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€€Bien€quð ðelle€aitÐ ” 0 Ðtraditionnellement€adopt €une€approche€lib rale€en€la€mati re,€la€Cour€tient€compteÐ , È Ðdð ðun€certain€nombre€de€facteurs€dans€lð ðexercice€de€ce€pouvoir€discr tionnaire,€dont€:Ý ƒ Ñýè0 1 ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à1.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€le€demandeur€avait€v ritablement€lð ðintentionÐ ô Ðde€demander€lð ðautorisation€dð ðappel€et€sð ðil€a€fait€part€de€cette€intentionÐ Œ ( Ð €la€partie€adverse€dans€le€d lai€prescrit;Ð $ À ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à2.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€lð ðavocat€a€pr sent €la€demande€de€mani reÐ T ð Ðdiligente;Ð ì ˆ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à3.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€Ô # † X a¼ X X X a¼ù1 # ÔÔ ‡ X a¼ X X X a¼ Ôle€retard€a€fait€lð ðobjet€dð ðune€explicationÐ ¸ Ðsatisfaisante;Ð ´ P ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à4.à0 ø àla€longueur€du€retard;Ð ä € ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à5.à0 ø àla€question€de€savoir€si€Ô # † X a¼ X X X a¼Ì5 # ÔÔ ‡ X a¼ X X X a¼ Ôla€d cision€dð ðaccorder€ou€de€refuser€laÐ #° $ Ðprorogation€de€d lai€causera€un€pr judice€indu€ €lð ðune€ou€lð ðautre€desÐ ¬$H & Ðparties;Ð D&à ( ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à6.à0 ø àle€bien„fond €de€la€demande€dð ðautorisation€dð ðappel.Ð t) #, ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌEn€d finitive,€il€faut€toujours€se€demander€si,€eu€ gard€aux€circonstances€et€compteÐ ¤,@&0 Ðtenu€des€facteurs€susmentionn s,€la€prorogation€de€d lai€sð ðimpose€pour€que€justiceÐ

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ÐÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýs) Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼-) # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ CE. , US. , L) ÔThe€power€to€extend€time€under€special€circumstances€in€s.€59(1)€of€the€ActÐ d Ðâ âis€a€discretionary€one.€€Although€the€Court€has€traditionally€adopted€a€generous€approachÐ ü ˜ Ðin€granting€extensions€of€time,€a€number€of€factors€guide€it€in€the€exercise€of€itsÐ ” 0 Ðdiscretion,€including:Ý ƒ Ñýs) Ž) ÝŒÐ , È ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à1.à0 ø àWhether€the€applicant€formed€a€ò òbona€fideó ó€intention€to€seek€leave€toÐ \ ø Ðappeal€and€communicated€that€intention€to€the€opposing€party€within€theÐ ô Ðprescribed€time;Ð Œ ( ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à2.à0 ø àWhether€counsel€moved€diligently;Ð ¼ X ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à3.à0 ø àWhether€a€proper€explanation€for€the€delay€has€been€offered;Ð ì ˆ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à4.à0 ø àThe€extent€of€the€delay;Ð ¸ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à5.à0 ø àWhether€granting€or€denying€the€extension€of€time€will€unduly€prejudiceÐ L è Ðone€or€the€other€of€the€parties;€andÐ ä € ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà œ à6.à0 ø àThe€merits€of€the€application€for€leave€to€appeal.Ð #° $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌThe€ultimate€question€is€always€whether,€in€all€the€circumstances€and€considering€theÐ D&à ( Ðfactors€referred€to€above,€the€justice€of€the€case€requires€that€an€extension€of€time€beÐ Ü'x!* Ðgranted.Ð t) #, ÐÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼%* # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ USCE. , ÔÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý„0 Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àÔ # † X h¼ X X X h¼R0 # ÔÔ ‡ X h¼ X X X h¼ ÔÔ CE. , US. , q0 ÔNotwithstanding€our€sympathy€for€the€difficulties€experienced€by€counsel€forÐ ¤,@&0 Ðthe€applicantð ðs€colleagues,€we€are€all€of€the€view€that€this€is€not€a€case€in€which€anÐ

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8:Ð h/Ø'2 Ð‡Ó Óà0 œ àLð ðinjonction€provisoire€obtenue€dans€le€cadre€dð ðune€demande€interlocutoire,Ð Ðlaquelle€exige€que€lð ðon€sð ðinterroge€sur€la€solidit €des€arguments€invoqu s,Ð \ Ì Ðsur€le€pr judice€subi€et€sur€la€pr pond rance€des€inconv nients,€estÐ ( ˜ Ðcomparable€au€rejet€dð ðune€requ te€en€suspension€en€raison€de€la€solidit €desÐ ô d Ðarguments€invoqu s€par€les€demandeurs€pour€faire€valoir€que€la€clause€deÐ À 0 Ðcomp tence€ne€sð ðapplique€pas€en€lð ðoccurrence.Ó { ÓÐ Œ ü œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌLa€Cour€dð ðappel€a€conclu€que,€vu€lð ð volution€de€la€jurisprudence€britannique€etÐ ¼ , Ðcanadienne,€le€crit re€quð ðil€convient€dð ðappliquer€en€mati re€de€suspension€est€lð ðanalyseÐ T Ä Ðen€trois€ tapes€utilis e€pour€statuer€sur€les€demandes€dð ðinjonctions€interlocutoires.Ð ì \ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý6¤ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú16Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLa€Cour€dð ðappel€a€rejet €lð ðappel€avec€d pens.Ý ƒ % Ñý6¤ Q¤ ÝŒÐ Œ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓIV.à0 ž àò òLes€questions€en€litigeó óò òÐ L ¼ ž Ð ž Ð Ðó óÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ 3¥ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÝ ‚ % Ñý ¦ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú17Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ý1.à0 ž àQuel€crit re€sð ðapplique€ €la€demande€de€suspension€des€proc dures€visant€ €donnerÐ | ì Ðeffet€ €la€clause€dð ð lection€de€for€dð ðun€connaissement?Ý ƒ % Ñý ¦ X¦ ÝŒÐ „ ž Ð ž Ð ÐŒÝ ÝÌ2.€à0 ž àCe€crit re€englobe-t-il€la€question€de€savoir€sð ðil€y€a€eu€ou€non€inex cutionÐ D ´ Ðfondamentale€ou€Ô ‡ X %± X X X %± ÔÔ USCF. , ÔÔ_ Ôd rogationÔ_ ÔÔ # † X %± X X X %± # ÔÔ CF. , US. , [¨ Ô,€ou€cette€d cision€appartient„elle€ €lð ðinstanceÐ Ü!L ! ÐÔ_ Ôd cisionnelleÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô€du€ressort€dont€ont€convenu€les€parties?Ð t#ä # ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ¦ @ ÓÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓV.à0 ž àò òAnalyseó óÐ ¤& ' ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ ò© @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý©ª Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú18Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLe€juge€des€requ tes€ne€doit€modifier€lð ðordonnance€discr tionnaire€dð ðunÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprotonotaire€que€dans€les€cas€suivants:€a)€lð ðordonnance€est€entach e€dð ðune€erreurÐ l+Ü#- Ðflagrante,€en€ce€sens€que€le€protonotaire€a€exerc €son€pouvoir€discr tionnaire€sur€leÐ -t%/ Ðfonde

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ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÎr Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú10Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€court€concluded€that€the€prothonotary€was€obliged€to€take€into€accountÐ l+Ü#- Ðall€the€circumstances€of€the€case€in€determining€whether€the€respondent€had€demonstratedÐ -t%/ Ða€ð ðstrong€causeð ð€in€favour€of€denying€a€stay,€pursuant€to€the€test€set€out€in€ò òTheÐ œ. '1 Ðð ðEleftheriað ðó ó,€an€inquiry€that€did€not€preclude€him€from€concluding€that€the€bill€of€ladingÐ 40¤(3 Ðended€in€Montr al€and€that€its€forum€selection€clause€did€not€apply€thereafter.€€The€courtÐ Ðadded€that€in€any€event€the€appellant€would€have€the€opportunity€to€raise€its€argumentsÐ ( ˜ Ðregarding€the€existence€of€the€bill€of€lading€and€its€forum€selection€clause€before€a€trialÐ À 0 Ðjudge.Ý ƒ % ÑýÎr ér ÝŒÐ X È ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýœv Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú11Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€court€dismissed€with€costs€the€motion€to€set€aside€the€order€of€theÐ ˆ ø Ðprothonotary.Ý ƒ % Ñýœv ·v ÝŒÐ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓC.à0 ž àò òFederal€Court€of€Appealó ó€(2001),€268€N.R.€364Ð P À ž Õ ž Õ ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ Ïw @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý«x Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú12Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà „ àà0 Ü àà œ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€held€that€the€test€for€reviewing€decisions€of€aÐ € ð Ðprothonotary€is€whether€the€prothonotaryð ðs€exercise€of€discretion€was€clearly€wrong€andÐ ˆ Ðthat€the€test€for€reviewing€the€exercise€of€discretion€of€a€motions€judge€is€whetherÐ ° Ðsufficient€weight€was€given€to€all€relevant€considerations.Ý ƒ % Ñý«x Æx ÝŒÐ H ¸ Ü Õ Ü Õ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý { Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú13Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Court€of€Appeal€concluded€thatò ò€The€ð ðEleftheriað ðó ó€did€not€govern€theÐ x è Ðcase,€stating,€at€para.€27:Ý ƒ % Ñý { { ÝŒÐ !€ ÐŒÝ ÝÓ ÓÌÌà0 œ àà ø àThe€burden€of€the€appellantð ðs€submission€is€that€when,€as€here,€aÐ @$° $ Ðcontract€contains€a€jurisdiction€clause€requiring€that€all€disputes,€whereverÐ %| % Ðthey€arise,€are€to€be€dealt€with€by€the€Courts€of€a€particular€jurisdiction,Ð Ø%H & ÐAnglo„American€and€Anglo„Canadian€jurisprudence€both€conclude€that€theÐ ¤& ' Ðdispute€must€be€dealt€with€by€the€Courts€of€the€jurisdiction€the€parties€haveÐ p'à ( Ðagreed€to.€€The€appellant€says€that€since€ò òThe€Eleftheriaó ó€no€case€in€Anglo„Ð

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Ðappelants€ont€soutenu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€a€ t €adopt e€pour€r glementer€la€moralit Ð Ä. @&0 Ðpublique€et€quð ðelle€repr sentait,€de€ce€fait,€une€tentative€de€l gif rer€en€mati re€criminelle.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‚Ý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú29Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àSecond,€the€province€and€individual€municipalities€may€have€any€number€ofÐ l è Ðreasons€for€restricting€gaming€to€certain€locations.€€Some€may€concern€the€localÐ "€ Ðeconomy,€and€others€may€be€purely€aesthetic€or€cultural.€€There€is€no€basis€on€which€toÐ œ# " Ðassume€that€the€dominant€purpose€for€prohibiting€VLTs€in€certain€locations€is€to€regulateÐ 4%° $ Ðpublic€morality.€€Indeed,€the€fact€that€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó€does€not€affect€VLTs€located€atÐ Ì&H & Ðracetracks€or€other€ð ðpremises€dedicated€to€gaming€activityð ð€suggests€that€the€governmentÐ d(à ( Ðwas€not€attempting€to€condemn€VLTs€on€any€moral€basis.€€See€ò òGaming€Control€Actó ó,Ð ü)x!* ÐS.M.€1996,€c.€74,€s.€1.€€Rather,€it€supports€the€interpretation€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€wasÐ ”+ #, Ðdesigned€merely€to€limit€more€ð ðincidentalð ð€contact€with€VLTs€ð" ð€in€taverns,€for€exampleÐ ,-¨$. Ðð" ð€in€municipalities€that€wish€to€do€so.Ý ƒ % Ñý‚Ý Ý ÝŒÐ Ä.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýUâ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú30Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThird,€the€presence€of€moral€considerations€does€not€ò òper€seó ó€render€a€law€ò òultraÐ „ Ðviresó ó€the€provincial€legislature.€€In€giving€Parliament€exclusive€jurisdiction€over€criminalÐ ˜ Ðlaw,€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó€did€not€intend€to€remove€all€morality€from€provincialÐ ´ 0 Ðlegislation.€€In€many€instances,€it€will€be€impossible€for€the€provincial€legislature€toÐ L È Ðdisentangle€moral€considerations€from€other€issues.€€For€example,€in€the€present€case,€itÐ ä ` Ðis€difficult€to€ignore€the€various€social€costs€associated€with€gambling€and€VLTs.€€As€theÐ | ø ÐDesjardins€Report,€ò òsupraó ó,€examined€in€detail,€government„run€gambling€can€haveÐ Ðadverse€social€consequences,€including€addiction,€crime,€bankruptcy,€and€reductions€inÐ ¬ ( Ðcharitable€gaming.€€The€provincial€government€can€legitimately€consider€these€socialÐ D À Ðcosts€when€deciding€how€to€regulate€gaming€in€the€province.€€The€fact€that€some€of€theseÐ Ü X Ðconsiderations€have€a€moral€aspect€does€not€invalidate€an€otherwise€legitimate€provincialÐ t ð Ðlaw.Ý ƒ % ÑýUâ pâ ÝŒÐ ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÕç Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú31Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€dominant€purpose€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€to€regulate€gaming€in€the€province.€Ð

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* Ðprovinciale€en€raison€de€la€seule€existence€de€consid rations€morales. €€En€accordant€auÐ ”+ #, ÐParlement€la€comp tence€exclusive€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel,€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelleÐ ,-¨$. Ðde€1867ó ó€ne€visait€pas€ €exclure€de€la€comp tence€l gislative€provinciale€toute€mati reÐ Ä.

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ÐAny€moral€aspects€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€fall€within€the€doctrine€of€ð ðincidental€effectsð ð,€recentlyÐ Ô P Ðaffirmed€by€this€Court€in€ò òKitkatla€Bandó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€54;€and€ò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.Ð l è Ðv.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.€494,€€2000€SCC€21,€atÐ "€ Ðpara.€23.€€Where€a€law€is€in€pith€and€substance€related€to€the€provincial€legislative€sphere,Ð œ# " Ðit€will€not€be€struck€down€merely€because€it€has€incidental€effects€on€a€federal€head€ofÐ 4%° $ Ðpower.€€For€instance,€in€ò òRio€Hotel€Ltd.€v.€New€Brunswick€(Liquor€Licensing€Board)ó ó,Ð Ì&H & Ð[1987]€2€S.C.R.€59,€it€was€held€that€a€provincial€law€restricting€nude€entertainment€atÐ d(à ( Ðlicensed€taverns€was€valid.€€It€is€reasonable€to€assume€that€such€a€law€would€have€hadÐ ü)x!* Ðsome€incidental€effects€on€public€morality.€€Yet,€the€Court€found€that€the€law€was€validlyÐ ”+ #, Ðenacted€because€in€pith€and€substance€it€dealt€with€licensing,€local€matters,€and€propertyÐ ,-¨$. Ðand€civil€rights.€€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÕç ðç ÝŒÐ Ä.@&0 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ \0Ø'2 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýí Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú32Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€the€present€appeal,€the€provincial€government€passed€a€law€that€was€ò òó óÐ „ Ðwithin€a€provincial€head€of€legislative€authority.€€Although€there€is€a€possibility€that€localÐ ˜ Ðmorality€may€affect€which€municipalities€choose€to€ban€VLTs€through€bindingÐ ´ 0 Ðplebiscites,€the€dominant€purpose€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€to€express€moral€disapproval€ofÐ L È ÐVLTs.€€In€as€much€as€there€is€a€moral€aspect€to€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó,€this€effect€is€incidental€toÐ ä ` Ðthe€overall€regulatory€scheme,€and€does€not€infringe€on€Parliamentð ðs€exclusive€authorityÐ | ø Ðto€legislate€criminal€law.Ý ƒ % Ñýí «í ÝŒÐ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýÿð Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú33Ú ÚÛ € z ! Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€making€this€determination,€I€am€mindful€of€the€presumption€ofÐ D À Ðconstitutionality€recognized€in€ò òReference€re€The€Farm€Products€Marketing€Actó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1957]Ð Ü X ÐS.C.R.€198,€at€p.€255;€ò òNova€Scotia€Board€of€Censors€v.€McNeiló ó,ò ò€ó ó[1978]€2€S.C.R.€662,€atÐ t ð Ðpp.€687„88;€ò òRe€Firearms€Actó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€para.€25.€€When€faced€with€two€plausibleÐ ˆ Ðcharacterizations€of€a€law,€we€should€normally€choose€that€which€supports€the€lawð ðsÐ ¤ Ðconstitutional€validity.€€Ý ƒ % Ñýÿð ñ ÝŒÐ

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ÐÔ_ Ôlð ðauto-incriminationÔ_ Ô€est€enclench €(non€pas€pour€prot ger€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ Ô€contreÐ /¤(3 Ðune€preuve€non€digne€de€foi,€mais€pour€le€prot ger€contre€les€abus€duÐ Ô/p)4 Ðpouvoir€de€Ô_ Ôlð ð tat)Ô_ Ô€et€Ô_ Ôlð ðadmissionÔ_ Ô€en€preuve€du€r sultat€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðalcootestÔ_ Ô€aÐ d Ðdonn €lieu€ €un€proc s€in quitable. €€Les€droits€de€Ô_ Ôlð ðaccus Ô_ Ô€en€mati re€deÐ 0 Ì Ðjustice€fondamentale€Ô_ Ônð ðontÔ_ Ô€pas€ t €respect s.

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ÐÓ Óà0 œ à[The€police]€observed€that€the€Respondent€was€either€providing€improperÐ d Ðâ âsamples€or€placing€his€tongue€over€the€end€of€the€mouthpiece€to€prevent€anyÐ 0 Ì Ðair€entering€the€ASD.€€They€were€at€most€a€foot€away€from€his€face€andÐ ü ˜ Ðobserved€his€actions€in€this€regard.€€After€each€invalid€sample,€he€wasÐ È d Ðinformed€of€the€proper€way€to€provide€a€sample.Ð ” 0 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÌà0 œ àÔ_ Ôà ø àEventually,Ô_ Ô€after€a€seventh€invalid€sample,€police€told€the€RespondentÐ , È Ðthat€if€he€did€not€provide€a€proper€sample€on€his€next€attempt,€he€would€beÐ ø ” Ðcharged€with€refusing€to€provide€a€sample.€€The€Respondent€immediatelyÐ Ä ` Ðprovided€a€valid€sample,€which€was€a€Fail.Ó ÓÐ , œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñým^ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€the€strength€of€that€result,€the€respondent€was€required€to€provide€aÐ À \ Ðbreathalyzer€sample.€€Based€on€the€breathalyzer€reading,€the€respondent€was€ultimatelyÐ X ô Ðcharged€under€s.€253(ò òbó ó)€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€and€convicted€at€trial,€for€having€operatedÐ ð Œ Ða€motor€vehicle€with€a€bloodÔ_ Ô„alcoholÔ_ Ô€ratio€exceeding€the€legal€limit€of€80mg€of€alcoholÐ ˆ $ Ðin€100€ml€of€Ô_ Ôblood.Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñým^ ˆ^ ÝŒÐ ¼ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý9a Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú22Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€respondentð ðs€conviction€at€trial€was€set€aside€by€the€summary€convictionÐ P ì Ðappeal€court€and€an€acquittal€was€Ô_ Ôsubstituted.Ô_ Ô€€The€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€dismissedÐ è „ Ðan€appeal€by€the€Crown€against€that€decision€and€the€Crown€further€appeals€to€this€Ô_ ÔCourtÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô.Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñý9a Ta ÝŒÐ € ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ ÓÔ_ ÔIVÔ_ ÔÐ ° L ! ÐÓ ‹c ÓÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýßc Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àI€turn€now€to€the€judgment€of€the€Manitoba€Court€of€Appeal€Ô_ Ô((2004),€184Ð à#| % ÐMan.€R.€(2d)€138,€2004€MBCA€46).Ô_ ÔÝ ƒ Ñýßc úc ÝŒÐ x% ' ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ ÑýEe Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àSpeaking€for€a€unanimous€Court,€Philp€J.A.€reviewed€the€relevant€case€lawÐ ¨(D"+ Ðand€concluded€that€the€ASD€breath€sample€given€by€the€respondent€was€not€obtained€inÐ @*Ü#- Ðresponse€to€a€valid€demand€under€s.€254(2),€nor€provided€voluntarily.€€Philp€J.A.Ð Ø+t%/ Ðexplained:€Ý ƒ ÑýEe `e ÝŒÐ p- '1 ÐŒÝ ÝÐ /¤(3 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àÔ_ ÔÔ_ ÔÔ_ Ô.Ô_ Ô€.€.€the€accusedð ðs€ð ðagreementð ð€(that€is€the€finding€the€trial€judge€made)€toÐ d Ðprovide€a€breath€sample€for€an€ASD€test€at€the€Public€Safety€Building,€whenÐ 0 Ì Ðhe€was€under€arrest€and€no€longer€had€care€or€control€of€his€vehicle,€was€notÐ ü ˜ Ðin€response€to€the€demand€that€had€

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Ðrevanche,€m me€si€le€testament€ordonne€la€vente€du€bien€immobilier,€le€b n ficiaireÐ Ó " Ðviager,€en€Angleterre,€a€le€droit€de€recevoir€tous€les€revenus€tir s€de€ce€bien€jusquð ð €laÐ ¹ Ðvente€de€ce€dernier.€Dans€lð ðun€ou€lð ðautre€cas,€il€nð ðy€a€pas€de€r partition.€Mò òe€ó óSheard€nousÐ Ÿ î Ða€cependant€renvoy s€ €un€certain€nombre€de€d cisions€de€tribunaux€ontariens€qui€ontÐ … Ô Ðconclu€ €lð ðapplication€de€la€r gle€en€mati re€de€biens€immobiliers€improductifs:€ò òIn€reÐ k º ÐCameron€ó ó(1901),€2€O.L.R.€756;€ò òRe€Clarke€ó ó(1903),€6€O.L.R.€551;€ò òRe€Prime€ó ó(1924),€25Ð Q ! ÐO.W.N.€522;€ò òRe€Pears€(No.€1)€ó ó(1926),€31€O.W.N.€235;€ò òRe€Rutherford€ó ó[1933]€O.R.€707,Ð 7 † " Ð[1933]€4€D.L.R.€222€(C.A.).

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@&0 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý˜ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€lð ðesp ce,€ce€principe€est€ galement€ tay €par€lð ðinteraction€explicite€entreÐ „ Ðâ âle€ò òCode€crimineló ó€et€la€l gislation€provinciale€en€mati re€de€jeu.

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Ðthe€issues€of€interjurisdictional€immunity€and€paramountcy€do€not€arise€in€this€case,€andÐ Ô P Ðthey€need€not€be€discussed€beyond€what€has€already€been€stated.€Ý ƒ % Ñý¬ü Çü ÝŒÐ l è ÐŒÝ ÝÌC.€€ò òThe€Claim€of€Improper€Delegationó óÐ œ# " ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú37Ú ÚÛ € z % Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àBefore€turning€to€the€various€ò òCharteró ó€claims,€a€brief€comment€is€warrantedÐ Ì&H & Ðon€the€argument€raised€by€the€intervening€group€of€Alberta€merchants.€€They€challengedÐ d(à ( Ðthe€entire€ò òVLT€Actó ó€on€the€ground€that€it€constitutes€an€improper€abdication€of€theÐ ü)x!* Ðlegislatureð ðs€law„making€powers€and€usurps€the€authority€of€the€Lieutenant€Governor.€Ð ”+ #, ÐThese€interveners€submit€that,€by€allowing€municipalities€to€hold€binding€plebiscites,€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðâ âprovincial€government€has€given€them€the€power€to€make€and€repeal€law.€€This,€theyÐ Ä.@&0 Ðargue,€violates€the€provincial€legislatureð ðs€exclusive€authority€to€make€laws€for€theÐ „ Ðprovince.Ý ƒ % Ñý « ÝŒÐ ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýd Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú38Ú ÚÛ € z & Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€submission€fails,€as€the€intervenersð ð€argument€rests€on€an€incorrectÐ L È Ðcharacterization€of€the€impugned€legislation.€€The€ò òVLT€Actó ó€does€not,€in€any€way,Ð ä ` Ðempower€municipal€voters€to€enact€legislation.€€The€Act€has€been€wholly€drafted,Ð | ø Ðdebated€and€enacted€by€the€provincial€legislature,€and€has€been€given€Royal€Assent€byÐ Ðthe€Lieutenant€Governor.€€It€sets€out€how€the€municipal€plebiscites€will€take€place€andÐ ¬ ( Ðwhat€their€effects€will€be€in€the€relevant€municipalities.€€The€only€role€played€byÐ D À Ðmunicipal€electors€is€in€initiating€and€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€The€results€of€the€plebisciteÐ Ü X Ðdetermine€whether€the€prohibition€in€s.€3€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€will€apply€in€the€municipality.€Ð t ð ÐIn€other€words,€the€application€of€the€statutory€VLT€prohibition€is€conditional€upon€thereÐ ˆ Ðbeing€a€certain€plebiscite€result.€€Consequently,€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€falls€within€the€category€ofÐ ¤ Ðð ðconditional€legislationð ð€which€was€upheld€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó óÐ

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44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ „ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ Ô P Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ Ðen€vertu€du€par.

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Ðof€requesting€a€ban€on€VLTs.€€In€response€to€the€plebiscite,€the€Town€of€Winkler€passedÐ Ô P Ða€resolution€in€December€1998€to€forward€the€results€to€the€Government€of€Manitoba.€Ð l è ÐSie„Cor€Properties€Inc.,€in€turn,€filed€an€application€in€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€BenchÐ "€ Ðseeking€a€declaration€that€the€resolution€was€invalid€and€an€order€of€ò òcertiorarió ó€quashingÐ œ# " Ðit.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇP Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú6Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€July€1999,€while€Sie„Corð ðs€application€was€proceeding€to€a€hearing,€theÐ d(à ( ÐManitoba€Government€passed€theò ò€VLT€Actó ó.€€The€Act€permits€municipalities€to€holdÐ ü)x!* Ðbinding€plebiscites€regarding€the€prohibition€of€VLTs€within€their€jurisdictions.€€InÐ ”+ #, Ðaddition,€the€government€used€the€new€legislation€as€an€opportunity€to€give€effect€to€theÐ ,-¨$. Ðplebiscite€that€had€already€been€held€in€Winkler.€€Specifically,€s.€16€of€the€Act€seeks€toÐ Ä.@&0 Ðterminate€the€siteholder€agreements€in€Winkler€and€deems€that€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ \0Ø'2 ÐVLTs€was€passed€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Pursuant€to€this€legislation,€the€siteholderÐ „ Ðagreement€with€The€Winkler€Inn€was€terminated€effective€December€1,€1999.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýÇP âP ÝŒÐ ˜ ÐŒÝ ÝÌIII.€€ò òRelevant€Statutory€ProvisionsÐ L È ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ Ýó óÝ ‚ % Ñý U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú7Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òThe€Gaming€Control€Local€Option€(VLT)€Actó ó,€S.M.€1999,€c.€44Ý ƒ % Ñý U !U ÝŒÐ | ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àò ò1ó ó€€In€this€Act,Ð ¬ ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ D À ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àò òð ðplebisciteð ðó ó€means€a€vote€by€the€electors€of€a€municipality€on€aÐ Ü X Ðresolution€approved€by€the€council€or€stated€on€a€petitionÐ ¨ $ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(a)€to€prohibit€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality,€orÐ @ ¼ Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àà0 Ü ø Ð ø Ð à(b)€where€video€lottery€gaming€within€the€municipality€is€prohibitedÐ Ø T Ðbecause€of€a€plebiscite,€to€permit€video€lottery€gaming€within€theÐ ¤ Ðmunicipality;Ð p ì Ü Ð Ü Ð ÐÌà@ Ù Ù ' V à.€.€.ˆÐ „ ÐÌò òà0 œ àà0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àð ðvideo€lottery€gamingð ðó ó€means€the€operation€of€a€lottery€scheme,€asÐ Ðdefined€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€(Canada),€that€involves€the€use€of€a€videoÐ l è Ðlottery€terminal.Ð 8!´ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ àò ò3(1)ó ó€Notwithstanding€section€3€of€ò òThe€Manitoba€Lotteries€Corporation€Actó ó,Ð Ð"L ! Ðno€person€shall€carry€on€any€video€lottery€gaming,€under€a€siteholderÐ œ# " Ðagreement€or€otherwise,€within€a€municipality€while€a€resolution€prohibitingÐ h$ä # Ðvideo€lott

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« ! àLa€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch. 44,€exc de-t-elle€dans€son€ensemble€laÐ à \ Ðcomp tence€de€la€l gislature€du€Manitoba€du€fait€quð ðelle€porte€sur€uneÐ ¬ ( Ðmati re€qui€rel ve€de€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€du€CanadaÐ x ô Ðen€vertu€du€par.

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ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌà0 œ à(C)à0 ø œ Ð œ Ð àwhether€the€law€in€question€has€a€purpose€or€effect€that€isÐ Ô P Ðdiscriminatory€within€the€meaning€of€the€equality€guarantee.Ó b6 ÓÐ ø Ð ø Ð ÐÌThe€appellants€submitted€that€part€(A)€of€the€test€was€met€because€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó óÐ Ð"L ! Ðdistinguished€between€residents€of€Winkler€and€all€other€residents€of€Manitoba.€€TheyÐ h$ä # Ðfurther€argued€that€this€distinction€was€based€on€the€analogous€ground€of€residence,€andÐ &| % Ðwas€discriminatory€because€it€denied€them€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€binding€plebisciteÐ ˜' ' Ðon€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€€€Ð 0)¬ ) ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÇ: Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú48Ú ÚÛ € z 0 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThere€is€no€merit€in€this€ground€of€appeal.€€First,€although€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLTÐ `,Ü#- ÐActó ó€clearly€makes€a€distinction€between€Winkler€and€other€municipalities,€it€isÐ ø-t%/ Ðimplausible€that€residence€in€Winkler€constitutes€an€analogous€ground€of€discrimination.€Ð / '1 ÐResidence€was€rejected€as€an€analogous€ground€in€both€ò òHaigó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€and€ò òR.€v.€Turpinó ó,Ð „ Ð[1989]€1€S.C.R.€1296.€€Further,€the€majority€in€ò òCorbiere€v.€Canada€(Minister€of€IndianÐ ˜ Ðand€Northern€Affairs)ó ó,€[1999]€2€S.C.R.€203,€clearly€stated€that€the€analogous€groundÐ ´ 0 Ðrecognized€in€that€case€was€ð ðAboriginality„residenceð ð,€and€that€ð ðno€new€water€is€charted,Ð L È Ðin€the€sense€of€finding€residence,€in€the€generalized€abstract,€to€be€an€analogous€groundð ðÐ ä ` Ð(para.€15).€€In€rejecting€the€claimantð ðs€s.€15€argument€in€ò òHaigó ó,€the€majority€explained,€atÐ | ø Ðp.€1044,€why€residence€is€an€unlikely€analogous€ground:Ý ƒ % ÑýÇ: â: ÝŒÐ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ àIt€would€require€a€serious€stretch€of€the€imagination€to€find€that€ò òpersonsÐ D À Ðmoving€to€Quebec€less€than€six€months€before€a€referendum€dateó ó€areÐ Œ Ðanalogous€to€persons€suffering€discrimination€on€the€basis€of€race,€religionÐ Ü X Ðor€gender.€€People€moving€to€Quebec€less€than€six€months€before€aÐ ¨ $ Ðreferendum€date€do€not€suffer€from€stereotyping,€or€social€prejudice.€Ð t ð ÐThough€its€members€were€unable€to€cast€a€ballot€in€the€Quebec€referendum,Ð @ ¼ Ðthe€group€is€not€one€which€has€suffered€historical€disadvantage,€or€politicalÐ ˆ Ðprejudice.€€Nor€does€the€group€appear€to€be€ð ðdiscrete€and€insularð ð.€Ð Ø T ÐMembership€in€the€group€is€highly€fluid,€with€people€constantly€flowing€inÐ ¤ Ðor€out€once€they€meet€Quebecð ðs€residency€requirements.€€[Emphasis€inÐ p ì Ðoriginal.]Ó ¹? ÓÐ

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Ý ƒ % ÑýûC ^D ÝŒÐ "€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý I Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú2Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Cour€du€Banc€de€la€Reine€et€la€Cour€dð ðappel€du€Manitoba€ont€toutes€lesÐ 4%° $ Ðdeux€conclu€que€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareils€de€loterieÐ Ì&H & Ðvid o)ó ó,€L.M.€1999,€ch.44€(ð ð€ò òLoi€sur€les€ALVó ó€ð ð),€dans€lð ðensemble,€et€son€art.€16,€enÐ d(à ( Ðparticulier,€nð ðexc daient€pas€la€comp tence€de€la€l gislature€de€la€province€et€ne€violaientÐ ü)x!* Ðpas€non€plus€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó.€€Les€appelants€ont,€par€la€suite,Ð ”+ #, Ðcontest €la€Loi€devant€notre€Cour€en€faisant€valoir€que€lð ðart.€16,€qui€vise€express ment€laÐ ,-¨$. Ðville€de€Winkler,€viole€lð ðal.2ò òbó ó),€lð ðart.7€et€le€par.15(1)€de€la€ò òCharteó ó.€€Ils€ont€aussi€pr tenduÐ Ä.@&0 Ðque€cette€loi€exc de€la€comp tence€du€gouvernement€provincial€du€fait€quð ðelle€empi teÐ \0Ø'2 Ðsur€la€comp tence€exclusive€du€Parlement€en€mati re€de€droit€criminel.€€LeÐ „ Ð31octobre2002,€la€Cour€a€rejet €leur€pourvoi€dans€une€d cision€unanime,€dont€voici€lesÐ ˜ Ðmotifs.Ý ƒ % Ñý I 7I ÝŒÐ ´ 0 ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& ` ÔII.ò òLes€faitsÐ ä ` Ðó óÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý‹N Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú3Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLa€Corporation€des€loteries€du€Manitoba€(ð ðCLMð ð)€est€lð ðorganismeÐ Ðresponsable€de€Ô' ` ä UN Ôlð ðexploitation€des€loteries€ð" ð€y€compris€les€ALV€ð" ð€dans€la€province.€€ElleÐ ¬ ( Ðconclut€avec€des€ð ð€exploitants€de€site€ð ð€des€accords€visant€lð ðinstallation€dð ðALV€dans€leursÐ D À Ð tablissements.€€Lð ðexploitant€du€site€touche€alors€un€pourcentage€des€recettes€g n r es€parÐ Ü X Ðles€ALV.€€Les€ALV€demeurent,€cependant,€la€propri t €de€la€CLM€qui,€aux€termes€deÐ t ð Ðlð ðaccord€dð ðexploitation€de€site,€peut€les€retirer€ €tout€moment€sans€avoir€ €justifier€sonÐ ˆ Ðgeste.Ý ƒ % Ñý‹N ¦N ÝŒÐ ¤ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý R Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú4Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àLes€appelants,€David€et€EloisaSiemens,€sont€les€seuls€actionnaires€de€Sie-CorÐ Ô P ÐProperties€Inc.,€qui€a€acquis€le€Winkler€Inn€en€1993.€€Ils€ont€d pens €une€sommeÐ l è Ðconsid rable€pour€r nover€et€agrandir€cet€ tablissement,€et€ont€fait€valoir€que€la€pr senceÐ "€ Ðdes€ALV€avait€jou €un€rð= ðle€important€dans€leur€d cision€dð ðinvestir.

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ÐResidence€in€Winkler€is€not€an€analogous€ground,€as€there€is€nothing€to€suggest€thatÐ Ô P Ðresidents€there€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€they€suffer€from€any€sort€ofÐ l è Ðprejudice.€€Moreover,€the€legislation€does€not€discriminate€against€the€appellants€in€anyÐ "€ Ðsubstantive€sense.€€Winkler€residents€were€singled€out€in€s.16€because€theirs€was€theÐ œ# " Ðonly€municipality€to€have€already€held€a€plebiscite.€€There€was€no€harm€to€dignity.€€TheÐ 4%° $ Ðpurpose€of€s.16€was€to€respect€the€will€of€the€Winkler€residents€as€expressed€in€thatÐ Ì&H & Ðplebiscite.€€The€section€does€not€affect€the€right€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLTÐ d(à ( Ðplebiscite€under€the€Act€and€they€may€initiate€a€plebiscite€to€reinstate€VLTs€in€theirÐ ü)x!* Ðcommunity.Ð ”+ #, Ðâ âÐ ,-¨$. Ðò òÔ& È Ôâ âCases€Citedó óÐ „ ÐÌà œ àò òApplied:ó óò òR.€v.€Furtneyó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€89;ò òó óÔ' È „ ú$ Ô€ò òLaw€v.€Canada€(Minister€ofÐ ´ 0 ÐEmployment€and€Immigration)ó ó,€[1999]€1€S.C.R.€497;€ò òó óò òRussell€v.€The€Queenó ó€(1882),€7Ð L È ÐApp.€Cas.€829;ò ò€ó óò òAttorney-General€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]Ð ä ` ÐA.C.€193;€ò òó óò òHaig€v.€Canadaó ó,€[1993]€2€S.C.R.€995;ò òó óò ò€distinguished:€€ó óò òJohnson€v.€AttorneyÐ | ø ÐGeneral€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127;ò ò€Re€The€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27Ð ÐMan.€R.€1;ò ò€referred€to:€€ó óò òR.€v.€Big€M€Drug€Mart€Ltd.ó ó,ò ò€ó ó[1985]€1€S.C.R.€295;€ò òEdmontonÐ ¬ ( ÐJournal€v.€Albertaó ó€ò ò(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1989]€2€S.C.R.€1326ò òó ó;€ò òR.€v.€Wholesale€TravelÐ D À ÐGroup€Inc.ó ó,€[1991]€3€S.C.R.€154ò òó ó;€ò òThomson€Newspapers€Co.€v.€Canada€(AttorneyÐ Ü X ÐGeneral)ó ó,€[1998]€1€S.C.R.€877ò òó ó;€ò ò€Kitkatla€Band€v.€British€Columbia€(Minister€of€SmallÐ t ð ÐBusiness,€Tourism€and€Culture)ó ó,€[2002]€2€S.C.R.€146,€2002€SCC€31;ò òó ó€ò òOð ðGrady€v.Ð ˆ ÐSparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804;€ò òRoss€v.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5;ò òó óÐ ¤ Ðò òGlobal€Securities€Corp.€v.€British€Columbia€(Securities€Commission)ó ó,€[2000]€1€S.C.R.Ð

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'1 œ Ð œ Ð ÐÐ 40¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý£? Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àComme€nous€lð ðexpliquons€dans€les€affaires€ò òÔ_ ÔMalmoÔ_ Ô-Ô_ ÔLevineÔ_ Ôó ó€et€ò òÔ_ ÔCaineÔ_ Ôó ó,€leÐ Ðdegr €appropri €de€d f rence€ voqu €dans€ò òÔ_ ÔHeywoodÔ_ Ôó ó€est€int gr € €la€norme€applicableÐ ( ˜ Ðen€mati re€de€ð ðdisproportion€exag r eð ð.

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ž Ð ž Ð ÐÓ @ Ü , ‚X œ ø Ü 8 ¼ Ü , ‚X ž ø Ü 8 ¼ B™ @ ÓÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýcš Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú20Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àOn€the€issue€of€harm€associated€with€the€use€of€marihuana€for€non„medicalÐ l+Ü#- Ðpurposes,€Rosenberg€Ô_ ÔJ.A.Ô_ Ô€summarized€his€view€of€the€evidence€in€this€case€as€follows:Ý ƒ % Ñýcš ~š ÝŒÐ -t%/ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÐ œ. '1 ÐÓ Óà0 œ àà ø àIn€the€companion€case€of€ò òR.€v.€Clayó ó,€I€have€reviewed€at€greater€lengthÐ Ðâ âthe€stateð ðs€objectives€in€prohibiting€marihuana.€€First,€the€state€has€anÐ \ Ì Ðinterest€in€protecting€against€the€harmful€effects€of€use€of€that€drug.€€ThoseÐ ( ˜ Ðinclude€bronchial€pulmonary€harm€to€humans;€psychomotor€impairmentÐ ô d Ðfrom€marihuana€use€leading€to€a€risk€of€automobile€accidents€and€noÐ À 0 Ðsimple€screening€device€for€detection;€possible€precipitation€of€relapse€inÐ Œ ü Ðpersons€with€schizophrenia;€possible€negative€effects€on€[the]€immuneÐ X È Ðsystem;€possible€long„term€negative€cognitive€effects€in€children€whoseÐ $ ” Ðmothers€used€marihuana€while€pregnant;€possible€long„term€negativeÐ ð ` Ðcognitive€effects€in€long„term€users;€and€some€evidence€that€some€heavyÐ ¼ , Ðusers€may€develop€a€dependency.€€The€other€objectives€are:€to€satisfyÐ ˆ ø ÐCanadað ðs€international€treaty€obligations€and€to€control€the€domestic€andÐ T Ä Ðinternational€trade€in€illicit€drugs.€€Ð œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ à(ò òR.€v.€Parkeró ó€(2000),€146€Ô_ ÔC.C.C.Ô_ Ô€Ô_ Ô(3d)Ô_ Ô€193€(Ont.€Ô_ ÔC.A.Ô_ Ô),€at€para.143)Ó ÓÐ ¸ ( ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÏ¡ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú21Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýò òó óà œ àThe€Ontario€Court€of€Appeal€was€of€the€view€that€the€use€of€intoxicants,Ð è X Ðincluding€marihuana,€in€the€privacy€of€oneð ðs€home€is€not€a€fundamental€aspect€ofÐ € ð Ðpersonal€autonomy€and€human€dignity€such€as€to€engage€the€liberty€or€security€interestsÐ ˆ Ðprotected€by€s.€7€of€the€ò òCharteró ó.€€As€to€the€potential€deprivation€of€liberty€throughÐ ° Ðimprisonment,€Rosenberg€Ô_ ÔJ.A.Ô_ Ô€accepted€for€the€purpose€of€the€appeal€that€there€was€aÐ H ¸ Ðharm€principle€to€the€effect€that€prohibited€activities€must€present€at€least€a€reasonedÐ à P Ðapprehension€of€harm€to€other€individuals€or€society€before€they€can€be€the€subject€ofÐ x è Ða€criminal€prohibition.€€Nevertheless,€even€on€that€basis,€the€Crown€had€established€aÐ !€ Ðreasoned€apprehension€of€harm€associated€with€marihuana€use€that€was€neitherÐ ¨" " Ðinsignificant€nor€trivial.€€In€light€of€the€findings€of€fact€of€the€trial€judge€it€could€notÐ @$° $ Ðbe€said€that€Parliament€lacked€a€rational€basis€for€

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3£Äÿ ÝÔ2 # ÔÚ Ú80Ú Ú.Ô3 Ôà0 Ü àÝ Ýà « àLe€juge€Flinn€a€fait€remarquer€quð ðen€mati re€de€proc dure€sommaire,€leÔ' ø T øþ ÔÐ ´ P Ðminist re€public€ne€pouvait€interjeter€appel€dð ðun€acquittement€que€sur€une€question€deÐ L è Ðdroit€avec€lð ðautorisation€de€la€cour.

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Ðthe€accused,€R.D.S.,€came€towards€Constable€Stienburg€on€his€bicycle.€€ConstableÐ Ô/p)4 ÐStienburg€testified€that€R.D.S.€ran€into€his€legs,€and€while€still€on€the€bicycle,€yelledÐ d Ðat€him€and€pushed€him.€€R.D.S.€was€then€arrested€for€interfering€with€the€arrest€ofÐ ü ˜ ÐN.R.,€and€Constable€Stienburg€called€for€back-up.€€Constable€Stienburg€stated€that€heÐ ” 0 Ðput€both€R.D.S.€and€N.R.€in€ð ða€neck€restraintð ð.€€When€R.D.S.€was€finally€brought€toÐ , È Ðthe€police€station,€he€was€read€his€rights,€and€charged€with€the€three€offences.Ý ƒ Ñývx ‘x ÝŒÐ Ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýs| Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú66Ú ÚÛ € z B Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIn€cross-examination,€it€was€suggested€to€Constable€Stienburg€that€R.D.S.Ð ô Ðhad€been€overcharged.€€It€was€pointed€out€that€R.D.S.€had€no€prior€record€and€it€wasÐ Œ ( Ðsuggested,€although€not€particularly€clearly,€that€R.D.S.€had€been€singled€out€becauseÐ $ À Ðhe€was€black.Ý ƒ Ñýs| Ž| ÝŒÐ ¼ X ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È ÔB.ò òTestimony€of€R.D.S.ó óÐ ì ˆ ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý»~ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú67Ú ÚÛ € z C Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àR.D.S.€testified€that€he€remembered€that€the€weather€on€the€particular€dayÔ' È ì |~ ÔÐ ¸ Ðwas€misty€and€humid.€€While€riding€his€bike€from€his€grandmotherð ðs€to€his€motherð ðsÐ ´ P Ðhouse€he€saw€the€police€car€and€the€crowd€standing€beside€it.€€A€friend€told€him€thatÐ L è Ðhis€cousin€N.R.€had€been€arrested.€R.D.S.€approached€the€crowd,€and€stopped€his€bikeÐ ä € Ðwhen€he€saw€N.R.€and€the€officer.€R.D.S.€then€tried€to€talk€to€N.R.€to€ask€him€whatÐ |! " Ðhad€happened€and€to€find€out€if€he€should€tell€N.R.ð ðs€mother.€€Constable€StienburgÐ #° $ Ðtold€him:€€ð ðShut€up,€shut€up,€or€youð ðll€be€under€arrest€tooð ð.€€When€R.D.S.€continued€toÐ ¬$H & Ðask€N.R.€if€he€should€call€his€mother,€Constable€Stienburg€arrested€R.D.S.€and€putÐ D&à ( Ðhim€in€a€choke€hold.€€R.D.S.€indicated€that€he€could€not€breathe,€and€that€he€heard€aÐ Ü'x!* Ðwoman€tell€the€officer€to€ð ðLet€that€kid€go€...€.ð ð€€He€also€heard€her€ask€for€his€phoneÐ t) #, Ðnumber.€€He€could€not€talk€so€N.R.€gave€the€number€to€her.€R.D.S.€indicated€that€theÐ +¨$. Ðcrowd€standing€around€were€all€ð ðlittle€kidsð ð€under€the€age€of€12.€€He€denied€that€heÐ ¤,@&0 Ðran€into€anyone€or€that€he€intended€to€run€into€anyone€on€his€bike.€€He€also€testifiedÐ

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€€NotreÐ d(à ( ÐCour€a€n anmoins€conclu€ €la€validit €de€la€loi€en€question€ tant€donn €que,€de€par€sonÐ ü)x! * Ðcaract re€v ritable,€elle€touchait€ €lð ðattribution€de€permis,€ €des€mati res€dð ðune€natureÐ ”+ #, Ðlocale,€ainsi€quð ð €la€propri t €et€aux€droits€civils.Ý ƒ % Ñý— ² ÝŒÐ ,-¨$.

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ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýÿó Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú34Ú ÚÛ € z " Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Attorney€General€of€Canadað ðs€intervention€in€support€of€the€provincialÐ l è Ðgovernment€creates€a€situation€of€attempted€federal„provincial€cooperation.€€TheÐ "€ Ðgovernments,€in€the€absence€of€jurisdiction,€cannot€by€simple€agreement€lend€legitimacyÐ œ# " Ðto€a€claim€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€ò òintra€viresó ó.€€However,€given€that€both€federal€andÐ 4%° $ Ðprovincial€governments€guard€their€legislative€powers€carefully,€when€they€do€agree€toÐ Ì&H & Ðshared€jurisdiction,€that€fact€should€be€given€careful€consideration€by€the€courts:€€ò òOPSEUÐ d(à ( Ðv.€Ontario€(Attorney€General)ó ó,€[1987]€2€S.C.R.€2,€at€pp.€19„20;€ò òKitkatla€Bandó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,ò ò€ó óatÐ ü)x!* Ðparas.€72„73.Ý ƒ % Ñýÿó ô ÝŒÐ ”+ #, ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýÚ÷ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú35Ú ÚÛ € z # Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThis€principle€is€further€bolstered€in€the€present€case€by€the€explicitÐ Ä.@&0 Ðinteraction€of€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€and€provincial€gaming€legislation.€€Section€207(1)(ò òaó ó)Ð \0Ø'2 Ðof€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€specifically€creates€an€exception€to€the€gaming€and€betting€offencesÐ „ Ðwhere€a€lottery€scheme€has€been€established€by€a€province.€€It€was€first€enacted€in€1969Ð ˜ Ðfor€the€purpose€of€decriminalizing€lotteries€and€allowing€each€province€to€determineÐ ´ 0 Ðwhether€it€wished€to€establish€a€lottery€scheme.€€Where€no€such€scheme€exists,€theÐ L È Ðò òCriminal€Codeó ó€offences€still€apply.€€Parliament€has€intentionally€designed€a€structure€forÐ ä ` Ðgaming€offences€that€affirms€the€double€aspect€of€gaming€and€promotes€federal„Ð | ø Ðprovincial€cooperation€in€this€area.€€Section€207(1)(ò òaó ó)€removes€the€possibility€ofÐ Ðoperational€conflict,€and€with€it,€any€question€of€paramountcy.Ý ƒ % ÑýÚ÷ õ÷ ÝŒÐ ¬ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý¬ü Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú36Ú ÚÛ € z $ Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àI€conclude€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€in€its€entirety,€and€s.€16€in€particular,€are€ò òintraÐ Ü X Ðviresó ó€the€provincial€legislature.€€The€Actð ðs€purposes€are€to€regulate€gaming€in€theÐ t ð Ðprovince€and€to€allow€for€local€input€on€the€issue€of€VLTs,€both€of€which€fall€under€theÐ ˆ Ðpowers€enumerated€in€s.€92€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó.€€It€is€not€an€attempt€to€legislateÐ ¤ Ðcriminal€law,€as€it€has€neither€penal€consequences€nor€a€criminal€law€purpose.€€Finally,Ð

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€€Pour€leur€part,€les€intim esÐ ˆ ø Ðpr tendent€que€la€Cour€dð ðappel€f d rale€a€eu€raison€de€recourir€ €lð ðanalyse€en€trois€ tapesÐ Ð tablie€en€mati re€dð ðinjonctions€interlocutoires€dans€ò òAmerican€Cyanamid€Co.

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8 ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ ÿÿ C ÿÿ H K K K K J i a n S . A . F . C . M o r g u a r d A m c h e m S e a p e a r l A n r a j N . R . S a r a b i a M i n d o r o B . C . L . R . D . L . R . N . B . R . T r e n d t e x A . C . U . S . N . Z . L . R . V i m a r S e g u r o s R e a s e g u r o s M a c k e n d e r F e l d i a A . G . S y n c r u d e I n c r e m o n a M a r m i A f f i n i S i c i l i a n i I . S . M . A . S . s . n . c . R . S . C . S . C . M i c h e l l Z . I . I n d u s t r i e N . V . C a n m a r L . J . L . M . C . L . Q . Y v o n B l a i s F . C . J . F . T . R . H a r g r a v e F o n t a i n e B a s t a r a c h e E l e f t h e r i a E t h i c o n P o l y f i b r o n E l l e h a m m e r m e s s a g e r i e s n a t i o n a l e s S . L . M . N . t h e r f r o m T h e T h e T e t l e y C . A . M a c G u i g a n J . A . D ) c a r y S a v o y e c o n v e n i e n s P r a t t e L a l a n d e D . J . F . C . A . N . S . C . A . D i p l o c k O . R . H . C . L a s k i n W ] h e t h e r C . J . p r o t h o n o t a r y V i n e b e r g t ] h e i R J R ( _ 3ÌÕ$ © © Ý ƒ ù ! ÝÔ CEUS. , ÔÔ € X !É X X X ÔÔ CECE. , ÔÝ Ý F J Ñý6 1 , 2 , 3 , A N u m b e r s à X àÚ ƒ z Ú1Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà ° à d 0 ÿÿ. N o r m a l üÿ P P d ( _ 3ÌÕ$ £ £ Ý ƒ ù ! ÝÔ CEUS. , ÔÔ € X !É X X X ÔÔ CECE. , ÔÝ Ý L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 ' È È È È d x d ( ±þ$ ’ ’ ò òFigure€Ú Ú1Ú Úó ó1 , 2 , 3 , L e v e l 1 L e v e l 2 L e v e l 3 L e v e l 4 L e v e l 5 B 1 sf2 1 , 2 , 3 , N u m b e r s Ú ƒ z ÚÚ Ú.Û € z Ûà0 à @ ( p > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t X , p n i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t a l l f l u s h ` * p i > p a r . 1 0 . 5 p t . a l l i n d e n t 1 m b 4 / f n o t e f > e n f o f f r e n c h f o o t n o t e x 2 a p p e a l > p a r a g i n 1 0 p t s w i t h o u t p a g i n a t i o n d , r h c > r u n . h e a d f o r c . ( f r e n c h ) V . r h c 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 c . V , r h o > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t c . b , r h v > r u n . h e a d f o r v . ( e n g l i s h ) V . r h v 1 > r u n . h e a d w i t h 2 v . V , r h e > r u n . h e a d w i t h o u t v . r * h 1 > t i t l e i n b o l d , f l u s h l e f t n o i n d e n t ˆ * h 2 > t i t l e i n 1 0 . 5 p t r e g u l a r , f l u s h l e f t , n o i n d e n t Œ , i n d > ( i n d e x e d o r r e p e r t o i r e ) , t e x t 7 . 5 p t , f l u s h l e f t Š . i n d 1 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) , ( n o v . o r c . i n s i d e ) . i n d 2 > ( i n d e x e d o r r ) p e r t o i r e ) w i t h 2 v . o r 2 c . i n s i

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92€de€la€ò òLoi€constitutionnelle€de€1867ó ó. €€La€Loi€ne€repr sente€pas€une€tentative€deÐ "€ Ðl gif rer€en€mati re€criminelle€ tant€donn €quð ðelle€ne€comporte€aucune€cons quenceÐ œ# " Ðp nale€ni€aucun€objet€relevant€du€droit€criminel.

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Ð(1882),€7€App.€Cas.€829,€at€p.€835:Ý ƒ % Ñýd ÝŒÐ Ô P ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Óà0 œ à.€.€.€the€Act€does€not€delegate€any€legislative€powers€whatever.€€It€containsÐ "€ Ðwithin€itself€the€whole€legislation€on€the€matters€with€which€it€deals.€€TheÐ Ð"L ! Ðprovision€that€certain€parts€of€the€Act€shall€come€into€operation€only€on€theÐ œ# " Ðpetition€of€a€majority€of€electors€does€not€confer€on€these€persons€power€toÐ h$ä # Ðlegislate.€€Parliament€itself€enacts€the€condition€and€everything€which€is€toÐ 4%° $ Ðfollow€upon€the€condition€being€fulfilled.€€Conditional€legislation€of€thisÐ &| % Ðkind€is€in€many€cases€convenient,€and€is€certainly€not€unusual,€and€the€powerÐ Ì&H & Ðso€to€legislate€cannot€be€denied€to€the€Parliament€of€Canada,€when€theÐ ˜' ' Ðsubject€of€legislation€is€within€its€competency.Ó ÓÐ d(à ( œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýŒ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú39Ú ÚÛ € z ' Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThrough€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó,€the€Manitoba€Government€has€employed€a€statutoryÐ ”+ #, Ðinstrument€to€bind€itself€to€respect€local€opinion.€€Nowhere€does€the€Act,€in€purpose€orÐ ,-¨$. Ðeffect,€give€municipal€voters€the€power€to€legislate.€€This€case€is€distinguishable€from€ò òReÐ Ä.@&0 ÐThe€Initiative€and€Referendum€Actó ó€(1916),€27€Man.€R.€1€(C.A.),€upon€which€theÐ \0Ø'2 Ðinterveners€based€their€argument.€€There,€the€impugned€legislation€allowed€voters€toÐ „ Ðsubmit€laws€for€approval€by€ballot€and,€if€approved,€the€proposed€law€would€be€deemedÐ ˜ Ðan€Act€of€the€provincial€legislature.€€Here,€there€has€been€no€attempt€to€bypass€theÐ ´ 0 ÐLegislative€Assembly€or€to€usurp€its€law„making€function.€€The€Act€merely€allowsÐ L È Ðmunicipalities€to€decide€on€the€applicability€of€the€Act€to€their€communities.€€Ý ƒ % ÑýŒ § ÝŒÐ ä ` ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñýì Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú40Ú ÚÛ € z ( Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àFinally,€I€would€add€that€the€intervenersð ð€argument€would€severely€restrictÐ ÐParliament€and€the€provincial€legislatures€from€enacting€ð ðlocal€optionð ð€legislation,€whichÐ ¬ ( Ðwas€upheld€over€a€century€ago€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òRusselló ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€with€respect€to€theÐ D À Ðò òCanada€Temperance€Actó ó.€€That€decision€was€affirmed€by€the€Privy€Council€in€ò òAttorney„Ð Ü X ÐGeneral€for€Ontario€v.€Canada€Temperance€Federationó ó,€[1946]€A.C.€193,€and€there€isÐ t ð Ðno€need€to€question€its€continued€validity€as€authority€on€this€issue.€€€Ý ƒ % Ñýì ÝŒÐ ˆ ÐŒÝ ÝÌD.€€ò òThe€Claim€under€Section€2(b)€of€the€CharterÐ

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ÐÌò òen€appel€de€la€cour€dð ðappel€de€lð ðÔ_ ÔontarioÔ_ Ôó óÐ %P # ÐÌà p àò òResponsabilit €Ô_ Ôd lictuelleÔ_ Ô€ð" ð€Diffamation€ð" ð€Moyens€de€d fense€ð" ð€CommunicationÐ Ø&("% Ðresponsable€concernant€des€questions€dð ðint r t€public€ð" ð€Action€en€libelle€diffamatoire€par€unÐ Ä' #& Ðagent€de€police€contre€un€journal€et€des€journalistes€ayant€publi €des€articles€all guant€quð ðilÐ °( ð€Cour€dð ðappel€€reconnaissant€un€nouveau€moyen€de€d fense€de€journalismeÐ ˆ*Ø%) Ðresponsable,€mais€emp chant€les€d fendeurs€de€sð ðen€pr valoir€parce€quð ðils€ne€lð ðont€pas€invoqu Ð t+Ä&* Ðau€proc s€ð" ð€Y€a-t-il€lieu€de€modifier€les€r gles€de€Ô_ ÔcommonÔ_ Ô€Ô_ ÔlawÔ_ Ô€en€mati re€de€diffamation€afinÐ `,°'+ Ðdð ðoffrir€une€plus€grande€protection€aux€ nonc s€de€fait€diffamatoires€publi s€de€fa onÐ L-œ(, ÐÔ_ Ôresponsable?€ð" ð€Si€oui,€les€d fendeurs€devraient-ils€pouvoir€invoquer€le€nouveau€moyen€deÐ ° Ðd fense€de€communication€responsable€concernant€des€questions€dð ðint r t€public€dans€le€cadreÐ œ ì Ðdð ðun€nouveau€proc s?Ð ˆ Ø Ðó óÌà p àC,€un€agent€de€la€police€ontarienne,€sð ðest€rendu€ €New€York€peu€apr s€lesÐ ` ° Ð v nements€du€11septembre€2001€ð" ð€sans€autorisation€de€son€employeur€ð" ð€pour€participer€auxÐ L œ Ðop rations€de€recherche€et€de€sauvetage€ €Ground€Zero.€€Un€quotidien€a€publi €des€articlesÐ 8 ˆ Ðindiquant€que€C€sð ð tait€pr sent €sous€un€faux€jour€aux€autorit s€new-yorkaises€et€quð ðil€avaitÐ $ t Ðpossiblement€nui€aux€op rations€de€sauvetage.€€C€a€entam €une€action€en€libelle€diffamatoireÐ ` Ðcontre€le€journal€et€les€journalistes.€€Au€proc s,€les€d fendeurs€ont€invoqu €la€d fense€dð ðimmunit Ð ü L Ðrelative,€mais€ne€se€sont€pas€appuy s€sur€la€d fense€reconnue€en€Angleterre€comme€la€d fense€deÐ è 8 Ðð ðjournalisme€responsableð ð,€laquelle€nð ðavait€pas€encore€ t €reconnue€comme€moyen€de€d fenseÐ Ô $ Ðdistinct€par€les€tribunaux€canadiens.€€Le€juge€de€premi re€instance€a€rejet €la€d fense€dð ðimmunit Ð À Ðrelative€oppos e€par€les€d fendeurs€et€a€soumis€lð ðaffaire€ €lð ðappr ciation€du€jury€pour€quð ðilÐ ¬ ü Ðd termine€si€la€d fense€de€v racit €devait€ tre€retenue.€€Le€jury€a€conclu€que€la€v racit €deÐ ˜ è Ðplusieurs,€mais€pas€de€la€totalit ,€des€imputations€factuelles€dans€les€articles€avait€ t € tablie€et€aÐ „ Ô Ðaccord €des€dommages-int r ts€g n r

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ÐCromwellÔ_ ÔJJ.Ô_ ÔÐ (#x ! ÐÔ_ ÔÌò òon€appeal€from€the€court€of€appeal€for€ontarioó óÐ %P # ÐÌò òà p àTorts€ð" ð€Defamation€ð" ð€Defences€ð" ð€Responsible€communication€on€matters€of€publicÐ Ø&("% Ðinterest€ð" ð€Police€constable€suing€newspaper€and€reporters€for€libel€after€articles€were€publishedÐ Ä' #& Ðalleging€that€he€had€misrepresented€himself€and€possibly€interfered€with€rescue€operations€atÐ °( $' ÐGround€Zero€ð" ð€Court€of€Appeal€recognizing€new€responsible€journalism€defence€but€denying€Ð œ)ì$( Ðdefendants€its€protection€because€they€had€not€advanced€it€at€trial€ð" ð€Whether€common€law€ofÐ ˆ*Ø%) Ðdefamation€should€be€modified€to€accord€stronger€protection€to€defamatory€statements€of€factÐ t+Ä&* Ðpublished€responsibly€ð" ð€If€so,€whether€defendants€should€be€able€to€avail€themselves€of€new€defenceÐ `,°'+ Ðof€responsible€communication€on€matters€of€public€interest€at€a€new€trial.Ð L-œ(, Ðó óÌà p àC€was€an€Ontario€police€constable€who,€shortly€after€the€events€of€September11,€2001Ð œ ì Ðand€without€permission€from€his€employer,€travelled€to€New€York€City€to€assist€with€the€search€andÐ ˆ Ø Ðrescue€effort€at€Ground€Zero.€€A€newspaper€published€articles€alleging€that€C€had€misrepresentedÐ t Ä Ðhimself€to€the€authorities€in€New€York€and€possibly€interfered€with€the€rescue€operation.€€C€broughtÐ ` ° Ða€libel€action€against€the€newspaper€and€the€reporters.€€At€trial,€the€defendants€pleaded€qualifiedÐ L œ Ðprivilege€and€did€not€rely€on€the€defence€known€in€England€as€ð ðresponsible€journalismð ð€which,€atÐ 8 ˆ Ðthe€time,€had€not€yet€been€recognized€as€a€distinct€defence€by€any€Canadian€court.€€The€trial€judgeÐ $ t Ðrejected€the€defendantsð ð€claim€of€qualified€privilege€and€put€the€case€to€the€jury€to€decide€whetherÐ ` Ðthe€defence€of€truth€had€been€made€out.€€The€jury€found€that€many€but€not€all€of€the€factualÐ ü L Ðimputations€in€the€articles€had€been€proven€true,€and€awarded€C€general€damages.€€The€Court€ofÐ è 8 ÐAppeal€upheld€that€decision.€€The€court€took€the€opportunity€to€establish€a€responsible€journalismÐ Ô $ Ðdefence€in€Ontario€law,€but€held€that€the€defendants€were€not€entitled€to€a€new€trial€and€theÐ À Ðprotection€of€the€new€defence€because€they€had€not€advanced€the€defence€at€trial.Ð ¬ ü ÐÌà p àò òHeldó ó:€€The€appeal€should€be€allowed€and€a€new€trial€ordered.Ð „ Ô ÐÌà p àò òPeró ó€McLachlinC.J.€and€Binnie,€LeBel,€Deschamps,€Fish,€Charron,€Rothstein€andÐ \ ¬ ÐCromwellJJ.:€€The€defence€of€responsible€communication€on€matters€of€public€inte

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103,€la€r gle€du€ð ðdouble€aspectð ð€sð ðappliqueÐ Ì&H & Ðau€jeu. €€En€cons quence,€tant€le€gouvernement€f d ral€que€les€gouvernements€provinciauxÐ d(à ( Ðpeuvent€l gif rer€en€la€mati re:Ý ƒ % Ñý Ñ ;Ñ ÝŒÐ ü)x!

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Ðit€does€not€create€a€provincial€offence.€€Nor€does€it€impose€a€penalty€for€operating€VLTsÐ Ô P Ðin€those€municipalities.€€If€VLT€operators€were€to€be€charged€with€any€offence,€it€wouldÐ l è Ðbe€under€the€gaming€provisions€in€the€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€which€prohibit€gambling€ò òexceptó óÐ "€ Ðin€accordance€with€lottery€schemes€conducted€and€managed€by€the€provinces.€€The€effectÐ œ# " Ðof€s.€3(1)€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€simply€to€remove€the€exception€and€give€full€effect€to€theÐ 4%° $ Ðexisting€federal€offences.Ý ƒ % Ñý Æ (Æ ÝŒÐ Ì&H & ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % Ñý~É Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€even€if€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€did€create€a€provincial€offence€or€impose€aÐ ü)x!* Ðfine,€that€would€not€necessarily€make€it€an€attempt€to€legislate€criminal€law.€€SectionÐ ”+ #, Ð92(15)€of€the€ò òConstitution€Act,€1867ó ó€allows€the€provincial€legislatures€to€impose€finesÐ ,-¨$. Ðor€other€punishments€as€a€means€of€enforcing€valid€provincial€law,€and€the€provincesÐ Ä.@&0 Ðhave€enacted€countless€punishable€offences€within€their€legislative€spheres.€€MotorÐ \0Ø'2 Ðvehicle€offences€are€the€classic€example,€and€they€have€been€declared€constitutionallyÐ „ Ðvalid€in,€ò òinter€aliaó ó,€ò òOð ðGrady€v.€Sparlingó ó,€[1960]€S.C.R.€804€(careless€driving);€andò ò€RossÐ ˜ Ðv.€Registrar€of€Motor€Vehiclesó ó,€[1975]€1€S.C.R.€5€(provincial€licence€suspension€uponÐ ´ 0 Ðconviction€for€ò òCriminal€Codeó ó€impaired€driving€offence).€€The€mere€presence€of€aÐ L È Ðprohibition€and€a€penalty€does€not€invalidate€an€otherwise€acceptable€use€of€provincialÐ ä ` Ðlegislative€power.€€Ý ƒ % Ñý~É ™É ÝŒÐ | ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýœÎ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú26Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€appellants€submitted€that€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€contains€penal€consequencesÐ ¬ ( Ðbecause€it€terminates€all€siteholder€agreements€in€municipalities€that€have€voted€toÐ D À Ðprohibit€VLTs€in€accordance€with€the€Act.€€Relying€on€this€Courtð ðs€decision€in€ò òJohnsonÐ Ü X Ðv.€Attorney€General€of€Albertaó ó,€[1954]€S.C.R.€127,€they€argued€that€the€provisions€of€theÐ t ð Ðò òVLT€Actó ó€result€in€the€forfeiture€of€VLTs,€which€can€be€characterized€as€a€penalty.€Ð ˆ ÐHowever,€the€termination€of€siteholder€agreements€cannot€be€characterized€as€a€forfeitureÐ ¤ Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€the€criminal€law.€€At€all€times€during€a€siteholder€agreement,€theÐ

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« ! àLð ðarticle16€de€la€ò òLoi€sur€les€options€locales€en€mati re€de€jeu€(appareilsÐ 4%° $ Ðde€loterie€vid o)ó ó€est-il€incompatible€avec€lð ðal. 2ò òbó ó)€de€la€ò òCharteÐ &| % Ðcanadienne€des€droits€et€libert só ó?

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œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌAlthough€the€Court€in€ò òHaigó ó€left€it€open€for€residence€to€be€established€as€an€analogousÐ l è Ðground€in€the€appropriate€case,€I€share€the€trial€judgeð ðs€view€here€that€this€is€not€such€aÐ "€ Ðcase.€€Nothing€suggests€that€Winkler€residents€are€historically€disadvantaged€or€that€theyÐ œ# " Ðsuffer€from€any€sort€of€prejudice.Ð 4%° $ ÐÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýKE Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú49Ú ÚÛ € z 1 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àHowever,€putting€the€appellantsð ð€case€at€its€best€and€assuming€that€they€couldÐ d(à ( Ðestablish€a€distinction€based€on€an€analogous€ground,€the€legislation€does€notÐ ü)x!* Ðdiscriminate€against€them€in€any€substantive€sense.€€It€is€not€necessary€to€proceedÐ ”+ #, Ðthrough€all€the€contextual€factors€listed€by€Iacobucci€J.€in€ò òLawó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€because€it€is€clearÐ ,-¨$. Ðthat€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€directly€corresponds€to€the€circumstances€of€Winkler€residents.€€TheÐ Ä.@&0 ÐTown€of€Winkler€was€singled€out€in€s.€16€of€the€ò òVLT€Actó ó€because€it€was€the€ò òonlyÐ \0Ø'2 Ðmunicipalityó ó€to€have€held€a€plebiscite€on€the€issue€of€VLTs.€€The€very€purpose€of€thatÐ „ Ðsection€was€to€respect€the€will€of€Winkler€residents,€as€expressed€in€their€1998€plebiscite.€Ð ˜ ÐViewed€in€the€context€of€that€plebiscite,€I€am€not€convinced€that€any€reasonable€residentÐ ´ 0 Ðof€Winkler€would€feel€that€he€or€she€has€been€marginalized,€devalued€or€ignored€as€aÐ L È Ðmember€of€Canadian€society€(see€ò òLawó ó,ò ò€supraó ó,€at€para.€53).€€There€is€no€harm€to€dignity,Ð ä ` Ðand€no€violation€of€s.€15(1).Ý ƒ % ÑýKE fE ÝŒÐ | ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ % Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ % ÑýìJ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àIt€was€noted€above€in€the€s.€2(ò òbó ó)€claim€that€s.€15(1)€might€be€implicatedÐ ¬ ( Ðwhere€the€opportunity€to€vote€in€a€plebiscite€is€extended€to€some€and€withheld€fromÐ D À Ðothers€based€on€a€prohibited€ground€of€discrimination.€€This€would€be€the€case€if€a€lawÐ Ü X Ðprohibited€members€of€a€certain€race€or€religion€from€voting€in€a€plebiscite.€€However,Ð t ð Ðthat€is€not€the€case€in€this€appeal.€€First,€as€previously€noted,€the€distinction€in€s.€16€ofÐ ˆ Ðthe€ò òVLT€Actó ó€is€not€based€on€an€analogous€ground.€€Second,€the€distinction€does€not€affectÐ ¤ Ðthe€qualification€and€ability€of€Winkler€residents€to€vote€in€a€VLT€plebiscite€under€theÐ

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* Ðgouvernement€passe€sous€silence€le€fait€que€les€traitements€des€juges€dð ðautresÐ Ô)D"+ Ðprovinces€et€ceux€des€juges€f d raux€ont€augment €depuis€lð ðapplication€deÐ * #, Ðla€recommandation€de€la€Commission€de€1998€en€mati re€de€traitement.€Ð l+Ü#- ÐCela€dit,€je€dois€admettre€que€la€r ponse€de€la€Commission€ €cet€argumentÐ 8,¨$. Ðest€insuffisante.€[par.138]Ó 6ä ÓÐ -t%/ œ Ð œ Ð Ðâ âÐ œ. '1 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý,è Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú57Ú ÚÛ € z 9 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àLa€Cour€dð ðappel€a€ensuite€signal €des€probl mes€majeurs€dans€le€rapport€deÐ Ðâ âla€Commission,€en€particulier€lorsque€cette€derni re€conclut€que€le€refus€dð ðaccorder€uneÐ ( ˜ Ðhausse€irait€ €lð ðencontre€du€ò òRenvoió ó.€€La€cour€a€fait€remarquer€que€le€Gouvernement€auraitÐ À 0 Ðpu,€dans€sa€r ponse,€invoquer€comme€motifs€les€erreurs€de€droit€commises€par€laÐ X È ÐCommission€(par.141).€€Elle€a€soulign €que€ces€erreurs€auraient€pu€ tre€ vit es€si€laÐ ð ` ÐCommission,€qui€nð ðest€pas€form €de€juristes,€avait€pu€b n ficier€des€services€dð ðunÐ ˆ ø Ðconseiller€juridique€ind pendant€charg €de€lð ðaider€dans€ses€d lib rations.€€La€CourÐ Ðdð ðappel€a€aussi€examin €la€pr tention€du€Gouvernement€que€le€redressement€salarialÐ ¸ ( Ðrecommand €est€excessif,€en€particulier€si€on€le€compare€avec€les€hausses€accord es€auxÐ P À Ðfonctionnaires.€€Elle€a€conclu€que€cette€comparaison€nð ð tait€pas€appropri e€et€que€laÐ è X Ðr ponse,€ €cet€ gard,€ne€satisfaisait€pas€ €la€norme€de€la€rationalit .€€Elle€a€ensuiteÐ € ð Ðexamin €lð ðargument€fond €sur€la€parit €avec€les€juges€de€nomination€f d rale€et€elle€aÐ ˆ Ðjug €que€le€Gouvernement€avait€eu€raison€de€nier€lð ðexistence€dð ðun€lien€entre€lesÐ ° Ðtraitements€des€juges€de€nomination€f d rale€et€ceux€des€juges€de€la€Cour€provinciale.€Ð H ¸ ÐLa€cour€a€alors€analys €si€les€traitements€ taient€suffisants€pour€attirer€des€candidatsÐ à P Ðcomp tents.€€Elle€a€conclu€que€la€position€du€Gouvernement€ tait€rationnelle€et€quð ðelleÐ x è Ðpouvait€ tre€r it r e€dans€la€r ponse€parce€que€la€Commission€ne€lð ðavait€pasÐ !€ Ðconvenablement€analys e.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý,è Gè ÝŒÐ ¨" " ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý

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Ðfurther€5%€in€the€succeeding€two€years€to€keep€them€in€reasonableÐ )x!* Ðrelationship€to€judges€of€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€Bench.€Ð Ô)D"+ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àThis€would€result€in€an€annual€salary€as€follows,€beginning€January€1,Ð l+Ü#- Ð2001€and€effective€on€the€same€date€in€the€succeeding€two€years:Ð 8,¨$. œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà œ àà0 ø à2001€Ô_ Ôð! ðÔ_ Ô€$154,018Ð Ð-@&0 ø Ð ø Ð Ðà0 œ àà ø à2002€Ô_ Ôð! ðÔ US. , CE. , +Ð ÔÔ CE. , US. , ÔÔ_ Ô€$161,709Ð œ. '1 œ Ð œ Ð Ðà œ àà0 ø à2003€Ô_ Ôð! ðÔ US. , CE. , òš ÔÔ CE. , US. , ÔÔ_ Ô€$169,805Ð h/Ø'2 ø Ð ø Ð ÐÐ 40¤(3 Ðà0 œ àà ø àIn€addition,€the€Commission€recommends€that€the€Province€apply€toÐ Ðthese€annual€salary€amounts,€the€New€Brunswick€Industrial€AggregateÐ \ Ì ÐIndex.€.€.€.Ð ( ˜ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌà0 œ àà ø àIn€this€third€year,€the€annual€salaries€of€PCJ€would€be€approximatelyÐ À 0 Ð$30,000€less€than€the€salaries€of€judges€of€the€Court€of€Queenð ðs€Bench,€andÐ Œ ü Ðmarginally€lower€than€the€percentage€that€New€Brunswickð ðs€personalÐ X È Ðincome€per€capita€was€in€1999€of€the€national€average.Ó ÓÐ $ ” œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñýwž Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Commission€also€made€a€number€of€recommendations€with€respect€toÐ T Ä Ðpensions,€vacations,€health€care€and€life€insurance.Ý ƒ 0 Ñýwž ’ž ÝŒÐ ì \ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÎŸ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú52Ú ÚÛ € z 4 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€Government€rejected€all€the€Commissionð ðs€recommendations€withÐ Œ Ðregard€to€remuneration€except€for€the€increase€based€on€the€provinceð ðs€IndustrialÐ ´ $ ÐAggregate€Index.€€The€Governmentð ðs€response€took€the€form€of€recitals,€which€areÐ L ¼ Ðreproduced€in€the€appendix€and€will€be€dealt€with€at€greater€length€below.€€These€29Ð ä T Ðrecitals€can€be€€condensed€into€three€main€reasons:€€in€the€Governmentð ðs€view,€(1)€theÐ | ì ÐCommission€misunderstood€its€mandate,€(2)€it€is€inappropriate€to€link€the€ProvincialÐ „ ÐCourt€judgesð ð€salary€to€that€of€federally€appointed€judges,€and€(3)€the€judgesð ð€existingÐ ¬ Ðsalary€is€adequate.Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÎŸ éŸ ÝŒÐ D ´ ÐŒÝ ÝÌà œ à(1)à ø àò òJudicial€HistoryÐ t#ä # Ðó óÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÏ£ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú53Ú ÚÛ € z 5 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà œ àThe€reviewing€judge€found€the€Governmentð ðs€reasons€for€rejecting€theÐ ¤& ' ÐCommissionð ðs€salary€recommendations€to€be€rational,€but€held€that€its€reasons€forÐ

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Ðdð ðaccusations€dð ðinfraction€en€mati re€de€drogue€port es€contre€lð ðaccus €--€Minist reÏpublic€invoquant€le€privil ge€relatif€aux€indicateurs€de€police€pour€refuser€de€faire€droitÏ €la€requ te€de€lð ðaccus €visant€ €obtenir€la€production€de€la€fiche€de€lð ðinformationÏcommuniqu e€--€Le€juge€du€proc s€a„t„il€commis€une€erreur€en€ordonnant€la€productionÏde€la€fiche€r vis e€de€lð ðinformation€communiqu e€par€lð ðindicateur?

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€Lð ðintim e€nð ða€pasÐ ˆ Ðinterjet €appel€devant€la€commission€dð ðappel€en€mati re€d'am nagement€(ð ðcommissionð ð)Ð ¸ Ðet,€bien€quð ðelle€ait€cess €lð ðexploitation€litigieuse,€elle€a€n glig €de€remettre€les€lieux€dansÏleur€ tat€original,€ce€qui€lui€aurait€occasionn €une€d pense€dð ðenviron€45€500€$Ô # † X ½ X X X ½c # Ô.

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Ðm canisme€exclusif€et€global€de€r glement€des€diff rends€en€mati re€deÐ )x! * Ðtravail,€particuli rement€dans€le€contexte€du€pr sent€pourvoi.Ó Zâ ÓÐ Ô)D"+ « Ð « Ð ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñýkê Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àEn€Ô_ Ôlð ðesp ce,Ô_ Ô€je€Ô_ Ônð ðaiÔ_ Ô€aucun€doute€que€nous€sommes€en€pr sence€Ô_ Ôdð ðunÔ_ Ô€ð ðr gimeÐ -t%/ Ðl gislatif€complet€destin € €r gir€tous€les€aspects€du€rapport€entre€les€parties€dans€le€cadreÐ œ.

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Ðdispute€resolution€and€the€jurisdiction€of€the€ordinary€courts,€not€theÐ )x!* Ðrelationship€between€statutory€dispute€resolution€and€the€courts.€€TheÐ Ô)D"+ Ðconcern€that€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€may€jeopardize€theÐ * #, Ðcomprehensive€dispute€resolution€process€contained€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relationsÐ l+Ü#- Ðlegislation€is€one€that€arises€in€this€latter€situation€as€well.€€Allowing€partiesÐ 8,¨$. Ðto€disputes€which,€by€their€very€nature,€are€those€contemplated€and€regulatedÐ -t%/ Ðby€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€legislation,€to€have€recourse€to€the€ordinary€courts€would€fly€in€theÐ Ð-@&0 Ðface€of€the€demonstrated€intention€of€Parliament€to€provide€an€exclusive€andÐ œ. '1 Ðcomprehensive€mechanism€for€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€dispute€resolution,€particularly€in€theÐ h/Ø'2 Ðcontext€of€the€present€case.Ó ;I ÓÐ 40¤(3 « Ð « Ð Ð‡Ý ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý‡P Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú50Ú ÚÛ € z 2 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€this€case,€I€have€no€doubt€that€we€are€dealing€with€a€ð ðcomprehensiveÐ Ðstatutory€scheme€designed€to€govern€all€aspects€of€the€relationship€of€the€parties€in€aÐ ( ˜ ÐÔ_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€settingð ð:€€see€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€at€p.721.€€It€is€clear€that€theÐ À 0 Ðò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó€creates€an€exclusive€and€comprehensive€mechanism€for€the€settlement€ofÐ X È Ðdisputes€in€Ô_ ÔlabourÔ_ Ô€relations€cases€by€requiring€that€all€grievances€be€submitted€toÐ ð ` Ðarbitration€exclusively.€€Adopting€a€model€other€than€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€inÐ ˆ ø Ðthis€case€would€undermine€the€comprehensiveness€of€the€scheme,€and€would€be€contraryÐ Ðto€the€Ô_ Ôlegislatureð ðsÔ_ Ô€intention.Ý ƒ Ñý‡P ¢P ÝŒÐ ¸ ( ÐŒÝ ÝÌÔ& È Ôà « à(iii)ò òTrend€in€the€Case€Lawó óÐ è X ÐÌÝ ‚ Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ Ñý8U Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú51Ú ÚÛ € z 3 Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àIn€thiÔ' È è èT Ôs€case,€where€there€is€an€exclusivity€clause€and€a€comprehensive€andÐ ˆ Ðexclusive€scheme€for€the€settlement€of€disputes,€adopting€the€exclusive€jurisdictionÐ ° Ðmodel€is€consistent€with€the€decisions€of€this€Court€in€ò òRegina€Policeó ó,€ò òsupraó ó,€ò òWeberó ó,Ð H ¸ Ðò òsupraó ó,€and€ò òSt.€Anne€Nackawicó ó,€ò òsupraó ó.€€The€Quebec€Court€of€Appeal,€too,€has€onÐ à P Ðnumerous€occasions€applied€the€exclusive€jurisdiction€model€to€collective€agreementsÐ x è Ðsubject€to€Ô_ ÔQuebecð ðsÔ_ Ô€ò òÔ_ ÔLabourÔ_ Ô€Codeó ó:€see,€for€example,€ò òÔ_ ÔLatulippeÔ_ Ô€v.€Commission€Ô_ ÔscolaireÔ_ ÔÐ !€ Ðde€la€Jeune„Loretteó ó,€[2001]€Ô_ ÔR.J.D.T.Ô_ Ô€26;€ò òÔ_ ÔMayvilleÔ_ Ô€v.€Union€Ô_ ÔcanadienneÔ_ Ô€des€Ô_ ÔtravailleursÔ_ ÔÐ ¨" " Ðen€communication€

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Ðdroit€en€mati re€dð ðadmissibilit €de€la€preuve€obtenue€par€ coute€ lectronique€ taitÐ Ô)D"+ Ðdevenu,€selon€les€termes€du€jugeSopinka,€un€ð ðfouillis€proc duralð ð€(ò òGarofolió ó,Ð l+Ü#- Ðp.1445).€€Les€diverses€proc dures,€dont€chacune€concernait€une€contestationÐ -t%/ Ðâ âproc durale€distincte€et€reposait€sur€des€assises€juridictionnelles€diff rentes,€portaientÐ œ. '1 Ðg n ralement€le€nom€des€affaires€dans€lesquelles€elles€avaient€ t €engag es.€€IlÐ Ðsð ðagissait€des€proc dures€suivantes:Ý ƒ 0 Ñý4o Oo ÝŒÐ ( ˜ Ðâ âŒÝ ÝÌ(1)à0 œ àun€voir-dire€de€type€ò òParsonsó ó€devant€le€juge€du€proc s€pour€d terminer€si,Ð X È Ð €la€lecture€de€son€texte,€lð ðautorisation€est€valide,€si€lð ðinterception€a€ t Ð ð ` Ðeffectu e€conform ment€aux€modalit s€pr vues€et€si€les€conditionsÐ ˆ ø Ðprescrites€par€la€loi€ont€ t €respect es,€la€r paration€en€cas€de€manquementÐ Ð tant€lð ðexclusion€en€vertu€de€lð ðancien€art.178.16€du€ò òCode€crimineló ó€(ò òR.€c.Ð ¸ ( ÐParsonsó ó€(1977),€37C.C.C.€(2d)497€(C.A.€Ont.),€conf.€par€[1980]Ð P À Ð1R.C.S.785€(ò òsub€nom.ó ó€ò òCharette€c.€La€Reineó ó));Ð è X œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌ(2)à0 œ àune€demande€de€typeò òWilsonó ó€devant€le€tribunal€ayant€accord €lð ðautorisationÐ ˆ Ðpour€d terminer€si€lð ðaffidavit€est€valide€quant€au€fond,€la€r paration€ tantÐ ° Ðlð ðannulation€de€lð ðautorisation€(ò òWilson€c.€La€Reineó ó,€[1983]€2R.C.S.594);Ð H ¸ œ Ð œ Ð ÐÌ(3)à0 œ àune€audience€de€type€ò òGarofolió ó€devant€le€juge€du€proc s€pour€d terminer€siÐ x è Ðlð ðautorisation€est€conforme€ €lð ðart.8€de€la€ò òCharte€canadienne€des€droits€etÐ !€ Ðlibert só ó,€la€r paration€ tant€une€d cision€concernant€lð ðopportunit €dð ðexclureÐ ¨" " Ðla€preuve€en€vertu€du€par.

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Ðwide€or€too€vague.€€The€authorizing€judge€should€grant€the€authorizationÐ )x!* Ðonly€as€far€as€need€is€demonstrated€by€the€material€submitted€by€theÐ Ô)D"+ Ðapplicant.€€[para.€29]Ó Ð ÓÐ * #, « Ð « Ð ÐÌÓ 9 Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 ÓÓ Ó3.1.3à0 4 àò òIs€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óLeave€Requirement€Consistent€With€Subsequent€€ò òCharterÐ Ð-@&0 Ðó óJurisprudence?ó óÓ ¢Ó ÓÐ œ. '1 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ 9 Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX ø Ü 8 ¼ 9 ÓÐ 40¤(3 ÐÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 ÑýÂÔ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú23Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThird,€the€appellants€submit€that€three€importantò òó ó€principles,€repeatedlyÐ Ðenforced€by€this€Court€in€its€ò òCharter€ó ójurisprudence,€favour€the€abolishment,€orÐ ( ˜ Ðalternatively,€the€relaxation€of€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement.€€These€principles€are:Ð À 0 Ðthe€ò òó órecognized€importance€of€a€broad€right€to€cross„examination;€the€lower€standardÐ X È Ðgenerally€applicable€to€the€admissibility€of€defence€evidence;€and€the€need€to€ensureÐ ð ` Ðaccess€to€the€remedial€scheme€in€the€ò òCharteró ó.€Ý ƒ 0 ÑýÂÔ ÝÔ ÝŒÐ ˆ ø ÐŒÝ ÝÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÝ ‚ 0 Ñý×× Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú24Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThere€is€no€debate€that€these€important€principles€are€relevant€both€in€theÐ ¸ ( Ðformulation€of€an€appropriate€standard€for€allowing€cross„examination€and€in€itsÐ P À Ðapplication.€€However,€the€accusedð ðs€right€to€an€evidentiary€hearing€must€be€consideredÐ è X Ðin€context.€€It€must€also€be€balanced€against€countervailing€interests,€including€the€needÐ € ð Ðto€ensure€that€the€criminal€trial€process€is€not€plagued€by€lengthy€proceedings€that€doÐ ˆ Ðnot€assist€in€the€determination€of€the€relevant€issues.€€As€I€will€explain,€the€appellantsð ðÐ ° Ðargument€ignores€important€contextual€factors.€€When€the€proposed€cross„examinationÐ H ¸ Ðof€an€affiant€is€considered€in€the€context€of€the€review€hearing€and€its€narrow€scope,Ð à P Ðit€is€my€view€that€the€ò òGarofoli€ó óleave€requirement€strikes€an€appropriate€balanceÐ x è Ðbetween€these€competing€interests.Ý ƒ 0 Ñý×× ò× ÝŒÐ !€ ÐŒÝ ÝÌÓ Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ¼ Ó3.2à0 4 àò òRelevant€Contextual€Factorsó óÐ @$° $ 4 Ð 4 Ð ÐÓ Ü , ‚X « ø Ü 8 ô Ü , ƒX « ø Ü 8 ¼ ÓÌÝ ‚ 0 Ñýÿ ÝÝ ÝÔ # † X ú¸ X X X ú¸jÌ # ÔÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ ÔÝ ‚ 0 ÑýKÝ Ýà „ àÚ ƒ z Ú25Ú ÚÛ € z Ûà Ü àÝ Ýà « àThe€first€contextual€factor€that€is€ignored€by€the€appellantsð ð€argument€hasÐ p'à ( Ðalready€been€mentionedÔ # † X ú¸ X X X ú¸‰Ý # ÔÔ ‡ X ú¸ X X X ú¸ Ô€ð" ð€the€right€to€full€disclosure.€€Under€s.€187(1.4)€of€theÐ )x!* Ðò òCriminal€Codeó ó,€the€defence€has€a

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