yw – -Translation – Keybot Dictionary

  Tudalen lanio Canllaw ...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Croeso i'r adran o'r wefan sydd yn cynnig canllaw i Gyfraith Hywel - beth oedd y gyfraith? Beth oedd cysylltiad Hywel Dda â hyn oll? Beth yw'r gwahanol adrannau yn y cyfreithiau?
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	Welcome to the section of the website which offers a guide to Cyfraith Hywel - what was the law? What was Hywel Dda's link to all of this? What are the different sections in the laws?

  Cyfnerth Cyfraith Hywel  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Mae yna saith llawysgrif yn y dull Cyfnerth, U, V, W, X, Y, Z a Mk. Credir mai dull Cyfnerth yw’r hynaf o’r dulliau Cymraeg o ran cynnwys. Y Gwentian code gynt, enwir dull Cyfnerth ar ôl Cyfnerth ap Morgeneu, a enwir mewn nodyn a atodir i’r Rhaglith yn y llawysgrifau dull Cyfnerth.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	The Cyfnerth redaction has seven manuscripts, U, V, W, X, Y, Z and Mk. The Cyfnerth redaction is often seen to be the oldest redaction of the three as far as the content is concerned. Previously the Gwentian code, the Cyfnerth redaction is named after Cyfnerth ap Morgeneu, who is named in a note appended to the Prologue in the Cyfnerth redaction manuscripts.

  Cyfraith y Gwragedd Cy...  

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Ceir cyfraith y gwragedd fel traethig ar wahân yn y testunau cyfraith, ac yn aml mae’r darn wedi ei labelu fel adran. Mae’r traethig yn trafod hawliau merched yng Nghymru yn yr oesoedd canol, ond y prif bwyslais yw’r uniadau rhwng dynion a merched, a’r cyfnewidiadau fyddai’n deillio o hynny.

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The law of women is found as a separate tractate in the law texts, and often the piece has been labelled as a text. The tractate discusses the rights of women in Wales in the middle ages, but the main focus is on the unions between men and women, and the exchanges which would result from that. The main emphasis of the section is on economic matters and inheritance. In the Iorwerth texts there is an additional linked section looking at children.

  Plaints in Mediaeval We...  

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Mae'r cwynion sydd wedi eu golygu yma yn fodelau ac yn enghreifftiau o sut i gychwyn achos cyfreithiol, gan ddatgan y gwyn wreiddiol. Maent i'w cael yng nghynffonnau rhai llawysgrifau, a phrin iawn yw'r enghreifftiau ohonynt.

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The model plaints edited here are examples of how to start a case in law, and set out the inital complaint. They are found in the tails of certain manuscripts, and very few examples occur. There are two collections of plaints, one from south Wales in manuscript Q of the laws, and a collection of plaints in a lost manuscript from north east Wales in the hand of Gutun Owain. Plaints also occur in manuscripts Bost and K. See also under 'plaints' in the databases.

  Testunau Lladin Cyfrai...  

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Fel arfer ymdrinnir â’r testunau Lladin gyda’i gilydd ond mae pum fersiwn o’r testunau Lladin, a enwyd yn Lladin A, Lladin B, Lladin C, Lladin D a Lladin E gan eu golygydd, Hywel D. Emanuel. Mae’n debyg mai cyfieithiadau o rhyw fath o destunau Cymraeg oeddynt yn wreiddiol, ac yna cyfieithwyd copi coll o Lladin D yn ôl i’r Gymraeg i ffurfio dull Blegywryd.

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The Latin texts are usually treated together but there are five versions of the Latin texts, named Latin A, Latin B, Latin C, Latin D and Latin E by their editor, Hywel D. Emanuel. They were probably originally translations from some sort of Welsh legal texts, and a lost manuscript of Latin D was then translated back into Welsh to form the Blegywryd texts. The Latin texts are not entirely in Latin, but are peppered with Welsh words.

  Cyfraith y Gwragedd Cy...  

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Ceir cyfraith y gwragedd fel traethig ar wahân yn y testunau cyfraith, ac yn aml mae’r darn wedi ei labelu fel adran. Mae’r traethig yn trafod hawliau merched yng Nghymru yn yr oesoedd canol, ond y prif bwyslais yw’r uniadau rhwng dynion a merched, a’r cyfnewidiadau fyddai’n deillio o hynny.

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The law of women is found as a separate tractate in the law texts, and often the piece has been labelled as a text. The tractate discusses the rights of women in Wales in the middle ages, but the main focus is on the unions between men and women, and the exchanges which would result from that. The main emphasis of the section is on economic matters and inheritance. In the Iorwerth texts there is an additional linked section looking at children.

  Cyfraith y Llys Cyfrai...  

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Mae’r adran yn trafod llys beunyddiol y brenin, ac yn cynnwys rhestr o’r 24 swyddog sydd yn ei gynorthwyo, eu hawliau a’u dyletswyddau. Rhan arall sydd weithiau yn cael ei gynnwys yng Nghyfraith y Llys yw darn yn trafod hela.

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Usually the first part of the lawbooks, following the prologue, and the longest section in the lawbooks. The section discusses the king’s daily court, and includes a list of the 24 officers who assist him, their rights and their responsibilities. Another sections sometimes included in the Laws of Court discusses hunting, the royal sport. It is likely that this section was already dated by the time of the earliest manuscripts, and had probably fallen out of use: it is a description of the ultimate court, but it does emphasize the royal status of the laws.

  Cyhoeddiadau a thestuna...  

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Mae'r dudalen hon yn cynnig dolenni at destunau golygedig. Y bwriad yw gwneud cyn gymaint o'r cyfreithiau ar gael â phosib. Bydd nifer o'r testunau sydd ar gael yma wedi eu cyhoeddi fel rhan o waith ehangach - yn cynnwys rhagymadrodd, cyfieithiad, a nodiadau yn dibynnu ar y cyhoeddiad - ac felly pwrpas y dudalen hon yw cynnig testun chwiliadwy y gellir cyfeirio ato, ond ar gyfer mwy o fanylion, bydd rhaid troi at y testun cyhoeddedig.

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This page has links to edited texts. The intention is to make as many as possible of the lawtexts available. Several of these texts available here will have been published as part of a larger work - including an introduction, a translation, and notes, depending on the publication - and so the purpose of this page is to offer a searchable text which can be examined, but for more details, it will be necessary to turn to the published text. The details for the published texts are also available here, and reference should be made to the published versions in any work which makes use of these texts.

  Machlud Cyfraith Hywel ...  

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Mae Dr Christine James yn Athro Cysylltiol yn Adran y Gymraeg, Academi Hywel Teifi, Prifysgol Abertawe. Llenyddiaeth yr Oesoedd Canol a’r cyfnod modern cynnar, ac yn arbennig llawysgrifau Cyfraith Hywel a thestunau crefyddol, yw prif faes ei hymchwil academaidd, a chyhoeddodd nifer o erthyglau sylweddol yn y meysydd hyn dros y blynyddoedd.

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Dr Christine James is Associate Professor in the Welsh Department, Academi Hywel Teifi, Swansea University. Her main area of academic research is the literature of the middle ages and the early modern period, in particular the manuscripts of Cyfraith Hywel and religious texts, and she has published a number of substantial articles in these areas over the years. She is also interested in free verse poetry of the sixteenth century, and the ‘baledi newyddiadurol’ from the time of Elizabeth I, and she is an authority on the literature of the south-east Wales valleys. Christine James is also a national chief bard, and she is the first woman ever to be elected as Archdruid of Wales.

  Cyfraith y Wlad Cyfrai...  

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Fel arfer ceir cyfraith y wlad yn dilyn Cyfraith y Llys – dyma’r cyfreithiau ar bopeth nad yw’n ymwneud â’r brenin a’i lys. Yn y llawysgrifau Iorwerth gyda’u rhaniad yn dri, mae cyfraith y wlad yn ail ran, a’r Llyfr Prawf yn drydedd.

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Usually the laws of country follow the Laws of Court – these are the laws on everything which is not focusing on the king and his court. In the Iorwerth manuscripts with their tripartite divsion, the laws of country are the second part, with the test book forming the third. There are a number of tractates on different topics in the laws of country, including the law of contract, suretyship; the laws of women; the value of wild and tame; land law; the three columns of law discussing criminal law, and a number of other topics.

  Iorwerth Cyfraith Hywel  

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Mae’n bosib bod yr wyth llawysgrif yn y dull Iorwerth, A, B, C, D, E, G, K, a Lew, yn adlewyrchu’r gyfraith yng Ngwynedd yn ystod teyrnasiad y ddau Lywelyn (Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, c.1194-1240 a Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, 1246-1282), yn enwedig Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, ac mae’r wyth llawysgrif yn ffurfio dull tynn.

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The eight manuscripts in the Iorwerth redaction, A, B, C, D, E, G, K, and Lew, may reflect the law in Gwynedd during the reign of the two Llywelyns (Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, c.1194-1240 and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, 1246-1282), particularly Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, and the eight manuscripts form a close group. The Iorwerth manuscripts are also the oldest in date but the most developed version of the laws. A revised version of Iorwerth is found in Col, NLW Peniarth 30, ‘Llyfr Colan’. The redaction, previously the Venedotian code, is named after Iorwerth ap Madog, the lawyer who is named as the compiler of the Test Book.

  Archwilio Cymru'r Oesoe...  

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Blodeugerdd o destunau byrion o Gyfraith Hywel yw'r gyfrol hon, gydag aralleiriadau mewn Cymraeg modern. Ychydig iawn o defnyddiau ar Gyfraith Hywel sydd ar gael yn y Gymraeg, ac ar ben hynny, prin yw’r testunau golygedig o Gyfraith Hywel.

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This Welsh language volume offers an anthology of short texts from Cyfraith Hywel, with transliterations into modern Welsh. Very few materials on Cyfraith Hywel exist in Welsh, and in addition to that, edited texts of Cyfraith Hywel are very rare. To date, the tendency in the subject area has been to publish editions of individual texts, which often include lengthy and complicated texts; or studies of individual sections such as the law of women, the three columns of law, or the triad collections. The aim of the present work is to prepare exemplary extracts from different sections and subjects within Welsh law, with the aim of giving a general overview of the law, in easy-to-use and accessible extracts.

  Cyhoeddiadau a thestuna...  

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Mae'r dudalen hon yn cynnig dolenni at destunau golygedig. Y bwriad yw gwneud cyn gymaint o'r cyfreithiau ar gael â phosib. Bydd nifer o'r testunau sydd ar gael yma wedi eu cyhoeddi fel rhan o waith ehangach - yn cynnwys rhagymadrodd, cyfieithiad, a nodiadau yn dibynnu ar y cyhoeddiad - ac felly pwrpas y dudalen hon yw cynnig testun chwiliadwy y gellir cyfeirio ato, ond ar gyfer mwy o fanylion, bydd rhaid troi at y testun cyhoeddedig.

Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain

This page has links to edited texts. The intention is to make as many as possible of the lawtexts available. Several of these texts available here will have been published as part of a larger work - including an introduction, a translation, and notes, depending on the publication - and so the purpose of this page is to offer a searchable text which can be examined, but for more details, it will be necessary to turn to the published text. The details for the published texts are also available here, and reference should be made to the published versions in any work which makes use of these texts.

  Machlud Cyfraith Hywel ...  

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Mae Dr Christine James yn Athro Cysylltiol yn Adran y Gymraeg, Academi Hywel Teifi, Prifysgol Abertawe. Llenyddiaeth yr Oesoedd Canol a’r cyfnod modern cynnar, ac yn arbennig llawysgrifau Cyfraith Hywel a thestunau crefyddol, yw prif faes ei hymchwil academaidd, a chyhoeddodd nifer o erthyglau sylweddol yn y meysydd hyn dros y blynyddoedd.

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Dr Christine James is Associate Professor in the Welsh Department, Academi Hywel Teifi, Swansea University. Her main area of academic research is the literature of the middle ages and the early modern period, in particular the manuscripts of Cyfraith Hywel and religious texts, and she has published a number of substantial articles in these areas over the years. She is also interested in free verse poetry of the sixteenth century, and the ‘baledi newyddiadurol’ from the time of Elizabeth I, and she is an authority on the literature of the south-east Wales valleys. Christine James is also a national chief bard, and she is the first woman ever to be elected as Archdruid of Wales.

  Y rhaglithiau Cyfraith...  

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Ceir rhaglith ym mhob llawysgrif gyflawn o Gyfraith Hywel. Mae’r rhaglith yn disgrifio Hywel Dda yn ymgynnull dynion dysgedig Cymru er mwyn gosod trefn ar y cyfreithiau; mae’n annhebygol iawn i hyn ddigwydd mewn gwirionedd, a phwrpas y rhaglithiau oedd pwysleisio cefndir a tharddiad brenhinol a Christnogol y cyfreithiau, a hynny yn wyneb ymosodiadau ar y gyfraith o’r tu allan i Gymru.

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Each of the complete manuscripts of Cyfraith Hywel includes a prologue. The prologue describes how Hywel Dda gathered together the most learned men in Wales in order to organise the laws; it is highly unlikely that this actually happened, and the purpose of the prologues was to emphasize a royal and Christian origin and background to the laws, and that in the face of criticism of the laws from outside Wales. The story in the prologues increases with time, with more details in the later versions. The prologues are the main piece of evidence for the link between Hywel Dda and the laws.

  Anomalous Laws Cyfrait...  

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Yn ei astudiaeth o’r llawysgrifau cyfraith, Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, trefnodd Aneurin Owen y llawysgrifau yn ôl dull, a chyflwynodd ei gysyniad o’r datganiad sylfaenol o gyfraith Hywel yn ôl bob dull yn ei dro.

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In his study of the Welsh law manuscripts, Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, Aneurin Owen grouped the manuscripts by redaction, and presented his concept of the basic statement of Welsh law according to each redaction in turn. However, there was some material – often found in later manuscripts, and seen by Owen to be additional material – which he could not fit into his basic statements, and so Owen edited this material and placed it in his second volume, which he called the ‘Anomalous Laws’. There are also entire Welsh law manuscripts which do not fit into the redactions. These manuscripts are F (Peniarth 34), which is linked to the Iorwerth redaction but does not contain a full text; H (Peniarth 164), a large collection of triads, cynghawsedd (model pleading) and other miscellaneous material; As (Peniarth 175), and Mor (Peniarth 36C), collections of later cynghawsedd (pleading); Dd, BL Add. 31,055, a copy of the lost White Book of Hergest, including model plaints; and Ep (Peniarth 258), which is in fact not anomalous and is an early copy of manuscript Q (Wynnstay 36) of the Blegywryd redaction.

  Llyfr Prawf Cyfraith H...  

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Yn rhagymadrodd y llyfr prawf dywedir bod y llyfr prawf yn cynnwys y prif destunau y byddai angen i ddyn eu gwybod i fod yn ynad, a’r rhai hynny yw tair colofn cyfraith, gwerth gwyllt a dof, a’r pethau cysylltiedig.

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The Iorwerth manuscripts have a tripartite division, into the laws of court, the laws of country, and the justices’ test book. The introduction to the test book, it is said to contain the core texts which a man would need to know in order to become a justice, and those are the three columns of law, the value of wild and tame, and the things which pertain to them. In addition to those sections, there is an appendix to the test book which has sections on co-operative ploughing, corn damage, and other short sections on related topics.

  Archwilio Cymru'r Oesoe...  

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Blodeugerdd o destunau byrion o Gyfraith Hywel yw'r gyfrol hon, gydag aralleiriadau mewn Cymraeg modern. Ychydig iawn o defnyddiau ar Gyfraith Hywel sydd ar gael yn y Gymraeg, ac ar ben hynny, prin yw’r testunau golygedig o Gyfraith Hywel.

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This Welsh language volume offers an anthology of short texts from Cyfraith Hywel, with transliterations into modern Welsh. Very few materials on Cyfraith Hywel exist in Welsh, and in addition to that, edited texts of Cyfraith Hywel are very rare. To date, the tendency in the subject area has been to publish editions of individual texts, which often include lengthy and complicated texts; or studies of individual sections such as the law of women, the three columns of law, or the triad collections. The aim of the present work is to prepare exemplary extracts from different sections and subjects within Welsh law, with the aim of giving a general overview of the law, in easy-to-use and accessible extracts.

  Staff Cyfraith Hywel  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Ei phrif ddiddordebau yw Cymru'r oesoedd canol, hanes cyfraith , yn arbennig datblygiadau diweddarach, o'r bymthegfed ganrif yng nghyfraith Cymru yn yr oesoedd canol, a hyfforddiant a dysg y cyfreithiwr Cymraeg canol.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	Her main interests are medieval Wales, legal history, in particular later, fifteenth-century developments in medieval Welsh law and the training and learning of the medieval Welsh lawyer. She is also an authority on medieval Welsh poetry, in particular the work of Dafydd ap Gwilym, as the editor of the bardic debate for www.dafyddapgwilym.net.

  Amcanion Cyfraith Hywel  

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Yr ail fwriad yw edrych ar y llawysgrifau cyfraith, y man cychwyn ar gyfer gweithio ar Gyfraith Hywel. Cyflwynir disgrifiad byr o bob llawysgrif, a rhestr gynnwys manwl ar gyfer y llawysgrifau unigol.

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The second aim is to look at the law manuscripts, the starting point for working on Cyfraith Hywel. A short description of each manuscript is presented, along with a detailed list of contents for the individual manuscripts. It will be possible for anyone who is keen to learn more about the laws to turn to these tables to see exactly what is in the manuscripts, and also to see where else those sections may occur.

  Peniarth 39 Cyfraith ...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Nid yw’r llawysgrif yn dilyn trefn Iorwerth, ac mae rhannau yn eisiau. Nid oes Cyfraith y Llys. Agor gyda deunydd ychwanegol, a chynnwys Damweiniau I, Cynghawsedd a deunydd arall.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	The manuscript does not follow the Iorwerth order, and parts are wanting. No Laws of Court, and opens with additional material, includes Damweiniau I, Cynghawsedd, and other material.

  Cwynion Cyfraith Hywel  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Casgliad o destunau byrion a geir mewn rhai llawysgrifau diweddarach, modelau o’r datganiad o’r hyn sydd wedi digwydd yw’r cwyn, a’r rhan cyntaf yn y broses gyfreithiol.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	A collection of short texts found in some later manuscripts, the plaints are models of the statement of what has happened, and would be the first step in the legal process.

  Llyfryddiaeth Cyfraith...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Y bwriad yw cynnig llyfryddiaeth gyflawn o waith academaidd sydd yn canolbwyntio ar Gyfraith Hywel. Bydd yn cael ei ddiweddaru yn rheolaidd. Cysylltwch â ni os oes gennych ychwanegiadau neu sylwadau ar y llyfryddiaeth!
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	This is intended to be a complete bibliography of academic work focusing on Cyfraith Hywel. It is regularly updated. For additions or comments on the bibliography please get in touch with us!

  Peniarth 37 Cyfraith H...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Testun Cyfnerth ond nid yw’n perthyn yn agos i’r testunau eraill o’r dull. Cynnwys Damweiniau I ar y diwedd.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	A Cyfnerth text but not bearing a close relation to other texts of that redaction. Includes Damweiniau I at the end.

  Y llawysgrifau Cyfrait...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Ceir croesgyfeiriadau at destunau printiedig. Pan roddir croesgyfeiriad at destun neu at lawysgrif arall, nid yw’r testun hwnnw yn debygol o fod yn union yr un fath â’r prif destun; fe all fod amrywiaeth yn y drefn neu yn yr eirfa a ddefnyddir.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	There are cross-references to printed texts. When a cross-reference to another text or another manuscript is given, that text is not likely to be identical to the main text; there may be variety in the ordering or wording used. The aims of the cross-references are to give an idea of parallel texts.

  Llawysgrifau yn eisiau ...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Nid yw'r llawysgrifau hyn wedi eu cynnwys fel rhan o brosiect Rhyddiaith Gymraeg o Lawysgrifau'r 13eg Ganrif, na phrosiect Rhyddiaith Gymraeg 1350-1425. Mae'r mwyafrif ohonynt heb eu digido ychwaith.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	These manuscripts have not been included as part of the Welsh Prose from 13th Century Manuscripts project, or the Welsh Prose 1350-1425 project. Most of them have not been digitized either.

  Cyfraith Hywel  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Os nad ydych yn gwybod beth yw'r allweddair, mae modd dod o hyd i'r darn mewn llawysgrif unigol, ac yna chwilio eto gan ddefnyddio'r allweddair.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	If you don't know the keyword, it is possible to find the section in an individual manuscript, and then search again using the keyword.

  Mechnà¯aeth Cyfraith H...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Cyfraith contract, cytundebau o bob math rhwng pobl, yw cyfraith mechnïaeth. Mae’r traethig yn edrych ar ddyletswyddau a swyddogaeth y mach, sef y trydydd person mewn unrhyw gytundeb: ceid y talawdwr neu’r prynwr; y cynnogyn, neu’r gwerthwr; a’r mach, a oedd i sicrhau bod y cytundeb yn cael ei chyflawni yn unol â’r hyn a gytunwyd arno yn ei bresenoldeb.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	Suretyship is the law of contract, agreements of all kinds between people. The tractate looks at the duties and role of the surety, the third person in any agreement: the buyer, or debtor; the seller, and the surety, who was to ensure that the agreement was completed in accordance to that which was agreed upon in his presence.

  Cyfraith Hywel  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	• A yw'r darn yn dod o lawysgrifau Z, S, H neu Lladin C?
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	• Is the section from manuscripts Z, S, H or Latin C?

  Y llawysgrifau Cyfrait...  

Show textShow cached sourceOpen source URL	Ceir croesgyfeiriadau at destunau printiedig. Pan roddir croesgyfeiriad at destun neu at lawysgrif arall, nid yw’r testun hwnnw yn debygol o fod yn union yr un fath â’r prif destun; fe all fod amrywiaeth yn y drefn neu yn yr eirfa a ddefnyddir.
Compare text pagesCompare HTM pagesOpen source URLOpen target URLDefine cyfraith-hywel.cymru.ac.uk as primary domain	There are cross-references to printed texts. When a cross-reference to another text or another manuscript is given, that text is not likely to be identical to the main text; there may be variety in the ordering or wording used. The aims of the cross-references are to give an idea of parallel texts.