zogeheten – -Translation – Keybot Dictionary

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  Licht op twintig jaar o...  
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Groningse wetenschappers hebben een verklaring gevonden voor een raadsel dat de natuurkundige gemeenschap al sinds 1995 bezighoudt. Op 28 augustus 2013 verklaren zij in een online publicatie van Nature waarom elektronen minder soepel dan verwacht door zeer kleine draadjes (zogeheten kwantum-punt-contacten) heen gaan.
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The mystery concerns nanowires that are about a hundred atoms wide. As early as 1988, FOM workgroup leader Bart van Wees discovered a remarkable effect in this kind of wire. When he made them wider, the flow did not increase gradually but in a stepwise manner. Van der Wal: "This could be explained by quantum effects that occurred in the wires. There is a formula that describes precisely how these steps occur".
  Controle over vorm lich...  
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Onderzoekers van de TU/e en FOM slaagden erin deze controle te krijgen door een quantum dot, een stukje halfgeleidermateriaal dat fotonen kan uitzenden, in te bouwen in een zogeheten fotonisch kristal.
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Researchers at TU/e and FOM have succeeded in getting the required degree of control by embedding a quantum dot – a piece of semiconductor material that can transmit photons – into a 'photonic crystal', thereby creating an optical cavity. Then the researchers applied a very short electrical pulse to the cavity, which influences how the quantum dot interacts with it, and how the photon is emitted. By varying the strength of this pulse, they were able to control the shape of the transmitted photons.
  ERC Advanced Grant voor...  
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Kuipers zal deze subsidie inzetten om de ultieme grenzen te verkennen van het beheersen van licht op de nanoschaal. Hij gaat dat doen door gebruik te maken van zogeheten optische singulariteiten. Ondanks het feit dat deze singulariteiten ook voorkomen in lichtvelden die we in het dagelijks leven kunnen waarnemen zijn ze oneindig klein.
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Kobus Kuipers will use his grant to explore the ultimate frontiers of optical control at the nanoscale by manipulating optical entities called optical singularities. While these entities already exist in light fields observed in daily life, their size puts regular nanophotonics to shame: they are infinitely small. By using photonic nanostructures to actively create, annihilate and/or move these singularities on ultrashort timescales, Kuipers will achieve unprecedented control over light: small changes will have large consequences. Kuipers will visualize the resulting light control with a new, innovative microscope.
  Ultrasnelle optische sc...  
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Het Nederlands-Franse team zette een controle-laserpuls in, die de eigenschappen van de microholte onmiddellijk  verandert (door gebruik te maken van het zogeheten elektronische Kerr-effect). Op deze manier profiteren ze van enorm snelle beweging van elektronen in halfgeleiders, die 'dansen op de maat van het laserlicht'.
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The Dutch-French team employed a control laser pulse, which instantaneously changes the properties of the microcavity (by using the so-called electronic Kerr effect). This allows them to take advantage of the extremely fast motion of electrons in a semiconductor which 'dance to the beat of the laser light'. This makes the switch extremely fast. The hurdle that the team overcame was to tune the colour of the control laser in such a way as to avoid the absorption of light. As a result, the properties of the cavity are only switched when both the signal and the control pulses are present.
  Controle over vorm lich...  
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Ze gebruiken de onnavolgbare natuurkunde van de kleinste deeltjes die er bestaan - de quantummechanica - om mee te rekenen. Waar de huidige computers bits gebruiken die 0 óf 1 kunnen zijn, rekenen quantumcomputers met zogeheten qubits, die bovendien 0 én 1 kunnen zijn.
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Quantum computers are the dream computers of the future. They use the unique physics of the smallest particles – those described by quantum mechanics – to perform calculations. While today's computers use bits that can be either 0 or 1, quantum computers perform calculations with 'qubits', which can be both 0 and 1 at the same time. That creates an unprecedented degree of extra computing power, which gives quantum computers much greater capabilities than today's computers.
  Boksen met tindruppels ...  
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"Daarbij maakt de laser een druppel vloeistof zó heet dat het materiaal uiteenvalt in losse elektronen en atoomkernen (ionen). Dit zogeheten plasma zendt EUV-licht uit dat bruikbaar is in de nieuwste nanolithografiemachines."
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The research in the group of Oscar Versolato at ARCNL is an example of fundamental physics inspired by an industrial application, in this case the newest generation of lithography systems from ASML. These use extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light with a very short wavelength to 'print' the tiniest structures on chips. 'A laser-produced plasma is a good source for EUV light',  says Versolato. "The laser achieves this by heating a drop of fluid to the point where the material disintegrates into independent electrons and atomic nuclei (ions). This so-called plasma emits EUV light that can be used in the latest nanolithography machines."
  Onderzoek Sander Tans t...  
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Hoe ze dit doen is veelal onbekend, en moeilijk te bepalen omdat deze structuurvorming snel gaat en eiwitten zeer klein zijn. De onderzoekers willen dit oplossen door naar een enkel eiwit te kijken als het geholpen wordt, wat recent mogelijk is geworden met een zogeheten ‘optisch pincet’.
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Tans' programme entitled 'DnaK chaperoning action at the single-molecule level' is about a class of proteins that helps other proteins to find and retain the correct structure. How they do that is often unknown and difficult to determine, as the structure is rapidly formed and proteins are very small. The researchers want to solve this by only observing a single protein as it is being helped, which has recently become possible using 'optical tweezers'. Initial test measurements have already revealed that these helper proteins realise a far more complex task than had been assumed up until now.
  Nobelprijs Natuurkunde ...  
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De drie fysici onderzochten bijzondere faseovergangen, anders dan de klassieke faseovergangen van gas, naar vloeibaar en vast. Het gaat hier om zogeheten topologische faseovergangen, die een rol spelen bij bijzondere fenomenen als supergeleiding en superfluïditeit.
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The three physicists investigated unusual phase transitions, which differ from the traditional phase transitions from gas, to liquid and solid. These so-called topological phase transitions play a role in unusual phenomena such as superconductivity and superfluidity.
  Vooraankondiging aanvra...  
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Shell investeert circa 20 miljoen euro om 75 promotieplekken aan Nederlandse universiteiten te creëren. De bijdrage van NWO is ongeveer 21 miljoen euro, waarmee het totale programmabudget op 41-50 miljoen euro komt, afhankelijk van deelname van andere bedrijven en de zogeheten 'TKI toeslag'.
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The 'Computational Sciences for Energy Research' programme forms the centrepiece of a large public-private partnership between Shell, NWO and FOM. The launch of this partnership was celebrated at the start of February this year. Shell will invest approximately 20 million euros in cash to fund 75 PhD positions at Dutch universities. NWO's investment will amount to approximately 21 million euros, creating a total programme budget of 41-50 million euros, dependent on the participation of other companies and the so-called 'TKI-toeslag'. The majority of Shell's investment comprises the programme 'Computational Sciences for Energy Research'. The remainder of Shell's investment will be directed towards two other programmes, 'CO2-neutral fuels' and 'Uncertainty Reduction in Smart Energy Grids'.
  Directe reactie zware a...  
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Onderzoekers van FOM-instituut DIFFER hebben als eersten aangetoond dat zwaardere atomen in een materiaaloppervlak direct kunnen reageren met die in een omringend gas. Deze zogeheten Eley-Rideal-reactie is nog nooit eerder aangetoond voor zwaardere atomen dan waterstof.
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Researchers from FOM Institute DIFFER are the first to have demonstrated that heavier atoms in a material surface can react directly with a surrounding gas. The so-called Eley-Rideal reaction has never previously been demonstrated for atoms heavier than hydrogen. The Eley-Rideal process requires less energy than a reaction between two atoms that are both attached to the material. The discovery could lead to more efficient catalysts for the production of synthetic fuel, for example. The researchers publish the results on 29 July online in Physical Review Letters.
  Valorisation Grants uit...  
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Van de winnaars van de Valorisation Grants krijgen negentien van hen een zogeheten Fase-1 grant (haalbaarheidsstudie) en vijf een Fase-2 grant (valorisatiefase). De grant van 25.000 euro van Polman is er een uit de categorie Fase-1 en wordt gefinancierd door de Stichting FOM, partner van STW in haar Valorisation Grant-programma.
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Nineteen of the Valorisation Grant winners received a so-called Phase 1 grant (feasibility study) and five a Phase 2 grant (valorisation phase). The grant of 25.000 euros for Polman is for Phase 1 and is being financed by the FOM Foundation, Technology Foundation STW's partner for the Valorisation Grant programme. FOM workgroup leader Dr. Lieven Vandersypen (Phase 1), and the former FOM researchers Dr. A.I. Yanson (Phase 1) and Dr. Michel Versluis (Phase 2) have also acquired a Valorisation Grant. The 24 grants awarded amount to a total of 1.475.000 euros.
  Klassiek gedachte-exper...  
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Motoren op moleculaire schaal, zoals die welke verantwoordelijk zijn voor het spannen en ontspannen van je spieren, bewegen op een vreemde manier: ze ploegen zich voort ondanks - of dankzij - een aanhoudend bombardement van de willekeurige beweging van de moleculen in hun omgeving, de zogeheten Brownse beweging.
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Molecular motors, such as those responsible for tensing and relaxing your muscles, move in a strange manner: they propel themselves forwards despite - or thanks to - a continuous bombardment of the randomly moving molecules in their surroundings. This random movement is called Brownian motion and a well-constructed motor at the nanoscale actually makes use of this to generate a directed movement (and therefore work).
  AMOLF-onderzoekers make...  
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"Het werk aan de biologische gels kan ook leiden tot zogeheten slimme materialen, die zelfstandig van vorm kunnen veranderen", zegt Koenderink. "Biologische gels kunnen bijvoorbeeld worden ingezet om beschadigde weefsels of organen te repareren. Daarnaast zouden synthetische actieve gels gebruikt kunnen worden om robots te bouwen die zelf van vorm kunnen veranderen. Jose Alvarado, de AMOLF-promovendus die de eerste auteur is van het onderzoek, zal die laatste toepassing na de zomer gaan testen aan het Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in de onderzoeksgroep van prof.dr. Peko Hosoi."
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"The work on biological gels could also lead to new smart materials, which can autonomously change their shape," says Koenderink. "Biological gels could for example be used to repair damaged tissue or organs. Alternatively, synthetic active gels could be used to build robots that can change their shape autonomously. Jose Alvarado, the AMOLF PhD student who is the first author of this study, will test the latter application at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology after the summer, in Prof.dr. Peko Hosoi’s research group."
  Vijf ERC Consolidator G...  
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Florian Schrek doet onderzoek naar de quantummechanica van zogeheten veel-deeltjessystemen. Deze systemen tonen gedrag dat niet simpel kan worden teruggebracht tot de formules die het gedrag van de individuele deeltjes beschrijven.
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Florian Schrek does research into the quantum mechanics of so-called many-body systems. These systems exhibit behaviour that cannot simply be reduced to the formulas that describe the behaviour of the individual particles. Schreck has been awarded the Consolidator Grant, worth 1.8 million euros, for his research into quantum many-body systems. He will carry out the entire of his ERC project at the University of Amsterdam at the research focus area 'Quantum Matter and Quantum Information'. The professorship to which Schreck has been appointed could be established with support from the Sector Plan Physics and Chemistry that recently facilitated a re-profiling of research in these disciplines at a national level. Schrek is professor of Experimental Quantum Physics at the Faculty of Science of the University of Amsterdam.
  Afvlakking van capillai...  
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Het grensvlak van twee media die in een verschillende fase verkeren - bijvoorbeeld een vloeistof met een gas erboven is door willekeurige bewegingen van de moleculen als gevolg van de temperatuur constant in beweging. Het gevolg is dat spontaan microscopisch kleine fluctuaties, zogeheten capillaire golven, ontstaan.
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Researchers of the FOM Foundation, Utrecht University and the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris discovered this phenomenon for the first time with the aid of a specially built setting in a model system. This system consists of a mixture of colloids - dispersed particles - and polymers that provide the colloids to attract a little. This attraction sees to it that a similar mixture subdivides into a phase consisting of many colloids and few polymers (colloidal liquid) and a different phase consisting of many polymers and few colloids (colloidal gas). As the phase with many colloids is heavier, it falls to the bottom of the cell and a horizontal interface develops with the colloidal gas (see figure and also /live/nieuws/archief_persberichten/2004/artikel.pag?objectnumber=26543).
  Nieuw nanomateriaal ver...  
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In kleine bolletjes van een halfgeleidermateriaal laat het energieoverschot extra elektronen over de energiekloof springen. Deze nanobolletjes, de zogeheten quantum dots, hebben een diameter van slechts een tienduizendste van een mensenhaar.
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Several years ago the researchers from Delft University of Technology, as well as other physicists, demonstrated that the excess energy could still be put to good use. In small spheres of a semiconducting material the excess energy enables extra electrons to jump across the band gap. These nanospheres, the so-called quantum dots, have a diameter of just one ten thousandth of a human hair. If a light particle enables an electron in a quantum dot to cross the band gap, the electron moves around in the dot. That ensures that the electron collides with other electrons that subsequently jump across the band gap as well. As a result of this process a single photon can mobilise several electrons thereby multiplying the amount of current produced.
  Vreemd gedrag van super...  
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Supergeleiding is te verklaren door het gedrag van de elektronen in het materiaal. In een supergeleider zoeken sommige elektronen een maatje: de elektronen koppelen tot paren. Deze paren, zogeheten Cooperparen, kunnen zonder weerstand of energieverlies door het materiaal bewegen.
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Superconductivity can be explained by the behaviour of electrons within the material. In a superconductor, certain electrons seek a mate and combine into pairs. These pairs, so-called Cooper pairs, can move through the material without resistance or a loss of energy.
  Nieuwe magnetische lege...  
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Door een compositie van mangaan, platina en gallium te verhitten in een sterk magneetveld en vervolgens af te koelen, ontstaat een nieuw magnetisch materiaal dat zelfs zonder extern magneetveld binnenin nog de interne magnetisatie van drie tesla vasthoudt. Zo'n grote zogeheten exchange bias is nooit eerder gevonden.
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Heating then cooling a compound made of manganese, platinum and gallium in a strong magnetic field produces a new magnetic material that retains an internal magnetisation of three Tesla, even when the external magnetic field is removed. Never before has such a large exchange bias been observed.
  Absorptie leidt dronkem...  
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Lichtdeeltjes die door een verstrooiend materiaal reizen, volgen een zogeheten random walk, die lijkt op een ongecoördineerde dronkemanswandeling. Het Nederlands-Amerikaanse onderzoeksteam heeft ontdekt dat in ondoorzichtige materialen zoals papier, verf of biologisch weefsel, lichtabsorptie deze dronkemanswandeling in rechte banen leidt.
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Light particles travelling through a scattering medium perform a so-called random walk, which resembles an uncoordinated, drunken stagger through the material. The Dutch-American team of researchers has discovered that in opaque media, such as paper, paint or biological tissue, light absorption actually straightens this drunken path. This leads to less diffraction by scattering and so the imaging in opaque materials improves as a consequence of light absorption. This seems counterintuitive: light absorption is usually detrimental for imaging, as it reduces the intensity of the visible image.
  Waarneming van molecula...  
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In moleculaire zonnecellen worden zogeheten excitons gebruikt om elektrische ladingen op te wekken. Een enkel lichtdeeltje, een foton, levert normaal gesproken één exciton op. Een proces dat bekendstaat als singlet-splitsing kan echter gebruikt worden om één foton te splitsen in twee energetische deeltjes, zogenaamde spin-triplet excitons.
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In molecular solar cells, excitons are generally used to generate electrical charges, but a single particle of light, known as a photon, will normally only generate a single exciton. A process known as singlet fission can be used to convert a single photon into two energetically excited particles, known as spin-triplet excitons. If the process of singlet fission could be applied in devices and controlled, it may enable solar cells to double the amount of electrical current that can be extracted every time a cell is illuminated.
  Magnetische data schrij...  
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De onderzoekers in Nijmegen hebben echter een geheel andere methode gevonden die deze snelheidslimiet met gemak achter zich laat. Zij wisten met een zogeheten circulair gepolariseerde lichtflits die slechts 40 femtoseconde duurt, ompoling te bewerkstelligen.
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If you want to reverse the polarity of a magnet - that is, to change north and south - then usually a strong magnet is brought close to it. Exactly the same happens with a hard disk of a computer, in which the bits (1 and 0 of the binary code) are being written to the disk in small magnetic domains. Today this is possible within a few nanoseconds (one nanosecond is one thousand millionth of a second). This might be fast - and it is amazingly fast in comparison with computers dating from half a century ago - but further improvements are not possible when using the current technology. Also from a fundamental point of view this seemed to be the most feasible. However, the researchers at the Radboud University Nijmegen have discovered quite a different method that easily exceeds the current speed limit. They accomplished to reverse polarity by using a so-called circular polarized pulse that just lasts for 40 femtoseconds. This is about a hundred thousand times faster than the current limit in reversing magnetic polarity (one femtosecond is one millionth of one thousand millionth second). Only recently, scientific literature has asserted that this idea was out of the question, but Alexey Kimel - one of the researchers - stated 'never say never'.
  AMOLF-onderzoekers bren...  
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De microscoop maakt zo een hoogtekaart van de amyloïde fibrillen. Tegelijkertijd produceert de spectrometer op elke pixel van de hoogtekaart het zogeheten Raman-spectrum. Dit spectrum geeft informatie over de vouwingstoestand van de eiwitten, en over de aanwezigheid van specifieke aminozuren op het oppervlak.
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An atomic force microscope consists of a sharp tip (probe) that moves over an object's surface. This allows the microscope to explore an amyloid  fibril   on an atomic scale and make a relief map. Meanwhile, the spectrometer measures the so-called Raman spectrum for every pixel of the map. These spectra give information about the way the proteins are folded, and the presence of specific amino acids on the aggregates' surface. The signals measured by the spectrometer are usually weak, but a metallic layer on the tip of the microscope amplifies them greatly.
  AMOLF-onderzoekers bren...  
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De eiwitten aan de binnenkant van een fibril zijn netjes geordend. Ze zitten in een zogeheten bètasheet-structuur: een plat, regelmatig motief. De buitenkant bleek echter een rommelige structuur te hebben.
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Once they could catch a glimpse of the exterior of the protein aggregates, the researchers were in for a surprise. The interior of the aggregates is strictly organized. The proteins are neatly arranged in a so called beta sheet structure, which forms a twisted, pleated sheet. However, they found that the exterior of the aggregate has a much messier and chaotic structure. That is, the exterior proteins form a disorganized, irregular pattern. Here and there, there are patches that form a beta sheet structure, but in other places this regularity is nowhere to be found. The researchers even found structural differences from one nanometre to the next, on one and the same fibril.
  Neutrale moleculen draa...  
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Natuurkundige Rick Bethlem heeft met collega-onderzoekers een opslagring voor elektrisch neutrale moleculen ontwikkeld. Het zogeheten synchrotron is slechts vijfentwintig centimeter in doorsnede en kan pakketjes moleculen met een lage energie opslaan en bij elkaar houden.
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Physicist Rick Bethlem and fellow-researchers have developed a storage ring for electric neutral molecules. The so-called synchrotron has a diameter of only twenty-five centimetres but is able to store packets of low-energy molecules and to keep them together. In addition, more packets are able to revolve at the same time. This makes it possible to investigate collisions between molecules in a totally different way. Nature Physics has the plan of the new storage ring published in the February 2007edition and placed the article on line on 21 January 2007.
  Kunstmatig grafeen comb...  
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De theoretische groep van Cristiane Morais Smith liet samen met de Franse groep van Christophe Delerue vervolgens zien dat deze configuratie eigenschappen van grafeen combineert met die van zogeheten topologische isolatoren.
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Nanotechnology can be used to produce materials with structural properties that were previously inconceivable. Daniel Vanmaekelbergh produced a honeycomb structure of the conventional semiconductor cadmium selenide. The theoretical group of Cristiane Morais Smith together with the French group of Christophe Delerue subsequently showed that this configuration combines the properties of graphene with those so-called topological insulators. This development could open up an entirely new field of applications.
  Cool: spintransport in ...  
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Veel werk in het lab van Liu's begeleider Bart van Wees, winnaar van de Spinoza prijs 2016, is gericht op het begrijpen van de fundamentele natuurkunde die achter spin en spintransport zit. Het uiteindelijk doel is om te komen tot zogeheten 'spintronica', elektronische schakelingen die werken op spin in plaats van lading.
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Electron spin is a magnetic property, which can take the values 'up' or 'down'. Spin can be used to store, transport and manipulate information. Much work in the lab of Professor of Applied Physics Bart van Wees, last year's winner of the Dutch Spinoza Prize, is focused on understanding the fundamental physics behind spin and spin transport, with the long-term aim to build so-called spintronics – electronic devices which operate on spin rather than charge.
  FOM-onderzoekers laten ...  
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Wetenschappers van de TU Delft en de Stichting FOM zijn erin geslaagd elektronen tussen ver van elkaar afgelegen quantum dots heen en weer te laten springen. Het elektron sprong daarbij tussen de uiteinden van een keten van drie kleine halfgeleider-eilanden (zogeheten quantum dots), zonder dat het elektron het middelste eiland doorkruiste.
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Scientists from Delft University of Technology and the FOM Foundation have successfully allowed electrons to jump between quantum dots located far from each other. The electron jumped between the ends of a chain of three small semiconducting islands (so-called quantum dots) without crossing the island in the middle. This process makes it easier to use quantum dots in future quantum computers. The researchers published their findings on 28 April online in the leading journal Nature Nanotechnology.
  Onderzoekers schakelen ...  
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Een rasterelektronenmicroscoop-afbeelding van een nanostructuur: een halfgeleider micropilaar met een diameter van 1 µm. Hij bestaat uit een centrale GaAs-laag die is ingeklemd tussen twee zogeheten Bragg stacks, gemaakt van alternerende lagen van GaAs en AlAs.
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Scanning electron microscope picture of a nanostructure: a semiconductor micropillar with a diameter of 1 µm. It consists of a central GaAs layer sandwiched between two so called 'Bragg stacks' made from alternating layers of GaAs and AlAs. The structures are made in Grenoble by molecular-beam-epitaxy and subsequent nanostructuring.
  Materiaal laat magneetv...  
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In het onderzoek is specifiek gekeken naar de zogeheten Mott-overgang van een isolerende naar een geleidende toestand. In een isolator zitten de elektronen opgesloten. FOM-werkgroepleider Hans Hilgenkamp, een van de betrokken onderzoekers, vergelijkt het met een schuifpuzzel, waarvan je de stukjes niet kunt verplaatsen omdat er geen lege vakjes zijn.
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The research specifically examined the so-called Mott transition of an insulating state to a conducting state. In an insulator the electrons are trapped. FOM workgroup leader Hans Hilgenkamp, one of the researchers involved, compares this to a sliding puzzle in which the pieces cannot be moved because there are no empty spaces. "If you remove several of the pieces then suddenly all of the puzzle pieces can be shifted along. If you translate that to the world of electrons then a material suddenly becomes conducting."
  AMOLF-onderzoekers zien...  
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Om dit te testen ontwierpen de AMOLF-onderzoekers optische chips met daarop kleine trilholtes waarin zij licht opsloten. De onderzoekers kozen voor zogeheten chaotische trilholtes. Deze zijn niet perfect rond, waardoor het licht ongestructureerd tegen de wanden botst.
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Do light waves exhibit this behaviour as well? And can you influence that behaviour? To test this the researchers from AMOLF designed optical chips with small optical cavities in which they trapped light. The researchers opted for so-called chaotic optical cavities. These are not perfectly round as result of which the light collides with the walls in an unstructured manner. Light in the chaotic optical cavity is sensitive for small changes in the angle of incidence or the colour of the light. Consequently light waves are propagated in all directions, are reflected by the walls and create apparently random interference patterns. In short, the chaotic optical cavity contains a cacophony of light.
  Nieuwe manier van voort...  
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Tot nu toe werden de bits voortgeduwd door stroom op de magnetische laag met nanobits te zetten. De Eindhovense onderzoekers doen het echter indirect: via een spinstroom op de aangrenzende laag ontstaat het zogeheten 'Spin Hall Effect', dat de nanobits in de magnetische laag voortduwt.
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Up until now the bits were propelled by applying an electric current to the magnetic layer containing the nanobits. The Eindhoven researchers, however, have done this indirectly: via a spin current applied to the neighbouring layer a so-called 'Spin Hall Effect' arises that propels the nanobits in the magnetic layer. That the propelling effect originates in a non-magnetic nano-layer is a very surprising result.
  FOM-promovendus meet fu...  
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Krzysztof Pachucki van de Universiteit van Warschau heeft de trillingsfrequenties van waterstof berekend met een vergelijkbare nauwkeurigheid van acht decimalen. Daartoe moest hij de energieniveaus van  het waterstofmolecuul berekenen met de zogeheten Schrödingervergelijking.
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Dickenson's extremely accurate measurements are comparable to the theoretical calculations made for this elementary system. Prof.dr. Krzysztof Pachucki from the University of Warsaw has calculated the vibrational frequencies of hydrogen with a comparable accuracy of eight figures. He did this by using the Schrodinger equation to calculate the energy levels of the hydrogen molecule. He then had to perform relativistic corrections on the outcomes to allow for Einstein's theory of relativity. Finally, he had to allow for the interaction of the molecule with the vacuum, as 'ghost particles' are always briefly appearing in the vacuum.
  Een nieuwe techniek voo...  
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Het vouwen van eiwitcomplexen wordt geregeld door andere eiwitmoleculen. Omdat correct vouwen cruciaal is voor het goed functioneren van eiwitten, zijn onderzoekers zeer geïnteresseerd in de structuur en het functioneren van die 'helper-eiwitten', zogeheten chaperones.
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The folding of protein complexes is controlled by other protein molecules. As correct folding is crucial for the proper functioning of proteins, researchers are very interested in the structure and functioning of the 'helper proteins', so-called chaperones. However, their structure is temperature dependent. Researchers would like to know the exact influence of temperature on the structure of these proteins. Proteins are investigated in the gas phase or in solution. Studying proteins under well-controlled conditions in the complex micro-environment of the human body is still scarcely feasible.
  Zwaartekrachtsgolven ge...  
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Wetenschappers hebben voor het eerst rimpelingen in de ruimtetijd, zogeheten zwaartekrachtsgolven, waargenomen. Deze zwaartekrachtsgolven arriveerden op aarde afkomstig van een extreem heftige gebeurtenis in het heelal.
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Gravitational waves carry information about their dramatic origins and about the nature of gravity that cannot otherwise be obtained. Physicists have concluded that the detected gravitational waves were produced during the final fraction of a second of the merger of two black holes to produce a single, more massive spinning black hole. This collision of two black holes had been predicted but never observed.
  FOM-focusgroep oogst in...  
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"Een Duitse groep gaat onze nanokristallen met antennes in zonnecellen inbouwen, om ze in de praktijk te testen," aldus Hummelen, die sinds vorig jaar een FOM-focusgroep leidt waarin wordt gewerkt aan de nieuwe generatie organische zonnecellen. Door meer infrarood licht op te vangen kunnen zonnecellen de zogeheten Shockley-Queisser efficiëntielimiet doorbreken.
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The most obvious application is in solar cells, as about half of all the solar energy reaching the Earth's surface consists of infrared light. "A German group is going to incorporate our nanocrystals with antennae in solar cells to test these in practice," says Hummelen, who since last year has led a FOM focus group researching the new generation of organic solar cells. By capturing more infrared light, solar cells will be able to pass the so-called Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit. For solar cells that consist of one color that limit is 32 percent.
  Kunstmatig grafeen comb...  
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Bovendien gedragen de elektronen in de randen zich erg eigenaardig: elektronen met de elektronspin omhoog gaan in de ene richting, terwijl elektronen met de spin omlaag juist de andere kant op gaan. Beide zogeheten spinstromen ondervinden bovendien geen enkele weerstand.
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A topological insulator is a material that is electrically insulating on the inside but conducts electricity on its edges. Furthermore, the electrons in the edges behave in a very peculiar manner: electrons with the electron spin up move in one direction , whereas electrons with the spin down move in the other direction. Moreover, neither of the so-called spin flows experience any resistance. The net electrical current is therefore zero although there is a flow of magnetic moments. Much research is currently being done into the possibilities of using such spin flow for magnetic data storage, for example in hard disks.
  Bijzondere ontdekking i...  
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Materialen met bijzondere elektronische of magnetische eigenschappen zijn van groot belang voor allerhande toepassingen. Een bijzonder veelzijdige categorie van materialen zijn de zogeheten 'perovskiet-oxiden'.
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Materials with exceptional electronic and magnetic properties are of great importance for many applications. A particularly versatile class of materials are the 'perovskite oxides'. The University of Twente is leading in the research on these materials.
  Quantumkarakter van ato...  
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De atomen die omlaag vallen worden één voor één gedetecteerd op een unieke plaats- en tijdgevoelige detector, waardoor correlaties in plaats en tijd kunnen worden gemeten. Zogeheten bosonen (waartoe helium-4 atomen behoren) komen graag vlak na elkaar aan op de detectoren, terwijl fermionen (waar helium-3 atomen toe behoren) elkaar willen mijden.
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The atoms that fall are being detected one by one on a unique time-resolved and position-sensitive detector, which makes it possible to measure position and time related correlations. The so-called bosons (among which are helium-4 atoms) will come down on the detector shortly after each other, as fermions (among which are helium-3 atoms) want to avoid each other.
  Valorisation Grant voor...  
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Technologiestichting STW heeft 24 Valorisation Grants toegewezen aan ondernemende onderzoekers. Negentien van hen krijgen een zogeheten Fase-1 grant, vijf een Fase-2 grant. Eén van de Fase-1 grants wordt gefinancierd door de Stichting FOM, partner van STW in haar Valorisation Grant-programma.
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Technology Foundation STW has awarded 24 Valorisation Grants to entrepreneurial researchers. Nineteen of them will receive a so-called Phase 1 grant and five a Phase 2 grant. One of the Phase 1 Grants is being financed by the FOM Foundation, STW’s partner in its Valorisation Grant programme. This grant worth 25.000 euros has been awarded to Prof. Albert Polman. The total amount of funding awarded was 1.475.000 euros.
  Strakkere controle nodi...  
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In Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion beschrijven De Vries en collega's het effect van de nieuwe binnenwand op zogeheten disrupties, waarbij de opsluiting van het plasma opeens wegvalt. Door de beryllium/wolfraam-wand straalt er minder warmte weg en lekt er een groter deel direct naar de wand, die het daardoor zwaarder te verduren krijgt.
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In Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, De Vries and his colleagues describe the effect of the new inner wall on so-called disruptions, during which the plasma containment suddenly collapses. The beryllium/tungsten wall allows for less radiating away of the plasma energy, which instead is directly guided onto the wall. This would lead to undesirably high heat loads, but quickly injecting gas (puffing) allows the plasma to radiate some of its heat, spreading the load more evenly. This way, the JET team can prevent any damage to the reactor wall.
  Zes Vici-subsidies voor...  
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De Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) heeft zes vernieuwende wetenschappers binnen het natuurkundige onderzoeksveld een zogeheten Vici-subsidie toegekend. De Vici-subsidie bedraagt maximaal 1.500.000 euro per persoon en is hiermee één van de grootste persoonsgebonden subsidies van Nederland.
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The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) has awarded six innovative scientists within the field of physics research a so-called Vici grant. The Vici grant is worth a maximum of 1,500,000 euros per person and is therefore one of the biggest individual grants in the Netherlands. Using the grant the researchers can set up their own line of research within a period of five years. A total of 31 scientists have received a Vici grant.
  Manganieten voor energi...  
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Wanneer materialen worden blootgesteld aan hitte, vervorming of een magnetisch of elektrisch veld, verandert hun microscopische structuur vaak. Onregelmatigheden in het kristalrooster zijn onvermijdelijk en kunnen theoretisch beschreven worden door zogeheten topologische defecten.
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When materials are exposed to heat, strain, or a magnetic or electric field, their microscopic structure often changes. Irregularities in the crystal lattice are inevitable and can be theoretically described by using so-called topological defects. Complex patterns of such defects have been found in crystals of hexagonal manganites with three different ordered states. Mostovoy and his colleagues have found a way to explain why the defects in ordered states of electric and magnetic dipoles are firmly locked to each other in these materials. They used the Landau theory to describe how the three different ordered states coexisting in hexagonal manganites – distortion of the crystal lattice distortion, ferroelectricity and magnetism – are coupled to each other.
  Temperatuursverschillen...  
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In een kernfusiereactor wordt de brandstof in de vorm van een zeer heet gas, het zogeheten plasma, opgesloten in een magneetveld. Chaotische processen in het plasma kunnen dat veld verstoren. Daardoor kan warmte uit het plasma weglekken en wordt het fusieproces minder efficiënt.
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In a fusion reactor the fuel being a very warm gas, the so-called plasma, is confined in a magnetic field. Chaotic processes in the plasma may perturb that field. Because of this, the heat can leak out of the plasma and the fusion process becomes less efficient. Researchers at the FOM Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein (The Netherlands), have now found out, theoretically, that a difference in temperature is able to reinforce the perturbation of the field. This fresh understanding enables scientists to find ways in order to monitor the magnetic field better, to stabilize the plasma and to have the fusion in the nuclear reactor working better. The reserachers had their findings published in the Physical Review Letters of 29 June 2007.
  Magnetische data schrij...  
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Tegelijkertijd wordt de polarisatie van de laserbundel voortdurend gewisseld tussen linksom en rechtsom. De lichtdeeltjes uit de laser dragen een zogeheten hoekmoment. Tijdens het korte moment dat de laserpuls een puntje van het oppervlak belicht, wordt dat iets verhit, waardoor het hoekmoment van de lichtdeeltjes de magnetische richting van het materiaal kan veranderen.
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The principle of data writing by means of ultra-short circular polarized laser pulses. The laser beam swings backwards and forwards over the sample. At the same time, the polarization of the laser beam is continuously changing between turning left and right. The light photons from the laser carry a so-called 'angular momentum'. During a short moment the laser pulse elucidates a tip of the surface; this tip is heated somewhat and the angular momentum of the light photons may reverse the magnetic transfer of the material. By varying the polarization, the magnetic transfer moves either to the one side or the other. This is equivalent to data storage in 0 and 1 bits, which thereupon, may be read out again.
  Zes Vici-subsidies voor...  
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De Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) heeft zes vernieuwende wetenschappers binnen het natuurkundige onderzoeksveld een zogeheten Vici-subsidie toegekend. Dirk Bouwmeester en Antoine van Oijen zijn momenteel FOM-werkgroepleider en Frieder Mugele is voorzitter van de werkgemeenschapscommissie van het subgebied Fenomenologische Fysica.
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The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) has awarded six innovative physicists a so-called Vici grant. Dirk Bouwmeester and Antoine van Oijen are currently FOM workgroup leaders and Frieder Mugele is chair of the Phenomological Physics advisory committee. Jean-Sébastien Caux is a well-known face at FOM where he was a senior researcher and project leader. The Vici grant is worth a maximum of 1.500.000 euros per person and is therefore one of the largest individual grants awarded in the Netherlands. The researchers can use the grant to build up their own research group over a period of five years. In this round the grant was awarded to 32 scientists.
  Nederlands remote handl...  
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Samen met drie andere Europese partners heeft het Nederlandse Remote Handling Study Centre ook een zogeheten raamwerkovereenkomst met ITER in de wacht gesleept, met een maximale totale omvang van 7,5 miljoen euro.
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Together with three European partners, the Dutch Remote Handling Study Centre was also awarded a so-called framework agreement by ITER, with a maximum size of 7.5 million Euros. The contract specifies that the four partners are the only ones who can bid on orders for remote handling analyses of the ITER diagnostics. The diagnostic port plugs weigh a few tons each and track processes in the plasma via viewing ports in the reactor. Each is designed and constructed by a different consortium of companies and researchers, and ITER wants to guarantee that the designs are suited for remote handling maintenance. The framework contract makes DIFFER and HIT preferred suppliers of such analyses. "You could say that we're providing the certification for these designs", says DIFFER's Marco de Baar, head of the tokamak physics group: "We expect these analyses to be important input to the ITER design reviews".
  Klassiek gedachte-exper...  
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Niet alleen is dit de eerste geslaagde verwezenlijking van Smoluchowski's ontwerp, de onderzoekers laten tevens zien dat er een intrigerende wisselwerking plaatsvindt tussen de wieken van de motor en het granulaire gas: als de wieken eenmaal aan het roteren gebracht zijn, induceren ze op hun beurt een draaiende beweging in het gas, een zogeheten convectierol, die de beweging van het apparaat versterkt en een vrijwel continue rotatie mogelijk maakt.
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Researchers from the University of Twente, the University of Patras in Greece and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM) have for the first time experimentally realised, almost a century later, an idea dating from 1912. In that year the physicist Smoluchowski devised a prototype for an engine at the molecular scale in which he thought he could ingeniously convert Brownian motion into work. The team of scientists have now successfully constructed this device at the much larger scale of a granular gas. Moreover, they have shown that an intriguing exchange takes place between the vanes of the engine and the granular gas: once the vanes have started rotating, they in turn induce a rotating motion in the gas, a so-called convection roll. This reinforces the movement of the device and allows for a virtually continuous rotation. FOM PhD student Peter Eshuis and his colleagues published their results on 16 June 2010 online in the renowned journal Physical Review Letters.
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