ðgrant€of€jurisdiction€to€be€constitutionally€valid,€as€follows,€at€p.228:Ý ƒ Ñý=º Xº ÝŒÐ ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àI€conclude€that€a€provincial€legislature€has€the€power€by€virtue€ofÐ L ¸ Ðs.92(14)€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó€to€grant€jurisdiction€to€an€inferiorÐ „ Ðcourt€to€hear€a€matter€falling€within€federal€legislative€jurisdiction.€€ThisÐ ä P Ðpower€is€limited,€however,€by€s.€96€of€that€Act€and€the€federal€governmentð ðsÐ ° Ðpower€to€expressly€grant€exclusive€jurisdiction€to€a€court€established€by€itÐ | è Ðunder€s.101€of€the€Act.€€Since€neither€of€these€exceptions€applies€in€theÐ H ´ Ðpresent€case,€the€grant€of€jurisdiction€in€s.55€of€the€ò òSmall€Claims€Courts€Actó óÐ !€ Ðauthorizes€the€Small€Claims€Court€to€hear€the€action€in€the€present€appeal.Ó ‹¼ ÓÐ à!L ! œ !œ ! ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýå¿ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú45Ú ÚÛ € z - Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àA€province€has€the€power€to€create€an€arbitration€system€to€deal€with€casesÐ %| % Ðinvolving€federal€laws,€unless€the€Parliament€of€Canada€assigns€exclusive€jurisdictionÐ ¨& ' Ðover€the€matter€to€a€court€constituted€pursuant€to€its€constitutional€powers€or€the€case€fallsÐ @(¬ ) Ðwithin€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€of€the€superior€courts€under€s.96€of€the€ò òConstitut

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€€M me€si€le€d bat€contradictoire€est€limit €lorsque€la€l gitimit Ð $ Ðdes€exceptions€invoqu es€est€contest e€dans€des€affaires€de€cette€nature,€lð ðexistence€dð ðunÐ ¼ ( Ðrecours€devant€le€Commissaire€et€les€deux€sections€de€la€Cour€f d rale€ð" ð€juridictions€quiÐ T À Ðauront€toutes€acc s€aux€renseignements€demand s€et€ €la€preuve€pr sent e€pour€justifierÐ ì X Ðlð ðexception€invoqu e€ð" ð€permet,€ €mon€avis,€de€satisfaire€en€lð ðesp ce€aux€exigencesÐ „ ð Ðconstitutionnelles€en€mati re€dð ð quit €proc durale.Ý ƒ % Ñý²S ÍS ÝŒÐ ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŒY Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú43Ú ÚÛ € z + Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLð ðexception€pr vue€aux€al.

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Ðappellant€is€a€member)€from€the€proceedings€that€the€appellant€alleges€violates€s.€2(ò òbó ó)€ofÐ Ô-@&0 Ðthe€ò òCharteró ó.Ý ƒ % ÑýLÐ gÐ ÝŒÐ l/Ø'2 ÐŒÝ ÝÌA.€€ò òSection€7ó óÐ , ˜ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýWÕ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€addition€to€his€claim€under€s.€7,€the€appellant€also€argued€a€violation€ofÐ \ È Ðs.€8€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€The€arguments€presented€under€s.€8€are€entirely€subsumed€under€s.Ð ô ` Ð7€and€need€not€be€addressed€independently.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýWÕ rÕ ÝŒÐ Œ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý!× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€appellant€argues€that€the€right€to€security€of€the€person€protected€by€s.Ð ¼ ( Ð7€of€the€ò òCharteró ó€protects€the€right€to€privacy€in€a€biographical€core€of€information€toÐ T À Ðwhich€an€individual€would€wish€to€control€access.€€This€biographical€core€of€informationÐ ì X Ðincludes€information€which€tends€to€reveal€intimate€details€of€lifestyle€and€individualÐ „ ð Ðpersonal€or€political€choices.€€This€right€to€privacy€is€said€to€include€a€concomitant€rightÐ ˆ Ðof€access€to€personal€information€in€the€hands€of€government€in€order€that€an€individualÐ ´ Ðmay€know€what€information€the€government€possesses.€€This,€in€turn,€will€ensure€thatÐ L ¸ Ðgovernment€action€in€the€collection€of€personal€information€can€be€scrutinized€andÐ ä P Ðinaccuracies€in€the€information€collected€may€be€corrected.€€Any€limit€on€this€right€toÐ | è Ðaccess€must€accord€with€the€principles€of€fundamental€justice.€€Following€this€argument,Ð !€ Ðthe€appellant€submits€that€the€procedural€provisions€in€s.€51€directly€affect€anÐ ¬" " Ðindividualð ðs€ability€to€Ô # † X Å+ X X X V1 Í # Ôð ðÔ ‡ X V1 X X X Å+ Ôcontrol€such€information€in€the€hands€of€the€stateÔ # † X Å+ X X X V1ŒÜ # Ôð ðÔ ‡ X V1 X X X Å+ Ô€and€for€thatÐ D$° $ Ðreason€the€procedural€unfairness€created€by€s.€51€violates€s.€7€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.Ý ƒ % Ñý!× ÝŒÐ Ü%H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÔÝ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú32Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€Federal€Court€of€Appeal,€citing€ò òR.€v.€Dymentó ó,€[1988]€2€S.C.R.€417,€ò òR.Ð )x!* Ðv.€Beareó ó,€[1988]€2€S.C.R.€387,€ò òB.€(R.)€v.€Childrenð ðs€Aid€Society€of€Metropolitan€Torontoó ó,Ð ¤* #, Ð[1995]€1€S.C.R.€315,€and€ò òR.€v.€Oð ðConnoró ó,€[1995]€4€S.C.R.€411,€observed€that€there€is€anÐ

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Ðimpos es€aux€employeurs€par€la€l gislation€applicable€en€mati re€de€sant €et€deÏs curit €au€travail. €€Ils€ont€la€responsabilit €dð ð liminer€tout€danger€pour€la€sant ,€laÐ l/Ø'2 Ðs curit €ou€lð ðint grit €physique€ €la€fois€de€leurs€salari s€et€de€toute€personne€seÏtrouvant€dans€les€limites€du€chantier.

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Ðby€the€Superior€Court€(ò òSt„Hubert€(Ville€de)€v.€Prudð ðhommeó ó,ò ò€ó óJ.E.€95„1642€(affð ðd€onÐ Ô-@&0 Ðother€grounds€[1999]€Ô_ ÔR.J.D.T.Ô_ Ô€76€(Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô))).€€CorriveauJ.€adopted€the€Superior€Courtð ðsÐ l/Ø'2 Ðreasoning€in€that€case€and€was€of€the€view€that€the€Labour€Court€had€committed€theÏsame€errors€in€this€case€as€in€ò òSt„Hubertó ó€and€that€Judge€Yergeauð ðs€decision€shouldÐ , ˜ Ðtherefore€be€quashed€on€the€same€grounds.Ý ƒ Ñý~ˆ ™ˆ ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È ÔD.ò òñ E ñQuebec€ñ E ñCourt€of€Appealó ó,€March€16,€1999Ð ô ` ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý¸Ž Ýà , àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ' È ô \Ž ÔRothman€and€Thibault€JJ.A.€and€Philippon€J.€(ò òad€hocó ó)€allowed€the€unionð ðsÐ $ Ðappeal€and€restored€the€decision€of€the€Labour€Court.€€They€stated€that€the€applicableÏstandard€of€review€was€patent€unreasonableness€and€that€the€decision€of€the€LabourÏCourt€in€the€case€at€bar€did€not€contain€any€error€that€might€justify€intervention€by€theÏsuperior€courts.€€They€referred€to€a€number€of€decisions€of€the€Court€of€AppealÏsubsequent€to€the€decision€by€CorriveauJ.,€including€ò òMaison€Ô_ ÔLð ðInt graleÔ_ Ô€ñ F ñiñ F ññ G ñIñ G ñnc.ó ó€ò òv.ó óÐ ˆ Ðò òTribunal€du€travailó ó,€[1996]€R.J.Q.€859,€leave€to€appeal€refused,€[1996]€3€S.C.R.€xi,€inÐ ´ Ðwhich€the€court€stated€the€applicable€standard€of€review€and€found€that€the€approachÏtaken€by€the€Labour€Court,€that€the€transfer€of€a€right€to€operate€may€result€in€s.45Ïbeing€applied,€was€not€patently€unreasonable.Ý ƒ Ñý¸Ž ÓŽ ÝŒÌŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý/“ Ýà , àÚ ƒ z Ú14Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€court€also€referred€to€ò òIvanhoe€ñ H ñiñ H ññ I ñIñ I ñnc.ó ó€ò òv.ó ó€ò òTravailleurs€et€travailleuses€unisÐ ¬" " Ðde€lð ðalimentation€et€du€commerce,€section€ñ J ñlocale€ñ J ñ500ó ó,€[1999]€Ô_ ÔR.J.Q.Ô_ Ô€32€(Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô),€and€toÐ D$° $ Ðthree€other€cases,€ò òSaint„Hubertó ó€ò òó ó(C.A.),€ò òsupraó ó,€leave€to€appeal€refused,€[1999]€3€S.C.R.Ð Ü%H & Ðxii,€ò òUniversit €McGilló ó€ò òv.€St„Georgesó ó,€[1999]€Ô_ ÔR.J.D.T.Ô_ Ô€9€(Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô),€and€ò òSyndicat€desÐ t'à ( Ðemploy es€et€employ s€professionnels€et€de€bureau,€section€locale€57ó ó€ò òv.ó ó€ò òCommissñ K ñañ K ñiñ L ñonñ L ññ M ñreñ M ñÐ )x!* ÐÔ_ ÔscolaireÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔLaurenvalÔ_ Ôó ó,€[1999]€Ô_ ÔR.J.D.T.Ô_ Ô€1€(Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô),€which€it€had€decided€at€the€same€timeÐ ¤* #, Ðas€ò òIvanhoeó ó.€€In€ò òIvanhoeó ó,€writing€for€the€majority€of€this€Court,€at€paras.13„20,€IÐ

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€€Ô # † X è X X X èƒ # ÔÔ ‡ X è X X X è Ô€EnÐ Ô-@&0 Ðmati re€de€proc dure,€tous€les€participants€possibles€devraient€ tre€inform s€deÐ l/Ø'2 Ðlð ðexistence€de€la€poursuite,€des€questions€communes€que€la€poursuite€cherche€ Ïr soudre€ainsi€que€du€droit€de€chaque€membre€du€groupe€de€se€retirer,€et€ce€avant€queÏne€soit€rendue€une€d cision€pouvant€avoir€une€incidence,€d favorable€ou€non,€sur€lesÏint r ts€des€membres€du€groupe.šÔ # † X è X X X è!

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ÐCourtó ó,€to€represent€a€class€of€231€investors.€€The€chambers€judge€denied€theÐ Ô-@&0 Ðapplication.€€The€majority€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€that€decision€but€granted€theÐ l/Ø'2 Ðdefendants€the€right€to€discovery€from€each€of€the€231€plaintiffs.€€The€defendantsÏappealed€to€this€Court,€and€the€plaintiffs€cross„appealed€taking€issue€with€the€Court€ofÏAppealð ðs€allowance€of€individualized€discovery€from€each€class€member.ÌÌò òà œ àHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€dismissed€and€the€cross„appeal€allowed.Ð ô ` ÐÌà œ àIn€Alberta,€class„action€practice€is€governed€by€Rule€42€of€the€ò òAlbertaó óÐ $ Ðò òRules€of€Courtó ó€but,€in€the€absence€of€€comprehensive€legislation,€the€courts€must€fillÐ ¼ ( Ðthe€void€under€their€inherent€power€to€settle€the€rules€of€practice€and€procedure€as€toÏdisputes€brought€before€them.€€Class€actions€should€be€allowed€to€proceed€under€RuleÏ42€where€the€following€conditions€are€met:€€(1)€the€class€is€capable€of€clear€definition;Ï(2)€there€are€issues€of€law€or€fact€common€to€all€class€members;€(3)€success€for€oneÏclass€member€means€success€for€all;€and€(4)€the€proposed€representative€adequatelyÏrepresents€the€interests€of€the€class.€€If€these€conditions€are€met€the€court€must€also€beÏsatisfied,€in€the€exercise€of€its€discretion,€that€there€are€no€countervailingÏconsiderations€that€outweigh€the€benefits€of€allowing€the€class€action€to€proceed.€€TheÏcourt€should€take€into€account€the€benefits€the€class€action€offers€in€the€circumstancesÏof€the€case€as€well€as€any€unfairness€that€class€proceedings€may€cause.€€In€the€end,€theÏcourt€must€strike€a€balance€between€efficiency€and€fairness.€€The€need€to€strike€aÏbalance€between€efficiency€and€fairness€belies€the€suggestion€that€a€class€action€shouldÏbe€struck€only€where€the€deficiency€is€ð ðplain€and€obviousð ð.€€On€procedural€matters,€allÏpotential€class€members€should€be€informed€of€the€existence€of€the€suit,€of€the€commonÏissues€that€the€suit€seeks€to€resolve,€and€of€the€right€of€each€class€member€to€opt€out.€ÏThis€should€be€done€before€any€decision€is€made€that€purports€to€prejudice€orÏotherwise€affect€the€interests€of€class€members.€€The€court€also€retains€discretion€toÏdetermine€how€the€individual€issues€should€be€addressed,€once€common€issues€haveÐ l/Ø'2 Ðbeen€resolved.€€In€the€absence€of€comprehensive€class„action€legislation,€courts€mustÏaddress€procedural€complexities€on€a€case„by„case€basis€in€a€flexible€and€liberalÏmanner,€seeking€a€balance€between€efficiency€and€fairness.ÌÌà œ à

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ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý h Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú55Ú ÚÛ € z 7 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà ` àToutefois,€les€intim s€soul vent€ galement€une€objection€juridique€auxÐ l+Ü#- Ðdommages-int r ts€accord s. €€Compte€tenu€du€fait,€comme€nous€lð ðavons€vu,€que€le€jugeÐ -t%/ Ðde€premi re€instance€nð ða€pas€soumis€au€jury€la€question€de€la€diffamation€parce€quð ðilÐ œ.

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Ðbasis€for€compensation,€and€a€more€rational€justification€for€non„pecuniaryÐ )x!* Ðloss€compensation.Ð Ô)D"+ « !« ! ÐÌÓ #Ž ÓÌThe€respondents€have€not€established€why€the€policy€considerations€which€arise€fromÐ -t%/ Ðnegligence€causing€catastrophic€personal€injuries,€in€the€contexts€of€accident€andÐ œ. '1 Ðmedical€malpractice,€should€be€extended€to€cap€a€jury€award€in€a€case€such€as€theÐ 40¤(3 Ðpresent.€€The€argument€was€rejected€in€relation€to€damages€for€defamation€in€ò òHill€v.Ð ÐChurch€of€Scientology€of€Torontoó ó,€[1995]€2€S.C.R.€1130,€at€paras.€170„76.€€In€our€view,Ð ( ˜ Ðthe€case€for€imposing€a€cap€in€cases€of€negligence€causing€economic€loss€is€not€madeÐ À 0 Ðout€here€either.€€As€MacfarlaneJ.A.€commented€in€ò òS.Y.€v.€F.G.C.ó ó€(1996),€78€B.C.A.C.Ð X È Ð209:Ð ð ` ÐÌÓ Óà0 « àThere€is€no€evidence€before€us€that€this€type€of€case€has€any€impact€on€theÐ Ðpublic€purse,€or€that€there€is€any€crisis€arising€from€the€size€and€disparityÐ ì \ Ðof€assessments.€€A€cap€is€not€needed€to€protect€the€general€public€from€aÐ ¸ ( Ðserious€social€burden,€such€as€enormous€insurance€premiums.€[para.30]Ó ä” ÓÐ „ ô « !« ! ÐÌÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐˆ‹ # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñýà– Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú66Ú ÚÛ € z B Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐÁ– # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔWe€leave€open€for€consideration€in€another€case€(where€the€policyÐ ´ $ Ðconsiderations€supporting€a€cap€are€more€fully€developed€in€evidence€and€argument)€theÐ L ¼ Ðissue€of€whether€and€in€what€circumstances€the€cap€applies€to€non„pecuniary€damageÐ ä T Ðawards€outside€the€catastrophic€personal€injury€context.€€While€the€damages€are€higherÐ | ì Ðthan€we€would€have€awarded€in€the€circumstances,€the€law€assigns€the€task€of€thatÐ „ Ðassessment€to€the€jury.€€Given€our€conclusion€that€the€cap€does€not€apply€in€this€case,Ð ¬ Ðthe€principle€Ô # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐ“— # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ Ôenunciated€in€ò òHill€ó óÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐHš # ÔÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ Ôthat€an€appellate€court€should€not€interfere€with€a€juryÐ D ´ Ðassessment€of€non„pecuniary€damages€unless€it€ð ðshocks€the€conscience€of€the€courtð ðÐ Ü!L ! Ð(para.€163)€precludes€reduction€of€the€award€for€non„pecuniary€damages€in€this€case.Ý ƒ ` Ñýà– û– ÝŒÐ t#ä # ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ H Ü , ‚X ž m ä …X } L ¤ Ü , ‚X « m ä …X } L X H ÓV.à0 ž àò òConclusionó óÐ ¤& ' ž !ž ! ÐÔ # † X ãÐ X X b X ãÐ£š # ÔÓ L Ü , ‚X « m ä …X } L X Ü , ‚X ž m ä …X } L X œ L ÓÔ ‡ b X ãÐ X X X ãÐ ÔÌÝ ‚ ` Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ` Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú67Ú ÚÛ € z C Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àÔ # † X ãÐ X X

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Ðou€que€la€mati re€ne€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€des€cours€sup rieures€en€vertu€deÐ Ô-@&0 Ðlð ðart. €96€de€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelle€de€1867ó ó. €€Le€Parlement€du€Canada€pourrait€tout€autantÐ l/Ø'2 Ðreconnað3 ðtre€une€juridiction€concurrente€ €des€tribunaux€provinciaux€particuliers.

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Ðlegislation,€the€procedure€is€consensual€in€nature.€€(See,€for€example,€ò òWeber€v.€OntarioÐ Ô-@&0 ÐHydroó ó,€[1995]€2€S.C.R.€929.)Ý ƒ Ñý Ê 6Ê ÝŒÐ l/Ø'2 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýsÎ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú48Ú ÚÛ € z 0 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€legal€framework€that€governs€this€arbitration€procedure€is€therefore€theÐ , ˜ Ðsame€as€the€one€established€by€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€ò òCivil€Code€ó óand€the€ò òCode€ofÐ Ä 0 ÐCivil€Procedureó ó.€€Theò ò€Civil€Codeó ó€recognizes€the€existence€and€validity€of€arbitrationÐ \ È Ðagreements.€€With€the€exception€of€questions€of€public€order,€and€certain€matters€such€asÐ ô ` Ðthe€status€of€persons,€it€gives€the€parties€the€freedom€to€submit€any€dispute€to€arbitrationÐ Œ ø Ðand€to€determine€the€arbitratorð ðs€terms€of€reference€(art.2639€ò òÔ_ ÔC.C.Q.Ô_ Ôó ó).€€The€ò òCode€of€CivilÐ $ ÐProcedureó ó€essentially€leaves€the€manner€in€which€evidence€will€be€taken,€and€theÐ ¼ ( Ðprocedure€for€the€arbitration,€to€the€parties€and€the€authority€of€the€arbitrator€(arts.944.1Ð T À Ðand€944.10ò òÔ_ ÔC.C.P.Ô_ Ôó ó).Ý ƒ ÑýsÎ ŽÎ ÝŒÐ ì X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý Ó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àRelying€on€arts.946.5€ò òÔ_ ÔC.C.P.Ô_ Ôó ó€and2639€ò òÔ_ ÔC.C.Q.Ô_ Ôó ó,€the€Court€of€Appeal€held€thatÐ ˆ Ðcases€involving€ownership€of€copyright€may€not€be€submitted€to€arbitration.€€In€theÐ ´ ÐCourtð ðs€opinion,€copyright,€like€moral€rights,€attaches€to€the€personality€of€the€author€€(atÐ L ¸ Ðpara.40):Ý ƒ Ñý Ó 1Ó ÝŒÐ ä P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à[ò òtranslationó ó]€€The€right€to€fair€recognition€as€the€creator€of€a€work,€like€theÐ !€ Ðright€to€respect€for€oneð ðs€name,€carries€a€purely€moral€connotation€thatÐ à!L ! Ðderives€from€the€dignity€and€honour€of€the€creator€of€the€work.€€From€thatÐ ¬" " Ðstandpoint,€the€question€of€ownership€of€copyright€cannot€be€arbitrable.Ó tÕ ÓÐ x#ä # œ !œ ! ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý9× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€addition,€the€Court€of€Appeal€took€the€view€that€cases€relating€to€ownershipÐ ¨& ' Ðof€copyright,€as€well€as€cases€concerning€the€scope€and€validity€of€copyright,€must€beÐ @(¬ ) Ðassigned€exclusively€to€the€courts€because€the€decisions€made€in€such€cases€may,€as€a€rule,Ð Ø)D"+ Ðbe€set€up€against€the€entire€world.€€The€fact€that€they€may€be€set€up€against€third€partiesÐ p+Ü#- Ðwould€therefore€mean€that€they€could€not€be€left€to€arbitrators€to€decide,€and€rather€mustÐ -t%/ Ðbe€disposed€of€by€the€public€judicial€system€(para.42).Ý ƒ Ñý9× T× ÝŒÐ . '1 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ 80¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýmÚ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú Ú

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Ðcoupable€en€faisant€nað3 ðtre€un€doute€quant€ €lð ðexistence€de€lð ðintention€criminelleÏapplicable€au€meurtre€ð! ð€Le€juge€du€proc s€a„t„il€donn €au€jury€des€directives€erron esÏsur€lð ðeffet€de€la€col re€en€mati re€dð ðhomicide€involontaire€coupable?

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Y Ðcriminal€intent€for€murder€Ô # † X Ý X X X Ý7 # ÔÔ ‡ X Ý X X X Ý ÔÔ CE. , US. , V Ôð! ð€Ô # † X Ý X X X Ýt # ÔÔ ‡ X Ý X X X Ý ÔWhether€trial€judge€misdirected€jury€on€effect€of€anger€inÐ h Ðrelation€to€manslaughter€ð! ð€Ô # † X Ý X X X Ý # ÔÔ ‡ X Ý X X X Ý ÔIf€so,€whether€recharge€on€provocation€correctedÐ h Ðmisdirection.Ô # † X Íö X X X Íö; # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö Ôó ó€Ð ˜ 0 ÐÌÔ # † X Íö X X X ÍöÏ # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö Ôà œ àThe€accused€and€his€estranged€wife€were€involved€in€litigation€over€theÐ È ` Ðdivision€of€their€assets,€some€of€which€were€held€in€a€corporation.€€Because€ofÏfinancial€difficulties,€the€accusedð ðs€shares€were€seized€and€put€up€for€sale.€€The€wifeÏattended€the€sale,€allegedly€intending€to€buy€the€shares.€€The€accused€was€also€present.€ÏThe€wife€suggested€that€they€speak.€€She€said:€€ð ðI€told€you€that€I€would€wipe€you€outÏcompletelyð ð€at€which€time€the€accused€shot€his€wife€six€times€and€killed€her€with€aÏloaded€gun€he€was€carrying€in€his€pocket.€At€trial€the€accused,€who€was€charged€withÏfirst€degree€murder,€testified€that€he€did€not€intend€to€kill€his€wife€and€did€not€knowÏwhat€he€was€doing.€€He€argued€that€the€verdict€should€be€reduced€to€manslaughter€onÏthe€basis€of€lack€of€criminal€intent€or€provocation.€€The€jury€found€him€guilty€ofÏmanslaughter.€€The€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€the€verdict.€ÌÌà œ àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€allowed€and€a€new€trial€ordered€on€secondÐ è € Ðdegree€murder.€ÌÌà œ àÔ # † X Íö X X X Íö+ # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö ÔÔ USCE. , ÔThe€trial€judge€erred€in€his€charge€to€the€jury€on€the€effect€of€anger€onÐ °$H & Ðcriminal€intent€and€its€relationship€to€manslaughter.€€Ô # † X Íö X X X Íö # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö ÔÔ CE. , US. , ¿ ÔIn€the€context€of€murder,€theÐ H&à ( Ðdefence€of€provocation€does€not€eliminate€the€need€for€proof€of€intention€to€kill,€butÏoperates€as€an€excuse€that€has€the€effect€of€reducing€murder€to€manslaughter.€€€PortionsÏof€the€jury€charge€in€which€the€trial€judge€addressed€the€criminal€intent€suggested€thatÏanger,€if€sufficiently€serious€or€intense,€but€not€amounting€to€the€defence€ofÏprovocation,€may€reduce€murder€to€manslaughter.€€It€also€suggested€that€such€angerÏcould€negate€the€criminal€intention€for€murder.€€These€connected€propositions€are€notÐ Ø/p)4 Ðlegally€correct.€€Intense€anger€alone€is€insufficient€to€reduce€murder€to€manslaughter.€ÏÔ # † X Íö X X X Íö‰ # ÔÔ ‡ X Íö X X X Íö ÔAnger€can€play€a€role€in€reducing€murder€to€manslaughter€in€connection€with€theÐ ˜ Ðdefence€of€provocation€wh

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Ðr glement€des€diff rends€et€qui€entend€m me€en€favoriser€le€d veloppement. €€Sauf€dansÐ Ô-@&0 Ðquelques€mati res€fondamentales€€mentionn es€ €lð ðart. 2639€ò òÔ_ ÔC.c.Q.Ô_ Ôó ó,€ò òó ólð ðarbitre€peut€statuerÐ l/Ø'2 Ðsur€des€r gles€dð ðordre€public,€puisquð ðelles€peuvent€faire€lð ðobjet€de€la€conventionÐ ” Ðdð ðarbitrage.

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Ðdetermine€the€nature€of€the€result.€€It€must€determine€whether€the€decision€itself,€in€itsÐ Ô-@&0 Ðdisposition€of€the€case,€violates€statutory€provisions€or€principles€that€are€matters€ofÐ l/Ø'2 Ðpublic€order.€€An€error€in€interpreting€a€mandatory€statutory€provision€would€not€provideÐ ” Ða€basis€for€annulling€the€award€as€a€violation€of€public€order,€unless€the€outcome€of€theÐ , ˜ Ðarbitration€was€in€conflict€with€the€relevant€fundamental€principles€of€public€order.€€Here,Ð Ä 0 Ðthe€Court€of€Appeal€erred€in€holding€that€cases€involving€ownership€of€copyright€mayÐ \ È Ðnot€be€submitted€to€arbitration,€because€they€must€be€treated€in€the€same€manner€asÐ ô ` Ðquestions€of€public€order,€relating€to€the€status€of€persons€and€rights€of€personality.€€InÐ Œ ø Ðthe€context€of€Canadian€copyright€legislation,€although€the€work€is€a€ð ðmanifestation€ofÐ $ Ðthe€personality€of€the€authorð ð,€this€issue€is€very€far€removed€from€questions€relating€toÐ ¼ ( Ðthe€status€and€capacity€of€persons€and€to€family€matters,€within€the€meaning€of€art.2639Ð T À Ðò òC.C.Q.ó ó€€The€ò òCopyright€Actó ó€is€primarily€concerned€with€the€economic€management€ofÐ ì X Ðcopyright,€and€does€not€prohibit€artists€from€entering€into€transactions€involving€theirÐ „ ð Ðcopyright,€or€even€from€earning€revenue€from€the€exercise€of€the€moral€rights€that€areÐ ˆ Ðpart€of€it.€€In€addition,€s.37€of€the€ò òAct€respecting€the€professional€status€of€artists€in€theÐ ´ Ðvisual€arts,€arts€and€crafts€and€literature,€and€their€contracts€with€promotersó ó€recognizesÐ L ¸ Ðthe€legitimacy€of€transactions€involving€copyright,€and€the€validity€of€using€arbitrationÐ ä P Ðto€resolve€disputes€arising€in€respect€of€such€transactions.Ð | è ÐÌà œ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€also€erred€in€stating€that€the€fact€that€a€decision€inÐ ¬" " Ðrespect€of€copyright€may€be€set€up€against€the€entire€world,€and€accordingly€the€natureÐ D$° $ Ðof€its€effects€on€third€parties,€is€a€bar€to€the€arbitration€proceeding.€€The€ò òCode€of€CivilÐ Ü%H & ÐProcedureó ó€does€not€consider€the€effect€of€an€arbitration€award€on€third€parties€to€be€aÐ t'à ( Ðground€on€which€it€may€be€annulled€or€its€homologation€refused.€The€arbitrator€ruled€asÐ )x!* Ðto€the€ownership€of€the€copyright€in€order€to€decide€as€to€the€rights€and€obligations€of€theÐ ¤* #, Ðparties€to€the€contract.€€The€arbitral€decision€is€authority€between€the€parties,€but€is€notÐ

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€Ð ü ˜ ÐComme€nous€le€verrons,€ce€r gime€met€en€place€un€code€d taill €et€exhaustif€en€mati reÐ ” 0 Ðde€d termination€de€la€peine€pour€les€adolescents,€en€vertu€duquel€il€nð ðest€pas€loisible€auÐ , È Ðjuge€pronon ant€la€peine€dð ðinfliger€une€sanction€qui€viserait€ €avertir,€non€pasÐ Ä ` Ðlð ðadolescent€concern ,€mais€dð ðautres€personnes€de€ne€pas€se€livrer€ €des€activit sÐ \ ø Ðcriminelles.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÐ Ô/p)4 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý} Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àDeterrence,€as€a€principle€of€sentencing,€refers€to€the€imposition€of€a€sanctionÐ d Ðfor€the€purpose€of€discouraging€the€offender€and€others€from€engaging€in€criminalÐ ü ˜ Ðconduct.€€When€deterrence€is€aimed€at€the€offender€before€the€court,€it€is€called€ð ðspecificÐ ” 0 Ðdeterrenceð ð,€when€directed€at€others,€ð ðgeneral€deterrenceð ð.€€The€focus€of€these€appealsÐ , È Ðis€on€the€latter.€€General€deterrence€is€intended€to€work€in€this€way:€€potential€criminalsÐ Ä ` Ðwill€not€engage€in€criminal€activity€because€of€the€example€provided€by€the€punishmentÐ \ ø Ðimposed€on€the€offender.€€When€general€deterrence€is€factored€in€the€determination€of€theÐ ô Ðsentence,€the€offender€is€punished€more€severely,€not€because€he€or€she€deserves€it,€butÐ Œ ( Ðbecause€the€court€decides€to€send€a€message€to€others€who€may€be€inclined€to€engage€inÐ $ À Ðsimilar€criminal€activity.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý} ˜ ÝŒÐ ¼ X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý4A Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àWhile€general€deterrence€as€a€goal€of€sentencing€is€generally€wellÐ ì ˆ Ðunderstood,€there€is€much€controversy€on€whether€it€works€or€not.€€Those€who€advocateÐ „ Ðits€abolition€as€a€sentencing€principle,€particularly€in€respect€of€youth,€emphatically€stateÐ ¸ Ðthat€there€is€no€evidence€that€it€actually€works€in€preventing€crime.€Those€who€advocateÐ ´ P Ðits€retention€are€equally€firm€in€their€position€and,€in€support,€point€to€societyð ðs€relianceÐ L è Ðon€some€form€of€general€deterrence€to€guide€young€people€in€making€responsible€choicesÐ ä € Ðon€various€matters,€for€example,€about€smoking,€using€alcohol€and€drugs€and€driving€aÐ |! " Ðmotor€vehicle.€€The€question€whether€general€deterrence€works€or€not€is€not€the€issueÐ #° $ Ðbefore€this€Court.€€Whether€the€principles€for€youth€sentencing€should€include€deterrenceÐ ¬$H & Ðwas€a€matter€of€considerable€debate€in€the€passing€of€this€new€legislation.€€Ultimately,Ð D&à ( Ðthe€repeal€or€retention€of€deterrence€as€a€principle€of€sentencing€for€young€persons€is€aÐ Ü'x!* Ðpolicy€choice€for€Parliament€to€make.€€This€Courtð ðs€role€on€these€appeals€is€to€interpretÐ t) #, Ðthe€relevant€provisions€of€the€ò òYCJAó ó€so€as€to€ò òó ódetermine€what€choice€Parliament€in€factÐ +¨$. Ðmade.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý4A OA ÝŒÐ ¤,@&0 Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ

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€€ð ð€premi re€vue,€cette€interpr tation€serait€contraire€ €ceÐ œ Ðque€le€juge€de€lð ðenqu te€pr liminaire€a€dit€au€sujet€de€ce€quð ðil€consid raitÐ h ì Ðcomme€une€ volution€du€droit€en€mati re€de€consentement€depuis€ð ð€lesÐ 4 ¸ Ðann es€70€ð ð.

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Ðchanges€in€the€law€of€consent€since€ð ðthe€1970ð ðsð ð.€.€.€.Ð Œ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÓ Ó.€.€.€€Ð $ ÐÓ ÷å ÓÌÌà0 œ à(2)à ø àSecond,€the€preliminary€inquiry€judge€may€have€decided€that€theÐ ˆ Ðcomplainantð ðs€evidence€was€ambiguous€in€that€it€could€be€construed€as€anÐ Ð T Ðexpression€of€ð ðafter„the„factð ð€regret€rather€than€ð ðduring„the„factð ð€non„Ð œ Ðconsent.€€However,€if€the€preliminary€inquiry€judge€preferred€an€inferenceÐ h ì Ðfavourable€to€the€accused€over€an€inference€favourable€to€the€Crown,€thenÐ 4 ¸ Ðhe€would€have€exceeded€his€jurisdiction€by€deciding€an€issue€reserved€forÐ „ Ðthe€trial€judge.Ð Ì P œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ à(3)à ø àThird,€the€preliminary€inquiry€judge€on€May€1,€2001€could€simplyÐ d è Ðhave€overlooked€the€evidence€of€non„consent€that€had€been€discussed€withÐ 0!´ Ðthe€Crown€and€the€defence€during€earlier€oral€argument.€€If€so,€he€wouldÐ ü!€ Ðhave€failed€to€consider€ð ðthe€whole€of€the€evidenceð ð€and€would€on€thatÐ È"L ! Ðaccount€as€well€have€stepped€outside€his€jurisdiction.Ó ÓÐ ”# " œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¦ê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú48Ú ÚÛ € z 0 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àWith€respect,€the€first€of€these€interpretations€mischaracterizes€ourÐ Ä&H & Ðposition.€€We€do€not€suggest€that€the€justice€ð ð[gave]€effect€to€a€non-existent€defenceð ð.€Ð \(à ( ÐRather,€he€discharged€the€respondent€on€the€two€counts€that€concern€us€here€because,Ð ô)x!* Ðin€his€opinion,€the€Crown€had€failed€to€discharge€its€evidential€burden€on€the€criticalÐ Œ+ #, Ðelement€of€non-consent.€€In€reaching€this€conclusion,€the€justice€mistakenly€thoughtÐ $-¨$. Ðthat€the€applicable€test€was€objective.Ý ƒ % Ñý¦ê Áê ÝŒÐ ¼.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ T0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý·í Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOur€colleague€states€that€ð ð[t]his€interpretation,€on€its€face,€would€beÐ | Ðcontrary€to€what€the€preliminary€inquiry€judge€said€about€what€he€regarded€as€changesÐ ˜ Ðin€the€law€of€consent€since€ð ðthe€1970ð ðsð ð.ð ð€€In€our€respectful€view,€the€opposite€is€true.€Ð ¬ 0 ÐBoth€in€his€exchanges€with€counsel€and€in€his€reasons€for€discharge,€the€justice,€asÐ D È Ðmentioned€earlier,€repeatedly€and€explicitly€framed€the€issue€as€we€have€set€it€out.€€HeÐ Ü ` Ðdischarged€the€respondent€because,€in€his€own€words:€ð ðthere€is€absolutely€no€evidenceÐ t ø Ðof€non-consent,€ò òin€either€words€or€actionsó óð ð€(A.R.,€at€pp.€11„12);€ð ðthereð ðs€no€evidenceÐ Ð[the€complainant]€.€.€.€ever€did€anything€ò òto€showó ó€.€.€.€that€he€wasnð ðt€consentingð ð€(A.R.,Ð ¤ ( Ðat€p.156);€ð ðYouð ðre€talking€about€ò òwhat€may

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mati – -Translation – Keybot Dictionary