zilveren – -Translation – Keybot Dictionary

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  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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In de vierde kolom zijn de bedragen (boetes en weergelden) omgerekend naar zilveren penningen, en zijn opmerkingen van de vertaler geplaatst
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In the fourth column, the amounts (fines and wergeld) have been converted to silver pennies. Also in this columns are remarks by the translator.
  Lex Frisionum NL Versies  
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- toegevoegd: omrekening van boetebedragen naar zilveren penningen.
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- added: conversion of fine amounts to silver pennies.
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Een enkele maal geeft de Lex bedragen in ponden. Een pond bestond uit 240 zilveren penningen; in een pond zaten 12 onzen (Henstra, 1999, p. 54).
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The Lex gives a few amounts in pounds. A pound was made up of 240 silver pennies; one pound consisted of 12 ounces (Henstra, 1999, p 54).
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Bij de vertaling van de tekst van de Lex, staan in de kolom rechts de omrekeningen naar zilveren penningen. De omrekeningen zijn gedaan door Dr. D.J. Henstra. Ook de diverse noten betreffende boetes en omrekeningen zijn op zijn advies toegevoegd.
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Next to the translation of the Lex, in the right-hand column, all amounts have been converted into silver pennies. The conversions have been done by Dr. D.J. Henstra. Also, various notes regarding amounts and conversions have been added on his advice.
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Wanneer een omrekening ‘GS’ noemt, betreft het een bedrag uit het oude systeem met gouden solidi, elk overeenkomend 3 schellingen ofwel met 36 zp (zilveren penningen). Omrekeningen die geen ‘GS’ bevatten betreffen bedragen volgens het nieuwe systeem met zilveren solidi of schellingen die elk overeenkomen met 12 zp.
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Whenever a conversion contains a ‘GS’, it's an amount from the old system with golden solidi, each equalling 3 shillings or 36 sp (silver pennies). Conversions without a 'GS' relate to amounts under the new system with silver solidi or shillings, each equalling 12 sp.
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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De Friese penning wordt in de Lex maar één maal genoemd. Waarschijnlijk betreft dit zilveren munten die in waarde gelijk waren aan de Anglo-Friese sceatta’s (Henstra, 1999, p. 281).
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Frisian pennies are mentioned only once in the Lex. Probably, these were silver coins, with a value equal to the Anglo-Frisian sceattas (Henstra, 1999, p 281).
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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zp = zilveren penning (de dagelijkse munt, 1,3 gram zilver).
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sp = silver penny (the ordinary coin, 1,3 gram silver).
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Echter, in enkele gevallen moeten we de term ‘solidus’ lezen als ‘zilveren solidus’. Zo zijn in het wondregister in Additio III (vanaf artikel 8) de bedragen volgens het nieuwe systeem weergegeven. Dit blijkt uit de expliciete toevoeging dat de boetes verdrievoudigd moeten worden, en uit een vergelijking met het wondregister in hoofdstuk XXII.
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However, in some cases the ‘solidus’ must be interpreted as ‘silver solidus’, for instance in the wound register (Add. III, from article 8 onwards), where the amounts are given according to the new system. This is apparent from the explicit addition that the fines must be tripled, and from a comparison with the wound register in Title XXII. Also in several other articles, scattered through the Lex, the new system must be applicable, because otherwise the fine amount would be extremely high.
  Lex Frisionum NL Inleid...  
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De boetebedragen in Lex Frisionum zijn in deze vertaling allemaal omgerekend naar dezelfde standaard eenheid, namelijk zilveren penningen van 1,3 gram (zie de Toelichting). De omrekening is gedaan met hulp van Dr.
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In the present translation of Lex Frisionum, all amounts have been converted to one standard measure, the silver penny of 1,3 gram (see the Explanatory notes). The conversions have been done with the help of van Dr. D.J. Henstra.
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Wanneer een omrekening ‘GS’ noemt, betreft het een bedrag uit het oude systeem met gouden solidi, elk overeenkomend 3 schellingen ofwel met 36 zp (zilveren penningen). Omrekeningen die geen ‘GS’ bevatten betreffen bedragen volgens het nieuwe systeem met zilveren solidi of schellingen die elk overeenkomen met 12 zp.
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Whenever a conversion contains a ‘GS’, it's an amount from the old system with golden solidi, each equalling 3 shillings or 36 sp (silver pennies). Conversions without a 'GS' relate to amounts under the new system with silver solidi or shillings, each equalling 12 sp.
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Die ogenschijnlijke tegenspraak komt doordat de bedragen in de Lex gebaseerd zijn op meerdere verschillende geldsystemen. Er zijn twee soorten solidi: de gouden solidus en de nieuwere zilveren solidus.
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This seeming contradiction is caused by the fact that the amounts in the Lex are based on several different monetary systems. First, there are two types of solidi: the golden solidus and the more modern silver solidus. Furthermore, the Lex occasionally specifies amounts in pounds and ounces, it distinguishes between 'old' and 'new' money, and at one time it mentions Frisian pennies.
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Wanneer de Lex spreekt van ‘oud’ en ‘nieuw geld’ wordt niet gedoeld op respectievelijk de gouden en de zilveren solidi, maar op de geldhervorming van koning Pepijn de Korte in de jaren 754/755, enkele decennia vóór de optekening van de Lex.
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Where the Lex speaks of 'old' and 'new' money, it does not refer to gold vs. silver coins, but to the money reform by Pippin the Short in the years 754/755, a few decades before the Lex was recorded. Pippin introduced a new silver penny that was slightly heavier than the Anglo-Frisian silver penny (weighing 1,3 gram) that had been in use by the Frisians and the English. Among numismatists, those old pennies are also known as sceattas (Henstra, 1999, p 63 ff).
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Wanneer de Lex spreekt van ‘oud’ en ‘nieuw geld’ wordt niet gedoeld op respectievelijk de gouden en de zilveren solidi, maar op de geldhervorming van koning Pepijn de Korte in de jaren 754/755, enkele decennia vóór de optekening van de Lex.
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Where the Lex speaks of 'old' and 'new' money, it does not refer to gold vs. silver coins, but to the money reform by Pippin the Short in the years 754/755, a few decades before the Lex was recorded. Pippin introduced a new silver penny that was slightly heavier than the Anglo-Frisian silver penny (weighing 1,3 gram) that had been in use by the Frisians and the English. Among numismatists, those old pennies are also known as sceattas (Henstra, 1999, p 63 ff).
  Lex Frisionum NL Inleid...  
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Waarschijnlijk zijn de boetebedragen gebaseerd op verschillende geldsystemen. Zowel Siems (1980) als Henstra (1999) veronderstellen dat de meeste bedragen in de Lex Frisionum gebaseerd zijn op de gouden munten, maar sommige bedragen op zilveren munten.
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Probably, the fine amounts are based on different monetary systems. Both Siems (1980) and Henstra (1999) suggest that most amounts in the Lex Frisionum are based on golden coins, and some amounts on silver coins. This has been suggested because the fines in the beginning of the Lex are remarkably low. Other Germanic laws use amounts for a freeman that are a factor three higher. The ancient golden solidus was worth three (more modern) silver solidi. Thus, the Frisian amounts (expressed in gold) would still be equal to those among other Germanic peoples (expressed in silver). Although gold coins had been out of circulation since two centuries, they could still be used as unit of account. In particular in the second wound register, 'new' silver coins seem to be used, because otherwise the fines for a simple wound would rise far above the fine for murder.
  Lex Frisionum NL Inleid...  
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Waarschijnlijk zijn de boetebedragen gebaseerd op verschillende geldsystemen. Zowel Siems (1980) als Henstra (1999) veronderstellen dat de meeste bedragen in de Lex Frisionum gebaseerd zijn op de gouden munten, maar sommige bedragen op zilveren munten.
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Probably, the fine amounts are based on different monetary systems. Both Siems (1980) and Henstra (1999) suggest that most amounts in the Lex Frisionum are based on golden coins, and some amounts on silver coins. This has been suggested because the fines in the beginning of the Lex are remarkably low. Other Germanic laws use amounts for a freeman that are a factor three higher. The ancient golden solidus was worth three (more modern) silver solidi. Thus, the Frisian amounts (expressed in gold) would still be equal to those among other Germanic peoples (expressed in silver). Although gold coins had been out of circulation since two centuries, they could still be used as unit of account. In particular in the second wound register, 'new' silver coins seem to be used, because otherwise the fines for a simple wound would rise far above the fine for murder.
  Lex Frisionum NL Inleid...  
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Waarschijnlijk zijn de boetebedragen gebaseerd op verschillende geldsystemen. Zowel Siems (1980) als Henstra (1999) veronderstellen dat de meeste bedragen in de Lex Frisionum gebaseerd zijn op de gouden munten, maar sommige bedragen op zilveren munten.
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Probably, the fine amounts are based on different monetary systems. Both Siems (1980) and Henstra (1999) suggest that most amounts in the Lex Frisionum are based on golden coins, and some amounts on silver coins. This has been suggested because the fines in the beginning of the Lex are remarkably low. Other Germanic laws use amounts for a freeman that are a factor three higher. The ancient golden solidus was worth three (more modern) silver solidi. Thus, the Frisian amounts (expressed in gold) would still be equal to those among other Germanic peoples (expressed in silver). Although gold coins had been out of circulation since two centuries, they could still be used as unit of account. In particular in the second wound register, 'new' silver coins seem to be used, because otherwise the fines for a simple wound would rise far above the fine for murder.
  Lex Frisionum NL Inleid...  
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De hoeveelheid zilver per munt veranderde in de tijd, en ook de bedragen (aantallen munten) die in de Lex Frisionum en latere wetboeken werden genoemd varieerden, maar omgerekend kwam het steeds neer op een gewicht van rond de 1,7 kg in zilver (om precies te zijn: 1,560 tot 1,768 kg). Het gewicht ten tijde van de optekening van Lex Frisionum was 1,664 kg (gebaseerd op 1280 zilveren penningen van 1,3 gram)(Henstra, 1999, p. 263 en 285).
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The wergeld was already in use before the Lex Frisionum was written down, and remained so for centuries thereafter. Henstra studied these wergelds and formulated a hypothesis: the wergeld (excluding kin's share) of a free Frisian would, through the centuries, always have been the equivalent of about 1,7 kg silver. The amount of silver per coin changed over time, and also the amounts (numbers of coins) mentioned in the Lex Frisionum and later books of law varied, but after conversion it always came down to a weight of about 1,7 kg in silver (to be precise: 1,560 to 1,768 kg). The weight at the time that Lex Frisionum was drafted, was 1,664 kg (based on 1280 silver pennies of 1,3 gram each)(Henstra, 1999, p 263 and 285).
  Lex Frisionum NL Inleid...  
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De boete (of compensatie) voor het doden van een vrije man bedroeg in Frisia 53 gouden solidi en 1 denar of tremisse. Omgerekend was dit 1920 zilveren penningen (de dagelijkse munt; zie de Toelichting voor de omrekening).
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The fine (or compensation) for killing a freeman in Frisia was 53 golden solidi and 1 denar or tremisse. In ordinary coins, this equals 1920 silver pennies (see the Explanatory notes for the conversion). A serf's fine was precisely half a freeman's fine. The compensation for killing a noble man varied regionally: in Middle Frisia it was 80 solidi (precisely 50% more than for a freeman), but in Eastern and Western Frisia it was 106 solidi and 2 denarii (twice a freeman). Thus, the ratio serf-free-noble in Middle Frisia was 1-2-3, while in East and West Frisia it was 1-2-4. Such regional differences also appeared elsewhere in the Germanic world: there were 3-4-6 ratios, and 4-5-6, etc.
  Lex Frisionum NL Toelic...  
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Wanneer de Lex spreekt van ‘oud’ en ‘nieuw geld’ wordt niet gedoeld op respectievelijk de gouden en de zilveren solidi, maar op de geldhervorming van koning Pepijn de Korte in de jaren 754/755, enkele decennia vóór de optekening van de Lex.
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Where the Lex speaks of 'old' and 'new' money, it does not refer to gold vs. silver coins, but to the money reform by Pippin the Short in the years 754/755, a few decades before the Lex was recorded. Pippin introduced a new silver penny that was slightly heavier than the Anglo-Frisian silver penny (weighing 1,3 gram) that had been in use by the Frisians and the English. Among numismatists, those old pennies are also known as sceattas (Henstra, 1999, p 63 ff).
  Lex Frisionum NL Inleid...  
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Artikel I:1 specificeert dit voor de edelman, en aangenomen wordt, dat voor de vrije man en de horige dezelfde 2:1 verhouding gold. Volgens Henstra bedroeg het eigenlijke weergeld voor een vrije man dus 2/3 van 1920 = 1280 zilveren penningen.
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There is some ambiguity about the concept 'wergeld' (or manwyrth or leodgeld). Siems considers the full fine for killing a person as the wergeld. This vision is corroborated by articles I:1 (the fine for killing a nobleman is 80 solidi) and III:2 (80 solidi is a nobleman's wergeld). Henstra, however, considers only the part of the fine that had to be paid to the victim's heir as the actual wergeld. In Frisia, the fine for killing consisted of an amount to be paid to the heirs of the victim (two thirds), and an amount to be paid to his other kin (one third). Article I:1 specifies this for a nobleman, and it is generally assumed, that this 2:1 ratio also applied to freemen and serfs (Henstra, p 285). Thus, according to Henstra, the actual wergeld of a freeman was 2/3 of 1920 = 1280 silver pennies. This price applied to all of Frisia (central, east and west).