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This research questions the inconsistencies between form, regulatory status and use of land, more precisely of freehold. These inconsistencies can create abandoned and neglected spaces. The persistence of this phenomenon demonstrates the necessity of inventing new words to define new mechanisms. In this perspective, I introduce the notion of tiers foncier (third freehold), which can be defined as a transitional state of land, evading the standards established in the regulated city. To define the tiers foncier, I analyzed its forms, status and uses, in the center and the periphery of Marseille. The comparison highlights singular situations: morphological, regulatory and social, in relation to the context (territory and actors). This analysis, based on an intensive (6 cases) and an extensive (scale of Marseille) survey shows that the tiers foncier is marked by several issues: precarious habitat, collective space and biodiversity. In parallel, I analyzed power relations, negotiations, strategies, tactics, and initiatives in these contexts. On this basis, I have been looking for ways of acting on the tiers foncier. For that, I chose to develop action research processes and to analyze their effects. It shows how and why the tiers foncier can be an opportunity to experiment participatory projects or, on the contrary, how and why such efforts failed. This research identifies the tiers foncier not as an empty space to fill up, but as an element of the city which supports an informal urban development. Finally, a major challenge of the tiers foncier is to explore how to allow the development of processes of appropriation, without reducing the margins of manoeuvre of citizens.
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