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In 1975 Gayle Rubin, another anthropologist, argued that the idea that men and women were different and should thus have different social roles was established in the very beginning of human civilization. In fact, civilization was born through women being treated as objects that could be exchanged through marriage with other groups. In anthropology, this is called out-marriage. She argued that because of this exchange of women, societies started thinking of men and women as different from each other – women as objects to be traded, and men as those who could make decisions over women’s bodies. In this argument, then, gender was created at the moment when men and women were thought to have separate roles and these roles were not equal.
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