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Keybot 13 Results  ar2006.emcdda.europa.eu
  Poglavje 6: Uživanje o...  
  Poglavje 3: Konoplja  
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V Evropi je mogoče najti dve obliki uvoženega heroina: običajno je na voljo rjavi heroin (njegova osnovna kemična oblika), manj pogosto pa ponavadi dražji beli heroin (oblika soli), ki navadno izvira iz jugovzhodne Azije.
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In Europe, two forms of imported heroin are found: the commonly available brown heroin (its chemical base form) and the less common and usually more expensive white heroin (a salt form), which typically originates from South-east Asia. In addition, some opioid drugs are produced within the EU, but manufacture is mainly confined to small-scale production of home-made poppy products (e.g. poppy straw, poppy concentrate from crushed poppy stalks or heads) in a number of eastern EU countries, for example Lithuania, where the market for poppy stalks and concentrate seems to have stabilised, and Poland, where production of ‘Polish heroin’ might be decreasing (CND, 2006).
  Polje 6  
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Vir: SAMHSA, Urad za uporabne študije, Nacionalna raziskava o uživanju drog in zdravju (http://oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm#nsduhinfo). Vedeti je treba, da je starostni razpon za "vse odrasle" v ameriški raziskavi (12 let in več) širši od običajnega starostnega razpona v evropskih raziskavah (15–64).
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(60) Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (http://oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm#nsduhinfo). Note that the age range for ‘all adults’ in the US survey (12 years and over) is wider than the age standard range for European surveys (15–64).
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(60) Source: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (http://oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm#nsduhinfo). Il est à noter que la tranche d’âge pour «tous les adultes» de l’enquête américaine (12 ans et plus) est plus large que la tranche d'âge standard utilisée dans les enquêtes européennes (15 à 64 ans).
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(60) Quelle: SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies, National Survey on Drug Use and Health [Nationale Erhebung über Drogenmissbrauch und Gesundheit], 2004 (http://oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm#nsduhinfo). Es ist zu beachten, dass in der Erhebung der Vereinigten Staaten die Altersspanne für „alle Erwachsenen" (ab 12 Jahren) breiter ist als die in den EU-Erhebungen angewandte Standardaltersspanne (15 bis 64 Jahre).
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(60) Fuente: SAMHSA, Oficina de Estudios Aplicados, 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health [Encuesta nacional sobre consumo de drogas y salud 2004] (http://oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh.htm#nsduhinfo). Obsérvese que el margen de edad utilizado para «todos los adultos»en la encuesta estadounidense (a partir de 12 años) es más amplio que el margen estándar utilizado para las encuestas europeas (de 15 a 64 años).
  Poglavje 8: IzboljÅ¡anj...  
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Zasegi drog v državi običajno veljajo za posredni kazalec ponudbe in razpoložljivosti drog, čeprav odražajo tudi vire, prednostne naloge in strategije kazenskega pregona, občutljivost preprodajalcev za nacionalne in mednarodne dejavnosti za zmanjšanje ponudbe in prakse poročanja.
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Drug seizures in a country are usually considered an indirect indicator of the supply and availability of drugs, although they also reflect law enforcement resources, priorities and strategies, as well as the vulnerability of traffickers to national and international supply reduction activities, and reporting practices. Quantities seized may fluctuate widely from one year to the next, for example if in one year a few of the seizures are very large. For this reason, the number of seizures is sometimes a better indicator of trends. In all countries, the number of seizures includes a major proportion of small seizures at the retail (street) level. Where known, origin and destination of drugs seized may indicate trafficking routes and producing areas. The price and purity/potency of drugs at retail level are reported by most of the Member States. However, data come from a range of different sources, which are not always comparable, making accurate comparisons between countries difficult.
  Polje 9  
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Če vzamemo podatke iz Španije za primer, prikaz 15 kaže, da ima uživanje ene droge za posledico povečano nagnjenje, v primerjavi z nagnjenjem splošnega prebivalstva, do zaužitja druge droge, katere pa je odvisno od zadevne droge. Med uživalci heroina je na primer relativno običajno uživanje kokaina, uživanje drugih drog pa je pri uživalcih kokaina manj očitno.
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Survey results do show considerable use of more than two drugs by individuals in same time period. However, survey data often poorly report on some forms of drug use and, even where there are data, work needs to be done to develop comparable reporting standards. An example of the extent of poly-drug use data available from population surveys can be seen in a recent technical report of the EMCDDA (2005b). Taking the example of data from Spain, Figure 15 shows that use of one drug results in an increased tendency, as compared to that of the general population, to have used another and that this varies according to the drug considered. For example, among heroin users, the use of cocaine is relatively common, but use of other drugs is less apparent for cocaine users.
  Polje 2  
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Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je kratka intervencija zelo koristna pri selektivnih preventivnih ukrepih, namenjenih uživalcem konoplje, ki običajno ne bi prišli v stik z okolji zdravljenja. Pri intenzivnih uživalcih konoplje programi, ki temeljijo na izobraževanju in poudarjajo vzdržnost, morda ne bi bili učinkoviti.
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Brief intervention has been found to be very useful in selective prevention measures targeted at cannabis users who would not normally come into contact with treatment settings. In the case of intensive cannabis users, education-based programmes that emphasise abstinence may not be effective.
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Une intervention brève est très utile dans le cadre des mesures de prévention sélective destinées aux usagers de cannabis qui n’ont normalement pas de contact avec les centres de traitement. Dans le cas d’usagers intensifs de cannabis, des programmes éducatifs prônant l’abstinence peuvent ne pas donner de résultats.
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Kurzinterventionen haben sich im Rahmen gezielter Präventionsmaßnahmen für Cannabiskonsumenten als sehr nützlich erwiesen, die normalerweise nicht mit Behandlungseinrichtungen in Kontakt kommen würden. Bei intensiven Cannabiskonsumenten sind aufklärungsorientierte Programme, die den Schwerpunkt auf Abstinenz legen, unter Umständen unwirksam.
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La intervención de corta duración ha demostrado ser de gran utilidad en las medidas de prevención selectivas dirigidas a los consumidores de cannabis que no suelen entrar en contacto con servicios de tratamiento. En el caso de los consumidores intensivos de cannabis, los programas que se basan en la educación y ponen énfasis en la abstinencia pueden no resultar efectivos.
  Poglavje 4: Amfetamini,...  
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Čeprav se strategije boja proti drogam ne nanašajo vedno na dovoljene droge in odvisnosti, izbrano vprašanje ugotavlja, da so preventivni programi in, v nekaterih državah tudi ukrepi zdravljenja, nanšajo tako na dovoljene kot na prepovedane droge, prednostna skupina pa so otroci in mladi. Zdi se, da je počasno vključevanje, strateško ali institucionalno, dovoljenih drog v politiko in v ukrepe proti prepovedanim drogam vedno bolj običajno.
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Although drugs strategies do not always refer to licit drugs or addictions, the selected issue finds that prevention programmes and, in some countries, treatment measures apply to both licit and illicit drugs, targeting as a priority children and young people. A slow integration, strategically or institutionally, of licit drugs into policy and measures against illicit drugs appears to be more and more common.
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Bien que les stratégies antidrogue ne fassent pas toujours référence aux drogues licites ou aux dépendances à des substances licites, la question particulière conclut que les programmes de prévention et, dans certains pays, les mesures de traitement s’appliquent tant aux drogues licites qu’illicites et visent en priorité les enfants et les jeunes. Une intégration progressive, institutionnelle ou stratégique, des drogues licites dans la politique et les mesures de lutte contre les drogues illicites semble de plus en plus courante.
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Zwar wird in den Drogenstrategien nicht immer auf legale Drogen oder Suchterkrankungen Bezug genommen, jedoch wird in dem ausgewählten Thema die Feststellung getroffen, dass Präventionsprogramme und in einigen Ländern auch Behandlungsmaßnahmen sowohl für legale als auch für illegale Drogen geeignet sind und schwerpunktmäßig auf Kinder und junge Menschen abzielen. Offenbar findet mehr und mehr eine schrittweise strategische oder institutionelle Einbeziehung legaler Drogen in politische Strategien und Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung illegaler Drogen statt.
  Poglavje 7: Z drogo pov...  
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Stopnja uživanja teh snovi med prebivalstvom je običajno nizka, vendar pa so stopnje razširjenosti med mlajšimi starostnimi skupinami znatno višje, uživanje teh drog pa je lahko še posebej razširjeno v nekaterih socialnih okoljih ali med nekaterimi kulturnimi skupinami.
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In many European countries the second most commonly used illegal substance is some form of synthetically produced drug. The use of these substances among the general population is typically low, but prevalence rates among younger age groups are significantly higher, and in some social settings or cultural groups the use of these drugs may be particularly high. Globally, amphetamines (amphetamine and methamphetamine) and ecstasy are among the most prevalent synthetic drugs.
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Dans beaucoup de pays européens, la deuxième substance illicite la plus couramment utilisée est une forme ou l'autre de drogue de synthèse. La consommation de ces substances dans la population est généralement faible, mais les taux de prévalence dans les tranches d'âge plus jeunes sont sensiblement supérieurs et, dans certains environnements sociaux ou groupes culturels, l'usage de ces drogues peut être particulièrement répandu. Dans l'ensemble, les amphétamines (amphétamines et méthamphétamines) et l'ecstasy comptent parmi les drogues de synthèse les plus fréquentes.
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In vielen europäischen Ländern steht eine synthetische Droge an zweiter Stelle der am häufigsten konsumierten illegalen Substanzen. Der Konsum dieser Substanzen ist in der Allgemeinbevölkerung in der Regel gering, jedoch ist die Prävalenz unter Jugendlichen wesentlich höher, und auch in bestimmten sozialen Milieus oder Kulturgruppen kann der Konsum dieser Drogen besonders hoch sein. Weltweit gehören Amphetamine (Amphetamin und Methamphetamin) und Ecstasy zu den am häufigsten konsumierten synthetischen Drogen.
  Poglavje 1: Politike in...  
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Po poročanju nacionalnih kontaktnih točk je pristop sistematičnega vključevanja posamične ocene tveganja v rutino svetovanja in zdravljenja ter organizacijo skupinskih sestankov zaradi izobraževanja o tveganju in odziva za uživalce drog manj običajen.
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According to the NFPs, the approach of systematically integrating an individual risk assessment into counselling and treatment routines and organising group sessions on risk education and response for drug users is less common.
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Selon les points focaux nationaux, l’approche consistant à intégrer systématiquement une évaluation individuelle des risques dans les routines de conseil et de traitement et à organiser des séances de groupe sur l’éducation aux risques et les réponses pour les usagers de drogue sont moins courantes.
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Den Angaben der nationalen Knotenpunkte zufolge ist das Konzept einer systematischen Einbeziehung individueller Risikobewertungen in die Beratungs- und Behandlungsverfahren sowie der Risikoaufklärung und Vermittlung von Informationen über den Umgang mit den Risiken in Gruppensitzungen für Drogenkonsumenten weniger verbreitet.
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De acuerdo con los puntos focales nacionales, las estrategias de integración sistemática de la evaluación del riesgo individual en las rutinas de tratamiento y asesoramiento, así como la organización de sesiones de grupo sobre educación y respuestas ante los riesgos para los consumidores de drogas son menos comunes.
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Stando alle informazioni fornite dai punti focali nazionali è meno praticato l’approccio volto a integrare sistematicamente una valutazione individuale dei rischi nell’ambito dei servizi di consulenza e nelle routine terapeutiche nonché a organizzare incontri di gruppo sull’educazione ai rischi e nella reazione ai rischi destinati ai consumatori di stupefacenti.
  Poglavje 7: Z drogo pov...  
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Čeprav opredelitev z drogo povezanega kriminala v EU še ne obstaja, običajno pomeni kazniva dejanja, storjena pod vplivom drog, kazniva dejanja, storjena zaradi pridobitve denarja za uživanje drog, kazniva dejanja, storjena v okviru delovanja trgov s prepovedanimi drogami, ter kazniva dejanja, storjena v nasprotju z zakonodajami o drogah.
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Although there is as yet no EU definition of drug-related crime, it is usually considered to mean crimes committed under the influence of drugs, crimes committed to finance drug use, crimes committed in the context of the functioning of illicit drug markets and offences in contravention of drug legislation. Routine data are available in the EU only on the last type of crime – drug law offences.
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Bien qu'il n'existe pas encore de définition commune de la criminalité liée à la drogue, elle est généralement considérée comme couvrant les crimes et délits commis sous l'influence de la drogue, ceux commis pour financer la consommation de drogue, ceux commis dans le cadre du fonctionnement des marchés illicites de drogue et les infractions à la législation antidrogue. Dans l'UE, seules des données de routine sur ce dernier type de criminalité, à savoir les infractions à la législation antidrogue, sont disponibles.
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Zwar liegt bisher noch keine in der gesamten EU gültige Definition der Drogenkriminalität vor, jedoch werden mit diesem Begriff in der Regel vier Kategorien von Straftaten bezeichnet: Straftaten, die unter dem Einfluss von Drogen begangen werden; Straftaten, die begangen werden, um den Drogenkonsum zu finanzieren; Straftaten, die im Rahmen illegaler Drogenmärkte begangen werden; Straftaten in Form von Verstößen gegen die Drogengesetzgebung. Routinemäßig werden in der EU ausschließlich Daten über die letztgenannten Straftaten erhoben.
  Poglavje 5: Kokain in c...  
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Širjenje sporočil za ozaveščanje o tveganju in navodil o obvladovanju prevelikih odmerkov prek posebej za to razvitih tiskanih gradiv ali drugih sredstev (letakov, spletnih strani, kampanj sredstev javnega obveščanja) je v 19 državah običajno ali prevladujoče.
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Information, education and communication (IEC)-oriented responses are further important measures in most European countries. The dissemination of risk awareness messages and overdose management instructions via specifically developed printed materials or other media (flyers, websites, mass media campaigns) is common or predominant in 19 countries. However, seven countries (Estonia, France, Ireland, Latvia, Hungary, Malta, Finland) use such measures rarely, and one country (Sweden) not at all.
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Les réponses axées sur l’information, l’éducation et la communication (IEC) sont d’autres mesures importantes mises en œuvre dans la plupart des pays d’Europe. La diffusion de messages de sensibilisation aux risques et d’instructions pour gérer les surdoses par le biais de brochures ou d’autres supports spécialement conçus à cette fin (prospectus, sites Web, campagnes de presse) est courante ou prédominante dans 19 pays. Cependant, sept pays (Estonie, France, Irlande, Lettonie, Hongrie, Malte et Finlande) ne recourent que rarement à ces méthodes et un pays, la Suède, pas du tout.
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Darüber hinaus werden in den meisten europäischen Ländern informations-, aufklärungs- und kommunikationsorientierte Strategien als wichtig erachtet. In 19 Ländern werden Botschaften zur Verbesserung des Risikobewusstseins und Anweisungen zum Umgang mit Überdosierungen häufig oder größtenteils durch speziell erarbeitetes Informationsmaterial oder über andere Medien (Flyer, Websites, Kampagnen in den Medien) verbreitet. In sieben Ländern (Estland, Frankreich, Irland, Lettland, Ungarn, Malta und Finnland) kommen derartige Maßnahmen selten und in einem Land (Schweden) überhaupt nicht zum Einsatz.
  Poglavje 2: Odzivi na p...  
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Med uživalci na zdravljenju ali v socialno marginaliziranih skupinah je bilo vbrizgavanje pogosto, uživanje crack kokaina pa je bilo običajno v Hamburgu, Londonu in Parizu, manj pa v Barceloni in Dublinu.
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Patterns of cocaine use are very different in different groups of users. In a European multi-city study, it was found that socially integrated cocaine users mainly snorted (95 %) the substance, while only a small fraction had smoked or injected it, but combined use of cannabis and alcohol was very common (Prinzleve et al., 2004). Among users in addiction treatment settings or in socially marginalised groups, injection was frequent, and crack use was usual in Hamburg, London and Paris, and to a lesser extent in Barcelona and Dublin. Crack use among the European general population seems to be low. For instance, lifetime prevalence of crack use was reported to be 0.5 % in Spain (2003) and 0.8 % in the United Kingdom (Chivite-Matthews et al., 2005). In three countries, lifetime prevalence of crack use was surveyed in club settings and found to be even lower than heroin use (Czech Republic 2 %, the United Kingdom 13 % and France 21 %). However, use of crack among marginalised groups or opioid users is a cause for concern in some cities. For example, among a targeted group of 94 female street prostitutes in Amsterdam, the prevalence estimate for lifetime use of crack cocaine was extremely high at 91 % (Korf, 2005, cited in the Dutch national report).
  Poglavje 7: Z drogo pov...  
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V šolskem letu 2004/2005 je bilo skupaj 320 policistov posebej dodeljenih šolam, da bi podnevi in ponoči varovali javni red in mir v njihovi okolici ter odvračali od kaznivih dejanj. V Franciji strokovnjaki, ki so jih usposobile službe kazenskega pregona za navezovanje stikov z mladimi ali odraslimi, obiščejo šole ali druge službe na zahtevo.
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The role of the police in school-based prevention is a controversial issue. In Belgium, the French Community recommends that health promotion and prevention policy should be implemented by school authorities and that the police force should not be involved in prevention programmes. Also, in the United Kingdom, a policy paper (ACPO Drugs Committee, 2002) recommended that the police service acts only within its areas of expertise (security, offences, order) and does not get involved in specific drug education. Following this line of action, Portugal continues to run a proximity policing programme, Escola Segura (safe school). During the 2004/05 school year a total of 320 police officers were specifically allocated to the school setting, with the aim of implementing proximity policing and offence dissuasion, both during the day and at night. In France, experts trained by the law enforcement services to liaise with youth or grown-up populations visit schools or other services on request. However, despite recommendations that drug education should not be delivered by police officers in uniform, as it could in some cases be counterproductive, activities carried out by police services within schools are still common in several Member States.

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Kokain pogosto uživajo uživalci opioidov in običajno se ga najde pri toksikoloških analizah prevelikih odmerkov opioidov in drugih snovi, kot so alkohol in benzodiazepini. Kokain se pogosto uživa skupaj z alkoholom, kar je kombinacija, ki ima lahko za posledico povečano toksičnost.
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Cocaine use is frequent among opioid users, and it is common to find cocaine in toxicological analyses of opioid overdoses, as well as other substances such as alcohol and benzodiazepines Cocaine is commonly consumed together with alcohol, a combination that may result in increased toxicity
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L’usage de cocaïne est courant chez les usagers d’opiacés et il est fréquent de trouver de la cocaïne dans les analyses toxicologiques des victimes de surdoses d’opiacés, sans compter d’autres substances comme l’alcool et les benzodiazépines. La cocaïne est souvent consommée avec de l’alcool, une combinaison qui peut accroître sa toxicité.
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Kokain wird häufig von Opioidkonsumenten eingenommen, und in der Regel werden in Fällen einer Überdosierung von Opioiden bei der toxikologischen Analyse Kokain sowie andere Substanzen wie Alkohol und Benzodiazepine festgestellt. Kokain wird häufig gemeinsam mit Alkohol konsumiert, was eine erhöhte Toxizität zur Folge haben kann.
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Es frecuente el consumo de cocaína entre los consumidores de opiáceos y resulta normal encontrar cocaína en los análisis toxicológicos de los casos de sobredosis por opiáceos, además de otras sustancias como el alcohol y las benzodiazepinas. La cocaína se suele consumir junto con alcohol, una combinación que puede aumentar su toxicidad.