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  Biographie – ANDERSON, ...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Le père de James Anderson fut officier dans l’armée avant de diriger une plantation en Inde ; il rentra en Angleterre en 1817 et émigra dans le Haut-Canada en 1831. Parmi les membres de cette famille, on trouve le général sir James Outram, qui se signala en Inde, et le lieutenant-colonel Alexander Seton, un des héros du naufrage du
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine biographi.ca as primary domain	James Anderson’s father was first a military officer, then ran a plantation in India; he returned to England in 1817 and immigrated to Upper Canada in 1831. Relatives of the family included General Sir James Outram, who won renown in India, and Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Seton, one of the heroes in the sinking of the

  Biographie – BLACKBURN,...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Blackburn se signala, soit dans le journalisme, soit dans la politique, par sa conviction qu’il importait de discuter rationnellement des problèmes et par sa certitude que tout ce que Toronto pouvait faire, London le pouvait aussi bien.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine biographi.ca as primary domain	Josiah Blackburn was one of the most important newspapermen of his day. He was also politically influential, whether as a supporter of George Brown, Sandfield Macdonald, or John A. Macdonald. His journalism and politics were both characterized by a conviction that rational discussion of the issues was important, and the belief that anything Toronto could do London could do as well.

  Biographie – HASSALL, T...  

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Il accompagna les explorateurs jusqu’au lac Athabasca, où Back signala que, « puisqu’il n’était pas habitué à parler sa langue maternelle, il n’était pas tout à fait apte à conduire un groupe pour la première fois parmi les Indiens ».

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Two years later he was engaged as interpreter for the Arctic expedition of Commander George Back*. Hassall travelled with the expedition as far as Lake Athabasca, where Back reported that “being unaccustomed to speak his native tongue, he was not altogether adapted for the first introduction of a party amongst the Indians.” Hassall remained at Fort Resolution (N.W.T.) and Fort Reliance and rejoined the expedition in the spring of 1834 for its return to Norway House (Man.).

  Biographie – ZHEEWEGONA...  

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En 1781, ce dernier alla trafiquer à Gloucester House, mais il n’y revint pas avant 1783 ; cette année-là, il signala que l’épidémie de petite vérole de 1781–1782 avait emporté un certain nombre de membres de sa bande, de même que beaucoup d’Indiens au sud-ouest du lac Saint-Joseph.

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He is first mentioned by John Kipling, chief trader at Gloucester House (Washi Lake, Ont.), who reported in 1780 that Zheewegonab was on his way to Albany with three canoes. Kipling’s later remark that the Indian was pleased with the treatment he received there may indicate that Zheewegonab had been dealing with Montreal-based traders during the 1770s. In 1781 he traded at Gloucester House, but did not appear there again until 1783, when he reported that the smallpox epidemic of 1781–82 had killed a number of his band members, as well as many Indians southwest of Lake St Joseph.

  FR:Biography – WITHROW,...  

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Chef d’un groupe de fidèles à l’église Metropolitan de Toronto, prédicateur occasionnel et membre assidu de la Conférence, Withrow prit toujours une part active à l’œuvre pastorale de l’Église méthodiste du Canada, qui naquit de la fusion de 1874. Cependant, il se signala surtout comme directeur des publications, rédacteur en chef et auteur, et comme membre de la bureaucratie dont son Église était alors en train de se doter.

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A class leader in the Metropolitan Church in Toronto, an occasional preacher, and a faithful member of conference, Withrow was always an active participant in the pastoral work of the Methodist Church of Canada, the body that resulted from the union of 1874. His principal roles were, however, as an editor and writer and as an influential figure in the church’s emerging bureaucracy. Here he made a significant contribution to the well-being of his beloved Methodist community and to the development of English-Canadian literary culture.

  Biographie – BLAKE, SAM...  

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L’organisme, rebaptisé Church Association of the Diocese of Toronto en 1873 à la suite d’une réorganisation, se signala surtout en fondant en 1877 la Protestant Épiscopal Divinity School (futur Wycliffe College), contrepartie évangélique du Trinity College, qui était ritualiste [V. James Paterson Sheraton*].

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In 1869 Blake and other prominent Toronto Anglicans had founded the Evangelical Association, a low-church lobby against clerical and high-church domination of the diocese of Toronto. The most significant achievement of the association, which was reorganized as the Church Association in 1873, was the establishment in 1877 of the Protestant Episcopal Divinity School (later renamed Wycliffe College) as an evangelical response to the high-church teachings of Trinity College [

  Biographie – DUVAL, EDM...  

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En tant que directeur de cette école modèle, qui fut pendant presque 20 ans le seul établissement de formation des maîtres après l’incendie de la Fredericton Normal School en 1850, et aussi en tant qu’inspecteur des écoles à partir de 1858, Duval signala sans cesse ce problème de salaire dans ses rapports officiels.

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Duval’s efforts to raise the standards of life were not limited to formal education. As a young man he is said to have worked for the benefit of the Jews of East London. He was an active Christian, gaining a licence to preach from the Germain Street Baptist Church of Saint John in 1870. In the last years of his life he worked hard to improve the deplorable lot of the Negroes in Saint John, not through missionary zeal, as might have been expected, but by trying to induce the spirit and practice of self-help.

  Biographie – HUGUES, KA...  

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Elle ravala donc sa colère et son amertume et se mit en route pour l'Australie. En février 1921, le journal catholique de Melbourne, l'Advocate, signala sa présence. Dans les mois suivants, comme elle l'avait fait au Canada, elle prit contact avec des militants locaux, réunit des groupes irlandais disparates et lança en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande des ligues pour l'autodétermination.

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Bitter and angry, and firmly convinced that she was being punished by the establishment, as personified by R. B. Van Horne, for her advocacy of Irish independence, but lacking resources to mount a legal challenge, Hughes headed to Australia. In February 1921 the Melbourne Catholic paper, the Advocate, reported her presence. In the following months Hughes, using the Canadian model, made contact with local activists, united disparate Irish groups, and successfully launched self-determination leagues in Australia and New Zealand.

  Biographie – OUTRAM, si...  

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Son grand-père paternel, le lieutenant-général James Outram, avait reçu un titre de baronet pour conduite exceptionnelle pendant la révolte des cipayes. Son père se signala aussi dans l’armée. Dans sa carrière de ministre du culte, James manifesta son dynamisme.

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Public distinction marked the family legacy that James Outram inherited. His paternal grandfather, Lieutenant-General James Outram, was created a baronet for outstanding service in the Indian Mutiny, and his father also distinguished himself in the military. Outram’s clerical career reveals the extent of his own drive. A graduate of Pembroke College, Cambridge (ba 1888, ma 1893), he was ordained deacon in 1889 and priest in 1890. He was curate of Holy Trinity Church in Hampstead (London) and then of Thorpe in Norfolk; from 1896 he was vicar of St Peter’s, Ipswich. In 1900 he suffered a mental breakdown from overwork.

  Biographie – CRISAFY, A...  

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Antoine se signala particulièrement en 1692 lorsque le gouverneur de Callière lui confia le commandement des troupes de Sault-Saint-Louis. Il réussit par ruse à déjouer les tentatives de 800 Iroquois qui avaient formé le projet de détruire la colonie française.

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Antoine distinguished himself particularly in 1692, when Governor Callière entrusted him with the command of the troops at Sault-Saint-Louis. By using guile he succeeded in thwarting the attempts of 800 Iroquois who had made plans to destroy the French colony. After this exploit Callière’s friendship for Crisafy never faltered. In 1696, at the time of Buade* de Frontenac’s expedition against the Iroquois, Crisafy, with Captain Raymond Blaise Des Bergères, was made responsible for guarding the recently constructed fort of Onondaga, where the boats, supplies, and ammunition required for the expedition were located.

  Biographie – DAVIES, si...  

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Il fut reçu au barreau en Angleterre en 1866 et, après un séjour au cabinet juridique de Thomas Chitty à Londres, admis l’année suivante au barreau de l’île. Cet homme de belle apparence, à la pensée structurée, se signala bientôt par ses dons d’orateur et son adresse remarquable au cricket.

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Of Huguenot background, Louis Davies’s paternal grandfather was born in Wales and came to the Island about 1812. Louis was educated at Charlottetown’s Central Academy and Prince of Wales College, and he subsequently read law at the Inner Temple in London. He was called to the bar in England in 1866 and, after a stint in the London law office of Thomas Chitty, on the Island a year later. Handsome and articulate, he quickly established a reputation as an orator and a first-rate cricket player. It was rumoured that his father, as the Island’s colonial secretary in 1869, invited his son to become solicitor general. In any event, young Davies did serve in that capacity in 1870 and 1872.

  Biographie – McCARTHY, ...  

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Cependant, après avoir parcouru l’ouest de l’Ontario au début de 1894, l’organisateur de la ligue, William G. Fee, signala que le programme avait été diffusé dans plusieurs circonscriptions et que l’avenir s’annonçait fort bien.

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McCarthy vowed to take an independent stand on the cross-benches, where his actions in the 1893 session were at odds with the government on the two most important issues before the house, schools and tariff reform. By the end of the session that spring, encouraged by widespread support, McCarthy had founded the Equal Rights League, a third party based upon his familiar themes. Its planks supported tariff reform and opposed any coercion of the provinces in matters of language or education. They constituted the McCarthyite defence against French Canadian encroachments on the true nationalization of Canada and expressly denied that confederation promised French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians an equal share in the new western domain.

  Biographie – WELLS, EMM...  

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Dans sa nécrologie, le Morning Chronicle de Halifax signala qu’elle « croyait fermement en l’Israël britannique et étudiait les écrits prophétiques », mais ne parla nullement de sa production littéraire.

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Dickson reputedly wrote children’s stories as well as adult fare, but she seems to have disappeared from literary view in the late 1890s. Active in St Paul’s Church in Halifax and in charitable pursuits until she became an invalid towards the end of her life, she died in 1926, three years after her husband. Her obituary in the Halifax Morning Chronicle described her as “a firm believer in British Israel, and a student of the prophetic writings,” but made no mention of her literary output. Yet the lively dialogue, humorous play, and intelligence of her heroine in Miss Dexie all reflect her considerable adeptness at writing popular fiction.

  Biographie – ESTCOURT, ...  

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Au cours des derniers mois de 1838 et en 1839, en plus de remplir ses tâches régimentaires, Estcourt dirigea les travaux d’arpentage des routes, surtout ceux de la route Cayuga, depuis Niagara Falls jusqu’à London. Constatant le piètre état de cette route, il le signala aux autorités militaires.

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for Halifax. After their arrival in June, they proceeded to La Prairie, Lower Canada, where the 43rd was temporarily stationed, and then in July travelled via the Ottawa River, the Rideau Canal, and Lake Ontario to the Niagara frontier in Upper Canada. In August they settled at Lundy’s Lane, not far from regimental headquarters at Drummondville (Niagara Falls). During the latter part of 1838 and in 1839, besides fulfilling his regimental duties, Estcourt busied himself conducting road surveys, particularly of the Cayuga Road from Niagara Falls to London, the poor condition of which he drew to the attention of military authorities. He and Caroline also engaged in the social life of the Niagara frontier, participating in sleighing parties, visiting Toronto on occasion, and sketching local scenery, particularly Niagara Falls. In late summer 1839 he was ordered to rejoin the depot companies of the 43rd at Portsmouth, England, and by September the couple had left the Canadas.

  Biographie – OSLER, sir...  

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À McGill, il manifesta de grandes aptitudes intellectuelles. Non seulement se classa-t-il premier à l’examen final, mais, signe annonciateur de ses réalisations futures, il reçut un prix spécial pour sa thèse, dont on signala l’originalité.

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In Bovell and Howard, Osler had the good fortune to have advisers who exemplified the best in functional, day-to-day, unrehearsed humanism and in humane care for the sick. Their example undoubtedly strengthened his own natural inclinations. This humanistic tradition is important in explaining the respected position which Osler continues to hold today as a role model for students. He proved to be a fine scholar at McGill, as shown by his coming first in the final examination. Even more important, particularly as a forecast of accomplishments to come, was the award of a special prize for his thesis, which was distinguished for its originality.

  Biographie – PIPES, WIL...  

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Celui-ci affirmait que la préservation des forêts pouvait être « assurée par la loi aussi efficacement que par l’éducation populaire », ce que Pipes s’employa à réfuter en 1908. L’année suivante, comme Wilcox l’accusait d’avoir retardé l’inventaire forestier de la province qu’il avait promis de faire, il signala quelles étapes préliminaires avaient été franchies.

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As commissioner of crown lands Pipes had to meet headlong Charles Smith Wilcox, a persistent critic of the department. In 1908 he sought to refute Wilcox’s notion that the preservation of the forests could be “brought about by law as effectively as it could be by the education of the people.” The next year he denied Wilcox’s charges that he had delayed a promised survey of the province’s forests, pointing out the preliminary steps already taken. After the session he went on two trips, largely in connection with the survey. On the second he died suddenly in Boston of a heart attack or stroke.

  Biographie – FITZGERALD...  

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Francis Joseph Fitzgerald, signala-t-on avec raison, avait commis plusieurs fautes : il avait été trop confiant, n’avait pas engagé un guide autochtone, avait réduit les rations et n’avait pas rebroussé chemin dès qu’il avait vu que Carter ne trouvait pas la piste.

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Fitzgerald was rightly criticized for overconfidence, failing to take a native guide, reducing rations, and not turning back sooner when Carter was unable to find the trail. Time, however, has blurred these failings of the Lost Patrol, as it became known, and Fitzgerald and his men are largely remembered for their heroic struggle to survive. Following the tragedy, Commissioner Perry issued instructions for emergency caches of food to be left along the route from Dawson to Fort McPherson, and for all patrols by the police over routes unknown to them to be accompanied by experienced guides.

  Biographie – ELLIOT, RO...  

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Elliot exerça de l’influence au Bureau de commerce jusqu’à ce que la maladie qui devait l’emporter, probablement une affection cardiaque, l’empêche de participer aux réunions. Il se signala aussi par l’insistance avec laquelle il réclama du gouvernement la formation d’une commission ferroviaire.

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Elliot further demonstrated public-spiritedness and broad horizons as the first president of the Canadian Manufacturers’ Association, member of the Toronto Harbour Trust, director for some years of the Toronto Industrial Exhibition, and president of the Toronto Rowing Club and of the St George’s Society. He also belonged to the National Club, a large, continuing luncheon club that was a bastion of the new Liberals (Reform party), whom he supported. “A strong believer in mutual fire insurance,” Elliot served among the officers of the Fire Insurance Exchange Corporation. He and his family were active members of Jarvis Street Baptist Church, referred to in a contemporary guide as “the chief Baptist basilica” in Toronto.

  Biographie – PLUMB, JOS...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	de Toronto, Thomas Charles Patteson*, signala Plumb à l’attention de sir John Alexander Macdonald* dès 1872, le présentant comme une acquisition utile mais parfois déroutante pour le parti. Plumb entra en politique lors des élections générales de janvier 1874, en partie par respect désintéressé pour Macdonald, après le scandale du Pacifique.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine biographi.ca as primary domain	, Thomas Charles Patteson*, as a useful though at that time erratic acquisition for the party. Plumb entered politics in the general election of January 1874, partly out of chivalrous regard for Macdonald after the Pacific Scandal. He was elected for the county of Niagara but the election was voided. In a new election on 22 December Plumb was successful.

  Biographie – ISBISTER, ...  

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, à l’automne de 1745. Joseph signala que son frère « était tombé malade, frappé de délire et d’une sorte de folie [...] et saisi de frayeur ». En réalité, William, par suite de l’abus continuel de l’alcool, avait perdu la raison et menacé de faire sauter Henley avec de la poudre à canon.

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The loneliness of the site and the fear of an Indian or French attack on the little garrison may have contributed to William’s attack of delirium tremens in the fall of 1745. Joseph reported that his brother was “taken ill with light-headedness and a sort of frenzy . . . got a fright.” In fact, through continual drinking William had lost his senses and threatened to blow up Henley with gunpowder. His men had overpowered him and brought him handcuffed to Albany, where he talked like a madman all night. When he recovered, Joseph sent him back to Henley.

  Biographie – LUXTON, WI...  

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Le journal ne manquait jamais de relever les indices d’erreur ou de perfidie de la part du cabinet ; par exemple, il signala le fait que celui-ci octroyait des subventions à la Compagnie du chemin de fer canadien du Pacifique pour le prolongement de lignes secondaires tout en fermant les yeux sur la complicité qui semblait exister entre cette société et la Northern Pacific Railroad Company pour maintenir le fret artificiellement haut.

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soon turned against it as well, reporting every sign of cabinet backsliding and perfidy, such as giving the CPR grants for the extension of branch lines while choosing to ignore its apparent collusion with the Northern Pacific Railroad to keep freight rates artificially high. As for the emerging controversy over the Manitoba school question, the fighting editor, with more perception than discretion, characterized it as a fraudulent diversion of public indignation onto Franco-Manitoban Catholics, designed to distract voters from the Greenway government’s surrender to the railway barons.

  Biographie – KETCHUM, S...  

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Toutefois, en 1835, le missionnaire anglican Adam Elliot* le trouva dans le canton de Mono où, signala-t-il, il avait « déjà fondé plusieurs écoles du dimanche et enseigné le catéchisme anglican à plus de cent personnes ».

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In 1820 Ketchum secured a land grant in Mono Township, near the present Orangeville, and over the years he added considerably to his holdings there. He was still living on Yonge St in 1830, when he signed a petition to incorporate a turnpike company, and in 1831 was still buying land there. In 1835, however, Anglican missionary Adam Elliot* found him at Mono, noting that he had already “formed several Sunday Schools, and instructed above a hundred persons in the Church catechism.” In his new home, indeed, Ketchum soon outdid his previous efforts in church extension. In 1837 he built a log church on his own land that was the precursor of St Mark’s, Orangeville, and local tradition credits him with the foundation of at least half a dozen Anglican churches in the area. He also made several large gifts of land to the church, for purposes ranging from the support of theological students to the foundation of a “Sailors’ Home.”

  Biographie – KEEFER, FR...  

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Par exemple, en tant que secrétaire de la Liberal-Conservative Association of West Algoma, il signala en 1891 au premier ministre du pays, sir John Alexander Macdonald*, qu'une nouvelle investiture de Simon James Dawson* ne serait pas bien accueillie.

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After settling in Port Arthur, Keefer had also immersed himself in politics. As secretary of the Liberal-Conservative Association of West Algoma, for example, he advised Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald* in 1891 that feelings were against the renomination of Simon James Dawson*. Seeking election himself in 1908, he was defeated by James Conmee*. He eventually sat as the Unionist-Conservative mp for Port Arthur and Kenora from 1917 to 1921.

  Biographie – MARLATT, W...  

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Le Victoria Daily Times signala que « en s’occupant de questions ouvrières » elle avait « prouvé sa capacité d’organisation pendant l’été des deux dernières années » lorsqu’elle coordonna l'affectation d'ouvrières à la cueillette de fruits sur le continent.

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In December 1918 the provincial Department of Labour made plans to open a labour bureau in Victoria. The bureau, one of a province-wide network of employment offices, was a result of a provincial-dominion conference held on 19–23 Nov. 1918; the federal government agreed to pay half of all operating costs of the provincial bureaux. The Victoria office, advertised in local papers as being “at the service of all persons seeking employment and of employers seeking help,” opened in January 1919. It consisted of a male and a female department. The provincial government appointed Marlatt to head the female department on 7 Feb. 1919. The Victoria Daily Times pointed out that “in dealing with labor matters,” she had “proved her organizing ability during the summer of the two last years” when she organized female labourers to pick fruit on the mainland.

  Biographie – SAUNDERS, ...  

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William Saunders fut l’un des derniers autodidactes en sciences naturelles qui se signala au Canada. Il n’avait pourtant rien d’un amateur. Il était bien un professionnel en ce sens qu’il gagnait sa vie en tant que scientifique.

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Although Saunders was one of the last of the self-taught natural scientists to rise to prominence in Canada, he was no amateur. He was a professional in the sense that he earned his living as a scientist. As an agriculturist, he made significant contributions to the settlement of the northwest and his work in establishing the experimental farms qualifies him as a pioneer of research and development in Canada.

  FR:Biography – STROBRID...  

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En février 1826, l’ingénieur en chef Francis Hall signala dans son compte rendu aux commissaires du canal que la construction du brise-lames avait déjà coûté à elle seule presque la moitié du montant prévu dans le contrat original pour le projet au complet.

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Throughout 1825 dredging machinery was used to dig the cut down to the specified 12 feet. It only remained to complete the two piers and install the decking and handrails. However, disquieting reports were surfacing about Strobridge’s ability to complete the project. The superintendent engineer, Francis Hall, reported to the canal commissioners in February 1826 that the construction of the breakwater alone had already cost nearly one-half the original contract price for the whole project. According to Hall, the breakwater on Lake Ontario faced such strong currents and waves that its construction had proved “hazardous and expensive, beyond all calculations.” Nevertheless, Strobridge had used the weather to his advantage and during the winter of 1825–26 he had had stone hauled across the frozen lake to the work site. Eventually, he overcame the engineering difficulties in constructing the piers and breakwater.

  Biographie – REID, JOHN...  

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Cependant, pour les élections générales de septembre, Borden avait besoin de Reid, qui accepta avec enthousiasme d’apporter son concours. Trois jours avant le scrutin, ce dernier signala à Borden : « quant à l’est de l’Ontario […] je crois sincèrement que tous ceux que nous avons maintenant sont sûrs ».

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Borden, however, needed him for the general election in September, and Reid responded eagerly. Three days before the contest he reported to Borden that “as to Eastern Ontario . . . I honestly believe everyone we now have is safe.” Whereas the Conservatives had won 48 Ontario seats in 1908, they now captured 73, including 20 of the 24 in Reid’s charge, and the Conservatives claimed power. Under pressure from Francis Cochrane*, who had taken over from Albert Edward Kemp as chief organizer for Ontario and was about to become minister of railways and canals, Borden rewarded Reid with the Ministry of Customs, but only after a stern lecture on loyalty. Rich in patronage potential, Customs was the third largest ministry after Railways and Canals and the Post Office. More important, in the days before direct taxation, it was responsible for collecting most of the government’s revenue.

  FR:Biography – LYMBURNE...  

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Lymburner demeura en Angleterre après 1791 car il souffrait d’une « affection de type asthmatique – pour laquelle on lui signala que le terrible froid des hivers canadiens était extrêmement [...] nocif ».

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Lymburner remained in England after 1791 with a “Complaint of an Asthmatic Nature – for which he was informed the severe cold of the winters in Canada was extremely . . . pernicious.” While recovering there, he took every opportunity to tender to government his views on Lower Canadian affairs. His paper on the Anglo-American tensions of 1793, which typically had no evident effect, did illustrate his grasp of the complex relationship between commerce and transatlantic diplomacy. In 1799 he returned to Quebec. Having ignored a warning from Dorchester in 1794 to attend the Executive Council or resign, he attempted to take his place in July but on a unanimous motion was ignominiously barred for non-attendance. His petitions to Britain in protest proved fruitless.

  Biographie – NELLES, RO...  

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Bien qu’élevé dans la foi luthérienne au sein de la communauté palatine germanophone de la colonie de New York, Nelles devint un membre important de la congrégation anglicane de Grimsby et contribua à la construction de son église. Son fils Abram* se signala à titre de missionnaire de l’Église d’Angleterre auprès des Indiens des Six-Nations.

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After the war he remarried and briefly returned to public life. In February 1814 he had been elected to the assembly for 1st Lincoln and Haldimand to replace the expelled Joseph Willcocks*. He held the seat until 1820; while he attended parliament, his son Henry managed the family mills. This separation has bequeathed to us a rare collection of touching love-letters between husband and wife. Robert Nelles (over the years the spelling gradually regularized to Nelles) was enormously proud of his military record and continued to take a great deal of interest in militia affairs. In 1822 he was rewarded with a promotion to colonel of his regiment. He scandalized and angered his neighbours with the unblushing favouritism of his appointments. For 20 or more years most of the officers in his regiment were members of the Nelles family. This situation aroused jealousy and resentment not only in the county but also within the Nelles family. In 1822 Robert promoted his son-in-law, but his brother William claimed seniority and marred the annual militia parade by beating his rival with a stick.

  FR:Biography – WIMAN, E...  

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Wiman se signala surtout à l’attention des Canadiens en préconisant, à compter de 1887, une union commerciale avec les États-Unis. Il souhaitait que les deux pays abolissent leurs droits de douane mutuels, élèvent une barrière tarifaire entre eux et le reste du monde et mettent en commun leurs recettes douanières pour les redistribuer en fonction de leur population.

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His most prominent Canadian venture was the promotion from 1887 of a commercial union of Canada and the United States. The scheme involved the abolition of tariffs between the two nations, the creation of a common tariff against the rest of the world, and the pooling of the customs revenues of both countries and their distribution on the basis of population. Commercial union was supported in the United States by some prominent businessmen of the protectionist persuasion (among them Samuel J. Ritchie, with whom Wiman shared interests in Canadian resources) and by a few members of Congress from states bordering on Canada. In the dominion the scheme won the backing of farmers’ groups in Ontario, several Liberal papers, and some leading figures in the Liberal party, including Sir Richard John Cartwright* and John Charlton. Thrice defeated in elections on the tariff question, the party was desperately looking for a new trade policy in 1887–88. However, the political implications of commercial union – the thin end of the wedge of annexation – troubled many members. In 1888 the party embraced unrestricted reciprocity, but in 1891 the Conservatives, charging that this policy was treasonous, defeated the Liberals yet again.