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79, pas plus que je n’estime que ce soit là son objet. J’ai déjà fait remarquer que la Loi n’impose pas l’arbitrage obligatoire comme mode de règlement des différends entre le gouvernement et les fonctionnaires.

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With respect, I do not agree with that construction of the section, nor do I regard s. 79 as having been enacted for that purpose. It has already been noted that the Act did not impose a compulsory arbitration method as the means for settling disputes between the government and civil servants. It recognized and provided for collective bargaining. It gave to bargaining agents representing bargaining units in the civil service the option of having disputes between employer and employee settled by binding arbitration or by a conciliation procedure.

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Suivant ce raisonnement, j’adopte l’interprétation selon laquelle le paragraphe peut fonder une accusation de désobéissance à une ordonnance légale de la cour uniquement quand aucun texte législatif (et aucun règlement) ne prévoit expressément de peine ou de châtiment ou un autre mode de procédure.

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By this line of reasoning I would construe the subsection as being available as the basis for a charge for disobedience of a lawful court order whenever statute law (including regulation) does not expressly provide a punishment or penalty or other mode of proceeding, and not otherwise. Here, for reasons above stated, no other section of the Criminal Code, supra, and no Rules of Court have so expressly provided. The common law is

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	La nature et l’étendue du pouvoir de la Commission et le mode d’exercice de ce pouvoir aussi bien que les droits d’un détenu à liberté conditionnelle et la portée des décisions de la Commission sur ces droits peuvent être déterminants quant à savoir si la Commission a une obligation d’agir de façon judiciaire, qui en retour implique une fonction judiciaire.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	The nature and extent of the power of the Board and the manner of its exercise as well as the rights of a paroled inmate and the impact of the Board’s decision upon those rights may determine whether there rests upon the Board the duty to act judicially, which in turn implies judicial function.

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Si l’on suppose pour le moment qu’une loi provinciale puisse prévoir la peine ou l’autre mode de procédure, il devient nécessaire d’examiner les Règles de la Cour du Banc de la Reine qui pourront éventuellement trouver application.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	Assuming for the moment that the penalty or other mode of proceeding might be provided by provincial law, it is necessary to examine the potentially applicable Queen’s Bench Rules. These would appear to be rules 483, 485 and 492, which provide as follows:

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Le succès de ce pourvoi dépendait de la recherche d’une déduction nettement implicite tirée des art. 482 et 484 pour appuyer le choix du tribunal ainsi que le mode de procès. L’appelant a opposé d’autres dispositions du Code, tels les art. 464, 429.1, 492(3), 497d) et 507, mais aucune déduction susceptible d’appuyer la position de l’appelant n’est possible aux termes des dispositions pertinentes qui régissent et entourent le choix en vue du procès.

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The success of this appeal rested on finding a necessary implication from ss. 482 and 484 to support election of the forum as well as the mode of trial. The appellant contrasted other provisions of the Code, such as ss. 464, 429.1, 492(3), 497(d) and 507, but no such implication as would support the appellant’s position could be made under the relevant provisions governing and surrounding election for trial.

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Les règles 483 et 485 ne prévoient pas de peine ou de châtiment, pas plus qu’elles ne prévoient, du moins pas expressément, un mode de procédure pour les cas où il y a eu désobéissance, dans le sens d’outrage au tribunal, à un ordre légal donné par une cour de justice.

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Rules 483 and 485 do not provide a penalty or punishment, nor do they provide, at least not expressly, for a mode of proceeding where a lawful order made by a court of justice has been disobeyed in the sense of contempt. While rule 492 provides that a fine may be imposed for contempt of court, in lieu of or in addition to, punishment by attachment, committal or sequestration, the rule does not, however provide the express penalty. It cannot be taken as a comprehensive provision dealing with contempt of court such as is obviously contemplated by the exception to s. 116(1). The rule, while providing a brief and imprecise recogni-

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Je suis aussi entièrement d’accord avec l’avis exprimé en la présente espèce par le Juge en chef Wells, qui a conclu qu’avant l’adoption de la Déclaration canadienne des droits, le pouvoir discrétionnaire du Procureur général de choisir le mode de poursuite qu’il jugeait approprié faisait partie de la conception britannique et canadienne de l’égalité devant la loi.

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I am also in complete agreement with the view expressed in the present case by Chief Justice Wells who concluded that before the enactment of the Canadian Bill of Rights, the discretion of the Attorney General to elect the mode of prosecution as he saw fit was part of the British and Canadian conception of equality before the law. And I am unable to infer from the provisions of the Canadian Bill of Rights any suggestion that Parliament differed from that view or had any intention to depart so radically from that state of the law. Indeed, if appellant’s fundamental submission was acceded to, some thirty sections of

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	b) la clause d’exclusion «à moins que la loi ne prévoie expressément quelque peine ou châtiment ou autre mode de procédure»;
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	(b) the exclusionary clause “unless some penalty or punishment or other mode of proceeding is expressly provided”;

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	[TRADUCTION]… que l’exercice par un tribunal supérieur de son pouvoir inhérent en matière d’outrage au tribunal constitue un mode de procédure expressément prévu par la loi et qu’en l’espèce la procédure par acte d’accusation est exclue.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	…that the exercise by a superior court of its inherent power to deal with contempt is a mode of proceeding expressly provided by law and that proceeding by indictment is precluded in the case at bar.

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b) vend, troque, échange ou autrement aliène, ou fait vendre, troquer, échanger ou autrement aliéner, ou amène à vendre, troquer, échanger ou autrement aliéner, ou y aide ou y contribue, ou offre de vendre, de troquer ou d'échanger un lot, une carte, un billet ou autre moyen ou système pour céder par avance, prêter, donner, vendre ou autrement aliéner quelque bien par lots ou billets ou par tout mode de tirage;

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(b) sells, barters, exchanges or otherwise disposes of, or causes or procures, or aids or assists in, the sale, barter, exchange or other disposal of, or offers for sale, barter or exchange, any lot, card, ticket or other means or device for advancing, lending, giving, selling or otherwise disposing of any property by lots, tickets or any mode of chance whatever;

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	[TRADUCTION] A mon avis, l’expression «… quelque peine ou châtiment ou autre mode de procédure…»
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	In my opinion, the remedying of a civil contempt through the inherent power of a superior court to do so,

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99, l’émission d’une injonction mettant fin à la grève jusqu’au 31 décembre 1967. De plus, le savant juge prescrivit un mode spécial de signification de cette ordonnance et dispensa le requérant de fournir un cautionnement.

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Having examined this petition and the supporting documents, having heard representations from the petitioner’s attorneys and deliberated, Mr. Justice Dorion considered that the truth of the facts alleged in the petition was attested by the annexed affidavits and judging that this strike was paralyzing the public transportation system operated by the Commission, that it imperiled public health and safety in the territory of the city of Montreal and in the whole metropolitan area, granted, as s. 99 authorized him to do, an injunction ordering an end to the strike until December 31, 1967. In addition, the learned Judge prescribed a special mode of service of this order and dispensed the claimant from giving security.

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Outrage au tribunal—Compétence—Droit criminel—Accusation d’avoir désobéi à une ordonnance rendue par une cour supérieure dans une affaire civile—Inapplicabilité de la disposition du Code criminel si la loi prévoit «expressément… [un] autre mode de procédure»—Le pouvoir inhérent à une cour supérieure d’imposer une peine pour outrage au tribunal exclut-il l’application de la disposition du Code criminel?

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Contempt of Court—Jurisdiction—Criminal law—Criminal charge laid for disobeying superior court. order in civil matter—Criminal Code provision excluded if “other mode of proceeding… expressly provided by law”—Whether Criminal Code provision excluded by inherent power of superior court to punish for contempt—Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1970, c. C-34, ss. 8, 116.

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84. Je ne puis souscrire aux propositions du procureur de l'intimé. Le paiement est bien sûr un mode d'extinction des obligations. Encore faut‑il qu'il y ait une obligation. En l'espèce, l'obligation de l'employeur est tout au plus une obligation de mandataire.

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84.              I cannot agree with the propositions of counsel for the respondent. Of course, payment is a method of extinguishing obligations: but there has to be an obligation. In the case at bar, the employer's obligation is at most that of an agent. If it receives amounts for its employees from customers, it is obliged to pass them on. However, if it receives nothing from the customers it does not owe its employees anything.

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91(29) de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 en raison de la nature des services offerts et du mode d'opération de l'entreprise qui offre un service de transport de signaux en matière de télécommunications par lequel ses abonnés envoient et reçoivent des communications interprovinciales et internationales selon les motifs de Mme le juge Rousseau‑Houle.

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Lamer C.J. ‑‑ We are all of the view that Téléphone Guèvremont Inc. is an interprovincial work and undertaking within the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada by virtue of ss. 92(10)(a) and 91(29) of the Constitution Act, 1867 by reason of the nature of the services provided and the mode of operation of the undertaking, which provides a telecommunication signal carrier service whereby its subscribers send and receive interprovincial and international communications as set out in the reasons of Rousseau-Houle J.A.  The constitutional question is answered as follows:

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Le mode de dépistage des actes criminels réels ou soupçonnés, et de leurs auteurs, varie nécessairement avec le genre de crime. Par exemple, lorsqu’il y a violence ou introduction par effraction et
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	Methods of detection of offences and of suspected offences and offenders necessarily differ according to the class of crime. Where, for example, violence or breaking, entering and theft are

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Le Commerçant s’engage en outre à assembler, entretenir et inspecter toutes les marchandises avant leur livraison aux acheteurs, à leur en indiquer le mode d’emploi et le fonctionnement et à leur fournir tous les services requis en exécution des garanties décrites dans la clause relative aux garanties.

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15. The Dealer agrees to maintain a well equipped repair shop and a repair parts stock sufficient to give prompt and accurate service to owners of goods merchandised by Thomas in the Dealer’s territory. The Dealer further agrees to assemble, service and inspect all goods sold before delivery to retail purchasers, to instruct the retail purchasers in the use and operation thereof, and to give purchasers such service as may be required to fulfill the warranties described in the Warranty Clause.

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Ils invoquent essentiellement devant cette Cour l’invalidité des décrets du Conseil prévoyant le mode d’élection du Conseil de la bande indienne des Six-Nations en conformité de la Loi sur les Indiens.

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When the appeal to this Court was heard some of the points raised by the appellants and discussed in the courts below were abandoned. The appellants’ essential submission to this Court was that the orders in council which had provided for the selection of the Council of the Six Nations Indian Band by elections in accordance with The Indian Act were invalid. These orders in council are P.C. 1629 made on September 17, 1924, and P.C. 6015 made on November 12, 1951. The earlier order was revoked by the later order, which was to the same effect. We are, therefore, concerned with P.C. 6015. It reads as follows:

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Vu la conclusion à laquelle j’en suis venu sur les autres aspects du litige, je ne crois pas nécessaire de me prononcer sur ce point-là. Je tiens cependant à souligner que je ne dis pas que le mode de distribution adopté par l’intimée ne va pas à l’encontre de la Loi relative aux enquêtes sur les coalitions.

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In view of the conclusion I have reached in respect of the other points, I do not consider it necessary to express an opinion on this. I wish to emphasize, however, that I am not saying that the system of distribution adopted by respondent is not contrary to the Combines Investigation Act. I merely note that appellant has not argued that such was the case and that I have not found in the record the elements that would be necessary for finding of our own motion, without prior consideration at trial and on appeal, that such a violation has been committed.

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	a) fait, imprime, annonce ou publie, ou fait faire, imprimer, annoncer ou publier, ou amène à faire, imprimer, annoncer ou publier quelque proposition, projet ou plan pour céder par avance, prêter, donner, vendre ou de quelque façon aliéner un bien au moyen de lots, cartes ou billets ou par tout mode de tirage;
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	(a) makes, prints, advertises or publishes, or causes or procures to be made, printed, advertised or published, any proposal, scheme or plan for advancing, lending, giving, selling or in any way disposing of any property by lots, cards, tickets or any mode of chance whatever;

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Les tribunaux américains, en se fondant sur la constitution, ont cherché à contrôler la production de preuves obtenues illégalement; en Angleterre, les tribunaux ont continué à exercer leur pouvoir discrétionnaire sur l’admissibilité de preuves qui joueraient inéquitablement contre un accusé. Le mode de contrôle peut donc avoir trait à l’acceptation de défenses au fond, à la recevabilité de la preuve ou à l’exercice d’un pouvoir discrétionnaire à cet égard.

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There is, of course, a balance to be struck between giving reasonable latitude to the police in the employment of stratagems to control the spread of crime, especially in the case of the illegal drug traffic, and controlling behaviour that goes beyond any reasonable latitude. American jurisdictions have, on a constitutional basis, sought to control the introduction of illegally obtained evidence; in England, the Courts have continued to exercise a discretionary power to control the admissibility of evidence that would operate unfairly against an accused. Control techniques may thus relate to the recognition of substantive defences or to rules against the admission of evidence or to a discretion as to its reception. Abuse of process or stay of proceedings have also been put forward as techniques of control.

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A mon avis, le décret C.P. 6015 est valide. Il prévoit le mode d’élection du Conseil de la bande indienne des Six-Nations. Le par. 3 du décret prévoit que «la Réserve» sera divisée en six sections électorales.

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In my opinion the order in council, P.C. 6015, was valid. It provided for the election of a Council of the Six Nations Indian Band. In para. 3 of the order in council provision is made for six electoral sections and it is stated that “The Reserve” is divided into those sections. It might be objected that there is no “reserve” unless the title to the land is vested in the Crown. In my view, any difficulty in this regard is overcome by s. 36 of the Act, which provides:

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132(2) n’établit en soi aucune distinction entre une personne ou classe de personnes particulière et quelque autre membre de la société et que ses dispositions, qui s’appliquent assurément sans distinction à tout le monde, confèrent simplement au Procureur général du Canada le pouvoir de décider, selon son propre jugement et dans tous les cas, le mode de poursuite des infractions décrites à l’art.

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In my opinion, appellant’s views fail to recognize that the provisions of s. 132(2) do not, by themselves, place any particular person or class of persons in a condition of being distinguished from any other member of the community and that, applicable without distinction to everyone, as indeed they are, these provisions simply confer upon the Attorney General of Canada the power of deciding, according to his own judgment and in all cases, the mode of prosecution for offences described in s. 132(1). Appellant’s arguments also fail to recognize that the manner

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Le paragraphe devient inopérant lorsque «la loi… prévoi[t] expressément quelque peine ou châtiment ou autre mode de procédure». Faisons abstraction pour le moment des mots «la loi» («by law»), pour nous employer à déterminer le sens qu’il faut attribuer à l’expression «prévoie expressément».

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The subsection is made by its terms inoperative where “some penalty or punishment or other mode of proceeding is expressly provided by law”. Setting aside for the moment the meaning of the term “by law”, the meaning to be attributed to the words “expressly provided” must be ascertained. It is said by the majority of the Court of Appeal and the judge of first instance that the inherent power of a superior court of civil jurisdiction to cite for contempt is a mode of proceeding expressly provided by law. In the context of contempt, there are three possible sources of “some penalty or punishment or other mode of proceeding”:

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	L’appelant exploitait une entreprise du genre de ce qu’on appelle parfois un «sex shop», où il exposait à la vue du public pour les vendre certains articles qui étaient de toute évidence destinés à certaines perversions sexuelles. Le juge de première instance a décrit comme suit le mode de présentation de ces articles au public:
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	The appellant operated a business of the type sometimes described as a “sex shop” where he exhibited for sale to the public certain items which were obviously designed for, and could in fact only be used for, unnatural sexual practices. The manner in which these items were presented to the public is described by the trial judge as follows:

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Le mode d’application consiste, évidemment, en la procédure de règlement des griefs et en l’arbitrage prévus par la convention. Nous ne nous préoccupons pas en l’espèce des règles de la common law relatives aux droits d’un tiers et aux procédures engagées par un tiers pour assurer le respect de la convention; nous nous intéressons seulement au droit d’une partie à cette convention de l’invoquer à l’encontre d’une autre partie à la même convention.

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The mode of enforcement is, of course, that of grievance and arbitration as prescribed by the agreement. We are not here concerned about the common law rules of third party entitlement and third party status of enforcement, but only with the rights of the parties to the agreement to assert that agreement as against other parties to it.

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Selon la défense, l'appelant ne dépassait pas démesurément la limite de vitesse et n'avait pas omis de respecter le feu de circulation. La défense a de plus insisté sur l'absence de lien causal entre le mode de conduite de l'appelant et la collision ou les morts ou les blessures.

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At the trial, the Crown argued that the accused was speeding and had driven through a red light, that this manner of driving was dangerous, and that the dangerous driving had caused the collision and resulted in death and injuries.  The defence argued that the appellant was not exceeding the speed limit by an excessive amount nor did he disobey the traffic light.  Moreover, the defence urged that the manner of the appellant's driving was not causally connected to the collision or the deaths or the injuries.

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	La Cour d’appel peut, si les fins de la justice le requièrent, permettre à une partie d’amender ses actes de procédure, de mettre en cause une personne dont la présence est nécessaire, ou encore, en des circonstances exceptionnelles, de présenter, selon le mode qu’elle indique, une preuve nouvelle indispensable.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	523. The Court of Appeal may, if the ends of justice so require, permit a party to amend his written proceedings, to implead a person whose presence is necessary, or even, in exceptional circumstances, to adduce, in such manner as it directs, indispensable new evidence.

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(1) Quiconque, sans excuse légitime, désobéit à un ordre légal donné par une cour de justice ou par une personne ou un corps de personnes autorisé par une loi à donner ou décerner l’ordre, autre qu’un ordre visant le paiement d’argent, est, à moins que la loi ne prévoie expressément quelque peine ou châtiment ou autre mode de procédure, coupable d’un acte criminel et passible d’un emprisonnement de deux ans.

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116. (1) Every one who, without lawful excuse, disobeys a lawful order made by a court of justice or by a person or body of persons authorized by any Act to make or give the order, other than an order for the payment of money is, unless some penalty or punishment or other mode of proceeding is expressly provided by law, guilty of an indictable offence and is liable to imprisonment for two years.

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Droit criminel—Choix d’un procès devant un juge et un jury—Un accusé peut-il choisir le tribunal devant lequel il sera jugé de même que le mode de procès? —Code criminel, S.R.C. 1970, chap. C-34, modifié par 1974-75-76, chap. 93, art. 429.1, 464, 482, 484, 492(3), 497d), 507.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	Criminal law—Election of trial by judge and jury—Whether accused may elect the forum in which to be tried as well as the mode of trial—Criminal Code, R.S.C 1970, c. C-34, as amended by 1974-75-76, c. 93, ss. 429.1, 464, 482, 484, 492(3), 497(d), 507.

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Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	L’arrêt Magann traite d’une question bien spécifique, savoir le lieu de la formation d’un contrat lorsque les parties ont choisi la poste comme mode de transmission d’une proposition et de son acceptation.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine csc.lexum.org as primary domain	Magann deals with a very specific question, namely, the place of formation of a contract when the parties have selected the mail as the means of communicating an offer and its acceptance. This was a very specific case and this narrow rules cannot be extended generally to all cases, as was pointed out in Charlebois v. Baril[4]. I can do no better than to cite the holding:

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Je crois qu’il n’est pas nécessaire d’examiner en l’espèce si le mode d’interprétation de la police doit être celui qui a été retenu dans The Canadian Indemnity Co. c. Andrews & George Co. Ltd. [15], ou celui qui a été adopté dans Indemnity Ins.

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I find it unnecessary to consider in the present case whether the approach to the construction of the policy ought to be that which prevailed in The Canadian Indemnity Co. v. Andrews & George Co. Ltd.[15] or that which was adopted in Indemnity Ins. Co. of North America v. Excel Cleaning Service[16]. Neither case dealt with primary coverage. Both were decided on the construction of an exclusion clause. What was said by Rand J. in the first case as to the meaning of the word “accident” clearly does not form part of the ratio decidendi.